The Pros And Cons Of MMQ In Islamic Banking

The Pros And Cons Of MMQ In Islamic Banking
This article seeks to provide a comprehensive review of musharakah mutanaqisah (MMQ;
diminishing partnership). While also finding the applications of MMQ in Islamic banking
institutions. MMQ technique is an alternative financial instrument available for Islamic banks. Even
though the mechanism of MMQ has been approved by the First International Conference on Islamic
Banking, held in Dubai in 1979, it has not been widely implemented throughout Islamic financial
system (Bendjilali and Khan,1995, p. 16). It is a relatively new and very little used product available
for Islamic banks. The paper claims that MMQ is more in line with Shari'ah teachings and as such
should be used more by Islamic financial institutions. The study indicates that MMQ possibly has a
comparative advantage for both financiers and the customer when compared with ... Show more
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Covering all the fundamental aspects and how it could be used in various sectors. The author further
went to compare the product to BBA and conventional and found the two MMQ models can be
easily applied in various sectors and is also cheaper. The pros and cons are well balance and fair to
both parties of MMQ. While the author when on about the theoretical aspect of it he failed to shown
us the practical of this. The author sated his paper was not able to focus on various payment
mechanisms under MMQ that reduce the burden of the homeowner and is still acceptable to the
bank, also focus on whether a banking model under fractional reserve banking model is suitable to
provide an equitable housing finance while adhering to the spirit of Shariah being the weakness. The
MMQ is more affordable and the period of loan become more shorter and is beneficial to both
parties. However it is less attractive because its brings lower profit to the Islamic banks. Finally, the
examples and comparison left me believing that the paper may give credence to the viability of the
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The Selection Of Islamic Banking Sector Essay
Customer's Patronage in selection criteria of Islamic banks in Pakistan
Scholar one: Aziza Naz* (aziza_ch@yahoo.com), *Correspondence author.
Scholar two: Awais Farooq (aawaisfarooq@gmail.com)
Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to examine those factors which help the consumers in the selection of
Islamic banking sector. It is observed that Islamic banking sector is the most growing industry in
Pakistan so, according to the customer's preferences the selection criteria for Islamic banks is
proposed as Shariah compliance, Quality and Attractiveness of Offerings, Friendliness of bank
personnel, Cost and benefit analysis and Awareness. It is also observed that there are many factors
but these are the most important factors which patronage the customer toward Islamic banks.
Key Words: Islamic banking sector, Shariah compliance, Criteria for banking sector
Research Aim: The aim of this paper is to identify those factors which customers preferred in the
selection of Islamic bank in Pakistan. These factors or preferences are such as Shariah compliance,
Quality and Attractiveness of Offerings, Friendliness of bank personnel, Cost and benefit analysis
and Awareness. These factors are in the customer's mind in the selection of Islamic bank.
Research finding: Shariah compliance, Quality and Attractiveness of Offerings, Friendliness of bank
personnel, Cost and benefit analysis and Awareness about Islamic banking.
Methodology: This paper is qualitative nature in which we used

Literature Review On Islamic Banking
Chapter Two: Literature Review
2.1: Introduction
2.2: Empirical Work
There are few studies on customer perceptions number of Islamic banking services. Study from Erol
and El–Adour (1989) and Erol et al. (1990) is regarded as the earliest investigate the factors that
influence the customer to choose Islamic banking. Using both conventional and Muslim banking
customers as respondents, the study found that the provision of services quickly and efficiently, the
bank's reputation and confidentiality are the most important selection criteria for bank customers
who visit the Islamic banks. In their study, found religion plays a less important role in the
customer's decision to deal with Islamic banks. Haron et. al (1994) made a study of 301 respondents
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Almost 80% of respondents were non–Muslims. Therefore these research reports are mostly non–
Muslim customer's opinion on corporate banking Muslim. This study proves that Muslim banking
products are not so popular among corporate customers in Malaysia and only a few maintain
banking relationships under the Islamic banking system. In addition, nearly 65% of respondents
indicated that their knowledge of Islamic banking system is very limited. This study shows that
there is a misunderstanding among respondents regarding the objectives of Islamic banking. While
38.1% of respondents were uncertain about the nature of profit sharing system in Islamic banking,
50% believe that this principle is the only principle adopted by Islamic banks as a replacement Riba.
Respondents were not familiar with other principles such as Musharakah, Ijarah, Wakala, and
Istisna'a. Overall, the conclusions of the study are that there is a general knowledge that inadequate
corporate banking products and services to Islam among

Advantages Of Islamic Banking
1.0 Overview
Islamic banking refers to a system of banking that complies with Islamic law, also known as Shariah
law. The underlying principles that govern Islamic banking are mutual risk and profit sharing
between the provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur). In other words, it
ensures an equal contribution for all parties involved, whether in profitability or in case of any loss
occurred. Activities that involve interest (riba), gambling (maisir) and speculative trading (gharar)
are prohibited (Bank Negara Malaysia, 2010). Islamic banking is interest free banking; making it
compulsory to take active part in business profit and loss sharing. Islamic banks prefer to take less
risk (Shaikh & Jalbani, 2009)
Global Islamic banking continues to be an exciting growth story characterized by robust macro
outlook of core Islamic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this system, conventional banks make profit through the different rates of interest by borrowing
and lending of money. However, one of the drawbacks of conventional banking is that it is
prohibited from trading in the shareholding of the borrowing concern. (Shahid H. , et al., 2010). The
performance of all the banks in the country may not necessarily be on the positive side especially
since the recent financial crisis of 2007. Banks have managed to pull through but not without some
being injured in terms of stock prices or profits. In 2002, the Malaysian government started the
implementation of the banking sector reformation in respond to the 1997 financial crisis. Under the
reform plan, Malaysian government guided the merger activities in the banking sector through the
central bank. Prior to that date, the banking sector was made up of 54 domestic deposit taking
institutions which became ten large–capitalized banks by the end of 2002. (Ahmad, Ariff, & Skully,

The Performance Of Islamic Banks Essay
Field Of Research
The paper will analyse and measure the performance of Islamic banks in comparison to
conventional banks. The performances will be measured over a 5–year period from 2009 to 2015. In
comparing Islamic and conventional banks, profitability and liquidity will be examined.
Introduction
Islamic finance refers to the provision of financial services in accordance with the Shari'ah Islamic
law, principles and rules. The principles of which "emphasise moral and ethical values in all
dealings have wide universal appeal" – (Institute Of Islamic Banking And Insurance – What Is
Islamic Banking) Shari'ah does not permit the use of Riba (Interest), "gharar" (excessive
uncertainty), "maysir" (gambling), short sales or financing activities that it considers harmful to
society. The purposes and use of Islamic banks are similar to conventional banks, the only difference
is that, Islamic banking is in accordance with the rules of Shari'ah which can also be known as 'Fiqh
al–Muamalat. Charging customers interest and fees for their services runs conventional banks.
Islamic Banking is now well established, and heavily institutionalized in some 76 countries (Ariff
and Iqbal). The existence of modern Islamic financial institutions was first recognized in 1960s and
now has spread to a large number of Muslim countries including GGC (Gulf Cooperation Council),
Arab, South and South East Asia, North Africa, and some of the west countries including UK,
France, Denmark, etc. number

Effiecieny of Islamic Banking in Malaysia
Efficiency of Islamic Banks in Malaysia
Mariani Abdul Majid*
NOR GHANI MD. NOR**
FATHIN FAIZAH SAID
ABSTRACT
IN RECENT YEARS, MALAYSIAN ISLAMIC BANKS HAVE TO OPERATE IN AN
INCREASINGLY COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT. THIS TREND IS EXPECTED TO
CONTINUE AS THE COMPETITION FROM CONVENTIONAL BANKS PICKS UP, PARTLY
IN RESPONSE TO THE ASEAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (AFTA), BUT ALSO IN
RESPONSE TO THE GENERAL GLOBALIZATION OF MARKETS. HOW ISLAMIC BANKS
WILL BE AFFECTED BY THE INCREASED COMPETITIVE PRESSURES DEPENDS IN PART
ON HOW EFFICIENTLY THEY ARE RUN. THIS PAPER EXAMINES THE PRODUCTIVE
EFFICIENCY OF MALAYSIAN COMMERCIAL (ISLAMIC AND CONVENTIONAL) BANKS
OVER THE 1993 TO 2000 TIME PERIOD. THE GOAL OF THE ANALYSIS IS TO IDENTIFY
THE ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Total deposits in the Islamic banking system amounted to RM47 billion (9.5 percent) compared to
RM495 billion total deposits in the entire system (Abdul Kader, 2002).
The gale of economic liberalization currently sweeping across the globe provides another reason for
looking into the efficiency of Islamic banks since it poses a further competitive challenge to the
Islamic banking institutions. It is expected that by the year 2007, trade liberalization will require
Malaysian domestic banks to compete with other global players on an equal playing field. Such a
change implies that local Islamic banking institutions will have to be efficient, innovative,
competitive and resilient players in the market. This is particularly important since foreign banks
that are arguably more efficient may also offer Islamic banking products to take advantage of brisk
demand for Islamic banking products.
The policy relevance of this study can be viewed from the target set by the Malaysian central bank
(Bank Negara Malaysia) for the Islamic banking institutions to command a 20 percent market share
by year 2010 as outlined in its financial sector master plan. How the increased competition expected
in the future affects Islamic banks partly depends on how efficient the banks

The Study Of Gender Inequality
The Study of Gender Inequality in Islamic Iran
Early in the term I read the book Iran Awakening by Shirin Ebadi and grew fascinated with her
account of life in Iran before, during, and after the Islamic Revolution. In this touching memoir, she
describes the 1979 revolutionary takeover of Ayatollah Khomeini, who overthrew the shah and
established an Islamic State, fusing together religious and political life. The result was a unique
combination of theocratic and democratic authority, completely unprecedented in history. Through
the implementation of sharia law, the new regime took a country which had been gradually
westernizing and forced upon it a process of complete and immediate Islamization, much to the
detriment of women who, since that time, have fallen victim to institutionalized gender inequality
and oppression. Through this rich and compelling story, I became interested in the relationship
between religion and gender inequality in Iran.
In order to gain a full understanding of the position of women in Islamic Iran, researchers have used
legal analysis, in–depth interviews, content analysis, and sociodemographic data to study women's
status through a variety of perspectives. Over time, they have uncovered patterns in education,
employment, reproductive health, and women's legal rights and obligations, which testify to a
deeply embedded culture of institutionalized gender inequality. At the same time, many have been
surprised to discover a strong and resilient

Islam : Terrorism And The Beliefs Of Terrorism
One of the biggest mistakes that we have made as a country is believing that Islam is completely a
religion of peace. Whether you believe that the past statement is true or false you cannot deny the
existence of terrorists and those who wish to prey on and cause terror in the lives of the innocent.
Terrorists only believe in themselves and their beliefs and will disown the thoughts of others on a
whim. Continuing it is false to claim that Islam cannot be reformed. Following Islam does not
instantly make you susceptible to violence, but Islam is inherently violent due to the religious holy
book the Quran. According to the website The Religion of Peace, the Quran contains at least 109
verses that speak of war with nonbelievers, usually on the basis of their status as non–Muslims. One
of these verses stating, "When you meet the unbelievers, smite their necks" (Quran 47:4). Even
though this is in fact seen in the Quran the quote has also been taken out of context. Many websites
such as this attempt to make people believe the worst in a religion, not only that but they manage to
quite easily succeed in doing so. In the same fashion and just as simply as the websites stated above,
Terrorist organizations can easily manipulate the followers of Islam. Propaganda that is spread by
terrorist organizations is often spread around causing many to believe in what is being induced upon
them. The spread of terrorism is something that moves promptly and in condensed bursts. We must
work in

Islamic Cultural History
Few phenomena have had as significant of an impact on modern culture as terrorism. Following the
rise of the Islamic State in 2014, acts of terror perpetrated by the would–be caliphate have headlined
global news cycles, rife with displays of atrocity and a deadly ambition to create a country ruled by
extremist ideals. However, in the broader context of history, what will have the most significant
effect on cultural memory is not the fact that these terrorists and ideologues attempted to form a
state, but that it was one claimed to be inherently Islamic. The resulting culture of fear, "othering",
and Islamophobia experienced across the developed world will cement the place of the Islamic State
in cultural history, even as the group itself ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The media has played an unprecedented role in the phenomenon of the Islamic State, and will
ensure its continuing relevance in cultural history. Through extensive coverage of its actions, both in
the middle east and in the west, the Islamic State has generated a fear of terrorism unlike any in
recent history. Constant images of executions, IS flags, and videos of soldiers patrolling captured
cities are made inescapable by the prevalence of social media. This coverage "...has not caused the
change in the nature of acts of terror over the past decades but it has made it easier for terrorist
organizations to reach and instill fear in (most predominantly) the West" (Galily et al. 1063). Recent
evidence supports this, including a 2017 study that determined news reports on terrorism can cause a
fear of terrorism in those watching that was previously absent. (Sikorski et al. 840). In addition, the
fear caused by the inundation of media surrounding the Islamic State was magnified by often
unpredictable lone–wolf attacks on western cities. Concerning this, Kaplan and Costa remark that
"...what seemed to have changed ... was not the likelihood of dramatic terrorism on the scale of the
9/11 attacks so much as the specter of low–level IS–inspired terrorism in the West" (Kaplan and
Costa 929). The knowledge that radicals could perpetrate attacks in major cities like Paris and

The shari’ah compliance finance has gained huge popularity...
The shari'ah compliance finance has gained huge popularity among Muslim and non Muslim
countries. The Islamic banking and finance has significantly increased an average of 20% to 30%
over the last decade and it's expected to grow fast for the coming years. Despite its fast growing
globally and the increasing number of the shari'ah compliance financial institutions, the Muslim
minorities in Sweden have no access to any financial service adherent to their religion principles.
They are left behind without any functioning Islamic finance institution. Therefore, the Muslim
minorities in Sweden are constrained obtaining loans from the Swedish conventional banks as the
banks are non shari'ah compliance banks. As other Muslims around the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They also highlighted that the conventional banks in Sweden will face problem to retain their
Muslim customer if Islamic financial institutions such as Islamic banks who offer shari'ah
compliance product and services come to the existence. This indicated that, how eager they are to
get a shari'ah compliance banks that can save them dealing with conventional banks. The study has
also assessed if the Muslim minority in Sweden had avoided taking loans from the Swedish
conventional banks, 80% of the total respondents were avoiding taking loans from the Swedish
conventional banks due to the lack of shari'ah compliance. Thus, Muslim minorities in Sweden are
facing difficulties to get loans from the banks, even if they are at crucial situation to obtain loan
from the banks they are restricted to get such loan because it's mainly involves Riba. In addition to
that, the Muslim minorities in Sweden are willing to establish their own business if shari'ah
compliance financing banks were existed there. This shows that creating a shari'ah compliance
banking system will encourage entrepreneurship among the Muslim minorities in Sweden who are
currently avoiding taking business loans from the conventional banks due to their lack of shariah
compliance. Base on the above discussion, we can conclude that there

The Difference Between Performance Of Islamic Banks And...
the difference between performance of Islamic banks and conventional banks before and during
financial crisis. They did not find the difference between the profitability of two systems to be
statistically different, though Islamic banks performed better than their conventional counterpart.
Chazi and Syed (2010) have identified that Islamic banks have comparatively better risk
management than conventional banks. Ouerghi (2014) also studied the impact of financial crisis and
also conducted a post–crisis study on both banking systems to find that performance varies with the
size of banks (Beck, Demirgüç–Kunt, & Merrouche, 2013). Ouerghi (2014) also found that
profitability, credit risk and efficiency of conventional banks was better than Islamic banks but large
Islamic banks did better than large conventional banks. Similarly, Mobarek & Kalonov (2014)
provided empirical evidence, using two frontier approaches, from many OIC countries to compare
Islamic and conventional banking. They found that though conventional banks more efficient in
their operations, Islamic banks had an upper hand when it came to financial stability. Their extensive
study covered pre–crisis and crisis periods. The finding of Mobarek & Kalonov (2014) is validated
by an earlier study conducted by Al–Hares, AbuGhazaleh, & El–Galfy (2013) in which they studied
banks from 2003–2011. Al–Hares, AbuGhazaleh, & El–Galfy (2013) found that Islamic banks in
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) were less efficient than

A Study Of Islamic History
To truly understand islamic history, one must examine the life of the individual who gave birth to
such a phenomenon. Ibn Ishaq's' The life of Muhammad' (1955), Syed Ameer Ali's 'The Spirit of
Islam: A history of the Evolution and Ideals of Islam, with a Life of the Prophet' (1923) and Ali
Dashti's 'Twenty–three Years: A study of the Prophetic Career of Mohammad' (1985), claim that
Islam did not begin prior to Muhammad's birth. The focus of that time period was centred on the
idea of conquest which was nationalistically and politically driven. "Tonight has risen a star under
which Ahmad was born" (Brown, 2009) cited by Jews emphasises that the birth of Muhammad
ignited a spark that would significantly impact those who came to believe in him and those from
different denominations. Islamic history flourished through the life of Muhammad specifically his
early adulthood, revelations, opposition, ascension to heaven, emigration (hijra) and the battles.
Islamic history began to peak through the birth of Muhammad in 570 CE Mecca and continued
through his early life. As suggested by Ibn Ishaq and Syed Ameer Ali, Muhammad was made pure
by two angels who removed a black drop from his heart at a young age. This moulded Muhammad's
qualities for the rest of his life and he became known as 'The trustworthy one'. However, Ali Dashti
affirms that any event in Muhammad's early life was examples of "myth–making and history
fabrication by Moslems" (Dashti, 1985) and that 'myths' did not

Study of Extreme Islamic Terrorist Groups
Study of Extreme Islamic Terrorist Groups
Terrorist groups have been involved in political violence dating back to the Greek and Roman
Empires. Terrorist Groups have used violence, and terror to seek political change. In the thirteen and
fourteenth century, Italy was very volatile. The government went through many changes the use of
violence and force was used to terrorize the opponents. In the Age of Revolutions, Muslims began
practicing the form of the suicide attacker. The attacks occurred in Malabar, against the Portuguese,
Dutch, and British (Lutz & J., 2005).
The Merriam–Webster Dictionary defines terrorism as "the use of violence acts to frighten the
people in the area as a way of trying to achieve a political goal" (Terrorism, 2013). The United
States Code 113B, recognizes two forms of terrorism, international and domestic terrorism.
International terrorism "means activities with the following three characteristics:
Involve violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that violate federal or state law;
Appear to be intended (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the policy of
a government by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by mass
destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and occur primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of
the U.S., or transcend national boundaries in terms of the means by which they are accomplished,
the persons they appear intended to intimidate or coerce, or the

Consumer Behaviour Towards the Islamic Banking – “Customer...
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In this current era, businesses play the most important role in developing a country's reputation. It is
because a nation's wealth is determined by concerning on certain aspects as one of it is the
economical factor. As far as we know, businesses are the main sectors of a nation where it decides
the economical status of a nation.
Apart from that, banking operations are also one of the factors which contribute to the economical
growth of a country. The main core business of the banking corporation is being a financial
institution and a financial intermediary that accepts deposits and channels those deposits into
lending activities, either directly or through capital markets. Moreover, a bank also connects the
customers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Syariah prohibits the fixed or floating payment or acceptance of specific interest or fees (known as
Riba or usury) for loans of money. The word "Riba" means excess, increase or addition, which
according to Syariah terminology, implies any excess compensation without due consideration
(consideration does not include time value of money). However, these principles may have been
applied to historical Islamic economies and in the late 20th century that a number of Islamic banks
were formed to apply these principles to private or semi–private commercial institutions within the
Muslim community.
In early Islamic banking, a number of economic concepts and techniques were applied, including
bills of exchange, partnership (mufawada) such as limited partnerships (mudaraba), and forms of
capital (al–mal), capital accumulation (nama al–mal), cheques, promissory notes, trusts,
transactional accounts, loaning, ledgers and assignments. Organizational enterprises independent
from the state also existed in the medieval Islamic world, while the agency institution was also
introduced during that time. Many of these early capitalist concepts were adopted and further
advanced in medieval Europe from the 13th century onwards.
Besides that, Islamic Banking is growing at a rate of 10–15% per year in this modern era with the
signs of consistent future growth. Islamic banks have more than 300 institutions spread over 51
countries, including the United States

The Dome Of The Rock And Alhambra Essay
The two Islamic structures are the Dome of the rock and alhambra. It is likely that both structures
were built for the same purpose. The Dome of the Rock has no distinct known purpose that modern
investigators have discovered but it was likely to have been built with the purpose of impressing the
region with the power and the emergence of Islamic control. alhambra was built as a palace complex
to house the leaders of Granada and into likely establish the dynasty of the Nasrid. Although built to
show the historic power of the time, these buildings continue to represent the emergence and
development of the Islamic culture through representation of powerand aesthetic beauty. The Dome
of the rock since it the city of Jerusalem on the Haram alsharif with the Golden Dome and Turkish
Faience tiles that served since the seventh century as a symbol of the rising faith of Islam. It is the
oldest building to have survived in the Islamic world and there is no real evidence of what function
and meaning the building held when it was built. The Dome of the rock was built between the time
of the profit permits death in 632 and around 691 to 692. During this time there was periods of
warfare that erupted within Arabia and in the holy land that was around Jerusalem. The armies who
were emerging from the Arabian Peninsula at the time were interested in conquering and not in
Empire building. It should be noted that not only is it the oldest Islamic building but the Dome of
the Rock the first

Islamic State Of Iraq And Al Sham ( Isis )
What Are ISIS Intentions?
This assignment is a qualitative study about Islamic State of Iraq and al–Sham (ISIS). What it ISIS?
Where does it come from? What are its intentions? These questions seem to be simple but can be
misrepresenting. According to Schmitt, Major General Nagata, the Special Operations commander
for the U.S. in the Middle East, admitted that that he had barely begun figuring out the Islamic
State?s appeal. ?We have not defeated the idea,? he said. ?We do not even understand the idea.? In
the past year, President Obama has referred to the Islamic State as ?not Islamic? and as al–Qaeda?s
second team statements that reflected confusion about the group, and may have contributed to
significant strategic errors (Schmitt, 2014).
Since summer of 2010, ISIS seized Mosul, Iraq and ruled an area larger than the United Kingdom.
According to Wood, Abu Bakr al–Baghdadi has been known as the leader, who delivered a Ramadan
sermon to upgrade his resolution from hunted guerrilla to commander of all Muslims in summer
2014 (Wood, 2015). Baghdadi has spoken on camera only once, but he has sent online videos and
encyclicals to supporters who have toiled mightily to make their project knowable. These online
resources reject peace and hunger for slaughter. ISIS religious views make it constitutionally
incapable of certain types of change and it considers itself a precursor in the coming end of the
world.
The nature of the Islamic State has been misrepresented in a few

Islamic Microfinance And Islamic Institutions
Millions of poor practicing Muslims around the world need access to Sharia (Islamic law) compliant
financial tools. According to CGAP 2013, there are around 255 Islamic microfinance providers in
the world (Figure 1 and 2). Studies conducted in Bangladesh, Sudan and Indonesia show that
Islamic microfinance is growing at much faster rate than conventional microfinance. TechNavio
forecasts the market to grow at a CAGR of 19.7 percent over the period 2013–2018. There is a huge
opportunity for the growth of Islamic Microfinance in Pakistan as well. This sector is scattered and
there is a need for concerted effort on part of the policymakers and financial institutions to provide
diversity in products/providers and sustainable Islamic financing models. The government of
Pakistan is keen on expanding the Islamic banking sector and it makes sense to focus on Islamic
microfinance sector at the same time.
Introduction
Microfinance institutions (MFI) have seen tremendous growth globally over the last few decades.
Microfinance helps alleviate poverty and reduce income inequality by providing small loans to
economically disadvantaged strata of the society. MFIs help poor secure microloans, who are not
part of the formal economy, are not part of the banking system and have no collaterals against which
they can borrow. A problem with microloans is the high interest rate which can, instead of reducing
poverty, exacerbate the problem. The interest rates can be as high as 31% and are

Literature Review
findings will be presented in the concluding section.
The sample of cases have been chosen based upon availability of published academic data; this is
yet another drawback of the nature of the field and highlights a need for further research on the
subject area. Though there has been an increase in female home–grown radicalisation, the numbers
of actual cases of female terrorism are low which means there is not much choice when it comes to
picking case studies. Also, as the research area is a fairly recent phenomenon, there are significant
gaps in knowledge and so available, academic literature is farce (Qazi, 2011). This reflection may
present a problem with the discussions in this literature as the cases are not as detailed as one would
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This figure is debated as it is extremely difficult to keep track of all those who are migrating for
terrorism related reasons or for genuine reasons (Musial, 2017). Since the Caliphate was declared by
the ISIS, there has been a boost in the number of Western individuals who have migrated to Syria
(Bakkers & de Leede, 2015).
Suicide attacks have become a daily feature of the news as they have been the weapon of choice for
Islamic terrorist groups like al–Qaeda and ISIS (Zedalis, 2004). The number of suicide attacks have
been steadily increasing over the last decade and research has shown that over 17 different terrorist
organisations have all opted for using suicide bombers, the majority being Islamic organisations
(Zedalis, 2004). Suicide bombing is a strategic weapon as it has many advantages over other tactics;
it's reach covers many victims as it causes mass devastation, it is cost effective, particularly for those
who are inexperienced (Stone & Pattillo, 2011). Many academics have argued al–Qaeda evolved
due to previous failures like that of Myrium Goris who was a radical Islamic convert and also the
first European female suicide bomber and the first to carry out a terrorist attack in Iraq (Stone &
Pattillo, 2011). Myrium attempted to detonate a car bomb and subsequently, the organisations learnt
that suicide vests are more reliable (Stone & Pattillo, 2011). Suicide vests require little training and
so it

The Evolution of Islamic Finance and Financial Institutions
The evolution of Islamic finance now takes place in most of the countries, whether in Muslim
countries or non–Muslim countries. Islamic finance institutions perform the same essential functions
as financial institutions do in the conventional system, except that there is a need for them to carry
out their transactions in accordance with the rules and principles of Islam. One of the most growing
parts of the Islamic finance is Islamic equity market. In principle, Islamic equity market is
characterized by the absence of interest based transactions, doubtful transactions and unlawful
stocks of companies which deal in non–shariah compliance activities or items. Its market activities
must be free from any of unethical or immoral elements.
The emergence of several Islamic indices such as the Dow Jones Islamic index has offered better
screening processes to both Muslim and non–Muslims investors. The existence of the shariah
screening process in the stock market will enable Muslim investors to invest into companies that run
the permissible activities in the businesses. The Dow Jones Islamic Market Index (DJIM), launched
in 1999 in Bahrain, was first benchmark to represent Islamic–compliant portfolios and for investors
seeking investments in compliance with Muslim Shariah law. The DJIM in essence is a specialized
ethical index that screens out prohibited stocks, as defined by Shariah law, and it is monitored by
Muslim scholars. Malaysia is recognized as one of the dynamic

Risks Faced By Financial Institutions
UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS
UNIVERSITY OF BOLTON
ISLAMIC BANKING MASTER STUDIES
"CREDIT RISK IN ISLAMIC FINANCE"
Module title: Risk Management in Islamic Finance
Student: 3669/15 IB
Tutor: Mohammad Sabri, PHD
Risk
Risk is contemporary and continuous challenge in the world of finance. In general, risk is
understood as a situation where an uncertainty of desired results exists, as well as the undesirable
consequences. Risk is studied as a subject within several social sciences and these include statistics,
economics, financial management and insurance. Examination of risk in each of these sciences has
specific aspects that differ from those in others.
Credit Risk
Risks faced by financial institutions (both conventional and Islamic financial institutions) in the
operations that they perform are of different nature and types: exchange rate risk, trade risk (or
market risk), political risks, risks that represent changes in the value of assets and good, etc. Credit
risk is deemed to be the most significant type of risk which is faced by financial institutions and in
their relationship with the owners of wealth. Credit risk relates to the debtor's ability to repay the
debt at the specified time, and in accordance with the conditions stipulated in the contract signed
and agreed upon to. The debtor's inability to abide by his obligations will lead to a loss, breach of
contract and therefore will become a risk for the institution.
The existence of

Terrorism by the Egyptian Islamic Jihad
Terrorism by the Egyptian Islamic Jihad
Brandin P. Lea
SCTY 488 – Terrorism and Homeland Security
December 26, 2010
Professor Eric Witcher
Abstract
It has been the case that over the duration that mankind has graced the planet there has been group's
hell bent on enacting their beliefs and values upon the rest of the world. As time has passed there
have been many times that these groups have changed the face of the planet permanently. You can
look at any organized religious group and see just how they pushed the belief system onto others to
spread their ideology. Now, taking into consideration that fundamentalism and militant groups are
nothing new, you can see that it still affects society greatly even today. Let us look at ... Show more
Goals
The primary aim of the group is to establish an Islamic state in Egypt with small secular Arab
governments. The remarkable feature of Egyptian Islamic Jihad as I have learned is a powerful force
challenging the cohesion of states. As a result, Egyptian Islamic Jihad is responsible for a variety of
national and international tensions, such as the revival of communal tension in the Middle East. The
group of radical Egyptian Islamist thinkers took hold of a serious nationalist conception of jihad and
its role in establishing a truly Islamic government (Knapp, 2003). According to its own self
proclaimed dogma, Egyptian Islamic Jihad is prepared to oppose their understanding of tradition to
that of their community's leaders.
Ideology
Ideology of the group is vividly expressed in a pamphlet they circulated years ago "The Neglected
Duty" which has been lost in time. The pamphlet makes the argument that jihad, as armed action is
the heart of Islam, and neglect of this type of action by any Muslim has caused the current depressed
condition of Islam in the world, of course without taking into consideration the serious shortcomings
of the culture itself. (Knapp, 2003) This violence serves the interests of political and economic
profiteers; it creates its own

What Are Al-Qaeda's Main Tactics and Techniques? Why Has...
The al–Qaeda of today is a vastly different entity from the al–Qaeda formed by Osama bin Laden
towards the end of the Afghan war against the Soviets in 1988 (Alexander and Swetnam, 2001: 37).
The evolution, or as Burton (2006) has termed it "devolution", of al–Qaeda, is partially linked to its
terrorist acts, and, in particular, the counter–terrorist measures employed by governments to deal
with them. This is most evident in reference to the single most expensive, in terms of life lost and
economical impact, terrorist act in modern history, the destruction of the World Trade Centre, and
the subsequent declaration of a "war on terror" by George Bush's United States and its Allies. It is
the actions in response to terrorist acts that has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pre–9/11 operation of al–Qaeda followed an informal, loose, horizontal structure, which comprised
of many terrorist organisations and cells, as well as a more formal vertical, hierarchical structure
with Bin Laden the leader and below him the consultative council of the majlis al shura. The vertical
leadership structure provides the direction and tactical support to the horizontal network of
compartmentalised cells and terrorist organisations associated with al–Qaeda (Gunaratna 2002: 55).
Directly below the majlis al shura are the four operational committees that were dedicated to
military, finance, Islamic study, and media. In this way the al–Qaeda organisation operates in a way
that is reflective of how a multinational corporation would be run (Smith, 2002: 34). Hoffman
(2002) has further expanded on the notion of al–Qaeda as a multinational corporation, in which he
names bin Laden as being the CEO that defines the specific goal and aims of the organisation and
issues orders to the different committees and appointing members of the majlis al shura to oversee
and ensure their implementation. Hoffman goes on further to break down the operational styles of
al–Qaeda into four different levels:
1. The professional cadre, responsible for the atrocities of 9/11. This is made up of the highly

How Early Mosques Affected Islamic Culture
Early mosques were very simple and plain. However, as the mosque developed and became more
complex, it began to impact Islamic culture. One factor it affected was architecture and design. In
early Islamic times, mosques were usually made out of older structures or built with local materials
in the style of the local buildings. There was no standardization of the structure of mosques until
later on, when all mosques began to take on a general outline. Mosques began to be built on a
grander and large scale. The mosque also began to influence the way that other buildings were built.
One of the earliest important mosques is the Great Mosque of Damascus, which was one of the first
mosques to be built in Syria. The artwork and design of this mosque

How Did Islamic Managing An Account Framework?
'' Islamic banking '' is interest free asset backed banking governed by the principles of Islamic
shariah.
The origin, history and evaluation of Islamic banking
The inspection of Islamic managing an account framework can be followed back to the approach of
Islam when the prophet himself did trading operations for his wife. the ''mudarbah'' or Islamic
organizations has been generally increased in value by the Muslim business group for quite a long
time yet idea of '' riba '' or investment has picked up almost not tirelessness in standers or everyday
transaction .
The primary model of Islamic managing an account framework came into picture in 1963 in Egypt.
Ahmed al Najjar was the boss originator of this bank and the key peculiarities are

U.s. Sarbanes Oxley Act
The world has witnessed a series of corporate bankruptcies in the recent decades like Enron,
Lehman Brothers Inc, Global Crossings, and Tyco in the USA; HIH in Australia, Parmalat in Italy,
APP in Asia, and Islamic bank Ltd. of South Africa. These collapses have weakened and shaken the
confidence of shareholders, debtors, governmental institutions, and other similar relevant
stakeholders in corporate governance (CG) and the stock markets, and led to regulating many
reforms and codes of best governance practices all over the world, to strengthen transparency and
restore confidence in financial markets (Barros et al., 2013). For instance, after the financial failure
of Enron and dissolution of Arthur Anderson; one of the five largest audit and accountancy
partnerships in the world, U.S enacted the Sarbanes–Oxley act of 2002; France regulated the
financial security law of 2003, as many other countries developed a set of regulations in the
aftermath of huge corporate scandals. In Addition, the integration and globalization of financial
markets also has given significance and highlighted the importance of CG as claimed by Srinivasan
& Srinivasan (2011). Consequently, many studies on the CG have justified their argument on the
existence of information asymmetry between managers and stockholders of the company based on
the agency theory, which is defined as a contract under which one party (the principal) delegates
another party (agent) to perform some services on their behalf

Islamic Immigration Case Study
Con: Should Muslim immigrants be banned from entering the United States until the government
improves its ability to screen potential terrorists?
Opening
Point #1: Islam is a religion about peace.
Ethical Theory/Principal: The terrorist attacks such as 9/11 went against Muslim principals.
Quote A: Soon after 9/11, the forty–third US President, George W. Bush, stated, "The Muslim
terrorists who attacked the United States on September 11, 2001, violated the tenets of the Islamic
faith. These terrorists do not represent the true Islam, which is a religion of peace that gives comfort
to millions of Americans" (Bush).
Explanation: Terrorism is about terror, whereas Islam is about peace. They are both opposites of
each other. True Muslims would never do such heinous acts. Most Muslim immigrants coming into
the US are trying to live a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The media is so biased against Muslims and causes Islamophobia. Because of this, Americans have
a skewed view on them, associating all Muslims with terrorist groups like ISIS.
Quote C: Karaim states, "Most Islamic scholars and members of the Muslim community flatly reject
the view of their faith promoted by Islam's U.S. critics, saying it selectively picks and distorts
passages from the Quran and the Hadiths to stir up "Islamophobia," or fear and hostility toward
Muslims" (Karaim).
Explanation: Muslims are rejecting their own religion in hopes that it will avoid Islamophobia.
Islamophobia is caused by the hatred, discrimination, and oppression that is received by Muslim
immigrants. This religion that is built upon the concept of peace and is misunderstood by many
Americans, causing believers to feel as if they need to reject their beliefs to avoid hatred. Muslim
immigrants should feel welcomed into the United States and allowing the government to ban
Muslims and to perform more rigorous searches on them because of their religion and race is

Essay The Extreme Joy and Expense of Having a Baby
Islamic banking is a structure that allows conducting banking activities and trades in line with the
Islamic Shari'ah laws and principles by avoiding all the haram (prohibited) activity such as interest
and financing prohibited businesses.
An Islamic financial institution such as financial banking has been established before two or three
decades ago in the aim to provide satisfactory financial facilities to the interested parties as
compared to conventional banks. In 1974 Dubai Islamic bank which is the first Islamic commercial
bank was established and later Islamic Development Bank (IDB) has been established in 1975
(Hennie and Iqbal, 2008).
Hennie and Iqbal (2008) stated in their risk analysis for Islamic banks book that Islamic ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Mousavi, Seyed M. Mahdi and Mahdavi Agha (2008) credit risk in Islamic banks
appears in the settlement risk support. This kind of credit risk arises when the Islamic bank pays
money or delivers assets before receiving its own assets or cash and then exposing itself to potential
loss. Also Islamic banks expose themselves to credit risk when the bank uses profit–sharing
mechanisms of financing such as Mudarabah and Musharakah because the entrepreneurs will not
pay bank shares when it is due.
Although there are number of conventional banks that offer shari'ah–compliant products in their
banking services, there are two major shari'ah compliant banks registered in Kenya which all of
them are under the supervision of Kenya's central bank (KCB) and they are given the same
treatment as the other conventional banks in Kenya. These are Community Bank Limited, and Gulf
African Bank. According to Azizul (1999) most Islamic banks that are working under the
contemporary world operate in a mixed environment in which conventional banks function side by
side with the Islamic banks and there are only few instances where special Islamic banking
legislation was approved to define a new relationship between Islamic banks and the central bank.
Ndungu (2010) noted that the concept of Islamic Finance has generated a lot of interest and
overwhelming

Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi Crime
Isis stands for Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. This group of terrorists have control over territory in
Iraq and Syria which contain 2.8 to 5.3 million people. These areas also include Libya, Nigeria, and
Afghanistan. This group affiliates with North Africa and South Asia. Isis originated in1999 and
made an allegiance with al–Qaeda in 2004. They are a group made up of about 30,000 fighters.
Their leader is 42–year–old Abu Bakr al–Baghdadi. He is a "specially designated global terrorist"
under U.S. executive order. There's a $10 million dollar reward for information leading to capturing
or killing him. The U.S. has accused Abu Bakr al–Baghdadi of kidnapping, raping, enslaving, and
killing American citizens. Within his group he keeps him personal life and personality a secret and
this is what the young people in his group like. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The largest form of income for ISIS is oil, making $1–$3 million dollars a day. The sell it well under
market price and seller are willing to take the risk of taking the black–market deals. They also get a
great amount of income from ransom payments, in 2014 it got them over $20 million. They pay
their fighters over $350 a month and other in the Syrian territories get paid as much as five times
more. ISIS has proved to us that they have no geographic limits. Shortly after Russia started an air
strike toward Syria the Islamic State took responsibility for downing a Russian passenger jet in the
Sinai peninsula. Also they Took responsibility for two suicide bombings in Paris, deadliest attack
since the end of its civil war in1990, killing 129 citizens. France faced them by bombing

Advantages Of Sukuk In Islamic Capital Market
Islamic Capital Market is a major part of the overall Islamic Financial System especially in
providing the component of liquidity to the otherwise illiquid assets. One of the most popular
instruments used today in Islamic Capital Market is Sukuk. The structures of Sukuk based on Ijarah,
Musharakah, Mudharabah and hybrid forms have evolved. Under any circumstances, these
innovations have appeal to many Shari'ah issues and arguments. Therefore, this article aims at
analyzing the challenges of realizing Maqasid al–Shari'ah in the Islamic capital market, focusing on
sukuk instrument. In particular, this study evaluates on the approach of one of the most popular
sukuk structure, namely, sukuk al–Ijarah in the light of the perspective of Maqasid ... Show more
An accurate analysis and comprehensive of the Shari'ah rulings entails an understanding that
Shari'ah objective at preserving and protecting public interests (maslahah) in all aspects and
segments of life. Many Shari'ah though make known clearly the resolution behind certain Shari'ah
rulings, propose that every ruling in Shari'ah approach with objective, which is to accommodate the
mukallaf (accountable person). For reference, when Quran prescribes Qisas, it speaks of the
rationale of it, that applying retaliation prevents further killing "There is life for you in Qisas" .
Similarly, when Quran prohibits wine it says that wine is the works of devil as it causes quarrel and
instills hatred and enmity among Muslims "The devil only wants to excite hatred and enmity
between you in intoxicants and gambling and hinder you from remembrance of Allah and from
prayer"

Case Studies On Islamic Banking
A case study on Islamic banking at SINDH Pakistan
This study about knowledge attitude and practices on Islamic banking
To receive the idea about knowledge attitude and practices of Islamic conventional bank and their
bank account holder.
Research was conducted among the 200 questionnaires were distributed among account holders in
SINDH. This research point out the relationship between the knowledge and practices of Islamic
bank. And research also shows that netural behavior dosnot effect the knowledge and practices
relationship.
Islamic banking also provide the knowledge of Riba (interest) Hibha (gift) wadiah (safe keeping)
ijarah ( lease , rent , wage) deposit product investment product and financing product (debt based)
financing product (equity based ) trade finance
Taka full (Islamic insurance) musharakah (joint venture) and bai bathaman ajil (differed payment
sale) and other positive attitudes include toward practices of (Islamic law) shariah).
Keywords;
Knowledge, attitude and practices, (KAP) , Islamic banking and Islamic shariah laws and other
financial institutions play a vital role In the economies through its globally suplus fund to those with
deficit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The experiment was conducted on the small level on Islamic and conventional banking . the
experiment was goning to success to give a fruit full result this experiment further introduce Arabian
and asian countries in 1970s .mostly Islamic banks are established in Islamic state just like Pakistan
Saudi etc the working condition of the Islamic banking was started in micro level now the Islamic
banking operation are expansion know they are woking on the macro level.. know the Islamic
banking was working in the sixty countries and and there assets are based over 166 billion at the
annual growth rate of 10% to 15% market share of the Islamic as well as conventional banks in
Muslim countries has risen from 2% in the late 1970s to about 15%

The Intelligence Reform And Terrorism Prevention
This paper analyzes Al–Qaeda as a very difficult somewhat intelligent, most circulated and
uncontrollable organization, an organization which has made it a duty to confront our Nation's
national security and intelligence for about 15 years. Even with the death of their leader Osama bin
Laden's in May of 2011; the organization remains actively at large by replacing it leadership head
with Ayman al–Zawahiri. I also analyzes 5 aspects of Al–Qaeda as an organization, namely the,
History, Goals, Internet Campinas, Al Qaeda Affiliating Group and Finances. Furthermore, I
analyses the Impact of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention (IRTPA), mainly on
Information sharing
Introduction Part I: Historical Background of Al–Qaeda ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Al–Qaeda began carrying out missions as they were also responsible for the 1996 bombings of the
Khobar Towers, whereas the 1998 attacks on US Embassies in Kenya, the 2000 assault on the USS
Cole in Yemen and the Tanzania bombing and these were their signature missions. Since then al–
Qaeda has merged with a number of other Islamist militant organizations, including Egypt's
Islamic Jihad and the Islamic group in Yemen. Al–Qaeda was responsible for the attack on the
United States on September 11, 2001, since the attack of September 11; we have undertook two
wars, one in Iraq and the other in Afghanistan and also established some very important intelligence
organizations, namely the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) and the Department of Homeland
Security (DHS), and have done many other things to fight the war against al–Qaeda and any other
form of terrorist, but we have yet eliminated the threat of terrorism which might never do. Al Qaeda,
which stand for ("the base") is a multi–layered international Islamist terrorist network made up of
lots of regional member organizations and clandestine cells with complex degrees of
communication, the group ideology and operation remained at its forefront. Ideology of Al– Qaeda
The base Ideology of al Qaeda is to establish an Islamic tare, with a focus on Sharia Laws.

Global Market Forces Of Islamic Banking Essay
Abstract
It is undeniable fact that Islamic banking system has been flourishing for last few decades and now
has become the focus of global market forces. Pioneers of Islamic banking proclaim that
foundational principles of Islamic banking is allied with Shari'ah guidance and their accounting
practices, policies and financial reporting mechanism is based on Sharai'ah values. Consequently,
Islamic institutions have the responsibility to follow Islamic rulings in all their practices. The core
purpose of this study is to confirm that either current practices are align with Islamic ethical values
or just based on shari'ah terminologies. However, author find that current practice of Modarbah are
not just contrary to its theoretical foundation of Islamic Banking but also to basic shari'ah guidance
to some extent. It has been also identified that whenever an issue arises in Islamic banks they try to
make it shari'ah compliant instead of resolving particular issue they are busy in just manipulating or
islamizing conventional banking products by using Shari'ah terminologies to capture the attention of
Muslims who are thirsty for transparent ideal Islamic system. This behavior of Islamic banks has
made the practices of Islamic banks more controversial. Proper implication of current study can
make great contribution in the literature of Islamic banking as it will help Islamic banks to review
their practices in order to fulfill the basic ethical principles of Islam.
Keywords: Islamic

The Islamic Movement Of Uzbekist Case Study
Background Content
History and Operating Environment The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) was first
established in 1997, but can draw its routes from the Adolat (Justice) movement formed in 1991 by
Juma Namagani and Tahir Yuldashev in Namagan, Uzbekistan (Jane's World, 2014). "Adolat
declared Namangan an independent Islamic entity and attempted to enforce sharia (Islamic law)
using vigilante methods" (Jane's World, 2014, Group Formation para. 1). The President of
Uzbekistan, Islam Karimov, nervously tried to negotiate with Adolate, but later forced the group out
of Uzbekistan (Sanderson, T., Kimmage, D., & Gordon, D., 2010). The Adolate fled arrest in
Uzbekistan and moved to Tajikistan where it supported the United Tajik Opposition ... Show more
The IMU fought alongside the Taliban during the U.S.–led invasion of Afghanistan and suffered
heavy losses, as a result of these the IMU was forced to leave its safe–haven in Afghanistan and to
enter the Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA) of Pakistan (Sanderson et al, 2010). The IMU
conducted several operations in Pakistan to free jailed militants, which were particularly successful;
one of the operations freed over 300 prisoners, 30 of which were IMU members (Jane's World,
2014). The IMU continued to operate out of South Waziristan, Pakistan with the Taliban until a
Pakistani Military offensive pushed the group north into North Waziristan, Pakistan (Sanderson et
al, 2010). Each of the operations that forced the IMU to move its operating base caused heavy losses
in the group, but the Pakistani Military announced its offensive in Waziristan nine months in
advance allowing many IMU members the opportunity to move to safer areas (Sanderson et al,
2010). It is suspected that the IMU is currently operating out of North Waziristan, Tajikistan, and the
Afghani Provinces of: Balkh, Samangan, Kunduz, Baghlan, and Takhar (Jane's World, 2014).
Objectives and Goals The IMU was originally formed to overthrow the Uzbek government and oust
President Islam Karimov (Jane's World, 2014). When the IMU allied itself with the Taliban, most of
their activities shifted from Uzbekistan to helping the Taliban fight and regain control in

Similarities And Differences Between Islamic Banking And...
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
This study is undertaken to understand the concept and features of Islamic banking and conventional
banking, the similarity and differences between the two systems and their economic implications.
Generally, a financial institution or a financial intermediary that accepts deposits and channels those
deposits into lending activities, either directly or through capital markets is given the name of bank.
its source of generating revenue and cost of funds is charging of interest through lending and also
accepting deposits for interest respectively. Interest is the major driver of operations of conventional
banks although other valuable services including guarantees, funds transfers, safety of wealth,
facilitation in international trade etc., also form a substantial part of income of banks.
Islamic banking is a banking system which is established and controlled by the principles laid down
by Islamic Shariah. Interest free banking is a narrow concept denoting a number of banking
instruments or operations which avoid interest. Islamic banking institutions are established under the
Islamic shariah not only as an non interest–based institution but also unethical and anti–social
practices. In a practical sense, Islamic banking is system which involves the transformation of
conventional money lending into transactions based on tangible assets and real services based on the
permissibly Shariah principles. The model at which

Staying Competive '
In Staying Competitve by Shahjanaz Kamaruddin discusses the development of Malaysia into
becoming a full–fledged Islamic financial system that shows Malaysia performed consistently well
across five indicators which is quantitative development, knowledge, governance, CSR (corporate
social responsibility) and awareness. She presents this article in which she shares her analysis as a
company secretary or writer where she offers strong legal acumen and company secretarial skills
garnered during 25 years of in–depth professional experience at leading public–listed companies.
She brings with her a sound and pragmatic understanding of governance and compliance issues and
their practical application towards implementation of business strategies in a highly competitive
environment where time is of the essence. She is known for her exceptional consensual leadership
style coupled with strong communication skills which are diplomatic and persuasive in manner. Her
goals are to apply her specialised and writing skills in a media or marketing field either on a
freelance basis or full time as an in–house talent within an organisation. This paper will review
Shajanaz's review as well as her main arguments, and will evaluate the quality of her writing and
focus on any areas of weakness within it.
Summary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shahjanaz Kamaruddin begins this article by stating that Malaysia has developed into becoming a
full–fledged Islamic financial system operating in parallel to its conventional counterpart. Islamic
finance is based on the Islamic principle of Syariah which is relevant in today's world. According to
the Islamic Finance Development (IFD) Report 2014, Malaysia is the undisputed in sukuk(bond)
with a 63% of global market share. Malaysia performs very well across 5 indicators which are
quantitative development, knowledge, governance, CSR (corporate social responsibility) and

The Pros And Cons Of Islamic Banking And Bank Negara Malaysia
1.0 Introduction
Islamic banking refers to a system of banking that complies with Islamic law, also known as Shariah
law. The underlying principles that govern Islamic banking are mutual risk and profit sharing
between the provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur). In other words, it
ensures an equal contribution for all parties involved, whether in profitability or in case of any loss
occurred. Activities that involve interest (riba), gambling (maisir) and speculative trading (gharar)
are prohibited (Bank Negara Malaysia, 2010). Islamic banking is interest free banking; making it
compulsory to take active part in business profit and loss sharing. Islamic banks prefer to take less
risk (Shaikh & Jalbani, 2009)
Global ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most banks have created a separate entity or subsidiary to earn profit from the growing Islamic
banking sector. (Parker, 2011) (Ernst and Young (E&Y), 2014) in their latest World Islamic Banking
Competitiveness report (2014), shows the assets of Islamic banks grew at an average rate of 17%
per year between 2008 and 2012. This is two to three times faster than the rate at which
conventional banks grew over the same period. Bank Muamalat provides a full range of Islamic
financial services through its 59 branches nationwide. It has a market share of 4.2% and 5.0% of the
domestic Islamic banking sector's gross financing and total deposits segments respectively as at
end–March 2014. The bank's annual financing growth of between 8% and 15% was mostly lower
than the Islamic banking industry's growth of above 20% per year in the last five years. (The Star–
Business News,

State Instability in Somalia
State Instability in Somalia: Islamic Extremism & Insurgency
"Historical Amnesia is a dangerous phenomenon, not only because it undermines moral
and intellectual integrity, but also because it lays the groundwork for crimes that lie ahead."
Noam Chomsky
It is nearly impossible to pick up a copy of the New York Times or The Washington Post or turn on
CNN and not see scenes of the humanitarian crisis, gangs, piracy, insurgency, and civil war
regarding the deteriorating situation in Somalia splashed all over the pages. Due to increased piracy
attacks, Somalia has gained world wide attention which has brought to light the declining conditions
faced by hundreds of thousands of Somali's. Starvation due to drought, clan ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The rise of Militant Islam in Somalia occurred in the mid 1990's with the alliance of a group of
Muslim legal scholars, clan leaders and business men operating in piracy, who comprised four
primary sects of leadership, based upon clan and regional affiliation. These four sects merged to
form the Supreme Islamic Courts Council (SICC), and operated with success until it was defeated in
2006 by Transnational Federal Government. The SICC broke apart resulting in splinter terrorist
organizations which are now tied to the present rise in piracy off the coast of Somalia. Dissentions
among these groups are wide spread.
Now that an analysis have been provided with a background of research regarding the composition
and reason for militant groups, the research will focus on the case study to test whether these
theories modelled remain true within a radical group itself. To reiterate, the conflict analysis will
focus on a discussion of the dynamics and origins of the group power, group identity and group
purpose, and societal effects of the group. These findings will discuss the role of Islamic extremism,
funding by piracy, clan based fighting, and governmental factors which influenced the fall of the
Somali state.
Let's begin by answering the first question of the composition and structural dynamic of the group.
The group we will focus on is Somalia's largest and most powerful insurgency group, called Al
Shabbab

Islamic Banking And Conventional Banking
Content
Part One
1. Introduction
2. Study areas
3. Methods of the study
4. Data collection methods
5. Important of the study
6. Key estimated learning from the study
Part two
7. What is Islamic Banking
8. What are the transaction process of Islamic banking
9. The key sources of law and values of Islamic Banking
10. The differences between Islamic Banking and conventional Banking
Part three
11. A comparative analysis
12. Conclusion
Basic differencess:
Results indicate that conventional banks perform better in profitability, while Islamic banks perform
better in liquidity and credit risk. In t–test of the return on asset (ROA) and total equity to net loans,
there are no major difference between Islamic banks and non–Islamic banks. In the return on equity
and common equity to total assets, there are statistically significant differences in these two groups.
The statistically significant difference was shown in the area of liquidity which means that the
Islamic banks liquidity performance has major difference with the non–Islamic banks.
In general, Islamic banking system is based on Sharī'ah principle, while non–Islamic banking
system is based on interest rate. Sharī'ah is a set of norms, values and laws that go to make up the
Islamic way of life. Characteristics of Sharī'ah –compliant banking and financial system are free
from riba. Riba is prohibited in Islamic banking system, because Islamic banking system is based on
the sharing of risk and profit. Interest is

The Pros And Cons Of MMQ In Islamic Banking

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