coelenterata meruapakan hewan berongga yang berfungsi sebagai usus

1. FYLUM
COELENTERATA

2. PHYLUM PROTOZOA
Adalah hewan-hewan bersel satu dengan
ukuran microskopis tetapi ada pula yang dapat
dilihat makroskopis. Pada umumnya
sel adalah mikrokopis tetapi ada juga sel yang
makroskopis.

3. FILUM PORIFER
MORFOLOGI

4. FYLUM
COELENTERATA

5. Coelenterata berasal dari kata KOILOS = rongga tubuh
atau selom dan ENTERON = usus.
COELENTERON artinya rongga yang berfungsi
sebagai usus
Coelenterata hidupnya di perairan laut maupun air tawar, contoh
Hydra sp.

6. CIRI-CIRI COELENTERATA :
Hewan bersel banyak (multiseluler)
Tubuh radial simetris (2 lapis sel), ektoderm dan endoderm. Diantaranya ada
rongga (mesoglea)
Bentuk seperti tabung (polip) dan seperti mangkok (medusa)
Di atas tubuh terdapat mulut dan tentakel untuk menangkap mangsa dan bergerak.
Tentakel punya sel racun (knidoblast) atau sel penyengat (nematosis)
Punya rongga gastrovaskuler untuk pencernaan
Sistem pernapasan dengan cara difusi (seluruh permukaan tubuh), kecuali Anthozoa
dan Sifonoglia
Sistem saraf difus (baur)
Mengalami metagenesis (pergiliran keturunan), vegetatif pada fase polip dan
generatif pada fase medusa

7. General Characteristics
• They are radially symmetrical; oral end
terminates in a mouth surrounded by tentacles.
• They have 2 tissue layers
• Outer layer of cells - the epidermis
• Inner gastrodermis, which lines the gut
cavity or gastrovascular cavity
(gastrodermis secretes digestive juices into
the gastrovascular cavity)
• In between these tissue layers is a noncellular
jelly-like material called mesoglea

8. Cnidarian Body Plans
Polyp form
• Tubular body, with the mouth directed upward.
• Around the mouth are a whorl of feeding tentacles.
• Only have a small amount of mesoglea
• Sessile
Medusa form
• Bell-shaped or umbrella shaped body, with the mouth is directed downward.
• Small tentacles,
directed downward.
• Possess a large
amount of
mesoglea
• Motile, move by
weak contractions
of body

9. TIPE TUBUH COELENTERATA
POLIP
Umumnya hidup soliter (sendiri), tapi ada pula yang membentuk
koloni.
Melekat pada dasar perairan, tidak dapat bergerak bebas,
sehingga menyerupai tumbuhan yang tertambat
Tubuh atas membesar
Di dalam tubuh polip ini terdapat rongga gastrovaskuler yang
fungsinya sebagai usus.
Di bagian atas terdapat mulut dan tentakel untuk berperan untuk
menangkap mangsa.
Polip merupakan fase vegetatif pada coelenterata, karena bisa
melakukan fragmentasi
pemutusun bagian dari tubuhnya itu untuk membentuk
individu baru

10. POLIP

11. MEDUSA
Fase medusa merupakan fase generatif (seksual),
dimana pada fase ini mengha-silkan sel telur dan sel
sperma.
Medusa dapat melepaskan diri dari induk dan berenang
bebas di perairan.
Bentuknya seperti payung dan punya tentakel yang
melambai-lambai. Disebut ubur-ubur

12. MEDUSA

13. Movement
• The cnidarian body is capable of some kind of coordinated movement
• Both the epidermis and the gastrodermis possess nerve cells arranged in a loose network -
nerve net (plexus), which innervate primitively developed muscle fibers that extend from the
epidermal and gastrodermal cells
• Stimulus in one part will spread across the whole body via the network

14. Nutrition
• Cnidarians are carnivores with hydras and corals consuming plankton and some of the
sea anenomes consuming small fishes
• They use they tentacles to capture prey and direct it toward the mouth so that it can be
digested in the gastrovascular cavity via secretions from gland cells (extracellular
digestion); some food is phagocytized by special cells and digestion occurs intracellularly
• The gastrovascular cavity exists as 1 opening for food intake and the elimination of
waste
• There is no system of internal transport, gas exchange or excretion; all these processes
take place via diffusion

15. CARA MENDAPATKAN MAKANAN
Tentakel terdapat
kinoblast
yang mengeluarkan
racun
hingga mangsa
lemas,
tentakel menuju
mulut

16. Stinging Organelles
• Prey capture is enhanced by use of specialized
stinging cells called cnidocytes located in the outer
epidermis.
• Each cnidocyte has a modified cilium - cnidocil, and
is armed with a stinging structure called a nematocyst.
• The undischarged nematocyst is composed of a long
coiled thread
• When triggered to release, either by touch or
chemosensation, the nematocyst is released from the
cnidocyte and the coiled thread is everted
• Some nematocysts function to entangle the prey;
others harpoon prey and inject a paralyzing toxin

17. Reproduction
• One of the most amazing adaptations is the ability of some
cnidarians to regenerate lost parts or even a complete body
• Asexual reproduction is common with new individuals being
produced by budding
• Sea anenomes engage in a form of asexual reproduction
called pedal laceration
• Cnidariand are dioecious
• Fertilization is external, with the zygote becoming a
elongated, ciliated, radially symmetrical larva - planula larva
Planula larva

18. Klasifikasi
Phylum Coelenterata meliputi 10.00 species yang dapat dikelmpokan menjadi 3 klas ;
Klas Hydrozoa (Hydra = ular air, zoo = hewan)
Klas Schypozoa (Scyphoz = mangkok. Zoo = hewan)
Klas Anthozoa (Anthoz =- bunga, zoo = hewan )
Klas cubozoa
Klas Hydrozoa
- Merupakan polip yang hidup soliter. Dapat berpindah tempat.
- pada air tawar, tubuh dapat dijulurkan memanjang dan memendek
- memiliki cakram sebagi alat untuk melekat
- terdapat mulut pada ujung tubuh dikelilingi oleh 6 -8 tentakel
- mulut bermuara pada rongga gastrovaskuler/enteron
- aseksual dengan pembentukan kuncup. Seksual peleburan sel kelamin
- epidermis. Mesoglea,endodermis
- memiliki 8 macam pola gerakan ; spontan . Melengkung, merayap, salto,
memanjat, mengapung. melayang dan meluncur
- Contoh Hydra sp

19. Class Hydrozoa
• Includes the solitary freshwater hydra; most are colonial and marine
• Typical life cycle includes both asexual polyps and sexual medusa stages; however,
freshwater hydras and some marine hydroids do not have a medusa stage
Solitary Hydras
• Freshwater hydras are found in ponds and streams
occurring on the underside of vegetation
• Most possess a pedal disc, mouth, hypostome
surrounded by 6-10 tenetacles
• Mouth opens to the gastrovascular cavity
• The life cycle is simple: eggs and sperm are shed into
the water and form fertilized eggs; planula is by passed
with eggs hatching into young hydras
• Asexual reproduction via budding

20. Class Hydrozoa cont.
Colonial Hydrozoans - e.g., Obelia
• Possess a skeleton of chiton that is secreted by
the epidermis
• All polyps in the colony are usually
interconnected
• Two different kinds of individuals that comprise
the colony: feeding polyps or gastrozooids (C)
and reproductive polyps or gonozooids (B)

21. Class Hydrozoa cont.
Life Cycle of Obelia
• Gonozooids release free swimming medusae
• Zygotes become planula larvae, which eventually settle to become polyp colonies
• The medusae of
hydroids are smaller
than those of
jellyfishes (C.
Scyphozoa)
• Also, the margin of
the bell projects
inward forming a
shelf-like velum

22. Types of Locomotion in Hydra

23. - Ordo Hydroidea
= generasi polip berkembang dengan baik
= hidup soliter atau koloni
= memiliki kuncup yang akan dilepaskan sebagai medusa
= medusa memiliki ocellia
= example Hydra yang hidup pada air tawar
- Ordo Hydrocorallina
= polip kecil yang menonjol ke luar
= polip terdiri dari gastrozoid
- Ordo Tracchylina
= generasi polip mereduksi atau tidak ada
= medusa dalam berbagai ukuran.tentacle melekat pada bagian atas
= example Gonionemus

24. Showing ingested Daphnia. Tentacle with
cninoblast

25. Obelia sp.

26. CYCLUS HIDUP ( HIDROZOA )

27. Class Hydrozoa: Hydra sp.

28. Class Scyphozoa
Jellyfish
• The medusae are large and contain massive
amounts of mesoglea
• The differ from the hydrozoan medusa in that
the lack a velum
•Possess four gastric pouches lined with
nematocysts; these are connected with the
mouth an the gastrovascular system

29. Klas Scyphozoa
-Diamerter tubuh 7,5 sampai 30 cm
- transparan hingga bentuk kristal pada lapisan mesoglea terlihat
- sistem pencernaan gastrovaskuler
- permukaan oral terdapat manubrium.
- pada ujung manubrium terdapat mulut dengan juluran tentakle yang disebut
tangan mulut
- sel bisa nematocyst
- tanpa alat respirasi dan ekskresi
- memiliki 3 macam alat indra yaitu. Tentaculocyst, ocelli dan olfaktorius
- alat kelamin terpisah
- example Aurelia aurita (ubur-ubur)

31. Polip
medusa

32. Scyphozoan Life Cycle - Aurelia
• Gametes develop in gastrodermis of
gastric pouches; eggs and sperm are shed
through mouth
• Fertilized eggs develop into a planula
larva; settles on substrate and develops
into a polyp - scyphistoma
• Scyphistoma produces a series of polyps
by budding - strobila
• The polyps undergo differentiation and
are released from the strobila as free
swimming ephyra
• Ephyra matures into an adult jellyfish

33. LIFE CYCLE

35. KLASIFiKASI
- Stauromedusae (lucernariidae)
= berbentuk piala. tidak memilki indra peraba dan bentuk modifikasi tentakel
= sesil, terdapat di perairan dingin. contoh Lucernaria
- Ordo Cubomedusae
= berbentuk oval dengan tepi melengkung ke arah dalam
= memiliki 4 tentacle
= hidup di perairan tropis sampai sub tropis
= memangsa ikan- ikan kecil
= example. Tamoya di laut Atlantik
- Ordo Decomedusae
= sudut-sudut mulut diperpanjang oleh 4 lekukan tangan oral
= diperairan pantai, sebagian besar ubur- ubur termasuk ke dalam ordo ini
= ordo ini terbagi menjadi 2 sub ordo
Sub ordo Simaeostomae
- sudut mulut diperluas dengan 4 jumbai
- memiliki tentakel, ubur-ubur yang umum terdapat dimana-mana
- contoh Aurelia aurita
Sub ordo Rhizostomae
- bagian oral menyatu dan masing masing berganda (semua 8)
- tidak memiliki mulut pusat tapi memiliki mulut mulut kecil pada bagian oral
- tidak bertentakel
- Cassiopeia, dengan lengan bercabang

36. Sea Wasps - box jellyfish - the class Cubozoa, order Cubomedusae, family
Chirodropidae, genera Chironex and Chiropsalmus, occur widely from
Queensland, Australia

39. Class Hydrozoa: Physalia, detailed view of the tentacles of the
Portuguese man.

40. Klas Anthozoa
-All polip
- short tentacle wit mulut bersambung dengan stomodeum
- tentacle with nematocyst
- berkoloni dan soliter
- diketahui 6100 spesies
- All marine
- terdiri dari anemon dan coral
- rangka secret from calcium carbonat
- Hewan menyerupai bunga
- Dari pantai sampai kedalaman 6000 mter. Daerah panas sampai kutub
- Merupakan polip yang menetap
- klas terbesar dalam coelenterata dengan fase medusa yang mereduksi.
- terdiri dari 2 sub klas yaitu ; Sub-klas Octorocallia dan Sub-klas Hexacorallia
- anemon laut dan koral kapur

41. CORAL ANATOMY AND MORFOLOGY

42. Class Anthozoa
• Exclusively marine; there is no medusa stage
• At one or both ends of the mouth is a ciliated groove called the
siphonoglyph; generates a water current and brings food to the gastrovascular
cavity
• Possess a well developed pharynx
• The gastrovascular cavity
is large and petitioned by
septa or mesenteries;
increase surface area for
digestion or support
• Edges of the septa usually
have threadlike acontia
threads, equipped with
nematocysts and gland
cells

44. Class Anthozoa cont.
• Solitary anthozoans include sea anemones
• Most anthozoans are colonial (e.g. corals)
and secrete external skeletons composed of
calcium carbonate.
• Corals obtain much of their energy from
microscopic photosynthetic green algae
(zooxanthellae) or dinoflagellates that live
symbiotically inside the cells of the coral

45. KLASIFIKASI
-Sub klas Octocoralia
-Terdiri 8 tentacle bercabang yang berduri, berkoloni
-Sub klas Hexacoralis
- bertentacle sedikit yang kadang bercabang
-Sub klas Octocoralia
- ordo Stolonifera = polip dapat muncul secara terpisah dari stolon induk.
= sceleton terdiri dari spicula yang terpisah pisah
= example clavularia yang terdapat sepanjang pantai barat
America.
= Tubifora musica hidup pada perairan hangat
-Ordo Telestacea
= koloni berbentuk batang
= example Telesto sp
-Ordo Alcynacea
= merupakan karang lunak dengan polip pendek
= spikula jarang
= terdapat pada perairan hangat
= Alcyonium sp

46. Tubifora musica Sub klas Octocoralia
ordo Stolonifera

47. -0rdo Coenothecalia
= sceleton berupa kristal kapur berserabut
= Heliopora. Merupakan karang biru yang terdapat di INDO pacific
-Ordo Gorgonacea
= berkoloni mirip tumbuhan
= sceleton utama berupa spikula kapur dengan polyp pendek
= meliputi 1000 spesies
= Corallium sp, kerang merah . Digunakan sebagai pengganti permata
- Ordo Pennatulaceae
= berkoloni
= memiliki sumbu polip yang panjang
= rangka terdiri dari spikula lunak
= terdiri dari 300 species. Eample Pennatula sp

48. Sub klas Hexacoralis

49. Sub klas Hexacoralis
= tentacle biasanya kurang dari 8
= kadang kadang tentacle bercabang
= sceleton will be strong jika ada
- Ordo Actinoria
= anemon laut . Tidak berkoloni
= sceleton polip dengan berbagai ukuran
= memiliki cakram dengan 1000 spesies
- 0rdo Madreporaria
= sceleton terdiri dari kapur dengan polyp kecil
= tentacle biasanya 6
= berkoloni dengan rangka lemah
= tercatat 2500 species dengan 5000 spesies yang telah punah contoh
Balanophyllia elegans

50. Ecology

51. Corals, such as this temperate cup coral, Balanophyllia elegans

52. Pectiniidae
Class Anthozoa, Order Scleractinia, Family Pectiniidae, Genera Echinophyllia,
Oxypora, Mycedium and Pectinia
Blue Chalice

53. Pocillopora (and Stylophora) Class Anthozoa, Order Scleractinia, Family
Pocilloporidae, Genera Pocillopora and Stylophora

54. Porites Class Anthozoa, Order Scleractinia, Family Poritidae, Genus Porites

55. Turbinaria Class Anthozoa, Order Scleractinia, Family Dendrophylliidae, Genus
Turbinaria

56. Xenia Class Anthozoa, Order Alcyonacea, Family Xeniidae, Genus Xenia

57. Sun Coral (azooxanthellate) Class Anthozoa, Subclass Hexacorallia,
Order Scleractinia, Family Dendrophylliidae, Genus Tubastraea

58. Small o-ring favid coral (Family Faviidae) that is green in colour and the brownish

59. Family Faviidae

60. Brain corals (Family Mussidae)

61. The starry looking polyps led to it being named as the Galaxy corals (Galaxea sp.).

62. Euphyllid coral (Family Euphyllidae) is a fascinating coral with tentacles that end off
with a U-shape

63. Here is the Lettuce coral (Pavona sp.)

65. Brain corals from the Family Mussidae.

66. The "brainy" is quite different, it has a neon-green colour

67. anemone coral (Goniopora sp.) swaying its long polyp with the waves.

68. jewel anemones (Corynactis haddoni, C. australis) shows that their
tentacles end in rounded tips.

69. the horse anemone or beadlet anemone (Isactinia tenebrosa) lives just around
low tide mark and is often exposed at low tide. One finds them on shaded walls
in the intertidal zone.

70. a stick bryozoan (Steganoporella neozelandica) of which all polyps are out and
extended. These polyps are hardly visible without magnification.

71. beadlet coral (Primnoides sp.) begins at about 40m depth.

72. zoanthid anemones are not separate individuals, as they are joined at
their base. Zoanthids are invasive species capable of killing their host by
suffocating it.

73. closeup of zoanthid polyps shows that they are joined at the base, which
acts like a smothering clump.

74. Sea Anemon Tentacles, Stichodactyla sp from 9 meter depth in Amakusa isl.
Kyushu - Japan

78. wakatobi

79. Familia faviidae