1. Reviving Sonus 1
Overview:
linguistics and phonetics
 Theoretical Linguistics
 Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics,
Phonetics(?)
 Applied Linguistics
 Language Acquisition
 Language Processing
 Human, Machine
 Sociolinguistics
 Historical linguistics
 Phonetics(?)

2. Reviving Sonus 2
What is phonetics?
 Phonetics
 Studies of speech sound
 Interests of Phonetics
 Produced by human vocal organs
 Excluding thunder, bird chirping etc.
 Produced for communication purpose
 Excluding coughs, hiccups, sneezing, gnashing, etc.
 Linguistically meaningful sounds
 Used for pronouncing words

3. Reviving Sonus 3
What is phonetics? (cntd.)
 The speech sounds vary depending
upon languages
 (eg. Click sounds are speech sounds for
Swahili, but not for English or Korean)

4. Reviving Sonus 4
Types of Phonetics
 Articulatory Phonetics
 Auditory Phonetics
 Acoustic Phonetics

5. Reviving Sonus 5
Phonetics vs. Phonology
 Common properties
 Studies on Sound Structure
 Pronunciation instead of orthography

6. Reviving Sonus 6
Phonetics vs Phonology
(differences)
Phonetics Phonology
Level of grammar Surface, concrete Deep, abstract
Closely related to Acoustics, physics,
biology
Linguistics
Philosophical
relevance
Performance Competence
Status of speech Consecutive,
temporal
Segmental
Basic unit Phone Phoneme
Transcription method Narrow Broad

7. Reviving Sonus 7
Phonetics and its Application
 Relevant fields
 Speech technology
 Speech synthesis
 Speech recognition
 Automatic translation
 Speech pathology
 Language teaching

8. Reviving Sonus 8
Meanings and Distinction of
Basic Terminology
 Phone
 Phoneme
 Allophone
 Morpheme
 Allomorph
 Contrast

9. Reviving Sonus 9
Terminology (cntd.)
 Phone
 The minimal unit of speech sound
 Different phones have different quality
 Depending upon physical quality of sounds
 A substantial surface entity
 Transcribed in “[ ]” (eg. [p], [m])

10. Reviving Sonus 10
Terminology (cntd.)
 Phoneme
- The minimal unit that distinguishes meaning
- Phonemes do not carry meanings themselves.
- The unit that makes the connection between
sound and meaning
- The basic unit of the contrast in phonology
- An abstract entity
- Transcribed in “/ /” (eg. /p/ /m/)

11. Reviving Sonus 11
Terminology (cntd.)
 Allophone (phonetic variant)
 Segments which are derived from the
same phoneme
 Reflects relationship between phoneme
and phones
 Gives a criterion for speech sound
grouping
 Guess to which ‘allophone’ is closer,
‘phoneme’ or ‘phone’?

12. Reviving Sonus 12
Terminology (cntd.)
 Examples for
phone/phoneme/allophone
 Consider sounds in the words
 goose, geese, glee, glue
 pine, speak, stop

13. Reviving Sonus 13
Terminology (cntd.)
 Phonemes and allophones are
language dependent concepts
 English and Korean liquids
 English and Korean stops
 Voicing
 Manners

14. Reviving Sonus 14
Terminology (cntd.)
 How to distinguish phonemes from phones(or
allophones) in a language
 Minimal pair
 Two word strings which has only one segmental
difference at the same position
(Eg. vine/pine, though/dough)
 Complementary distribution
 Mutual exclusiveness
 Different allophones of the same phoneme do not occur
in the same linguistic environment

15. Reviving Sonus 15
Terminology (cntd.)
 Morpheme
- The minimal unit that bears meaning
- Compare with phoneme
- Variants of the same morpheme
- Different morphemes have different
meanings but may sound the same ->
Homophone (homonym)
- Eg. tea/tee, flower/flour, too/two

16. Reviving Sonus 16
Terminology (cntd.)
 Allomorph
 Two different forms derived from the same
morpheme
 The same meaning
 Eg. leaves[li:vz]/leaf[li:f]

17. Reviving Sonus 17
Terminology (cntd.)
 Contrast
 The fact that different phonemes
distinguish the words of a language from
one another
 Eg. p vs b
 Opposition, distinction

18. Reviving Sonus 18
Speech Physiology
 Contents:
 Vocal organs
 Three processes of speech production
 Initiation
 Phonation
 Articulation

19. Reviving Sonus 19
Initiation
 To make sounds air is necessary
 Initiation is the process of creating air
stream
 Three ways of initiation
 Pulmonic airstream mechanism: Lung
 Glottalic airstream mechanism: Glottis
 Velaric airstream mechanism: velum

20. Reviving Sonus 20
Phonation
 To produce speech sounds, air stream
should be distorted in one way or
another
 Phonation is a process of changing air
stream
 Phonation is mainly achieved at larynx

21. Reviving Sonus 21
Principal speech organs
 Lung, Trachea(windpipe)
 Larynx
 Vocal folds (chords, cords)
 Glottis
 Vocal tract
 Pharynx
 Nasal tract
 Oral tract

22. Reviving Sonus 22
Larynx
 The upper portion of the windpipe
which produces speech
 Major components
 Vocal cords
 Glottis
 epiglottis
 Three cartilages
 Thyroid, Arytenoid, Cricoid

23. Larynx – midsagittal view

24. Reviving Sonus 24
Larynx – lateral view

25. Reviving Sonus 25
Larynx – posterior view

26. Reviving Sonus 26
Vocal cords

27. Reviving Sonus 27
Articulation
 A variety of speech sounds can be
produced in terms of another way of air
stream change – Articulation
 Articulation is done mainly somewhere
at vocal tract

28. Reviving Sonus 28


29. Reviving Sonus 29
English Consonants
 Criteria for distinction
 Voicing
 Place of articulation
 Manner of articulation
 Secondary articulation

30. Reviving Sonus 30
Voicing
 Related to phonation
 Voiced
 Vocal cords vibrating
 Voiceless
 Glottis kept open
 Examples
 p, t, k, s

31. Reviving Sonus 31
Places of articulation
 bilabial
 labiodental
 interdental
 (apico)dental
 alveolar
 alveopalatal
(postalveolar,
palato-alveolar)
 palatal
 (dorso)velar
 uvular
 pharyngeal
 glottal

32. Reviving Sonus 32
Manners of articulation
 Obstruents
 stop (plosive)
 complete closure
 release
 fricative
 partial obstruction
 turbulence airflow
 affricate
 stop + fricative
 Sonorants
 nasal
 liquid
 lateral
 central
 flap(tap)
 trill (eg. French
uvular trill [R])
 approximant

33. Reviving Sonus 33
English Consonant chart
Bi-
labial
Labio-
dental
Inter-
dental
Alveola
r
Alveo-
palatal
Palatal Vela
r
Glottal
Stop
p/b t/d k/g 
Fricative
f/v /ð s/z š/ž h/
Affricate č/
Nasal m  n ŋ
Liquid
(lateral)
l 
Liguid
(central)
r()
Flap
Ր
Glide
(w) y(j) w

34. Reviving Sonus 34
Describing symbols
 voicing-place-manner
 examples
 [p] voiceless bilabial stop
 [z] voiced alveolar fricative
 Class description
 [p, t, k] voiceless stops

35. Reviving Sonus 35
English Vowels
 Criteria for distinguishing between
various vowels
 tongue height
 tongue backness
 tenseness
 lip rounding
 nasality
 length

36. Reviving Sonus 36
Vowel(monophthong)
front central back
unr rnd unr rnd unr rnd
high
tense
lax
mid
tense
lax
low

37. Reviving Sonus 37
Vowel(monophthong) chart
[IPA symbols in brackets]
front central back
unr rnd unr rnd unr rnd
high
tense [:]  [:]
lax [] []
mid
tense [:] /

[:]
lax [e] ([:])
low

 ()
[:]


38. Reviving Sonus 38
Diphthongs
 Definition
 A diphthong is a phonetic sequence,
consisting of a vowel and a glide, that is
interpreted as a single vowel.
 Types
 On-glide diphthong: Glide + Vowel
 Off-glide diphthong: Vowel + Glide

39. Reviving Sonus 39
Diphthongs(cntd.)
 Examples of on-glide diphthongs
a  i  u 
j
w

40. Reviving Sonus 40
Diphthongs(cntd.)
 Examples of on-glide diphthongs
a  i  u 
j
ya
[ja]
y
[j]
yi
[ji]
y
[j]
yu
[ju]
y
[j]
w wa w wi w wu w

41. Reviving Sonus 41
Diphthongs (cntd.)
 Examples of off-glide diphthongs
(American English)
 midwestern dialect
 a e a  
 California dialect
 a a 
 See
 http://www.ling.mq.edu.au/courses/ling210-901/course/phonetics/vow

42. Reviving SONUS 42
Diacritics for secondary articulation
articulation diacritic example words
aspirated C
pin, repeat
glottalized C spin, string
unreleased C stop, kick
devoiced C play, hush
dentalized C tenth, cupful
palatalized C
j
(C
y
) keep, beep
labialized C
cool, boot
velarized C
,  table
syllabic C C button, bottle
nasalized v mean, nose

43. Reviving Sonus 43
Describing symbols
 voicing-(place 2nd
)-place-(manner 2nd
)-
manner
 examples
 [p] voiceless bilabial stop
 [ph
] voiceless bilabial aspirated stop
 [py
] voiceless palatalized bilabial stop
 [phy
] voiceless bilabial aspirated stop