How Perfectionism Can Translate Into Eating Disorder...

How Perfectionism Can Translate Into Eating Disorder...
This study was conducted in an ethical manner. The study had institutional approval, sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health, received
informed consent from participants, and publication credit (American Psychological Association, 2010). The next study subject studied how
perfectionism can translate into eating disorder pathology. The purpose of the article is to examine the relationship of eating disorders with the role of
body dissatisfaction (Boone, Soenens, & Luyten, 2014). The hypothesis of the study is that when someone is a perfectionist, and they do not like their
body, they are more likely to develop an eating disorder. The conclusion of the study is that there should be programs that focus on both perfectionism
and body dissatisfaction, because it it the two of them combined that cause eating disorders (Boone, Soenens, & Luyten, 2014). The factors being
examined in this study is that perfectionism and body dissatisfaction can lead a person to develop an eating disorder. It examines the role between
personal standards, perfectionism and evaluative concerns perfectionism. Yes, these variables, and the relationship between them have been studied
before. The studies have found that there is a relationship between the variables that will lead to an eating disorder. This demonstrates there is historical
significance. This study uses empirical, longitudinal, and quantitative study as it's methodology. The research design was descriptive and
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Ptsd
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PTSD AND SOMATIZATION DISORDER Laura Bennett Belluvue University I will look at some of the ways that
PTSD and Somatization Disorder are alike. One symptom that they have in common is musculoskeletal conditions. Another symptom that they have in
common is GI problems. Some of the treatments for both disorders that are the same are cognition therapy and the use of antidepressant medications.
I will now look at how each of these is different and also will look at some of the different treatments for each. Somatization disorder is defined as a
psychiatric condition marked by multiple, medically unexplained physical or somatic symptoms. In order to qualify for the diagnosis of somatization
disorder, somatic... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I will now discuss PTSD. Post–traumatic stress disorder is defined as being a mental health condition that is triggered by a terrifying event. (Loeb,
J., Stettler, E., Gavila, T., Stein, A., & Chinitz, S., 2011) Some of the theories that can cause PTSD are when a person goes through, sees or
learns about an event that causes intense fear, helplessness, or horror. There are some researchers that think that a person is more likely to develop
PTSD than others when their risk of anxiety and depression increases, a person's life experiences, a person's temperament and/or the way the brain
regulates the chemicals and hormones their body releases in response to stress. There are several risk factors associated with PTSD. Some of them
being female, experiencing intense or long lasting trauma, having experienced other trauma earlier in life, having other mental health problems, and/or
lacking a good support system. PTSD can disrupt a person's everyday life–from their jobs to their enjoyment of everyday activities. There are three
groups of medications that may help someone with PTSD–antipsychotics, antidepressants and antianxiety. There is one medication that has been
shown to decrease the nightmares of PTSD victims.–prazosin. There are two other types of therapy that have been shown to help in the treatment of
PTSD–exposure therapy–especially virtual exposure therapy–where a person is virtually exposed to the situation that initially caused their PTSD–and
eye movement

Comparing Two Treatments For Bipolar Disorder
Comparing Two Treatments for Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is a mental health issue that affects millions of people worldwide. It is typically
treated with a combination of mood stabilizers and antidepressants. It can take a patient and their doctor a long time to find the right combination of
medications to effectively treat their bipolar disorder. Some individuals do not find much comfort in any level of the traditional medications and
continue to struggle with their depression. Recently, scientists have been looking into newer ways to help treat bipolar disorder. Two of these new
treatments for helping people suffering from bipolar depression are the use of ketamine and olanzapine. Ionescu et al. (2015) examined the use of
ketamine to treat bipolar depression. Ketamine is an anesthetic drug. Lately, there has been a lot of research into possible treatment of several
psychological disorders using sub–anesthetic levels of ketamine. Recent research has shown ketamine to be effective at treating depression in patients
with treatment resistant bipolar I and bipolar II. Ionescu et al. (2015) examined if the antidepressant effects of ketamine in bipolar patients, was
lessened if they had comorbid anxiety. This study was part of a larger, double blind, placebo controlled study, which examined the safety of using
ketamine with mood stabilizers. The participants in this study were split into two groups, those with comorbid anxiety, and those without. All
participants received

Culture-Bound Syndromes Essay
Culture–Bound Syndromes By: Central Arkansas University Table of Contents AbstractPg. 3 IntroductionPg. 4– 8 MethodologyPg. 8 – 10 Analysis
& DiscussionPg. 10 – 11 Conclusion & RecommendationsPg. 11– 13 BibliographyPg. 14 Abstract Mental Health as described by LaVeist and
Thomas (2005) is "a state of successful performance of mental function, resulting in productive activities, fulfilling relationships with other people, and
the ability to adapt to change and cope with adversity" (p. 84). Mental health functioning is important regarding a person's well–being, being able to
interact with others in a healthy manner, and contributes many things to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Culture–bound syndromes as therefore comprised as several different illnesses and afflictions. LaVeist and Thomas (2005) thoroughly expresses the
dynamic nature of culture–bound syndromes when they state: The symptoms of mental disorders are found in all nations and in all cultures; there are
recognizable symptoms that are common worldwide. Mental health researchers have not yet been able to determine whether culture bound syndromes
are indicative of one or more possibilities that include distinct disorders that exist only in specific cultures, and reflect different ways in which
individuals from different cultures express mental illness, as well as reflecting different ways in which the social and cultural environment interact
with genes to produce disorders, or any combination of these. (pp. 101) With the following information in mind, it should be noted that not all
disorders are considered pathological; some behaviors are seen as ways of expressing and communicating distress to members of a certain culture and
are seen as culturally accepted responses (APA, 1994). In fact, cultures experience, express, and cope with feelings of distress in various ways that may
counter what Western societies see as common. Furthermore, at times these cultural differences are

generalized anxiety disorder Essay
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a chronic and often disabling condition that is associated with uncontrollable worry and tension. The vicious
cycle of anxiety and worry interferes with relationships, careers, and education, and often leads to depression. This disorder is much more than the
normal anxiety that everyone experiences from time to time, and can be crippling in its severity. GAD is unlikely to disappear without proper
treatment, and often worsens over time.
Physical manifestations of GAD often include headaches, trembling, twitching, fatigue, irritability, frustration, muscle tension, and inability to
concentrate. Sleep disturbances may also occur. Individuals suffering from this disorder... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5. The anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of
functioning.
6. The disturbances is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g. a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition
(e.g. hyperthyroidism) and does not occur exclusively during a Mood Disorder, a Psychotic Disorder, or a Pervasive Developmental Disorder.
Treatment of GAD:
Medications:
Benzodiazepines– Medications such as Klonopin, Ativan, Valium, and Xanax often bring quick relief from the symptoms of anxiety. They are
generally used while waiting for other medications to begin working, as addiction and tolerance is possible.
Antidepressants– Antidepressants can be useful in managing

Hypochondriasis Essay example
Hypochondriasis is a mental illness wherein an individual is preoccupied with the fear of having or the idea of having a serious disease. It involves the
misunderstanding of bodily symptoms. The sensations of most hypochondriacs are intense and disturbing, leading to incorrectly connecting the
symptoms to a serious disease. It said that hypochondria is caused by a patients excessive worrying with having or developing a disease. Often these
patients seek medical attention, but a doctor's reassurance does not help the situation. Hypochondriacs will still think they are sick no matter what the
do. Generally, patients who suffer from hypochondriasis also suffer from anxiety. There are many effective treatments for hypochondriacs such as
...
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They often seek medical assistance, but a Doctor's reassurance has no merit for the patient. A patient, who is preoccupied with bodily sensations for
less than six months, are classified as having a somatic disorder. If the complaints persist, the patient is then labeled as a hypochondriac.
There are many causes for a patient to be a hypochondriac. When a hypochondria learns of a new disease and its symptoms, he/she excessively worries
that they have or developing the disease. Attention can intensify a bodily sensation. By watching medical shows, a person can connect bodily
sensations felt with a disease described on the show. The misinterpretation of the bodily sensations is what causes a patient to be a hypochondriac.
Hypochondriasis might also be caused by anger deep within a person. Rather than letting their anger out towards people, a person turns their anger
into physical symptoms. The life of a hypochondriac is usually unhappy and depressive. A hypochondriac will fell hopeless and have a lack of
interest in life. Lastly, hypochondria can be triggered by a previous illness experienced or by a relative's sickness. Someone who was treated with
cancer might be more preoccupied with bodily sensations and will connect them to a disease. Hypochondriacs have a fear. They fear that they will be
struck with an illness. There are many causes why a person becomes a hypochondriac and most being psychological.
Many

Mental Illness And Psychiatric Analysis
The popular Western conception of the depressed patient remains both culturally–pervasive and largely homogenous. From Eeyore to Hugh Laurie's
portrayal of Dr. House, pop–cultural depressive symptomology oftentimes equates to images of despair, withdrawal, and an almost palpable air of
sadness. This understanding of depression, indeed, too echoes in diagnostic criteria for depressive disorders as recently published within the fifth
edition of the DSM. Accordingly, for example, the DSM–V classifies those exhibiting either (1) depressed mood and/or (2) anhedonia in conjunction
with at least five of such other symptoms as "recurrent suicidal ideation" and "significant weight loss" for a significant portion of two–weeks, as
clinically diagnosable with suffering from a "Major Depressive Episode." ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, such loosely defined symptom categories result in an ostensible failure to recognize and adequately attend to the sociocultural nuances
inherent in non–Western depressive presentations. That is to say–as one's culture irrevocably intertwines with one's socio–cognitive perspective and,
hence, relationships both intra– and interpersonal–discrepancies regularly arise in the symptomologies mandated by the DSM and manifestations of
comparable illnesses in non–Western

Transgender Case Study
Transgender individuals who experience discrimination, violence, or interpersonal rejection are at risk for developing symptoms of depression. Studies
reported significantly higher levels of anxiety (26–38%) and depression (48–62%) within this community (Pflum, Testa, Balsam, Goldblum, Bongar,
2015). Different ethnic groups have varying experiences related to social support, gender–based stressors, and health outcomes. Racial outlook presents
additional risk of prejudice and discrimination for transgender individuals. Researchers noted that Caucasian and Latina Trans women reported
significantly higher needs for social support than participants of other ethnic groups, whereas African American and Asian/Pacific Islander Trans
women received... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2016) demonstrated a longitudinal study conducted on 248 LGBT youths to examine the effects of victimization on mental disorders. They recruited
participants from the Chicago, Illinois, area through e–mail advertisements, cards, and flyers posted in spaces serving large numbers of LGBT youths.
The age range was from 16 to 20 years old. Data collection began in April 2007 and participants completed their seventh wave of data 4 years after
their baseline visit. They collected data every 6 months within these 4 years. They administered a frequently used 10–item measure of LGBT–specific
victimization. Participants used a 4–point scale to identify the frequency with which they experienced verbal and physical threats or assault. They
conducted the Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, version IV (C–DISC–IV) at baseline and the Computerized Diagnostic
Interview Schedule, version IV (C–DIS–IV) at the 48–month

What Is Compassion Fatigue?
Compassion fatigue like any condition comes with its own assortment of signs and symptoms, subsequently making it vital to identify these signs to
properly address the condition in the health care personnel suffering it. According to the website "Tend", co–developed by a clinical psychologist
/trauma specialist and a psychotherapist/compassion fatigue specialist, Dr. Partricia Fisher and Francoise Mathieu, the symptoms of compassion
fatigue come in three forms, physical behavioral, and psychological. The physical signs of compassion fatigue are exhaustion, feeling tired at the
beginning of a shift or "coming back to work after a weekend off and still feeling physically drained." (Fisher and Mathieu), insomnia, susceptibility to
illness, and

Childhood Somatization Essay
Somatization is the manifestation of psychological distress as physical symptoms such as headaches, stomachaches, body aches, dizziness, and
fatigue (Mai, 2004; Taylor, Szatmari, Boyle, & Offord, 1996). These somatic complaints generally cannot be traced to any diagnosable medical
conditions, however they are not fictitious and may be explained by biological mechanisms involved in the stress response as well as by changes in
individuals' perception of pain (Garber, Walker, & Zeman, 1991; Mai, 2004; Rief, Hennings, Riemer, & Euteneuer, 2010). Somatic disorders account
for more productivity loss, unemployment, and healthcare usage than any other psychiatric disorder, indicating the need for further research into its
many predictors and causes (Mai, 2004; Poikolainen, Aalto–Setala, Marttunen, Tuulio–Henricksson, & Lonnqvist, 2000; Rief & Auer, 2000). Among...
Somatic symptom disorders among children are especially common in low socioeconomic status (SES) communities, non–White ethnicities, and
victims of childhood trauma or victimization, (Bailey, 2005; Reynolds, O'Koon, Papademetriou, Szczygiel, & Grant, 2001; White & Farrell, 2006),
though there may be important differences in the types of symptoms reported by different racial and ethnic groups (Kingery, Ginsburg, & Alfano,
2007). For example, Rhee (2003) notes that rates of headache, body ache, and dizziness are higher in Caucasian populations, whereas urinary
dysfunction, cold sweat, overheating, and chest pain are more common among African Americans. Rhee (2005) proposes that the ethnic disparity
associated with these symptoms can, at least in part, be attributed to lower SES and higher rates of depressive symptoms among racial minorities,
whereas, other symptoms may occur regardless of SES or comorbid

Somatoform Pain Disorder Research Paper
Somatoform disorders are conditions characterized by multiple, recurrent physical complaints for which there are no organic basis. They are associated
with significant psychological distress, poor functioning and help seeking behaviours. They undergo multiple investigations and consultation resulting
significant burden on health resources. There has been limited research on quality of life in somatoform disorders. A study in Germany examined 282
consecutive patients fulfilling the criteria of somatoform pain disorders for presence of comorbid psychological disorders and its impact on health
related quality of life. SF–36 was used to determine the health–related quality of life. The health–related physical and psychological quality of life was
clearly impaired in patients with somatization. [17] One hundred out–patients with somatoform pain disorder filled out the World Health Organization
Quality of Life Assessment–Bref (WHOQoL–Bref) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Pain intensity (average pain, maximum pain, minimal
pain) and disability (work, leisure and family life) were assessed using visual analogue... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A total of 60 patients were assessed with Short Form (36) health survey (SF–36) for QoL, medical outcomes study pain measurement (MOSPM) for
pain symptoms, Hamilton depression scale – 17 items (HAMD) for depression and Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA) for anxiety. Patients scored
significantly lower on all SF–36 subscales' scores apart from the mental health and vitality subscales. PSPD patients with severe depression had
significantly lower scores on SF–36 subscales' scores .PSPD patients had a lower QoL as compared to general population. Pain, depression, and
anxiety were significantly correlated with QoL of PSPD patients while age, pain, and depression were important factors influencing PCS and

Psy 410 Week 2 and 3 Matrix of Disorders
Anxiety, Mood, and Dissociative Disorder Matrix Abnormal Psychology Disorders| DSM–IV–TR Criteria| Examination of Classifications and
Symptoms| A. Anxiety Disorders:| | | 1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)| A. Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation) about two
(or more) domains of activities or events (for example, domains like family, health, finances, and school/work difficulties)B. The excessive anxiety
and worry occur on more days than not for three months or more (APA, 2000) Examination of Classifications and SymptomsC. The anxiety and
worry are associated with one or more of the following symptoms: 1. Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge2. Being easily fatigued3. Difficulty
concentrating or... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Persistent concern about having additional attacksb. Worry about the implications of the attack or its consequences(e.g., losing control, having a heart
attack, "going crazy")c. A significant change in behavior related to the attacksB. The presence (or absence) of Agoraphobia.C. The Panic Attacks are
not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition (e.g., hyperthyroidism).D.
The Panic Attacks are not better accounted for by another mental disorder, such as Social Phobia (e.g., occurring on exposure to feared social
situations), Specific Phobia (e.g., on exposure to a specific phobic situation), Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (e.g., on exposure to dirt in someone with
an obsession about contamination), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (e.g., in response to stimuli associated with a severe stressor), or Separation
Anxiety Disorder (e.g., in response to being away from home or close relatives).(APA, 2000)| Lifetime Estimated Prevalence of Anxiety disorders in
the population Phobias = 9–24% Population(Hansell & Damour, 2008)| 4. Obsessive–compulsive Disorder| A. Either obsessions or
compulsions:Obsessions as defined by (1), (2), (3), and (4):1. Recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that are experienced, at some time
during the disturbance, as intrusive and inappropriate and that cause marked anxiety or distress2. The thoughts, impulses, or images

Hysteria And Its Effects On Society
Hysteria, as stated by Dinwiddie, has been traced back to the Hippocratic School of medicine, perhaps even as far back as ancient Egypt. Hysteria is
when psychological conflict is turned into physical symptoms, such as when a patient complains of symptoms for which no clear physical cause.
Somatization disorder has often been linked with hysteria in the same ways that hypochondriasis has, however these two diseases are not the same. In
the past hypochondriasis was thought to be a somatization disorder, but has since been re–classified as an anxiety disorder by the DSM–IV (Ehrlich,
2013). A somatization disorder is a chronic condition in which a person has physical symptoms involving multiple body parts that have no physical
cause, it is currently one of the hardest diseases to diagnose. To be diagnosed with somatization disorder, a person must have four pain symptoms, two
gastrointestinal symptoms, one sexual symptoms, and one psuedoneurological symptom (Medina). Diagnostic criteria states that a person must exhibit
these symptoms for at least six months, however these symptoms do not have to occur throughout the entire duration. Along with these symptoms a
diagnosis must adhere to one of the following. After investigation the symptoms cannot be fully explained by a medical condition, and when there is a
related medical condition, the symptoms must exceed what is to be expected from laboratory findings (Dinwiddie, 2013). To understand what
contributes to a diagnosis, one

Ptd Intervention
Assessment of the Client. The role of assessment is vital for case conceptualization and treatment interventions (Briere and Scott, 2013). As such, signs
and symptoms stemming from the episodes of traumatic events cannot be precisely treated if there are not diagnosed. More so, this clinician's first task
will be to conduct a comprehensive and informed diagnosis evaluation, as this step will enable this clinician in developing and formulating
interventions that is best suited in addressing this client's specific needs (Briere and Scoot, 2013). In assessing this client, during the intake session
/clinical interview questions such as present and/or past trauma history, dissociative disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms where
included. Likewise, the intake/clinical interview was focused toward the client's imminent level of safety, psychological stability, and the client level of
readiness regarding future assessment and treatment (Briere and Scoot, 2013). More so, this clinician followed the hierarchy of assessment in
assessing this client ("is there risk of imminent death, is the client in a state of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This clinician will also assess Kyle for complex trauma because he has flashed back memories about the some childhood abuse. This clinician also
used, The Clinician–Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and The Structured Interview for Disorders of Extreme Stress (SIDES). The CAPS and SIDES
scores the present and lifetime PTSD and DESNOS criteria, explores experiences related to complex trauma, such as guilt, and disillusionment with
authority, dissociation, affect dysregulation, memory impairment, somatization, self– perception, homicidality, relationships with others, depression,
and feelings of being overwhelmed (Briere and Scoot, 2013). Likewise, scoring alterations in attention or consciousness, hopelessness, and systems of

Somatic Symptom Disorder Research Paper
Somatic Symptom Disorder is a disorder that involves a person having a significant focus on physical symptoms, such as pain, weakness or shortness of
breath, that results in major distress and/or problems functioning. (https://www.psychiatry.org/patients–families/somatic–symptom–disorder
/what–is–somatic–symptom–disorder) With that being said, I believe that Martin may not have been having these pains that he's said to be feeling
and if he is having the pains they're not as excruciating as he say they are. What are potential factors that may have led to the current behaviors? I
believe that Martin may have been stressed out on his job or anything in his personal life that could have caused him to start experiencing the pains
that he claimed to feel. Martin and his wife may have been having problems with each other. In the article it stated that Martin would cancel plans
with his wife and friends because he didn't want to have an "attack" with his abdominal pain again. Do the behaviors of the individual appear to be
dysfunctional and/or distressing? What criteria was used to make this determination? Martin's behavior is distressing because it caused him to suffer
daily with depression and worrying about why he was... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Yes, Martin is experiencing Somatic symptom Disorder. "The symptoms tend to result in a person seeking out treatment for them through multiple
healthcare providers. The disorder also typically results in significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning."
(https://psychcentral.com/disorders/somatization–disorder–symptoms/) While Martin was seeking treatment from a therapist and his primary
physician the article stated that Martin started to feel better and his social life started to get better as well. Once Martin felt like he was getting the
help that he needed it caused his pain to feel more

Dissociative Identity Disorder Summary
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Felicia Brooks, Molly Davis, Sabrina Fields, and Veronica Graham– Roireau
PSYCH/650
June 29, 2015
Professor Stacey Lederberg
Executive Summary
"Dissociative identity disorder is a condition in which a person manifests at least two or more distinct identities or personality states that alternate in
some way in taking control of behavior" (Butcher, 2013, p. 285). Dissociative identity disorder has taken the place of the term "multiple personality's
disorder" because they needed a more accurate name for the disorder due to the fact that "the alternate identities are now seen as fragments of a single
personality like a mirror broken into shards sometime in childhood." (Lost in the mirror: Women with multiple

Depressed Patients
The popular Western conception of the depressed patient remains both culturally–pervasive and largely homogenous. From Eeyore to Hugh Laurie's
portrayal of Dr. House, pop–cultural depressive symptomology oftentimes equates to images of despair, withdrawal, and an almost palpable air of
sadness. This understanding of depression, indeed, echoes in diagnostic criteria for depressive disorders as recently published within the fifth edition of
the DSM. Accordingly, the DSM–V classifies those exhibiting either (1) depressed mood and/or (2) anhedonia in conjunction with at least five of such
other symptoms as "recurrent suicidal ideation" and "significant weight loss" for a significant portion of two–weeks, as clinically diagnosable with
suffering ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Indeed, though each edition of the DSM seeks to maximize multicultural awareness and sensitivity, several the still–existing symptom profiles of
mental illness remain unrepresentative of sometimes–large cultural clusters, as in the case of–for example–Caribbean Ataque phenomenology . Other
issues, such as the more–frequent diagnosis of schizophrenia amongst African–American patients and the infrequency of mood disorder diagnosis in
compared to their White counterparts, similarly aggravate discussion on the validity of clinical judgement and diagnosis of those patients who belong
to marginalized groups (Neighbours et. al,

Predictive Value of Alexithymia: A Prospective Study in...
Review of APA Statistical Guidelines: "Predictive Value of Alexithymia: A Prospective Study in Somatizing Patients"
The August 1999 article in the American Psychologist discusses proper statistical methods and how they should be utilized in journal articles. Using
some of the guidelines put forth in the article, I will attempt to show the extent to which Bach & Bach (1995) follow these principles.
The article in question investigates the role of alexithymia as a predictor of persistent somatization. The study was conducted over a two–year period
with the consent of thirty patients exhibiting somatoform and anxiety disorders. The personality trait of alexithymia is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
No, not really, the population must be assumed by the subject matter. We are to assume that the study is concerned with people who have a somatoform
disorder or anxiety.
Sample
The sample is definitely outlined well in the article. The authors make it known to us that the participants for the study were volunteers from a previous
study about somatoform disorders. They clearly state the age ranges, sex, and education of all the patients.
Assignment
For the purposes of this study, nonrandom assignment was used. This was not stated but rather an obvious point. The procedure called for the
participants to all receive the same treatment throughout the study. A control group was not used so suspicions must be raised as to the validity of the
research.
Variables
In terms of variables, the study uses a simple approach to tackle this task. Each patient was grouped by whether or not they exhibited a certain
diagnostic disorder at the time of the testing. They were either a yes or a no for five different types of disorders.
Instruments
As far as questionnaires, these are the only procedural devices used in the study. The authors make it very clear as to what psychometric tests were
used. They describe each one and its purpose. The tests used were the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Whiteley Index, the Hopkins

Sociocultural Factors that Lead to Eating Disorders in...
Sociocultural Factors that Lead to Eating Disorders in Young Women According to the DSM
–5, anorexia nervosa is characterized by "distorted body
image and excessive dieting that leads to severe weight loss with a pathological fear of becoming fat" while bulimia nervosa is characterized by
"frequent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate behaviors such as self–induced vomiting to avoid weight gain" (DSM–5, American
Psychiatric Association, 2013). These two disorders most often affect adolescent girls and young women. There are many factors that can cause body
dysmorphia such as behavioral, genetic, and sociocultural. These factors can ultimately onset eating disorders. According to a study by Emily A.
Young, James R. Clopton,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are a few ways in which family members can contribute to eating disorders such as, "communicating to young women that thinness is highly
valued, modeling problematic eating behaviors, and criticizing weight and body shape". Finally, Young concluded that "bulimic behavior may be most
pronounced in women who report both high levels of peer pressure to be thin and high levels of socially prescribed perfectionism– belief one must
meet the excessively high expectations of others" (Young et al, 2004). A larger sample was used by The McKnight Investigators to assess the risk
factors for the onset of eating disorders in adolescent girls. This is a longitudinal study that used 1,103 girls in school districts in California and
Arizona. The girls started the study in sixth grade and ended it in ninth grade. This was to measure risk associated with puberty and the change from
youth to early adolescence. Among interviews and height and weight measurements over a course of four years, the girls were also given the McKnight
Risk Factor Survey IV. This survey consists of "103 questions that assess demographics, age at onset of menstrual period and dating, appearance
appraisal, effect of body changes, confidence, depressed mood, emotional eating, media modeling, concern with weight/shape, parental and peer
concern with thinness, teasing,

Multiple Chemical Sensitivity
Leading theories suggest a possible role for a hypersensitive central nervous system, immune dysfunction and impaired detoxification by liver enzymes.
However some medical professionals, and even organizations, continue to insist that the syndrome is psychological in origin, even in the face of a
growing amount of evidence from studies that show clear abnormalities in people with MCS on exposure to normally safe levels of chemicals. The
expression 'multiple chemical sensitivity' has been used to describe individuals with numerous troubling sensitivities that are attributed to
environmental factors. Wikipedia defines this phenomenon as "Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) or idiopathic environmental intolerances (IEI) –(A
term The World Health Organisation proposed in 1996) is a disputed chronic medical condition and syndrome characterized by symptoms that the...
Randolph, M.D. (1906–1995), who asserted that patients had become ill from exposures to substances at doses far below the levels normally
considered safe. In the 1940s, he declared that allergies cause fatigue, irritability, behavioural problems, depression, confusion, and nervous tension in
children. Despite MCS been discussed and debated for decades, the fact that individuals exhibit different symptoms divides medical opinion. Some
physicians are convinced of this phenomenon whilst others are awaiting further conclusive evidence. The prevailing scientific viewpoint is that
although some people are sensitive to small amounts of one or a few specific chemicals, there is no general hypersensitivity to chemicals. Scientifically
oriented allergists, psychiatrists and occupational health clinicians suspect that the majority of "MCS" (Multiple Chemical Sensitivity) patients suffer
from psychological disorders such as depression, anxiety reactions and somatization (bodily reactions to stress). This opinion is being increasingly

Substance Abuse And Its Effects On The United States
Thousands of years ago, humans first started drinking wine, then later on in around 4000 B.C. narcotics were used, but during the 19th century is when
the active substances in drugs were found. Many of these substances were given over the counter and weren 't regulated, which meant that people could
easily obtain substances such as morphine, cocaine, landuam, and many others. During the early 1900s, an estimate of about 250,000 people were
abusing a substance within the United States. Substance abuse is a serious problem which can affect one 's physical and psychological capabilities,
their relationships, and also their daily life overall. Overusing a substance may lead to addiction, which can be hard to overcome, but it 's not impossible.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
and contributing to the health problems and death of millions of Americans every year. Today, substance abuse causes more deaths, illnesses, and
disabilities than any other preventable health condition" (8). These deaths are not only common for adults, but also for teens as they are introduced to
substances such as alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs. Once introduced to these substances, they may start to use it more often, and eventually start abusing
it which affects their health and may lead to death. This is the leading cause of deaths compares to any other preventable disease in the United States.
Abuse of a substance leads to a wide range of physical health problems, some of which can be severe while others aren 't too serious. Some of the
mild physical effects include changes in sleeping patterns, appetite and one 's physical appearance. Clinical studies show that "the most common health
problems were gastrointestinal and liver disorders, but about a quarter of the sample had cardiovascular or neurological problems. With regard to other
diseases (e.g. liver disease, pancreatitis, hypertension, central nervous system impairment) the effects of alcohol are well–established" (Gossop, 194).
These health problems are associated with the abuse of a substance, particularly alcohol. They

Role Playing In MBI Behavior
At the same time, one of the more interesting sources of MBI behavior results from a form of role–playing that is commonly known as pseudologia
fantastica, which refers to when an individual plays out a series of dramatic by telling lies or stories that exasperate the truth of their given situation in
order to fulfill some kind of personal fantasy. The concept comes from an idea that some individuals receive pleasure from acting out imaginary roles
through their Internet persona. According to Friedman (2016), most objectifications of pseudologia fantastica in MBI involve situations where
"dramatic lies" are "told by patients about their achievements, social connections, exploits, and so on" (p. 226). This probably because the offender
believes

Understanding The Concept Of Global Health Development
In order to understand the concept of global health development, there are many concepts to start with, such as different kinds of illness, diseases
challenges our health care system today, some groups of people still struggle for their treatment. Global health is a global context with the goal of
improves health care, reduce the inequality to the access to health care. As mentioned, health consisted by different kinds of concept. Two major
category of health problem are physical health and mental health. This paper will focus on the development of mental health care and introduce the
problems it has that exist in the society. Mental health is one of the elements that play a significant role in global health. The major point has brought up
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To start with the primary problem that mental health has, first is the fact that people with mental disorders are not receiving equal health services as
other people with physical illness do have also been brought up as a social and health service issue. Such issue relates to mental health also affect the
health care system in the society. Because is necessary for a society to promote its mental health service, as part of the health system and there should
no inequality of the treatment for mental health and physical health.
Definition of Mental Health
It is important to define mental health first in order to understand its role in the development of global health. The World Health Organization has
given a definition of "a state of well being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work
productivity and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community"(WHO 2001a, 1). As it means, mental health is the foundation
for well–being and effective functioning for an individual and for a community (Herrman ect al. 13). The issues of mental health exist in every society,
and it has already become a global issue that people should pay attention on. Even though there are differences in values across countries, cultures,
classes, and genders can appear to allow a consensus on a definition (WHO 2001b), mental health still can be conceptualized without restricting

Somatoform Disorder Research Paper
Somatization Somatoform Disorders Definition: According to WebMD, "somatic symptom disorder(SSD), formally known as somatization disorder
is a form of mental illness that causes one or more bodily symptoms, including pain. These symptoms may or may not be traceable to a physical
cause including general medical conditions, other mental conditions, or substance abuse. But regardless, they cause excessive and disproportionate
levels of distress." The symptoms can involve one or more different organs and organ systems. Possible Causes: UNKNOWN Risk Factors: Anxiety
or depression Medical condition or recovering from one Being at risk of developing a medical condition Experiencing stressful life events, trauma, or
violence

A Broad Spectrum Of Eating Disorders
There is a broad spectrum of eating disorders. Bulimia nervosa (BN), anorexia nervosa (AN) (two basic types, restrictive (ANR) and binge–purge
(ANBP)), and binge eating disorder (BED). People with eating disorders often have a morphed perception of their body. Often they feel the need to be
perfect, and when they do not look perfect to themselves they feel great shame. Which in effect causes suicide ideation, because they feel they do not
deserve to live. It appears that eating disorders may carry the highest suicide risk of any psychiatric disorder.
Recent studies show that BN has greater suicide rates than AN. In past studies it was the opposite. BED still has the lowest suicide rate. Some argue
as to whether or not one particular ED has a greater risk of suicide than another, but all agree that those with an ED are at a risk of attempting suicide.
Research has found that ED may derive from traumatization, such as self–harm, depression, impulsiveness, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),
dissociation, substance use, and somatization. Previous studies consistently demonstrate that impulsive behaviors are more prevalent in ANBP
compared with ANR. Drug use, laxative abuse, and other impulsive behaviors have previously been associated with suicidality in BN and ANBP
participants. Binge–purging is linked with impulsivity, which is linked with higher rates of suicide; therefore, most people with ED that have this, such
as BN or ANBP, might have a greater risk of attempting

Kessler Ad Mcleod's
Husband and Wife have different emotions when it comes to dealing with stressful life events.
A combined analysis of data from five independent studies showed that women were more psychologically distressed than men due to negative life
events. According to the findings from Kessler ad McLeod's (1984) women did indicate a larger number of crisis in social status. Women are
disadvantaged by the lower social status they often experience and by role overload or the multiple role demands made of them. The social status
approach to gender differences in vulnerability suggests that fewer social resources increase the risk of distress, in contrast to life event models which
hypothesizes that greater exposure to specific life crisis accounts for male ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Responses range from no discomfort to extreme discomfort. The scores were summed to determine the level of symptomology. The higher the score
on a measure the greater the feeling of distress. The somatization subscale (twelve items) includes bodily complaints such as headaches or nausea that
are known to be correlated with anxiety and depression (Mirowsky and Ross 1989). The thirteenth symptoms (e.g. feeling blue) were known as the
depression measure, ten in the anxiety measure (e.g., "feeling fearful"), and six in the hostility subscale "having urges to break things"). The sample
tested .67 wives hostility to .87 husband and wives

Smartphone Addiction
Is Smartphone Addiction Killing Today's Teens? "The arrival of the smartphones had radically changed every aspect of teenagers' lives, from the nature
of their social interactions to their mental health" (Twenge 60). Smartphones are easy–to–carry mobile devices that almost have the functions of a
computer like internet access, video games, social networks, and of course calls and text messages. In 2014 in the USA almost 60% of the
population owned a smartphone (Cheever, et al. 291). The percentage of people that own a smartphone has been increasing fast since then, especially
in young people who overuse their mobile devices. Excessive use of smartphones is associated with the addiction to these devices and other
psychological imbalances that can lead to death. Smartphone addiction is changing the behavior and attitudes of today's teenagers which can lead to
serious psychological issues. Excessive use of smartphones can lead to addiction, which can cause radical behavioral changes, sleep deprivation and
serious physical and psychological problems over time. For people who use their smartphones more on a daily basis, it becomes harder for them to live
without these mobile devices (Cheever 290). Smartphone and internet addiction is a compulsive usage of Internet or smartphone in an excessive and
immoderate way (Yildiz 66). Some teens and young college students feel the need to be connected to their smartphones all the time (Chisholm 77) to
maintain certain status among their

Explain The Etiological Models Of Schizophrenia Essay
Explain the etiological models of Schizophrenia.
Genetic o Schizophrenia runs in families – higher rates in 1st degree relatives, especially if both parents schizophrenic, but those who suffer from
schizophrenia are unlikely to reproduce o Heritability determined by concordance rates in twins, about 28% in monozygotic twins but only 6%
dizygotic twins o Adoption studies confirm likely genetic component and show higher rates of schizophrenia in biological families o These family
studies show that although there is a genetic component, other factors influence schizophrenia as well o Chromosomal/gene mapping has not been
able to identify a specific gene or chromosome for schizophrenia o May be linked to chromosome 6
Physiological o Eye movement dysfunction
п‚§Eye tracking dysfunction frequently seen in schizophrenic patients
п‚§Poor smooth–pursuit eye tracking most common dysfunction, (instead of smoothly following the track of moving objects, schizophrenics exhibit
jerky eye movements)
п‚§Represents genetic marker of vulnerability to schizophrenia o Inhibition of event related potentials
п‚§P50 phenomenon related to responses to auditory stimuli seen in many schizophrenics and their blood relatives
п‚§Inability to inhibit certain responses may be source of various schizophrenic symptoms (distractibility, confusion, hallucinations)
п‚§High P50 abnormality patients have larger deficits in attention and score more severely on assessment of negative symptoms
п‚§May be linked to

Somatization Disorder
Somatization disorder is define as a mental condition with medically unexplained physical, symptoms. The minor symptoms will consist of nausea,
bloating, diarrhea, headaches, pain in the back or joints, difficulty swallowing or speaking, and urinary retention. The worst of the physical symptoms
can disable a patient completely such as seizures, problems with coordination, balance, or paralysis. Many studies have shown that patients with panic
disorders are more aware to the changes in their breathing and heartbeats. There are different levels of somatoform such as Catastrophizing Thinking. A
patient with a headache will then associate it to having a tumor, or shortness of breath would indicate asthma. Many patients then seek medical treatment

Essay On Somatoform Disorders
Unlike many easily diagnosed psychological disorders, somatoform disorders are unique because they are much more difficult to diagnose.
Somatoform disorders are described as psychological difficulties that take on a physical form, but there is no medical cause. While a person with a
somatoform disorder reports physical symptoms, no biological cause exists. In the middle ages, somatoform disorders were believed to be a spiritual
disorder of evil and demonic possession, and in the 17th century, it was said that "hysteria could stimulate any medical disease. Freud explained the
syndrome of hysteria as "conversion of emotional distress into physical symptoms" Kallivayalil, R. A., & Punnoose, V. P. (2010). While there is no
definitive cause for most of the somatic symptom disorders that have been established, "genetic and environmental influences appear to contribute to
somatization. Somatic symptom disorders have been linked to internalizing genetic risk factors and share genetic overlap with other mental disorders,
including eating disorders. Somatization may involve abnormalities in tryptophan catabolism, resulting in lower serum tryptophan levels than controls.
This finding is limited to the research domain at present and is not a diagnostic test" Somatic Symptom Disorders. (n.d.).... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This pattern usually begins before a patient is 30 years old and their symptom history includes various pain issues, gastrointestinal problems such as
diarrhea or vomiting, sexual symptoms such as low libido, and symptoms that would suggest a neurological problem. Undifferentiated Somatoform
Disorder Similar to somatization disorder, except for the fact that a patient must complain of one unexplainable symptom for at least six

Trauma And Stressor Related Disorder
In the DSM–5, PTSD is listed under Trauma– and Stressor– Related Disorders. In order for a person to be diagnosed with PTSD, they must meet a
number of criterion– the first one being exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence. If the person does not meet this
criterion, they are automatically exempt from being diagnosed with PTSD. This alone is incredibly restrictive, ignoring many groups of traumatized
victims including those with psychiatric diagnosis, or those being removed from their home. Though many people can benefit from the treatments
associated with PTSD, its two–dimensionality, or lack of reference to ongoing exposure has created a want for a new diagnosis in the trauma realm.
Herman's response to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In creating the opportunity for more individuals to be diagnosed with a post–traumatic syndrome, C–PTSD creates a dignified title for individuals who
have already endured so much. Victims of childhood trauma account for a portion of this group. Abused children have to undergo a series of
adaptations in order to experience self–preservation. The three major forms of adaptation include elaboration of dissociative defenses, development of
fragmented identity, and pathological regulation of emotional states. When a child falls prey to an abuser, they cannot form inner representations of
safety. Not only do they become attached to strangers, but they also cling to their abusers. During this time, Herman refers to fragmentation as
"becoming the central principle of personality organization". Normal regulations of emotional states are also disrupted, resulting in dysphoria, chronic
anxiety, and chronic depression– which can last into adulthood. Normal regulations of emotional states are also affected by the elaboration of
dissociative defenses. When an individual becomes too accustomed to using dissociation as a defense mechanism, they can experience something
referred to as "annihilation panic". When annihilation panic ensues, only extreme shocks to the system (such as self–mutilation) can help them separate
themselves from dissociation. Though these adaptations are crucial for

Dissociative Disorders Chapter 7 Analysis
Chapter 7 covers the fundamentals of somatoform disorders and dissociative disorders. After reading this chapter, I became really interested in
somatoform disorders. Somatoform disorder is physical pain due to psychosocial reasons and often misdiagnosed. Just like the story in the beginning
of the chapter described the man who was paralyzed but did not have any physical wounds. This a strong example of how powerful the mind. This was
discussed briefly in previous chapters, but I better understand the concept of this somatoform disorders. People with hysterical somatoform disorder
have changes in their physical functioning. Conversion disorder is a psychosocial conflict that affects the voluntary motor and sensory functioning.
Somatization disorders have a long lasting physical... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This disorder focuses insecurities and imagined/minor defects in their appearance that negatively impact their life. These insecurities can range from
wrinkles, size of nose, and body odor. I can definitely relate to this disorder. In the book, it states that this disorder begin in adolescence years and that
is where it started with me. When I was in middle school, I became very self–conscious of my appearance. The size of my head was my biggest
insecurities. Even though I learned to love myself unconditionally and understand that kids can be cruel, it was a horrible experience. I used to get
picked on daily for my head size and started to believe it was true. I would cry myself to sleep and try to google how to make my head smaller. I
prayed every night for the ideal look I wanted. I even wore hairstyles that covered my face. It really did take a toll on me. I remember thinking about
suicide. After my mother found that out, she took the initiative to remind me I am beautiful every day and I got my features from my family. Luckily,
I grew out of it and accepted me for me. I realized the girls who tortured were jealous of

The Benefits Of A Lifestyle Essay
The Benefits of a Mindful Lifestyle in Multiple Populations
According to Roger Walsh, a psychologist at the University of California, mental health professionals are relying more and more on medication to treat
mental disorders. Walsh argues, however, that most mental disorders can be effectively treated by having a client make simple changes to their
lifestyle. Lifestyle medicine, the branch of medicine dealing with the treatment of disorders by having a person change their way of living, focuses on
how therapeutic lifestyle changes (including exercise, diet, recreation, relaxation, and service to others, just to name a few) affect psychopathology. In
this setting, psychopathology refers to the collective features of clients' mental health. Therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLCs) can be especially
beneficial for clients who engage in unhealthy habits that may factor into to mental disorders. In fact, unhealthy lifestyles contribute to both poor
mental health and poor physical health. Many serious, potentially deadly diseases today, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and some forms of
cancer are strongly impacted by a person's lifestyle choices. In this paper, however, the focus will be on the effects of TLCs on mental health. In his
article Lifestyles and Mental Health, Walsh mentions the benefits of using TLCs in place of excessive medication or psychotherapy. Usually, TLCs are
affordable and accessible to most clients. Although some methods may require spending

George Kimball Mental Illness
The movie Send Me No Flowers is centered around George Kimball, a man that constantly thinks he is becoming ill and ignores any person that tells
him different. When at the doctor's office because of a "worrisome" chest pain, George overheard the doctor speak on the phone about a patient that
was dying. Due to a misinterpretation, George automatically assumed that he was the patient being discussed. When reviewing his behavior, it is
evident that George has the somatoform disorder, hypochondriasis. Symptoms of this disorder are interpreting normal sensations (headaches, chest pain,
stomach aches, etc.,) as symptoms of a deadly disease and ignoring physician reassurances that they do not reflect a serious illness. Since
hypochondriacs doubt ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This concern later ripples into a series of important events that allow the plot to develop, such as picking his wife's second husband for when he
dies and buying cemetery plots for the three of them. George does all of this without notifying his wife of what he believes to be his imminent death.
When he eventually does tell his wife that he thinks he is dying, she takes care of him and he progressively seems to "get worse" with each passing
day. It is clear that the sympathy he received encouraged his complaints and led to the self–induced illusion that his body was slowly dying. In the end,
they both find out in different ways that George's chest pain had been due to indigestion and the confusion is cleared up. The entire situation showed
George that he was overreacting. The audience can tell that he has overcome his hypochondria because the movie finalizes with a picture of his entire
medicine cabinet being empty. In reality, hypochondria is an illness that persists for several years but can normally be cured with persistent therapy.
George receives no remedial treatment in the movie but an effective form of therapy, based on research, would be cognitive–behavioral

Hypochondriasis Research Papers
Somatoform disorders are a group of psychiatric disorders that cause unexplainable physical symptoms. The DSM IV lists the symptoms as
weakness, seizures, or abnormal movements that are not attributable to a general medical condition or to feigning and that are judged to be associated
with psychological factors. Hypochondriasis is defined as "an overwhelming fear that you have a serious disease, even though health care providers
can find no evidence of illness" (University of Maryland Medical Center). Although it is widely believed to be a stable and chronic condition with a
low remission rate, studies show that patients exhibit significant declines in symptoms yet continue to meet the DSM's diagnostic criteria over an
extended time period.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This new DSM–V term focuses on basing diagnosis on positive symptoms, rather than the absence of a medical explanation of somatic symptoms.
"While DSM–IV was organized centrally around the concept of medically unexplained symptoms, DSM–5 criteria instead emphasize the degree to
which a patient's thoughts, feelings and behaviors about their somatic symptoms are disproportionate or excessive " (American Psychological
Association). The DSM–V now defines conversion disorder as functional neurological symptom disorder due to overlapping symptoms and lack of
medical evidence. Another key change in the DSM–V criteria is that while medically unexplained symptoms were a key feature for many of the
disorders in DSM–IV, a somatic symptom disorder diagnosis does not require that the symptoms are medically unexplained. The criteria for conversion
disorder has been modified to underscore the the essential importance of the neurological examination and in recognition that relevant psychological
factors may not be demonstrable at the time of

Symptoms And Treatment Of Psychiatric Disorders
Among the world of mental health there exists many unexplained disorders. Most of these psychiatric disorders occur for no reason and without
conscious control. However, in the section of somatic symptom disorders there exists diagnoses of people with factitious disorder whom intentionally
pretend illness in order to fulfill their emotional needs. For the FD client, there is a strong urge to assume the role of "patient." The disorders one
witnesses are actually the client feigning symptoms of sickness. Thus the word factitious translates in Latin to artificial or contrived. The patient may
feel an internal need to keep faking the role of being sick. They also often have a history of lying uncontrollably and can be portrayed as good... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Various scientific studies suggest that it is more common to see FD in woman than in men, but men oftentimes portray a more chronic FD. With the
FD client being such a great liar it is hard to study their health history and find a cause for their perceived diagnosis. One theory states that during
childhood, the child might have been exposed to traumatic events such as abuse or neglect which lead to multiple hospitalizations. In this situation the
child finds comfort being at a hospital. They also might substitute the neglected parent–child bond with a staff–patient bond. In a different theory the
person may have been exposed to severe illness as a child and this led to the discovery of the attention they received associated with their sick role
(Ferrara et al., 2012). DescriptionIn order to have a proper understanding of FD one must have knowledge on somatic symptom disorders. People with
somatic symptom disorders show their psychological problems though physical symptoms. Somatic disorders show intricate mind–body interactions
that cause real physical distress. The distress can be so destructive that it portrays negatively in the clients activities of daily life; meaning the client is
unable to survive with said disorder due to lack of functional impairment. The reason why FD falls under the section of somatic symptom disorders is
because of the client's physical sign and symptoms. However the two disorders differ because clients with FD intentionally fake

Dissociative Disorders
The Dissociative Disorders category of the DSM–IV–TR, is characterized by a disruption in the functions of perception, identity, consciousness, or
memory. The disorders in the Dissociative Disorders category include Dissociative Amnesia, Dissociative Fugue, Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID),
Depersonalization Disorder and Dissociative Disorder Not Otherwise Specified.
All of the disorders in the Dissociative Disorders category need to be distinguished from conditions which are due to a General Medical Condition or
the use of a Substance. Moreover, Dissociative Amnesia is within the diagnostic criteria for Dissociative Fugue, Dissociative Identity Disorder,
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Acute Stress Disorder and Somatization Disorder; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If a person describes a pathological trance or possession trance of external spirits or entities taking control over his body, then he would get a diagnosis
of Dissociative Disorder Not Otherwise Specified instead of DID. DID resembles other disorders such as Schizophrenia, other Psychotic Disorders,
Bipolar Disorder with Rapid Cycling, Anxiety Disorders, Somatization Disorders and Personality Disorders; however, DID can be distinguished from
the aforementioned disorders by the presence of clear–cut dissociative symptomology. Additionally, DID is differentiated from Malingering when a
person seeks forensic or financial gain. Lastly, DID is distinguished from Factitious Disorder which is when there may be a pattern of help–seeking
behavior.
Another disorder in the Dissociative Disorder category is Depersonalization Disorder, which should be differentiated from Acute Intoxication or
Withdrawal. Dissociative Disorder should not be diagnosed in conjunction with Panic Disorder, Social Phobia, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder or Acute
Stress Disorder when the depersonalization symptomology occurs exclusively during the presence of a Panic Attack. Furthermore, Depersonalization
Disorder is distinguished from Schizophrenia because people with Depersonalization Disorder have an intact reality. A person with Depersonalization
Disorder may complain of a feeling of numbness which might appear to be

Schizophrenia Essay
"My room was almost totally black. The window was covered by a sheet of steel with small holes drilled in it, just enough to let light in. That sheet
of steel got awfully damned hot, ... it just about killed me. ... I started thinking ... we are going to have a tough time if we are here for any length of
time, because the problem is going to be a psychological problem"(Hunter). A veteran goes through psychological torture and will need the proper
treatment when they return home to help cope with the disorders caused by fighting for our country. The amount of time Veterans fight or are held in
captivity affects how bad the psychological problems become. The victims are sheltered for so long, which forces them to forget how to interact with
one... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People with Schizophrenia have hallucinations and delusions that can last longer than six months at a time. Symptoms include disorganized thinking
and speech, abnormal motor behavior, lacking emotions, unable to make eye contact, and many more. This illness contains some of the same
symptoms as a bipolar disorder and the victims have depressed emotions. Schizophrenia is a lifelong battle and almost impossible to treat, but with
the help of family their is hope in improvement. One in five patients will get better within five years of their first episode of schizophrenia, three in
five will get better, but will still have some symptoms, and one in five will continue to have troublesome symptoms (Smith and Segal). There are many
times when their symptoms will exheed what they were before treatment. These rations show there is no guarantee that they will recover completely.
People with Schizophrenia set goals they want to achieve and work towards trying to control their symptoms. Another common disorder veterans face
is PTSD. PTSD is common in war prisoners and veterans. These symptoms occur because of the traumatic events they live through and proper
treatment should be given to those with the disorder. PTSD is most likely to effect women and can later run in

Conversion Disorder
Conversion disorder is a medical condition where its sufferers present neurological symptoms such as paralysis, numbness, blindness or fits without a
known neurological trigger. Conversion disorder, formerly known as hysteria is considered a psychiatric disorder by the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders, which classifies it as a somatoform disorder. Contrary, World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases
(ICD–10) classifies it as a dissociative disorder.
The diagnosis of this neurological disorder has been problematic in the past, since doctors have conceptually and practically differentiated its symptoms
from those of neurological diseases for which it is known to be. Most psychologists have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The diagnosis of conversion disorder involves three elements all of which present some degree of controversy. These three elements are: the exclusion
of neurological disease, feigning and finally the determination of a psychological mechanism. During the first stage, conversion disorder may resemble
neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis, stroke or epilepsy therefore they must be carefully excluded through appropriate examinations. In rare
cases, patients with neurological disease may also have conversion disorder, which further complicates the determination of the degree of the
conversion disorder in the patient. Exclusion of conscious simulation is only possible where a patient confesses or is caught out in a broader
deception. Lastly, establishment of a psychological mechanism is the most difficult aspect of conversion disorder diagnosis. DSM–IV recommends
that clinicians assume preceding stressors to be associated with the progress of the disorder which is still a subject of debate.
Notably, cultural influences have been noted to affect thesomatoform disorders. Cultures such as the Puerto Rican and the Greek are known to report
higher rates of somatization disorders among the men than is the case in the United States. In addition, cases of somatization disorders are less
common among persons with higher levels of education compared to the less educated. According to Robert (2002), rates are higher outside of the
west, which can be attributed to

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