Evolution of Radio and its Impact on Society

Radio History
Joe Clark January 21, 2002 Mrs. Perkins AP U.S. History The radio has evolved over time. The
radio we listen to today has a different format, purpose, viewer reach, and clarity than it did before
the 1950s. The radio has survived the threat of the television industry by changing with the times. It
has been dealt with in the law through acts and the creation of the government regulating agency
(FCC). Today the radio is the cheapest and most affective way to communicate with everyone
around the world. It began with the invention of the telegraph by Samuel Morse in 1844 and
developed as the knowledgeable minds of inventors and engineers worked from the late 1800s to the
present to create the powerful communications medium we know today ... Show more content on
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Along with the ability to connect stations by wire came cultural issues. Americans feared
monopolies. AT&T already controlled the telephone business and also had control over the radio
wires. AT&T feared that they would lose their telephone monopoly if they did not withdraw from
the radio monopoly. At the same time RCA, GE, and Westinghouse worried about government
interference. These companies were interested in achieving national radio "with maximum profit
and minimum public fuss over monopoly" (Smulyan 58). In 1926 they solved the problem by
creating a separate broadcast organization that would lease telephone lines from AT&T. The new
company was NBC (National Broadcasting System). Now there were two NBC stations that were
operated independently that had coast to coast connections to local stations. The arrangement
pleased the government, the companies, and the public (Vivian 177). Radio was still lacking in
regulations. There were too many stations broadcasting at the same frequencies interrupting each
others broadcasts. This was frustrating for the listeners and the broadcasters. The solution was the
Radio Act of 1927 (Keith 6). This act created the Federal Radio Commission (FRC). The FRC's
responsibility was "to license radio stations ‘if public convenience, interest or necessity is thereby
served.'" The law also stated that the air waves were property of the United States government and
renewable licenses would be issued for three year
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Criminal Communication and Its Effect
This is an excerpt from an investigation I wrote for Comuniclab, the web magazine of the University
of Rome "La Sapienza". The work has been featured in several magazines.
Criminal communication
Naples criminal cartels communication strategies "We talk through our guns". I was 8 when, passing
by the headquarters of a mafia clan to reach my school, I heard this sentence. (...) It seems to be a
clear and demonstrated truth: for instance, the war between local gangs Ascione – Papale and Birra
– Iacomino killed 18 mobsters and wounded several people, between 2007 and 2008. The latter is
one of the most recent mafia wars, and many examples are from that experience.
Wars and murders make many people think that weapons are the best means of communication for
mafia groups, but that is incorrect. Actually, these organizations' power is widely based on the
ability to communicate to people, in various forms, their dominion over the territory, the capability
to dispense life and death, success and failure, favors and punishments. "It is usually hard to find
solid evidence about the power of communication", Mario Morcellini, Professor and Director of the
Department of Communication and Social Research at the University of Rome "Sapienza", says.
"On the contrary, when we see how criminal cartels use communication, this power appears to be
crystal clear. They are enterprises, built on a communicative and symbolic dimension, and
communication is the most valuable commodity they sell".

Adolf Hitler Propaganda
The Audience
The use of radios and the audience increased during 1933 to 1945 which made the radio a powerful
and important tool for the Nazi leaders to influence the german public.
During 1933 and 1945 many radios were produced and despite the high radio taxes of 2RM, more
and more households had radios (Scriba). For instance, the number of households with radios
increased from 25 percent in 1933 to 65 percent in 1941 according to Scriba. However, it is
important to acknowledge that this data varies from source to source, but over all it shows that usage
of radios increased and that it became more a common source to get information for the germans.
The Nazi leaders saw the power of propaganda and media as well as the potential of the radio ...
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We shall stage a masterpiece of propaganda" (quoted in Shirer 1960, Adena, Enikolopov, Petrova,
Santarosa, and Zhuravskaya). He said that soon after Hitler became the chancellor of Germany
which shows that the Nazis especially the propaganda minister, Joseph Goebbels, knew how radio
and other medias can influence the German public. Unlike education, film, or theaters radio had an
audience which was less limited to a certain age or gender group. This lead to the increased
production and sale of radios. In the manner that in 1939 12 million radios existed in Germany and
three years later 16 million households hold a radio ("Verordnung des Ministerrates für die
Reichsverteidigung „über außerordentliche Rundfunkmaßnahmen" (datiert auf den 1. September
1939 und veröffentlicht am 7. September 1939)"). The Nazi leader saw the potential early on and the
central aim of the broadcasting policy was to make the radio the most important propaganda tool
writes Heinz–Werner Stuiber professor for communication studies (quoted in Reinie). This indicates
that the government could have used the radio as a way to communicate the nationalistic thoughts
and to control the informations the public gets. Hence the government saw the potential and wanted
to use it they

Electronic Mass Media
ELECTRONIC MASS MEDIA IN TODAY'S SOCIETY MASS MEDIA Mass media refers
collectively to all media technologies, including the Internet, television, newspapers, and radio,
which are used for mass communications, and to the organizations which control these technologies.
Mass media play a significant role in shaping public perceptions on a variety of important issues,
both through the information that is dispensed through them, and through the interpretations they
place upon this information. The also play a large role in shaping modern culture, by selecting and
portraying a particular set of beliefs, values, and traditions (an entire way of life), as reality. That is,
by portraying a certain interpretation of reality, they shape reality ... Show more content on
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| |37 |Heliographs – first recorded use of mirrors to send messages by Roman Emperor Tiberius. |
|100 |First bound books | |105 BC |Tsai Lun of China invents paper as we know it. | |305 |First
wooden printing presses invented in China – symbols carved on a wooden block. | |1049 |First
movable type invented – clay – invented in China by Pi Sheng. | |1450 |Newspapers appear in
Europe. | |1455 |Johannes Gutenberg invents a printing press with metal movable type. | |1560
|Camera Obscura invented – primitive image

Chapter 8 Of Blown To Bits
The Telecommunications Act of 1934 which makes it illegal for people to call without disclosing
their identity with an intent to harass was new to me. I was never told this, though it has been put in
law for over 80 years. This makes me more confident the next time I pick up my phone. 3. Describe
at least one connection between the reading and topics from outside class (other classes, news
stories you've seen, etc.)? Just a while ago, Snapchat has been sued by a 14 year old boy and his
mother because Snapchat routinely showed sexual content without any warning. Though the terms
and agreements state that you must be at least 13 to use the app, the content on snapchat can be
highly explicit. Many parents are unaware of this and are currently ... Show more content on
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The history of the radio and its future was all unusually new to me even though I took physics. The
chapter made me think a bit more about which waves are around me, the radio stations, and other
ways we could put them into different systems and finally, how all of this can be put together into
bits. 3. Describe at least one connection between the reading and topics from outside class (other
classes, news stories you've seen, etc.)? Radio has not been the only technology that has been
slowed down because of the government, many different technologies such as internet has not
reached its full potential. Not only is it regulated by the government, but there are only a couple of
internet service providers. Fortunately, Google has created its own internet, Google Fiber, but it is
not in every location so many are stuck with their service providers and the bundle deal ( phone,
internet, and TV). 4. Give at least one specific example of an aspect or experience in your personal
life that is related to the reading. When I was younger, I went on trips to Florida. I always wondered
why the radio would stop working in some places and how radio stations could sometimes collide
with each other. This chapter explained why collisions of waves occurred and why the radio strength
would decrease the farther out you

Rogers: Most Influential Canadian Company In Our Generation
Rogers can control some of the key factors for our generation if you let them. Rogers is the most
influential Canadian Company in our lives today. Rogers controls many things that we use today,
some including: TV, Radio, Mobile Devices, Media, Broadcasting, etc. Rogers was founded in 1925
by Edward Rogers and was originally called "Standard Radio Manufacturing". Its main objective
was to sell battery–less radio's using "Vacuum Tube "Technology. (He created the first successful
alternating current radio tube.) The company then changed its name to "Rogers Majestic
Corporation Limited and then Rogers Battery–less Radio Company. On May 6th, 1939, Edward
Rogers Sr. Passed away and that left his son Edward (Ted) Rogers Jr. to take over the ... Show more
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Through the last decade Rogers has continued to expand its revenue due to cable television. Rogers
Cable is the largest cable television provider in Canada. There are 2.3 million customers in New
Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador and Southern Ontario. Another huge part of Rogers
Company is "Rogers Wireless", a mobile company that deals with home phones, cellular phones,
and Internet plans. In 2005 Rogers launched its first home phone and this is where it all started.
From then Rogers cellular phone plans started to increase with the introduction of newer cell phone
technology. This meant more revenue. In 2006, Rogers Wireless Revenue was 4.3 billion dollars,
where in 2004 it was 2.5. 2006 was a big year for Rogers because they introduced a lot of new
technologies and plans to fit those technologies. (Rogers introduced Video over Cellular, TV over
the Internet, HD Content, video calling, etc.) 2007 was another big year for Rogers with a 15%
growth in Revenue and 79% Cable Telephony Sub Growth. At this point Rogers was going to keep
growing and growing. In 2008 Rogers' annual income increased to 11.3 billion dollars and no
competitor could stop them. In December 2008, Edward (Ted) Rogers Jr. passed away at the age of
75. (Ted Rogers is seen as a Canadian icon and after his death he has been given the name as the
"Greatest Canadian Entrepreneur of the 20 Century.") 2008 was also the year that

Disaster Management
PREFACE
The Indian subcontinent has a tropical climate and unstable landforms. India, Pakistan, and
Bangladesh are prone to natural disasters of various kinds on a continual basis. Coupled with high
population density, poverty, illiteracy and lack of infrastructure, the natural disasters kill thousands
of people and leave a devastating impact on economy and environment.
The importance of telecommunication in disaster management has been widely accepted since the
early days of the development of radio communication. Disasters can strike without warning at any
time of the day or night. On the Indian subcontinent, the pressure from population increase and
over–exploitation of resources for haphazard development has disturbed the ecological ... Show
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When conducted as a military operation, it is termed Disaster Relief Operation (DRO) and can be a
follow–up to a Non–combatant evacuation operation (NEO). They may be supported by a number of
secondary emergency services, such as specialist rescue teams.
Recovery
The aim of the recovery phase is to restore the affected area to its previous state. It differs from the
response phase in its focus; recovery efforts are concerned with issues and decisions that must be
made after immediate needs are addressed. Recovery efforts are primarily concerned with actions
that involve rebuilding destroyed property, re–employment, and the repair of other essential
infrastructure. An important aspect of effective recovery efforts is taking advantage of a 'window of
opportunity' for the implementation of mitigative measures that might otherwise be unpopular.
Citizens of the affected area are more likely to accept more mitigative changes when a recent
disaster is in fresh memory.
In India, the role of emergency management falls to National Disaster Management of India, a
government agency subordinate to the Ministry of Home affairs. In recent years there has been a
shift in emphasis, from response and recovery to strategic risk management and reduction, and from
a government–centered approach to decentralized community participation. The countries of the
Indian subcontinent suffer continually from natural disasters such as drought, floods, cyclones,
earthquakes, landslides,

Essay on Communication Technologies in Canada
Communication Technologies in Canada
Canada is also very unique in the global economy in light of their communication technologies.
Canada is a unique country because it allows two main companies control its communication
industry. The two big players in the game are Rogers, who control eastern Canada, and Shaw, who
control western Canada.
Rogers Communication started with a vision that "radio is an electric pipeline" by Edward S.
Rogers, Sr. In 1925 Mr. Rogers, Sr. invented the world's first alternating "current (AC) radio tube."1
The radio tube was a huge break through in communication technology and in radio reception, and
as a result of the invention; radios became common medium of communication.
Edward's son, Ted Rogers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They provide support from "national initiatives to grass roots charities" 6. Some of their funds
include Rogers Cable network fund, Rogers Documentary fund, and Rogers Telefund.
One big sector in the Canadian economy that Rogers control is in the radio broadcasting. "Canada's
most–listened to broadcasting company is Rogers Media–Broadcasting".7 Some of the stations they
own are 680 NEWS (CFTR–AM 680), CHFI–FM (98.1), KISS FM (92.5), CKBY–FM (105.3),
OCEAN FM (CIOC FM 98.5), NEWS1130 (CKWX AM 1130), XFM (CKVX FM 104.9), and
CJIB–AM (940). A very diverse range of stations, catering to almost all Canadians, making the
Radio arm of Rogers unique in itself.
Radio broadcasting in Canada is unique itself. Minimum of the music played on Canadian radio
stations between 6am to 6pm must contain 35% of Canadian content. And to be considered a
Canadian artist, an artist must contain two of these requirements from this list: Production must be
Canadian; Artist must be Canadian; Music must be Canadian; or the Lyrics must be Canadian.8 The
Canadian government takes full pride in protecting the content on Canadian airways and the
government maintains this control by limiting foreign ownership of communication companies.
Rogers, not only has a hand in radio communication, it also has a hand in print media. Rogers Media
is also Canada's largest publishing company. They own many of Canada's major

Disadvantages And Disadvantages Of RFID And Radio...
RFID AND FACE RECOGNITION BASED ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM
1Kenward Dzvifu, 2T Chakavarika Department of Information Security & Assurance, Harare
Institute of Technology, Zimbabwe
1kenwarddzvifu@gmail.com
2ttchaka@gmail.com
School of Information Science and Technology, Harare Institute of Technology, Zimbabwe
ABSTRACT– The Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has been broadly adopted in
access control systems. This technology is based on the use of a card or tag and has some major
drawback or weaknesses that is anyone could get access when he or she steals the card. In this
particular paper, the RFID technology is combined or integrated with facial recognition (biometric)
technology to make sure that the granted access matches the user ID on the ... Show more content on
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The RFID technology consists of three key elements: RFID tags, RFID readers, and a back–end
database server to identify information. The RFID tag stores its particular ID and some application
data for RFID readers thus the tag contains electronically stored information which is used for
access control system. The major advantage of using the RFID tag is that it allows convenience
contactless access. However, the traditional RFID–based access control system identifies an
individual only by means of his or her RFID card that is anyone who presents a registered RFID
card will pass the authentication even he/she is not the genuine card holder or owner. Moreover,
there are many RFID attacks which are:
Sniffing – this is reading data from a RFID chips without being given a permission;
Spoofing – this is the cloning of information from one chip to another
Tracking – this involves the tracking of goods or services without acknowledging the owner.
Denial of Service – this involves the jamming of RFID signals to block its normal

Use Of Propaganda During World War II
Paul Klene Professor Brain Stokes History 122 6 December 2015 The Use and Impact of
Propaganda during World War II The second most devastating global conflict, also known as World
War II, left over 60 million dead creating panic and fear for citizens all over the world. During these
hard times the citizens, dealing with a national crisis, needed something to give them hope that there
will be betters days. Propaganda was used in political cartoons to release information that contained
biased views and over exaggerations to gain support for the war. These cartoons gave hope to the
people and also affected a majority of their opinions. Propaganda became used as a weapon during
World War II to create nasty images of the enemy, get individuals to help support the war, to boost
the confidence of people, and give them hope during hard times. In Germany, Hitler used
propaganda to make his image superior to everyone else. His face and name were posted
everywhere in newspapers, stamps, books, and on billboards. People in Germany during World War
II could not escape his name. They were constantly harassed and told that Hitler was their ruler, and
he was practically seen as a god. In the book, Hitler and the Nazis: A History in Documents, the
author David F. Crew shows how Hitler's mass publicity was created to be the image of authority in
Germany. He says, "This visual assault was part of a larger attempt to create a public image of
Hitler, a Hitler myth, which was often the very

Pros And Cons Of Canadian Broadcasting
Necessities of Canadian Broadcasting
Listen to the radio, heard of CBC? The CBC stands for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The
first government run radio station was created in 1936 in Ottawa, Canada. . It was created by the
government for Canadians. The purpose of the radio station was to spread and share news across
Canada. The government created other groups as well for more coverage, for example NFB, CRTC,
and the Canada Council. Presently, the groups still provide plenty of Canadian content. They
preserve the Canadian identity, they preserve Canadian content, and they provide Canadian coverage
of sports and news. Overall these networks are still necessary and useful in Canada to this day.
The Canadian Radio–Televisions Telecommunications ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Without these numerous Canadian channels Canada would have to rely more on American channels.
With Canadian watching more American channels it would allow for less Canadian content to be
shown and therefore more Canadians would be viewing American content. With more American
coverage and less Canadian coverage it could mean important Canadian events and activities may
not be covered. Channels like the CBC are responsible for showing Canadian sports such as the how
Canada is doing in the NHL or the Olympics. As well as the CBC shows Canadian news and
important event that are happening to Canadians in Canada. Canada and America are close distantly
but both countries have very different viewpoints. These views on the world are shared between
countries via television and radio and if Canadians were to see more American news they may
develop a new way to see Canada and may want to start changing the country. With that it could
mean a loss of Canadian culture, beliefs and principles. Canada has built itself up on being
multicultural and America is not known for its beliefs in being diverse. With the country seeing
negative views on innocent people it may lead to issues in Canada later on. America is known for its
very popular music and a lot of American music is played and adored by Canadians but because of
the CRTC Canadians will be able to experience the Canadian culture and these stations help provide
that. With the culture is also a Canadian pride of the content made in the country. Without the CRTC
there would be a lack of Canadian artists and many people would not know as many Canadian
artists that came from Canada. Canadian artists have been and are being seen because of these
channels and stations that highlight the artist's abilities. Overall these stations have been

Using Radio Transmission to Promote Development Projects
In this chapter, a brief review of the relevant research literature will be presented to generate a
theoretical outline of this proposed research. This theoretical outline will guide the research strategy.
Fraser & Estrada (2002) commented that since late 1970s, the importance of community
participation at all stages of a development initiative has been commonly acknowledged. Parvalla
(2003) defined (as cited in Ballur, 2012) community as "a territorially bound group with some
commonality of interest" (p, 92) who are usually sharing a common language for daily
communication with the same cultural heritage. It is clear from this discussion that for developing
any community, radio, in particular community radio can be a supportive tool to cover wide range of
population. In addition, it has a great influencing power to motivate the marginalised group of
people
According to the Community Radio Installation, Broadcast and Operation Policy (2008) by Ministry
of Information of People's Republic of Bangladesh, in the guidelines part, it stated that "Community
radio is, in effect, a form of public–service broadcasting, which serves a community rather than the
whole nation. Community radio is an own resource of a community, which will reflect the outlook
and attitude, norms and culture and thought and ideology of the very community people" (p, 1).
While defining the community radio AMARC (the French acronym for the World Association of
Community Radio) (as cited in Ballur, 2012)

Essay on Censorship in Television and Radio
Censorship in Television and Radio
For our group project we, group 6, decided to focus our attention on censorship in television and on
the radio. We showed most of the attention to the Janet Jackson incident in Super Bowl 38 when
looking at television, and for radio, focused on the FCC and disc jockeys like Howard Stern. Here
are the television articles as done by three of our group members.
If there is a single most important event that happened in television that caused major ramifications,
it would be the Janet Jackson's "wardrobe malfunction" during the halftime show at Super Bowl 38.
In this incident Janet Jackson exposed her right breast. Worst of all the Super Bowl was broadcast
on CBS, a non–cable free channel, where ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The white house supports these ideas saying "This legislation will make broadcast television and
radio more suitable for family viewing by giving the FCC the authority to impose meaningful
penalties on broadcasters tat air obscene or indecent material over the public airwaves".
The television has responded to the scrutiny that they have been put under, not by rebelling, but
complying with these new rules and censoring themselves. For starters Victoria's Secret cancelled its
annual fashion show, on television, this year. Fox is trying to clean up its act by employing people to
monitor its star reality show, "American Idol", as well as other reality shows. Comcast Corporation
told Congress that it will increase its efforts to assist parents in choosing the right programming for
their children. In an interview with Survivor host Jeff Probst said that the producers were told to
enlarge the digital blur over Richard Hatch, who spent part of his time on the show naked. NBC
planned to show a woman's exposed breasts on ER, but from pressure from their affiliates the scene
was edited. ABC also planed on showing a racy sex scene on their show NYPD Blue, but because
the show was played before 10:00 in Central and Mountain Time the scene was darkened to show
less. Stemming from the Janet Jackson incident many "live" shows were put on a delay. MTV will
used a delay

What Factors Affect Am and Fm Radio Reception?
What Factors Affect AM And FM Radio Reception?
Background Information
Communications are carried by waves. One type of communication is AM and FM radio. AM and
FM radio's use radio waves. A radio wave is an electromagnetic wave propagated by an antenna at
various frequencies. In AM (amplitude modulated) radio waves, the audio signal changes the
amplitude of the carrier wave. In FM (frequency modulated) radio waves, the audio signal changes
the frequency of the carrier wave. Australia's broadcast bandwidth for AM radio is 500–1500 KHz
and for FM radio it is 80–108 MHz. AM radio waves can be affected by electrical interference (such
as household appliances) and devices oscillating in the same frequency band. FM radio waves aren't
subject to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
tenna
I recorded how good the quality of the reception is on a scale of 1–10
I repeated steps 1–4 three times for reliable results
I repeated steps 1–5 but tuned into the AM radio station 1431 KHz
Water test
I tuned the portable radio into the FM radio station 98.1 MHz
I recorded how good the quality of the reception is on a scale of 1–10 (1 being poor, 10 being good)
I submerged the radio antenna completely under water inside a glass
Metal Box test
I placed the radio inside the metal box and closed the lid
Incandescent Light Bulb test
I placed the radio right next to the light bulb

Fdr Fireside Chat Analysis
Franklin D. Roosevelt's use of the radio in what has been termed his "Fireside Chats" had a calming
effect on Americans. American society had already suffered though several years of agonizing
economic depression and FDR realized that Americans were afraid, and uncertain about their day to
lives, and they were especially afraid for their families. It was his intent to introduce policies to
alleviate the economic problems America was faced. With his medium of choice the radio he would
promote and educated the public about his new legislative acts and policy changes. Immediately
after his inauguration FDR set about formulating new programs. These programs became known as
the New Deal, and the goals of the new administration were to promote relief for the needy,
economic recovery, and social reform. FDRs first 100 days ... Show more content on
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The president kept the American public informed by speaking to them in calm, and soothing tone.
He introduced new government policies to the public; he explained how the implementation of these
policies would affect them as individuals as a nation. The National Bank Holiday was one of the
first fireside chats the president had with the public. FDR then went about creating organizations
that were designed to provide work for those who needed it while at the same time stimulating and
rejuvenating the nation's economy. A few of the programs established by FDR within the first 100
days are the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) which federally protected depositor
money up to 40,000.The Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC) which put millions of men to work
clearing land, creating flood control, planting trees, building riding and walking trails. The
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) designed to ease the plight of the American farmer
and his family. The National Industry Recovery Act (NRA) established business codes in order to
set fair price

World War II: The Radar System
Numerous scientists and engineers had been added to the improvement of radar systems, which had
proved to be a vital utility in the Allied victory in World War II. One of the most supreme radar
innovators had been Sir Robert Watson–Watt, who had established the first realistic radar system
that had aided in defending the British in World War II. The basic principles that had been necessary
for radar systems had been established in the years around the 1880s, when German physicist
Heinrich Hertz initially had constructed and broadcasted radio waves throughout his laboratory. He
had determined that the invisible waves had been a form of electromagnetic radiation, and had
noticed that various supplies broadcast radio waves while others redirect the waves.
Radar is an object–detection technique that uses radio waves to conclude the distance, course,
elevation, or speed of varying objects. Radar was originally used to sense aircraft, motor vehicles,
ships, guided missiles, weather developments, and different terrains. The radar dish or antenna
broadcasts beats of radio waves or microwaves that recoil off any object in the path of the signal.
The object returns a minuscule portion of the wave's original energy to a ... Show more content on
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The United States Navy, as an acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging, had created the
expression RADAR, in 1940. The phrase radar has meanwhile become a part of the English
language and many other languages as an everyday noun, and has lost any capitalization altogether.
Shortly before World War II initiated, the British created a system of radar stations down the
shoreline of England using Watson–Watts' scheme. These stations, known as Chain Home,
magnificently forewarned the Royal Air Force to oncoming adversary bombers, and aided in the
defense of Britain against the German Luftwaffe in the Battle of

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Section 1
Presentation
To encourage missions in dangerous situations, flying stages that are little, spry and can take of
vertically are of investment. A stage that satisfies these necessities is a UAV (Unmanned Aerial
Vehicle) as a multicopter joined with a great control framework. A multicopter is a rotorcraft that
has more than two rotors, in light of the fact that a rotorcraft with two rotors is called helicopter
(bicopter). Multicopters have altered cutting edges with a pitch that are not conceivable to control,
as it accomplishes for a helicopter (through the swashplate), to control the bearing of the rotor push.
Rather, the rate of the rotors are shifted to accomplish movement control of a multicopter. For a
tricopter, there is additionally a servo joined that can tilt one of the engines and by that accomplish a
change in movement. Multirotor air ships are regularly utilized within model and radio controlled
activities due to the straightforward development and control. Because of the amount of rotors, the
extent of them doesn't have to be substantial in examination with a helicopter that just has one rotor
to actuate enough drive to lift it up. Uavs are frequently utilized within spots where it is troublesome
for a man to work in, for example, perilous situations, soak landscape and so forth. It is likewise a
suitable and a modest apparatus for observation. A Polaroid mounted on a multicopter is an
exceptionally adaptable approach to study a region. Uavs can

Radio Act 1912 Essay
Evolution of the Act
Communication was regulated in the Unites States Since the Radio Act of 1912. Most of the
military, entertainment and police applications required their signal to reach desired destinations
without interference. Therefore the Radio Act 1912 established a Commission to resolve issues that
occurred while communicating. The Radio Act of 1927 was the first official attempt by the U.S
government at a comprehensive legislation for radio communications. As the complexities started
increasing, the Federal Radio Commission was established. Although giving first amendment
protection to broadcasting ,being more comprehensive, still did not do enough just for regulating the
new media. The act was not able resolve several court cases ... Show more content on
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Initially, the proposal was objected by the republican lawmakers. The commission was created
mainly to centralize authority over telephone and radio services so that such a single independent
agency will prevent discrimination and extend services to places that are not served now. As the
commission was created, seven commissioners were appointed by the president. The major change
in the previous regulating structure occurred when telephone communications was put under the
control of the Federal Communication Commission . Most of the communication monopolies
developed by that time were broke by the FCC, among which the most notable one was the National
Broadcasting Company. On behalf of the United States, the agency operates interstate and
international communications. Also the commission specifies the framework within which each of
the wireless technology operates in and whether that particular technology is licensed or unlicensed.
In the year 1948, FCC stopped granting new licenses for television stations, on account of the
increasing numbers of the stations. Also the act strengthened healthy competition among various
communication carriers making a good marketplace for the carriers. The most recent concept of "net
neutrality" from FCC that made possible the concept of "open

Informative Speech Outline: Radio Waves
Outline Worksheet (pp. 29–32) Preface Topic: Radio Waves
Specific purpose: To inform my audience what radio waves is and how the government regulates the
usage of it.
Primary audience outcome (I want my audience to...): I want my audience to know what radio
waves are and how it revolves around our life.
Thesis statement: Radio waves have a significant impact on how use cellular devices and many
controversies have caused us to reevaluate how radio waves impact our life.
Introduction
*You may use multiple sentences in the introduction and conclusion, but do not delete the headers.
Attention–getter: What is the fastest traveling thing on this planet? Not just light, but radio waves
can match or exceed the speed of light (Atkinson, 2009) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Today I will be addressing three main points, first, what are radio waves? Second, what the
government has enacted to create foundations that control radio waves that create controversy.
Third, the pros and cons of radio waves. Transition/Connective: To begin with, it is very important
to know what frequency and waves refer too. Body 1. Main Point #1 The Health Physics Society
address frequency is the band that measures radio waves over a certain range and it contains
electromagnetic radiation (Classic, 2011).
1. According to an online database, Radio waves is a certain type of electromagnetic radiation that
contains "frequency of between 300 GHz to as low as 3 kHz" ("Radio waves", 2014). [Definition].
a. Netting (2007) states that radio waves have the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic
spectrum.
b. Dictionary.com defines Electromagnetic radiation as electric and magnetic energy waves which
move together at the speed of light (2014).
B. As stated by Classic (2011), radiofrequency can be categorized as a wavelength and a frequency.
a. Classic (2011) defines wavelength as from one peak point to another as one complete

Autism Spectrum Divided In The Film 'Radio'
Radio is a film based on the true story of James Robert Kennedy and Coach Harold Jones in the year
1976. The movie shines a very positive light on people with disabilities. A person with a disability is
a person first and if others give them the time and attention, their special characteristics and skills
begin to show and grow. In Radio, Coach Jones gives James, or more popularly known as Radio, the
chance to develop into his greatest potential. Radio begins to have a large supportive network from
the town of Anderson, South Carolina and TL Hanna High School all because of the single actions
of Coach Jones. Coach Jones first noticed Radio wandering around his football practice. One day he
catches his team bullying Radio and he makes sure ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were only a few times when Radio was picked on or bullied, but there were so many actors
who fought against it. The whole town and high school fought for Radio's rights. Radio was also
much more of a helping hand rather than an annoyance. There have been many movies when
working with a disabled person was seen as a lot of unreasonable hard work. This is the exact
opposite in Radio. Most of the town people are excited to help with Radio which is seen when many
Christmas presents are given to Radio. The whole town appreciates Radio for who he is and wants
to show him that with their gifts. Also, Radio is an extremely kind and caring person. He forgives
many people for their wrong actions and is all for giving back to the community, as is seen in the
scene where he re–gifts many of his gifts to give back to his neighborhood. The movie allows the
audience to understand how important it is to have relationships with individuals with disabilities.
Most of their life they are outcast because something they cannot control at all. Many people with
disabilities have so kind and gentle souls that are never discovered because no one ever opens up to
them. Many are also extremely talented, but again no one gives them the time of day or the support
they need to really grow into their best self. Radio reminds everyone to keep an open–mind and an
open–heart when dealing with people with

Required Midterm Essay Questions
Trace the history of the printed newspaper and various types of eras in reporting the news. Start with
the colonial period of print up to and including how printed news is delivered today with national
papers like USA Today. Include and describe what was the significance of the era of the 'penny
press', 'jazz journalism', 'yellow journalism', and 'muckraking.'
The history of the printed newspaper in the United States has spanned even before the nations
independence. The format and coverage may have changed over the years, but one principle element
has remained the same. That element is the dispersion of information.
From its humble beginnings during the colonial era in Boston and Philadelphia, the printed
newspaper found interest by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With consolidation an era of concentration began. With fewer companies owning more they were
able to share resources and become more effective in their reporting. This efficiency carried over
with advertising and other sources of income for the newspapers.
The invention of the Internet took its toll on the newspaper industry. The availability of news
became widely available to a much larger audience. The printed newspaper at first faced severe cut
backs due to advertising teetering off and paid subscriptions declining. In order to counter these
losses the printed newspaper transitioned into the online newspaper. In addition, with this online
newspaper they were able to share content and essentially cut down on their bottom line cost in
production. Unlike the printed paper and its "newshole" the online paper is essentially limitless on
how much it can report.
The printed newspaper has been an integral part of American society for many more years then most
realize. Either through its digital distribution on mobile or social media, it will always be in some
form that integral part of how American society is informed.
Although the telegraph was first in providing electronic communication in the 19th Century, 'radio'
is considered the grandfather of modern day electronics which led to television and where we are
today with the Internet, computers, and all types of audio and video devices. Keeping this in mind,

Radio: from the Beginning to the Evolution of Today's...
Radio: From the beginning to the evolution of today 's technology Broadcast media has been around
for many, many years and the grandfather of them all is the radio. The radio has been around for so
long and has become such a prominent fixture in our society that we take it for granted. Every day
many of us are exposed to some form of radio without realizing it. From the beginning of its
technology, other forms of media have evolved also; television, wireless internet, and cellular
phones, which most of us use daily. Something we do not think of is, where did it all start, whose
idea was this to begin with, and what will the radio of tomorrow be like or will there even be radio
in the future. I guess we will see. What is Radio? Many of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
President Theodore Roosevelt called a conference of his own in 1904, the "Roosevelt Board." The
conference was only for American government agencies, those present consisted of the U.S. Navy,
the Department of Agriculture, and Army 's Signal Corp. The reason for this conference is to elect a
representative from each government agency and to begin preparations of coordinating each agency
with the others, and the development of radio services. The 1904 "Roosevelt Board" Report gave the
U.S. Navy the powering control over government radio, and placed many significant limitations on
commercial radio. In 1906 the Berlin conference reconvened with an agreement, International
Wireless Telegraph Convention. This agreement was adopted on November 3, 1906, but would not
come into effect until July 1, 1908. Even though the United States signed this agreement in 1906,
the U.S. Senate did not endorse the Berlin Convention until 1912. Roosevelt ordered the convention
effective on May 25, 1912. The United States passed a radio regulation law lasting from 1911 to
1927. These regulations written by the Department of Commerce 's Bureau of Navigation, placed
three inspectors to insure that ocean going ships carried radio equipment. A Radio Inspector was
placed at each major port, which expanded the inspectors to nine (White, n.d.). The Radio
Corporation of America (RCA), was formed by General Electric Corporation as an American
monopoly over radio

Radio In The 1920's
When radio first arrived to the scene, it was not automatically made available to consumers.
Initially, the United States Navy had control of the wireless telegraph communication during World
War I. All of amateur and commercial usage stopped when the United States participated in the war;
instead, stations were taken over by government control. Radio developed gradually during the first
decade of the twentieth century. It was not until 1920 when conglomerates owned radio stations.
Even at that point, many people did not predict radio to have the power it did later on. Without
knowing it, radio would soon permanently change the lives of individuals around the world. In
contrast to the other mediums that were developed previously, radio

Federal Communication Commissions
The anticipation of the Federal Communication Commissions 2014 meeting to review media
ownership looms as 2013 approaches. With all the angst of a presidential election, the proverbial
line in the sand has been drawn. On one side consumer groups vie for support to restrict ownership
and on the opposing side are the media industries and its conglomerates opposing limitations and
demanding deregulation. According to the Telecommunications Act of 1996, the FCC is required to
meet every 4 years to review ownership rules to verify whether or not the media ownership rules are
in the public interest.
Legal Authority of the FCC and its History
The FCC administers all broadcasting and imposes the requirements for wire and wireless
communications through its rules and regulations. The archetypes for the FCC's broadcasting
regulations were formed before the Communications Act of 1934 by its predecessor the Federal
Radio Commission. Unequivocal jurisdiction over broadcast was not granted to the federal
government to exclusively regulate broadcast but a year prior to the establishment of the FCC the
Supreme Court inferred it as explicit and prohibited the states from obstructing its authority. Title I
of the 1934 Act defines many of the FCC's powers related to broadcasting. The title states that the
Act "applies to all interstate and foreign communications by wire or radio." The FCC has
jurisdiction in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. possessions such as Puerto Rico,

The Applications Of Electromagnetic Waves
Applications of Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetism involves the overall performance of
electric charges in different media, including in vacuum and in specific matter. This conduct can be
precisely portrayed by the Lorentz Transformation equations and and Maxwell 's conditions, which
were obtained from trials demonstrating how forces acting on charges rely on upon the relative areas
and movements of different charges in its vicinity. Extra significant laws of physical sciences
incorporate Newton 's law, photon quantization, and the preservation relations for charge, energy,
control, as well as power. Electromagnetic processes underlie a large portion of the "electrical" in
"electrical designing" and are fundamental to a sound comprehension of that area of physics. Ever
since Maxwell derived his famous equations, the doors opened up for significant research into the
application of electromagnetic waves in every day life (Becker & Selden 20). The most significant
conclusion of Maxwell's theory was that electric fields and magnetic fields are interrelated and
travel together as a wave. Initially even though it was assumed that these electromagnetic waves,
including light, needed an ether to travel in space, it was proved subsequently that such an ether did
not exist and that all EM waves travel with the same speed of 300000km/sec (Feynman et al 14).
The branch of electrical engineering has conveyed four "wonders" – sets of marvels that could each
be viewed as genuine

Joint Tactical Radio Systems
Tactical Radio Systems: The Joint Tactical Radio Systems can be described as inexpensive radio
systems that are software programmable and offer reliable, secure, data, multi–channel voice, and
video communications for mobile users in the military. The tactical radio systems provide an all–
inclusive, safe, and multi–channel mobile communications network ability for ground vehicles. The
deliver communications networking capabilities that enable the transfer of several megabits of data
per second on moving ground vehicles at the tactical edge. Consequently, the systems places total
power and control of the Global Information Grid into the warfighters and take the situational
awareness of network beyond the center for tactical operations (Simonsen, 2011). Due to its huge
impact, the tactical radio systems have been touted as the next generation radio for voice and data
services that will be used by the United States military in their field operations after 2010. The
reason for this consideration is the fact that the systems will work with most of the current military
and civilian radios because they incorporate integrated encryption and networking software that
facilitate the development of mobile ad hoc networks. These systems have been developed on the
software communications architecture, which is a framework that provides information to designers
on how software and hardware can function in harmony. One of the main advantages of this
framework is that it manages the

Mind Control Experiments: A Radio Report
Similarly to the physical pain, there was emotional and mental consequences that can never be
altered. For example in a radio report, Ed Bradley describes how the procedures that were done on
unwitting patients left them "emotionally crippled for life" (Mk–Ultra/Mind Control Experiments).
The brain is one of the most important and sensitive organ in the human body. Experiments made by
the CIA agents and other institutions like hospitals, colleges, and prisons used drugs, sensory
deprivation, electroshock, and many other procedures that damaged an individual. A person forgets
who they are and begins to go crazy and when it is done by someone, that is an unethical action.
Additionally, Dr. Mary Morrow was a physician who was feeling the effects

Radio: a Form of Communication
Radio: A Form of Communication Physics Idoh Gersten Mr. Zambizi Physics March 12, 1995 Radio
is a form of communication in which intelligence is transmitted without wires from one point to
another by means of electromagnetic waves. Early forms of communication over great distances
were the telephone and the telegraph. They required wires between the sender and receiver. Radio,
on the other hand, requires no such physical connection. It relies on the radiation of energy from a
transmitting antenna in the form of radio waves. These radio waves, traveling at the speed of light
(300,000 km/sec; 186,000 mi/sec), carry the information. When the waves arrive at a receiving
antenna, a small electrical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Electron Tube Further advancement of radio was made possible by the development of the
electron tube. The diode, or valve, produced by Sir Ambrose Fleming in 1905, permitted the
detection of high–frequency radio waves. In 1907, Lee De Forest invented the audion, or Triode,
which was able to amplify radio and sound waves. Radiotelephone and Radiotelegraph Up through
this time, radio communication was in the form of radio telegraphy; that is, individual letters in a
message were sent by a dash–dot system called Morse Code. (The International Morse Code is still
used to send messages by shortwave radio.) Communication of human speech first took place in
1906. Reginald Aubrey Fessenden, a physicist, spoke by radio from Brant Rock, Mass., to ships in
the Atlantic Ocean. Armstrong's Contributions Much of the improvement of radio receivers is the
result of work done by the American inventor Edwin Armstrong. In 1918 he developed the
superheterodyne circuit. Prior to this time, each stage of amplification in the receiver had to be
adjusted to the frequency of the desired broadcast station. This was an awkward operation, and it
was difficult to achieve perfect tuning over a wide range of frequencies. Using the heterodyne
principal, the incoming signal is mixed with a frequency that varies in such a way that a fixed
frequency is always produced when the two signals are

Are Cell Phones Dangerous?
Introduction
In this project, I am going to investigate the question 'are cell phones dangerous'. I will show how a
cell–phone works and how radiation caused by cell–phones may affect you, I will show you
different viewpoints from different sources and go through identifying key points and evaluate their
arguments I will then give you my own opinion based on the facts and research I have conducted.
What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
The electromagnetic spectrum is a range of different Electromagnetic radiation. The radiation is
energy that travels in waves, the electromagnetic spectrum is what is used to describe those waves.
Electromagnetic waves are formed by vibrations electric and magnetic fields. the distance from one
point on one wave to the same exact point on the next wave is known as the wave length. Some
wave lengths can reach the length of 1000 meters to as small as 0.000000000001 meters. Frequency
is another term for describing waves, frequency is how many times a wave is repeated over one
second. Frequency is measured in Hertz; 1 hertz is the same as 1 wave a second, 1 KHz is the same
as 1000 waves a second. 1 MHz is 1 million waves a second and 1 Ghz is 1 billion waves a second.
The electromagnetic spectrum is so vast and us humans can only see a very small fraction of that,
we can only see the visible light, although we use all types of waves in our daily lives, whether it be
using the remote to change the channel or to cook our food
The electromagnetic

What Are The Key Objectives Of Broadcasting Service
Broadcasting Service Proclamation No. 533/2007
b. Key Objectives of the Measure
It was necessary to revise the existing law on broadcasting services to take into account that
broadcasting service plays a significant role in the political, economic and social development of the
country by providing information, education and entertainment programs to the public. Moreover,
broadcasting plays a major role in exercising the basic constitutional rights such as freedom of
expression, access to information and the right to elect and be elected. It is then essential to ensure
proper and fair utilisation of the limited radio wave wealth of the country. It seems ad well essential
to clearly define the rights and obligations of persons who undertake broadcasting service.
As a result, the new ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Community broadcasting services shall for example carry out its activities based on the needs of the
community regarding development, education and good governance; promote and develop the
language, culture and artistic value of the community; and allow the participation of the members of
the community in the preparation of its programs.
(For more details of EBA structure, duties and licences, please refer to the regulation in the annexe
5.1.1/A)
In 2012, the Advertisement Proclamation 759/2012 was adopted with a scope covering broadcasting
services. (This regulation is available on annexe 5.1.1/B)
d. Does it specifically target individuals and/or social groups as defined in Article 7 of the
Convention?
Community groups that are marginalised remote will have an increased access to information.
e. What are the results expected through the implementation of the measure? – An increased
accessibility to information, particularly in remote area, leading to a better integration of remote
territories and their

The Role Of Music Censorship In Music
Profanic language in songs has increased over decades and there have been many controversies
whether radio stations should censor these songs. The Radio Act is a way for stations to censor these
songs. As stated in Music Censory, "The Radio Act has been a way for the Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) to monitor content being put on the radio. The FCC is managed by five
commissioners assigned by the government. The Radio Act banned the use of immense profanity in
music. The main reason music censorship is so strong is because of the FCC." I agree with the Radio
Act that inferior songs should be censored on the radio.
First, society has gained a great deal of control on what is broadcast on radios. People with federal
licenses were given

Youth Marketing
After a moving target by Jo Bowman 5–Nov–04, 08:49 Asia 's youth may be a moving target but
targeted traditional media, from print to radio, can still work Parents used to bemoan the fact that
their kids were constantly glued to the set; now they despair that young people don 't seem to focus
on anything for more than a few minutes. Sure, they 're still watching TV, but no longer are they
couch potatoes, absorbing everything that flashes across the screen; they 're flicking channels,
flicking through a magazine, texting their friends or moving to a PC –– a growing culture of
impatience that began with the remote control and is now seen to an extreme degree in the region 's
young. For marketers, this means a single–shot strategy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In India, the TV line–up for younger children has grown this year, with the launch of Cartoon
Network 's sister channel Pogo, with programming ranging from Barney & Friends for pre–
schoolers, up to Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone and the animated Mr Bean series for older
children. While in Thailand, Virgin Radio Asia has just launched two new radio stations aimed at
young listeners. Stations in the northern university city, Chiang Mai, and on the holiday island of Ko
Samui, are in addition to the four stations Virgin has launched in Bangkok since entering the Thai
market two years ago. Content for Chiang Mai will be based on the Bangkok station Virgin Hitz,
with a focus on top 40 popular music, and on Ko Samui will broadcast easy listening music to help
listeners "kick back in tropical paradise", Virgin says. Radio technology predates TV, and is well
behind the days of MMS and video streaming, but its affordability and portability makes it a good
choice –– if not necessarily a favourite –– for youth marketers. "Radio is huge for this market," says
Ian Stewart, CEO of youth brand specialist marketers The Filter Group. "We 're big supporters of
radio because the fact is young people are at home doing their studying, there 's only one TV in the
house and that 's being watched by everybody else, so they put the radio on. "And when they 're
older, they 're spending hours in the car commuting with

Radio Is Becoming More Prolific
Like all media, radio is rapidly changing. In fact, Lacey (2013) states that "Radio is arguably
becoming more prolific, more fragmented, more manipulable, more mobile, and more global". This
is evidenced by the fact that radio distribution has become more pervasive, production technology
has dramatically changed and the consumption habits of listeners have become diverse. There are
several reasons as to why these changes are happening and a prime example of this change in radio
is Mediaworks multi–platform morning news and current affairs show, Paul Henry.
On Tuesday 7th of April 2015, Mediaworks launched their first 'multi–platform' breakfast show Paul
Henry ("Paul Henry reveals", 2015). With Henry at the helm of the show, viewers could ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Here, "radio waves are sent from a transmitter to radio receivers using allotted frequencies in the
electromagnetic spectrum" (Chignell, 2009, p1). In other words, speech from a person talking in a
studio is turned into a radio wave, beamed across the airwaves to a receiving radio set and then
turned back into speech again for people to listen to. There are three main frequencies used in
analogue radio – amplitude modulation, frequency modulation and short wave. At first, Amplitude
modulation or AM was the dominant frequency, however, people found that the quality was poor
particularly during the night. FM or frequency modulation soon took over as the preferred frequency
as the sound quality was better and there was no interference day or night (Chignell, 2009). For FM
radio, they also found that the potential geographical reach could be manipulated by altering the
amount of power going into the transmitter. For example, a 100,000–watt transmitter could reach an
area with a radius of 104 kilometres whereas a 50,000–watt transmitter could only reach an area
with a radius of 72 kilometres (Chignell, 2009). Analogue frequencies are still a common form of
distribution in New Zealand, but up until recently, this was the basis for all forms of radio
communication.
Research ratings tell us that fewer Kiwis are listening in to the conventional form of radio. Over the
past 15 years, listener numbers have dropped 20 percent ("People are

From The Beginning To The Evolution Of Radio
Radio: From the Beginning to the Evolution of Today's Technology Broadcast media has been
around for many, many years and the grandfather of them all is the radio. The radio has been around
for so long and has become such a prominent fixture in our society that we take it for granted. Every
day many of us are exposed to some form of radio without realizing it. From the beginning of its
technology, other forms of media have evolved also; television, wireless internet, and cellular
phones, which most of us use daily. Something we do not think of is, where did it all start, whose
idea was this to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Invention and the Inventors Although there were many different discoveries in the taming of
electricity, the first recorded discovery was the publication by British physicist James Clerk
Maxwell in 1873. The theory Maxwell had was with light, but 15 years later German physicist
Heinrich Hertz used the same principle with electricity. Hertz found that by sending an electrical
pulse to a capacitor and short–circuited the capacitor through a spark gap, the electrical pulse rushed
past the neutral point building an opposite charge in the capacitor sending it back and continuing to
fall back and forth creating an electrical oscillation. During this process, some of the energy escaped
into the air causing electromagnetic waves. Hertz measured these waves and many of the properties
as well as wavelengths and velocity. These pulses are measured in cycles per second or hertz; 1
kilohertz (kHz) is 1000 per cycle, 1 megahertz (MHz) is 1 million cycles per sec, and 1 gigahertz
(GHz) is 1 billion cycles per sec (Encarta Encyclopedia, 2007). Wireless radio technology was not
introduced until 1893 when Nikola Tesla gave a demonstration of wireless transmission in St. Louis,
Missouri. Addressing the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia and the National Electric Light
Association, Tesla described in detail the principles of radio communication. The system he used
had a more sensitive electromagnetic receiver that was unlike the ones used by Guglielmo

Talk Radio Censorship
Over the years, talk radio censorship has become a bigger issue. The FCC (The Federal
Communications Commission) has become a large part in regulating the business of talk radio due
to the fact that some people impose on some of the topics or language used during the broadcasts.
Many people find them offensive and should not be allowed to be broadcasted without some type of
notification that it is going on or is inappropriate for children or just in general. The censorship of
talk radio has become a large issue with broadcasters having "special rights" during airing, "special
rights" meaning broadcasting openly about any topic, and this could be solved by not giving people
who broadcast stations this power. The FCC has been monitoring large radio stations throughout the
country for a long time now. This organization is a seven part group which is all run by Frank R.
McNinch, who used to be the chief of the Federal Power Commission (Rockwell 217). This
organization is primarily a licensing and monitoring assembly, which has technical regulatory
powers. The licenses they give out are only valid for a period of time, and then must be renewed.
These licenses decide the power and coverage the station has to broadcast on (Rockwell 218). These
guidelines are very strictly enforced by the FCC because of how the public has reacted to some of
the situations that have occurred. The FCC has also created criteria which has a "public mandate"
that they are instituting into

Li-Fi: An Infallible Standard For Future Indoor...
Li–Fi: An Infallible Standard for Future Indoor Communication
Abrar I. Soudgar
Rahul V. Nimse,
Walchand College of Engineering, Opp. Willingdon P.O,Vsihrambagh,
Sangli,Maharashtra India. soudagar.abrar@gmail.com rahulnimse25@gmail.com
Prof. A. R. Surve,
Assisstant Professor Walchand Collge of Engineering, Sangli anil.surve@walchandsangli.ac.i
Abstract
Li–Fi or Light Fidelity is a concept more often considered related to Wi–Fi which is Wireless
Fidelity, but is far more dissimilar right from the core concept. Li–Fi as opposed to Radio waves in
Wi–Fi uses Visible Light for bringing about the communication between two devices. This paper
throws light on how Light (VLC) is a feasible solution to the existing problems of radio waves ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He is a German Professor of 'Mobile Communication' at University of Edinburgh, Scotland. He
explained that in future a new standard of communication is required for wireless communication as
current and most widely used standard Wi–Fi has some inescapable disadvantages. The term Li–Fi
was also coined by him and is capable of overcoming some major bottlenecks of Wi–Fi like radio
interference, bandwidth, security etc.
The term Li–Fi stands for Light Fidelity and it uses Visible Light as a medium for transferring data
through Light Emitting Diodes (LED). How do we do this? We vary intensity of the LED in order to
represent a zero or a one. The LED in OFF state is a zero and in ON state is a one, we do this at such
a high frequency so that the switching of the LED is not visible to the human eye. So the person
looking at the bulb won't even recognize that it is transmitting data. So, the LED would serve two
purposes simultaneously, transmitting data and illumination. A small gadget like an LED has made
this technology possible and there aren't enough words describing the advantages of LEDs. LEDs
are current–driven devices in which the light output depends directly on the forward current passing
through them. LEDs can be switched ON/OFF faster than any other light source, and have
extremely short rise times, in the range of 10 to 100ns .The white light is produced by the
combination of the blue photons emitted

Car Audio History
There are many jobs that involve electrical circuits, such as: a car audio technician, an electrician,
and an instrumentation technician. Though these jobs may be different, they all have one common
thing between them: they all involve electrical circuits. Let's first talk about a car audio technician.
Car audio has come a long way since the first commercial radio, the Model 5T71, released in 1930.
Car audio has evolved from just the basic AM receiver with a speaker, to a more complex system.
Radios today have multiple ways of listening to music, such as: the radio, itself, CD players, iPods,
USB flash drives, SD cards, and Bluetooth. Every car audio system has three basics parts to it: the
"head unit" (the radio), an amplifier, and the speakers. When the head unit first came out the only
source for audio was AM radio. Many years later, FM radio, 8–track, and cassettes came out. Many
head units today come stock with CD players and FM radio. Some factory head units can even
receive satellite radio. Many cars now come with Bluetooth, navigation, and various ports for
connecting a music player, such as an aux port and USB port. Most head units offer the ability to
adjust the tone of the audio coming out of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The amplifier makes the sounds coming from the speakers stronger and clearer. The speakers are
what the audio comes through. There are three different types of speakers one can have in their car
audio setup. First, there are the tweeters. The tweeters produce the higher frequency sounds that the
mids and lows can't. Second, there are the mids. The mids produce the middle–ranged frequencies,
and lastly, the subwoofer (lows). The subwoofer can produce audio as low as 20 hertz. The way all
of these components works is that the amplifier is connected to the car battery, which provides
power, the amplifier is also connected to the radio, which sends a signal to the amp, telling the
speakers what type of audio to

Essay about Technology Used on the Military Battlefield
Technology Used on the Military Battlefield
In today's busy world of technology, where it seems like we can hardly keep up with the daily
advances being made, the United States Military is posed on the cutting edge. The military spends
billions of dollars each year on electronic technology research with private firms such as
International Telegraph and Telephone Aerospace/Communications Division (ITT A/CD). There is a
wide range of uses for computers on today's battlefield. Two of the major areas include
communications, and battlefield management systems. All of these systems are just parts of the
military's tactical internet.
The Key factor on the battlefield is communications. Excellent communication is necessary to keep
all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When first introduced the SINCGAR had 2,156 electrical components, 27 boards, and weighted in
at 17.8 pounds. Since it's first release, technology has evolved immensely, the SINCGAR is no
exception. The newest generation of SINCGARS has digital data transmissions, data fax, unmanned
retransmitting, global positioning, cellular phone patches and IP networking capabilities. All of these
features can be accomplished with out leaving the security of frequency hopping mode. The latest
SINCGAR has 2,667 electrical components, 10 boards, and weights in at only 8.5 pounds.
Another key element used in the military's tactical internet is the SINCGARS tactical battlefield
management system (S–TBMS). S–TBMS gives military commanders effective, comprehensive
real–time situational awareness updates. This allows live electronic monitoring and control for field
and operational command at both brigade and lower echelons. With this versatility, battalion,
company and even platoon leaders can interact and maintain a complete picture of field operational
scenarios. Monitoring field and related activities is very simple and accurate. The SINCGARS units
have a global positioning system/receiver built in, which is transmitted via Direct Satellite Link
(DSL) and IP networking, allowing command posts a complete electronic picture of

Evolution of Radio and its Impact on Society

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