Body Focused Repetitive Behaviors

Body Focused Repetitive Behaviors
Body focused repetitive behaviors (BFRB's) are repetitive actions caused by stress, such as hair
pulling, nail biting, and cheek biting. These are typically done without the person knowing, during
activities such as reading or watching television. These activities ultimately cause poor self–image,
avoidance of social activities and intimate relationships, bleeding, infections, and bezoars.
Complications with bezoars can lead to intestinal bleeding and other lower bowel issues. Treatment
primarily consists of reverse the habit or intervention. What has been effective is helping patients
become aware of their behaviors and supplying them with an alternate habit to replace their
behaviors. These treatments are successful at affecting the severity
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Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay
Autism Spectrum Disorder Autism is a brain development disorder that a child is usually born with.
The disorder was first described in 1943 (Goldman, 2003, p.852). It is know to affect about 1 in
1000 people in the U.S and is more common in males than in females (Goldman, 2003, p.852). The
symptoms are very widely ranged. In general, there is failure to develop language and
communication skills, unable to form normal social relation ships, and a need to follow a routine.
Symptoms
Many children show symptoms from birth. They might arch their back while holding them to avoid
any physical contact with the person holding them. Other children appear normal until about 12–18
months (Goldman, 2003, p.853).about half of parents start to ... Show more content on
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From toddlers on up the symptoms just tend to get worse and worse. They begin to show less
attention to social stimuli, they smile and look at others less, and will respond less to their own
name. Autism causes problems with verbal skills. About a third to a half of people with autism do
not develop enough natural speech to meet their daily communication needs (Duijn, 2006, p.44).The
might babble but not really talk, they tend to babble a lot during the ages between 1 and 2 but in the
ages 2 and 3 there is less frequent and less diverse babbling, consonants, words, and word
combinations. They might also have a problem with imaginative play or even developing symbols
into language (Duijn, 2006, p.45). For example, someone is trying to show the person with autism
something by pointing at the object, instead of looking at what the person is pointing at they look at
the hand that is doing the pointing not being able to grab the concept of what is going on. There are
many symptoms to having autism and they are all similar just in different forms or versions. They
can be stereotypy which is a repetitive movement. The person may rock their body back and forth,
crossing and uncrossing their legs, march in place, or rolling their head around. Compulsive
behavior is having everything a certain way and in a certain place all the time. They could be
showing a symptom called sameness, where the child or person will resist change. Say their
caregiver

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Research Paper
Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental disorder where the affected feel the need to
check things often and repeatedly, perform specific routines over and over, or have specific thoughts
repeatedly. Sufferers are unable to control either their actions or thoughts when certain tasks are
being performed. Common actions include randomly counting things as if it was meaningful,
checking to see if doors are locked, and hand washing. Some people may have trouble throwing
things away, or getting rid of old trash. These actions occur to such severity that the sufferer's daily
life is negatively affected. Sufferers often produce these negative actions for at least an hour a day.
Most adults with OCD are able to realize themselves performing ... Show more content on
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Some people use compulsions to avoid situations that may trigger their obsessions. Although some
people do certain things over and over again, they do not necessarily perform these actions
compulsively. For example, bedtime routines, learning a new skill, and religious practices are not
compulsions. Whether or not behaviors are compulsions or mere habit depends on the context in
which the behaviors are performed. For example, arranging and ordering DVDs for eight hours a
day would be expected of one who works in a video store, but would seem abnormal in other
situations. In other words, habits tend to bring efficiency to one's life, while compulsions tend to
disrupt

Symptoms And Treatment Of Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries
Introduction
Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) are amongst the most common injuries affecting
approximately 42 million individuals annually (Gardner & Yaffe, 2015). This incidence rate is
inaccurate as many mTBI are not reported (Gardner & Yaffe, 2015). Such injuries are thought to
increase susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD),
Alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (Gardner & Yaffe, 2015). AD
accounts for up to 80% of all senile dementia and is characterized by cognitive deficits that
progressively manifest into severe cognitive and behavioral impairment (Elder et al., 2010). Such
symptoms are causally associated with amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles ... Show more
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A cohort of mice underwent a second mTBI after 24 hours. Mice from both WT and Tg groups were
assessed 2 days, 9 weeks, and 16 weeks after mTBI treatment. Primarily, H&E stain was employed
along with Gomori's iron stain to localize site and severity of mTBI injury. The degree of A
deposition in the somatosensory cortex (SSC), the perihippocampal cortex (PHC), and the
hippocampus (HP) of both hemispheres was determined by 4G8 immunostaining. In addition, GFAP
staining was used to quantify the population of astrocytes at the site of the injury. Furthermore,
Sandwich ELISA was utilized in mice groups 16 weeks after injury to measure A40 and A42 peptide
levels in various brain regions, including the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the cerebellum.
Such tissues were also analyzed for isoprostane levels that are produced by lipid peroxidation.
Isoprostanes were also detected in urine samples at various survival periods. Moreover, mice
underwent Morison water maze (MWM) and composite neuroscore (NS) tests at 16 weeks' post–
injury to examine cognitive and motor functions respectively. Uryu and collegues found a
significant increase in iron deposits and reactive astrocytes in the repetitive mTBI postmortem
sections of Tg mice, when compared to other groups at 16 weeks after the injury. This was not the
case in WT mice. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the A burden within select brain
regions (i.e. SSC, PHC, HP) of single and

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder : A Type Of Severe Anxiety...
Obsessive–Compulsive disorder is a type of severe anxiety disorder that impacts an individual's
entire life and way of functioning. Obsessions are considered intrusive and recurrent thoughts or
impulses that cannot be removed through reasoning. Compulsions are the repetitive and ritualistic
behaviors and actions that associate with the obsessions. These compulsions are to be performed
according to specific rules or methods and are thought to prevent or reduce stress and feared
situations. Both compulsions and obsessions cause disabling levels of anxiety. The individual
affected is often able to recognize the behavior as excessive and irrational, but is unable to control or
stop the behaviors without intervention. Like most mental illnesses, this disorder is not exclusive to
affecting individuals of a certain age group, race or socioeconomic status. According to the National
Institute of Mental Health, OCD affects about 2.2 million American adults and about one–third of
adults with the disorder developed symptoms as children. Unfortunately, there are several obstacles
and misunderstandings that have lead the majority to think that this disorder is rarely found in
children or adolescents. There is a stigma about mental health and seeking proper treatment as well
as misdiagnosis. Children that present with OCD symptoms may be diagnosed with conduct
disorder, ADHD, or depression. Even then it depends on the parents or caretakers ability to
recognize the problem and the

The Pros And Cons Of Stress
Stress is a major part of everyday life, it is defined as a response to a threat or pressure. Stress is
caused by stressors, which are physical or psychological demands to which an individual responds.
A reaction or response to a stressor is called strain (Landy & Conte, 2016, p. 372). Whether it be
physical or psychological stress, sound mental and body health are crucial when it comes to
performing job functions safely, efficiently, and effectively. Increased levels of stress can often lead
to mental health and psychical disorders at the expense of the worker. This very reason is why it
must be studied, resolved, and prevented in the workplace when possible. Beginning with an
assembly line worker, common stressors related to this position can include physical stressors such
as repetitive actions, heavy lifting, and persistent standing, or psychological stress concerns with
autonomy and lack of control. There is concerns that doing repetitive motions and tasks can lead to
musculoskeletal disorders, such as repetitive strain injuries. OSHA has stated this including the
mention of performing same or similar tasks repetitively. "Exposure to these known risk factors for
MSDs increases a worker's risk of injury" ("Ergonomics", 2017). Heavy lifting and persistent
standing can contribute significantly to physical stress. Standing for long periods of time in the same
position, as most assembly line workers do, can lead to circulatory issues as well has fatigue and
muscle

Ocd Classification
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Related Disorders is a classification located within the DSM–5
Manual. Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder and Other Related Disorders include Obsessive–
Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Hoarding Disorder, Trichotillomania or
hair–pulling disorder, Excoriation or skin– picking disorder, substance and medication induced
OCD, OCD due to another medical condition, and unspecified OCD and related disorders such as
body–focused repetitive disorder are just a few of the disorders found within this classification. This
classification is of particular interest to me, especially as a parent and also as a school administrator.
As a parent, I have a daughter that was diagnosed with OCD approximately 6 ... Show more content
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Both consist of individuals focusing on specific areas of the body to perform unwanted behaviors
and rituals. Individuals with Excoriation or skin–picking disorder have a tendency to hide their
disorder from others and the public and may do so by camouflaging it with makeup or hiding the
visible results with clothing. Additionally, these individuals are known to spend a substantial amount
of time throughout the day picking at their skin as they perceive visible imperfections. Skin–picking
often subsides as a result of a dermatological condition that triggers the unwanted behavior of skin–
picking. The individuals who suffer from skin–piking disorder will avoid social gatherings and
going out in public as it becomes increasingly difficult to hide at certain times of the year depending
on the

Obssessive Compulsive Disorder
What did you do this morning when you woke up ? did you have a routine ?. You usually do each
day get dressed, read a newspaper and head out of the door but some people are in prison by rituals.
Ocd is a repetitive thoughts and actions, which can cause disruption to peoples life, waste of time
,because of the endless thoughts keeps on popping in their mind and can get in the way of important
activities the person values, everyone wants to experience life and do the things that they enjoy and
love but people with ocd don't have enough time and they will find it more challenging to perform
daily activities., as well as their mind gets stuck on a thought or image that is being replayed
constantly, together with the thoughts come an intense anxiety, which is the brain that controls your
actions to tell them to respond and do something or else they will be in danger for example
sometimes they feel afraid that bad things could possibly happen to them or sometimes they feel
things aren't just right and make sure its in proper order. When it comes to the cause of ocd the
simple answer is that researchers have found that ocd affects parts of the brain also experts found
out that ocd runs in the family and that genes play a role in development of the disorder.
"Stop being afraid what could go wrong and start being positive about what go right". Ocd equally
affects men, women, and children of all races. In the United States, approximately 3.3 million
people suffer from ocd in

ASD Intervention
Introduction
Over the last two decades, there has been an increase of numbers in children receiving a diagnosis of
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), with incidence rates reaching 1 in 68 (Center for Disease Control
and Prevention, 2014). Autism is defined by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), (2000) as
a chronic and pervasive neurological disorder characterized by deficits in social skills, social
communication, and stereotypical/restricted and repetitive behaviors. Because children with autism
exhibit significant deficits in their ability to spontaneously imitate the play actions and the
descriptive gestures of others, Reciprocal Imitation Training (RIT), a naturalistic imitation
intervention approach has focused on teaching spontaneous imitation skills during play (Ingersoll &
Gergans, 2007, Walton & Ingersoll, 2012).
RIT's goal is to teach imitation skills within ongoing social interactions with an adult using the
child's actions with toys, gestures, body movements, and vocalizations during play. It is suggested
that duplicate sets of the toys or objects are used in therapy to aid contingent imitation. Previous
studies have demonstrated that peers, siblings, and parents have been successful at ... Show more
Research has demonstrated that parents can be effective facilitators of child behavior change. Thus,
structured parent training approaches have been effective in teaching parents to apply various
behavioral procedures and concepts (i.e., prompting, fading, shaping, chaining, reinforcement,
punishment, data collection, generalization and maintenance) to work with their children with
autism (Rogers, 2000; Koegel, Schreibman, Britten, Burke, & O'Neill, 1982; Ingersoll & Gergans,
2007; Anderson, Avery, DiPietro, Edwards & Christian, 1987; Harris, 1983; Koegel, Glahn, &
Nieminen,

Body Focused Repetitive Behavior Essay
Introduction Nervous habits also identified as body focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs) are
behaviors that occur repeatedly across situations and consist of undesired repetitive, manipulative,
problematic and or destructive behaviors directed toward the body such as hand–to–head (e.g., hair
pulling, hair twirling), hand–to–mouth (e.g., nail biting, thumb sucking), hand–to–body (e.g., skin
picking, skin scratching), and oral behaviors (e.g., teeth grinding, mouth biting) and are often seen
to play a role in emotion regulation and can arise during periods of heightened tension
(Miltenberger,2005 ; Roberts, O'Connor, Bélanger, 2013; Woods & Miltenberger, 1995). The
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition, does ... Show more content on
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Simplified habit reversal (SHR), a modified version of habit reversal therapy, has proven to be as
effective by utilizing awareness training components, competing response and social support
(Flessner et al. 2005; Miltenberger 2005). This intervention will utilize the simplified habit reversal
(SHR) therapy. (try to find understandable stats)
Client
This intervention was a personal intervention conducted on myself. I am a 39–year–old Caucasian
married mother of two currently enrolled in the Advanced Standing Master Social Work Program at
Florida International University. The target behavior that negatively influences my life is excessive
hair twirling/knotting. Upon reflection I realize I have twirled/knotted my hair since I was little. My
earliest recollection of any intervention was when I was in kindergarten and my mom had my hair
cut extremely short in effort to prevent me from, as they referred to it, messing with my hair.
Throughout my early elementary years my dad would often threaten to have my hair cut again if I
continued to mess with it. I recall a phase, during my teens, when I would section off a small clump
of hair, usually from the area between my ear and nape of neck, and glide

Trichotillomania Informative Speech Outline
I. Introduction
A. Attention Gainer– What do you do when you're bored? What do you do when you're tired? What
about stressed, or nervous? Do you take a nap, watch a movie, or play a sport?
B. Reason to Listen/Credibility– Do any of you have a repetitive behavior or habit that you never
really paid attention to and may have labeled it has "harmless"? Is there a certain object that triggers
that habit to start, almost on impulse?
C. Preview Statement– I will explain the history, an in–depth look at the disorder, and treatment.
II. Body
A. Category #1– First, I will begin to explain how the disorder, Trichotillomania, got its name.
According to Human Diseases and Conditions, in 1889, a French dermatologist by the name of
François Hallopeau, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Category #3– Finally, I will begin to explain some treatment options. Although there is no known
cure for this disorder, there are several treatments to reduce the urges to pull. Some treatment
options listed by the Trichotillomania Learning Center (TLC), are
Cognitive–Behavior Therapy– a form of treatment that focuses on examining the relationships
between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Medications– to lower urges of hair pulling by use of drugs.
Alternative Therapy– Dietary changes, meditation, hypnosis, yoga, prayer, and herbal remedies.
Support Groups– therapist–facilitated, or peer support groups. Some support groups have victims of
Trichotillomania to talk to each other and help others who are going through the same experiences.
III. Conclusion
A. Recap– I have talked about how Trichotillomania got its name, an in–depth look in the disorder,
and the treatment

Autism Behavioral Intervention
Introduction
Autism is a mental condition that presents from early childhood; this condition is a complex
neurodevelopment disorder that characterized in different degrees, such as difficulties in social
interaction, both nonverbal and verbal communication, repetitive and patterns of behavior. These
symptoms are always being a challenge for affected child's daily functioning. The behaviors in
autism children can range in impact from mild to disabling. Autism show up with different
characteristic and its severity are not equal in affected children; the symptoms may go unrecognized
for some period of time especially in mildly affected children. There isn't certain about the causes of
autism, but it's possible that genetics and environment play ... Show more content on
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This is a great concern because autism rate have been increasing in the society without any tangible
facts that can explain the causes. Some researchers have show a number of genes associated with
autism and Imaging studies of children with autism have discover some strange development of
regions of the brain. This means that autism might result from disruptions in normal brain growth in
early development. These disruptions may affect how cells of the brain communicate with each
other and result to defects in genes that regulate and control brain development. Studies show that
autism disorder is more rampant among the premature children. Environmental factors may have
impact in defect gene and brain development, but there is no real evidence to prove and show that
environmental involve in development of this disorder. Many studies have made it clear that
vaccination for childhood infectious diseases does not contribute the risk of autism in the

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)
Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), formerly known as dysmorphophobia, is characterized by a
preoccupation of one or more perceived defects and or flaws in one's physical appearance. These
defects and or flaws are either not observable to others or appear slightly to other's. This disorder is
also characterized by repetitive behaviors and mental acts as a response to their beliefs on their
personal appearance. These behaviors can include but are not limited to mirror checking, excessive
grooming, skin picking, and comparing ones appearance to others. According to the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM–5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013),
those with this disorder have concerns on their physical appearance ... Show more content on
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In addition, the DSM–5, this disorder also has a high comorbidity rate with major depressive
disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Another major clinical feature to this disorder is
the repetitive behaviors done to help alleviate the obsessions one is having about their appearance.
Some of these behaviors include seeking reassurance about their looks, excessive grooming, mirror
checking, comparison to others, and trying to camouflage the perceived defect/flaw. These seem to
be the most common behaviors done in association with BDD, however they are not exclusively
limited to this as each individual displays the disorder uniquely to their preoccupation. In a study of
33 youths with BDD it was found that 94% camouflaged their defect, 73% sought reassurance from
others, and 59% excessively groomed (Carroll et al., 2002). This disorder can become so clinically
significant that many youths avoid social situations, have issues regarding school, stop working, and
become isolated due to fear of how they think they look to others. On the Global Assessment of
Functioning (GAF) it was found that a mean score of 44.9–45.7 was reported, indicated serious
symptoms and impairment (Phillips & Rogers, 2011). There has yet to be a direct reason that this
disorder develops in adolescents and children,

A Successful Inclusive Classroom For Children With Autism
What is Autism Spectrum Disorder In order to create a successful inclusive classroom for children
with autism, it is important to know more about the disorder and its characteristics. Every person
with autism has different characteristics. "Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder display
a range of specific characteristics such as: (a) impairments in communication and interactions with
others; (b) restricted, repetitive and stereotyped behaviors, interests and activities; (c) delays in
either 'social interaction, language as used in social communication or symbolic or imaginative play'
with onset before the age of three" (Deris & Carlo, 2013). "A child's profile along the continuum of
Autism Spectrum Disorders dictates the severity of impairment in language engagement, social
connectedness, sensory integration, and cognitive skills" (Friedlander, 2009). Each person is very
unique. "They include autistic disorder (sometimes referred as "classic autism"), Rett syndrome,
childhood disintegrative disorder, pervasive developmental disorder–not otherwise specified (PDD–
NOS) and Asperger syndrome" (Autism Speaks). The table below shows three different levels of
severity of autism. The data focuses on the level of severity, the social communication, and the
restrictive, repetitive behaviors
Table 2 Severity levels for autism spectrum disorder (Autism Speaks).
Severity level Social communication Restricted, repetitive behaviors Level 3
"Requiring very substantial

Body Mechanics Essay
Body Mechanics Seminar Work–related interventions are a central part of occupational therapy
practice and occupational therapists recognize the importance of healthy engagement within the
workplace (American Occupational Therapy Association [AOTA], 2014; Wilcock & Townsend as
cited in AOTA, 2014). Occupational therapists possess skills necessary to assess individuals
engaged in work activities and recognize potential dangers related to poor body mechanics (Opp,
2016). Opp (2016) acknowledged a recent increase in employers taking a proactive approach in
preventing work–related injuries and incorporating occupational therapists as means to evaluate the
work environment and make practical recommendations to reduce the risk of workplace injury
(Opp, 2016). Body Mechanics for Technicians and Mechanics will address the risk of injury, related
to poor body mechanics, of technicians and mechanics working within an automotive dealership
shop by offering education and training focused on proper body mechanics. Problem Statement:
Need for Body Mechanics Seminar Work is an important area of occupation for adults (AOTA,
2014). Snodgrass (2011) reported work injuries and illnesses can result in functional loss, disability,
and time away from work for the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Christiansen and Townsend (as cited in AOTA, 2014) described work as labor or exertion with or
without financial compensation. AOTA (2014) defined job performance as a subcategory of work as
an occupation. Job performance includes "performing the requirements of the job...; initiation,
sustainment, and completion of work" (AOTA, 2014, p. S20). An injury occurring in the workforce
can limit the employees' ability to engage in work (Snodgrass, 2011). The goal of the proposed
program is to reduce the risk of injury related to poor body mechanics to ensure employees are able
to continue to

Reflection On Discharge Treatment Plan
During my placement, I also had difficulty with treatment planning. I struggled to find activities that
were motivating and challenging for clients. Additionally my body language had not been clear to
my supervisor and patients, making communication difficult. With one patient, this combination of
communication and treatment planning difficulties may have left her unprepared upon discharge.
C.D. was a 77 year–old female patient with End–Stage Renal Disease among other medical issues.
She was new to dialysis, and went three times a week for the treatment. C.D. often stated she was
too tired for therapy and required coaxing or encouragement to participate, particularly on the days
she had dialysis treatment. She had not been using a mobility device prior to admission but had a
rolling walker at home. I struggled to find meaningful occupations that would motivate her
participation in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
for discharge. Functional mobility with a rolling walker may have been boring and repetitive.
Having more stimulating activities would have benefitted C.D. One way I could have encouraged
participation in therapy would be to use more varied, relevant occupations to still work on energy
conservation and equipment management. This could have included kitchen tasks, dressing tasks,
and item transport with a rolling walker. Reminding C.D. of her goal to ultimately return home
independently could have also bolstered her motivation. I could have gathered more information
about the setup of the assisted living facility from case management. Then, based on the setup of the
assisted living facility, I could have filled out a treatment planning chart to determine appropriate
ways to grade activities. Planning different activities at different levels of difficulty ahead of time
would have allowed me to focus on interpersonal skills and communication during the

Pivotal Response Training Assignment
Ada Thatcher–James
BioX Make–Up Assignment
August 26th, 2015
Dr. Antonio Hardan gave a short lecture on August 19th, 2015 about Pivotal Response Training as
an intervention for children with autism. I read two papers recently published by him and his
colleagues, one about Pivotal Response Training (Hardan et al. 2015) and the other about emotional
regulation difficulties that children with Autism Spectrum Disorder seem to face in comparison to
"typically developing" controls (Samson et al. 2015). I found it interesting that the two papers
focused on seemingly distinctly different issues that present in children with autism. Samson and
colleagues (2015) focused greatly on emotional experience of children and how children with or
without autism ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Firdaus Dhabhar gave a short lecture on August 19th, 2015 about the good effects that stress can
have on our lives. I read two papers published by Dr. Dhabhar in the last five years, both concerning
his research on the biological response of stress and how this can impact our daily lives as well as
how it can be both detrimental and essential to good health. Each paper explored stress, one was
more focused on the physical and the other focused on both the physical and the mental. Given my
own project this summer, I was especially interested in the paper published by Aschbacher and
colleagues in 2013 because they also explored cortisol reactivity to stress. While their project and
my project looked at very different things in very different populations it was exciting to read more
about cortisol and how people are exploring this hormone's role in our stress

Eating Disorders And Their Effects On Victims Of Them
I am so hungry, how many calories were in that apple from this morning? You look like an ugly
whale. I'm going to throw it up and all better! You're invisible, worthless, a waste! I don't need to eat
today, do I? Imagine that these are your thoughts. Those are the thoughts someone suffering an
eating disorder hear every second of a day. In this essay, I will explain eating disorders and their
effects on victims of them. Eating disorders are major health risks, and can be life–threatening.
Eating disorders are defined as abnormal eating habits and extreme worry about one's body image.
They are mental illnesses that exist in both males and females, but are most commonly seen in
females between the ages of 12–25. Eating disorders are not only about losing weight or a person's
insecurities, it could be that food being used as a coping mechanism is a cause of eating disorders.
They are often paired with other afflictions like depression, anxiety, and abuse. There are three most
common eating disorders that will be discussed in this essay, the first one being discussed is
anorexia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is defined as an eating disorder in which people suffer an
obsession over their weight and body image, resulting in self–starvation and exaggerated weight
loss. Many suffering with anorexia severely restricted the types and amount of food they eat, and
often view their underweight bodies as overweight. There are many causes of anorexia as a result of
both

Down Syndrome: Biological Or Theoretical Model?
I know a few people who all deal with different things in their lives. One thing that sticks out that I
see a lot in real life and with movies is Down Syndrome. I know some people who deal with down
syndrome on a daily base. I won't be naming anyone. With this paper I will go through the six
theoretical models. I must say with writing this paper I will try to not say the person's name, but
sometimes my typing gets ahead of me.
The first theoretical model is biological model. Down Syndromes biological model is chromosomal
condition. There are many other disability and issues people with down syndrome will face.
Something being the following: Intellectual disability– normally this case is mild to moderate,
characteristic facial appearance, weak ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many things to do to determine behaviors of someone with down syndrome. The first step
is to evaluate those with down syndrome. They would be evaluated on if they have any acute or
chronic medical problems. Evaluating is done by primary care. When evaluating people with down
syndrome. It's important to look at behaviors in contrast with their developmental age. Another thing
that is important is language skills. Many issues come from communication. Lots of people with
down syndrome feel they aren't heard. There are many behavioral concerns with down syndrome.
Those concerns are the following: Wondering/ Running off, stubborn/ oppositional behaviors,
attention problems, obsessive/ compulsive behaviors, and autism spectrum disorders.
The fourth theoretical model is cognitive model. Cognitive impairment causes issues with thinking,
and learning. Most cases are mild to moderate. Rarely are there cases that are severe. Some other
cognitive behavioral problems: Short attention span, poor judgement, impulsive behaviors, slow
learning, delayed language, and speech development. There is a group for parents and families. This
group is set in place so that parents and families can connect with each other and get input and
support each

Body Dysmorphic Disorder Research Paper
Body dysmorphic disorder is a distinct mental illness, which causes an individual to become
obsessive on focusing on their flaws in appearance, and to others the flaw may be minor or not
visible. It is also known as dysmorphophobia. Patients affected by BDD have deeply negative
thoughts about their appearance. In the limbic system, hyperactivity causes individuals to feel as if
they are constantly being critiqued and negatively judged by others. Individuals diagnosed with the
illness often look into surgery for their physical appearance to enhance. There are more than
200,000 cases a year involving body dysmorphic disorder, and about 1 in 50 people are affected
(Phillips, 2004). Constantly comparing their image to others, frequent looks in ... Show more
Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy is extremely effective and has techniques that treat those who suffer
from the disorder. Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) is the primary technique used. It uses a
method called imaginal exposure, which involves writing short stories about the flaws and
obsessions the patient has on their body. Cognitive Restructuring teaches clients to question their
negative view on their body. This allows them to rethink whether or not the flaw is actually
significant. Those with BDD are taught to non–judgmentally accept the uncomforted feeling of their
past situations. That is called Mindfulness–Based CBT. The goal of mindfulness is for individuals to
accept their past experiences and think about their thoughts, feelings, and avoidance

Scheron's Theory Of Addictive Behavior
Scherhon (1990) describes the addictive behavior as an overpowering, but welcome desire. It is
suggested that individuals are addictive to compensate for their lack of self–esteem, handling
problems, pain, depression, and any emotional and psychological issues. Drugs originate
satisfactory moments leading the individuals to develop an addiction (American Psychiatric
Association, 2002).
Addiction, is a disease and involves behavioral components such as bio–psycho–social and
manifests itself in a unique way in each patient. It is a pathological relationship established between
the person, the psychoactive substance or additive behavior in a particular psycho–social context.
The individuals have difficulties of controlling consumption, even ... Show more content on
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The psychotherapy is one of the models used to treat drug addiction. Psychotherapy has gained
popularity, and numerous clinical reports indicate the potential and effectiveness of this treatment
applied to dependent patients. However, it has limits and has not always been followed by research
regarding substance abuse (Woody, Luborsky, McLellan & O'Brien (1995).
The chemical dependence, in general, causes difficulties in all areas of the individual's life. The
individual's behavior is affected bringing considerable consequences such as legal and social
problems, relationship, and physical harmful such as brain damage (Woody, Luborsky, McLellan &
O'Brien (1995). The individuals can be helped through a psychotherapy because the technique is
adapted to the specific needs of the individual and it is focused on the interpretation of internal
conflicts, where the individual can express his emotions and recognize his behavior and the need for
a change (Woody, Luborsky, McLellan & O'Brien (1995).
The patient would benefit from Cognitive Behavior Therapy to make them aware of their triggers
and provide them with the tools to counter those behaviors while empowering

The Effects Of Autism On Children With Autism
What is autism? To some people it can mean many different things. Autism Spectrum Disorders are
a range of intense developmental disorders that can cause problems with an individuals' thinking,
feeling, language, and the ability to relate to others. Autism is a neurological disorder which means
that it affects the functioning of the brain. ("Autism Spectrum Disorders" n.d). Some symptoms of
autism may include repetitive body movements and communicating with gestures instead of words.
Others are intense tantrums and showing aggression. ("Signs and Symptoms" 2015). Many children
with autism can lead a very happy life if they get the right help. They must have patient teachers and
people around them that are always positive. Living with autism can be frustrating for both the
parents and children. Children with autism become frustrated when they cannot do things that others
can. There are many unanswered questions about autism; however, more and more cases of autism
are showing that the children are able to eventually lead independent lives.
What is Asperger's syndrome? Asperger's is a more mild form of Autism, it is a functioning disorder
where those who have it can be high functioning, hyper production, obsessive compulsive and
socially awkward. (Rosin 2014) "Adolescents with high–functioning Asperger's Disorder (high
functioning autism spectrum disorders, HFASD) appear to be particularly at risk for behavior and
emotional problems, especially depression and anxiety" (Rosin

Case Study Of Amy Erikson's Attachment Theory
Amy is seven–year–old and was exposed to traumatic incidents when she was developmentally
vulnerable time, which negatively impacted her attachment style, ability to emotional regulation,
and her social skills. According to the obtained information, she has never had an accessible and
sensitive caregiver who can help her get through the developmental psychological crisis. The first
sexual abuse occurred in her "early childhood period". According to Erikson theory, a child who
cannot overcome the primary developmentally psychological crisis may feel shame and doubt. Amy
is now her middle childhood and has not taken proper psychological treatment addressing her
complex trauma yet. Therefore, she does not seem to be able to deal with further developmental
psychological crises. Although she is willing to be with her mother, she also presents overly
aggressive behavior toward her, which refers her disorganized attachment style. In line with these,
poor peer relationship and dysregulation of emotions are other problems she has and they may cause
greater problems in the future. Since ??? Amy presents emotional dysregulation, impulsivity,
aggressive behavior and poor social skills just as any child who exposed to repetitive, prolonged
neglect, direct harm or abandonment by other people, (Courtois and Ford, 2013). Furthermore, if
these trauma–related symptoms are not treated well, they can cause lifetime of recurrent
developmental interruptions, reactions, symptoms and impairments. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, in this paper, only Stress Management (SM) and Affect Expression and Modulation
(AFM) modules will be addressed based on obtained information. SM and AFM modules can help
Amy manage her emotional dysregulation, control and reduce her stress and anxiety

Melvin Udall
As Good as It Gets Melvin Udall is a successful author who lives the life of a recluse. He is a
misogynistic, homophobic, anti–Semitic racist with an intense dislike of people and dogs. All the
neighbors in his Greenwich Village apartment building avoid him. His psychotherapist diagnosed
Melvin with OCD (obsessive–compulsive disorder) because he avoids stepping on sidewalk cracks
and touching other people, wears gloves all the time, wipes off door handles, eats at the same
restaurant every day, sits at the same table, insists on the same waitress, Carol, and always orders the
same meal. Suddenly, Melvin 's life takes a turn. A group of robbers beats up his artist gay neighbor,
Simon. Simon 's art dealer, Frank, forces ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At one point, Carol and Melvin have a date at a fancy restaurant, only to discover that Melvin needs
to purchase a coat and tie to meet the dress code. Challenged by these demands on him, he insults
Carol, saying that she is wearing a housedress. She gets furious and demands a sincere compliment,
or she will leave the restaurant. With anguish and many disclaimers, Melvin finally states that
because of his affection for her, he decided to take medication for his OCD. When Carol wants to
know why that is a compliment, he says that being with her makes him want to be a better man.
When Carol responds very positively and affectionately, he tries to take it back by saying that he
"overshot the mark". According to the DSM–IV–TR, people with OCD suffer from recurrent
obsessions and/or compulsions. Obsessions, defined as "persistent ideas, thoughts, impulses, or
images that are experienced as intrusive and inappropriate and that cause marked anxiety or
distress" (Criterion A.1), which are difficult to dismiss, despite their disturbing nature. These
experiences are more intrusive than excessive worries about real–life problems, and they are
unlikely related to these kinds of problems. (Criterion A.2). Persons who suffer from OCD try to
ignore, suppress or neutralize their obsessions with some other thought or action (Criterion A.3) and
recognize that they are a product of their own mind (Criterion A.4). Melvin Udall has repetitive
thoughts about germs

Considerations of Individuality in the Diagnosis and...
Considerations of Individuality in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Autism
There is no standard 'type' or 'typical' person with autism. Parents may hear more than one label
applied to the same child: autistic–like, learning disabled with autistic tendencies, high functioning
or low functioning autism. These labels don't describe differences between children as much as they
indicate differences between professionals' training, vocabulary and exposure to autism (1)
In my first web paper I considered Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and questioned whether
its' symptoms and underlying neurobiology should be considered a disorder, or rather simply a
difference among humans' nervous systems. In a further exploration of the idea of ... Show more
There is evidence that some autistic individuals are capable of more joyful and more interactive
lives than was previously believed, and an accurate diagnosis of their neurological deficiencies is
essential in order to assess their potential and devise appropriate treatment. Autism is distinct from
ADHD because it is a more debilitating disorder, but it is similar in that both are diagnosed through
a collection of symptoms, the underlying biology of which is not fully understood. From this
perspective, clinical methodology for the two disorders should be similar, making efforts to
approach each potential diagnosis with as accurate an assessment of an individual's physiology as is
possible, given present limitations in understanding. A closer look at the symptoms and possible
causes of autism will illuminate this argument.
Autism is a developmental disability that appears within the first three years of a child's life. It is
four times more common in boys than in girls, affects about 1 in 500 individuals, and is the third
most common developmental disability in the U.S. Its' impact on the brain is largely manifested
through discrepancies and delays in social interaction and communication skills (1). Due to autism's
variety, its' symptoms seem best understood when presented descriptively and with specific
examples. Classic autism is defined as "impaired social interaction, problems with verbal and
nonverbal

Effectiveness Of Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy On Treating...
Effectiveness of Cognitive– Behavioral Therapy in Treating NSSI, Eating Disorders and Substance
Abuse Disorder
Overview of intervention/Introduction
Emma is a 15–year–old teenager diagnosed with bulimia nervosa. Partaking in episodes of binge
eating, fasting and self– induced vomiting; Emma has a distorted perception regarding her weight
and body image. Similarly, Ethan is a 16–year–old teenager diagnosed with Non– suicidal– self–
injury (NSSI), who through repetitive cuts and burns to the body uses self– injury as an emotional
regulatory strategy. Both Emma and Ethan were suggested Cognitive behavioral therapy as an
effective treatment option.
Cognitive– behavioral therapy (CBT) refers to a class of psychological and behavioral interventions
based on the premise that cognitive and behavioral factors play an important role in maintaining
psychological disorders and distress. Taking into account the knowledge on the development and
maintenance of psychological disorders and the wide range of treatment strategies available for
treating disorders, CBT procedures specific to disorders have been developed to address the various
underlying cognitive and behavior factors unique to the disorder (Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer
& Fang, 2012 and Leichsenring, Hiller, Weissberg & Leibing, 2006). Though the various disorder
specific CBT procedures have variations, they share similar approach to treatment by focusing on
symptom reduction and improving functionality through changing

Trichotillomania In The Hair Pulling Problem, By Fred Penzel
Many people in the United States struggle with some form of an anxiety disorder. There are many
different kinds of anxiety disorders, although some are more well known than others. One of the
lesser known anxiety disorders is named Trichotillomania or "trich" for short. Many people often
picture anxiety attacks as somebody crying, panicking, and low on breath, but trich is not like that at
all. Trichotillomania is a hair pulling disorder, about 8 million people are known to have trich. But
that number is not considering all the unreported cases (Trichotillomania: Background,
Pathophysiology, Etiology). People with trich are referred to as trichsters. In comparison to other
anxiety disorders not a lot of information is known about trich. Trichotillomania is linked to OCD in
many ways, but the cause of trich is still unknown; in The Hair–Pulling Problem, by Fred Penzel,
Penzel presents five different theories about the cause of thich.
Trichotillomania is a compulsive disorder that causes one to pull out hair from various parts of their
body. Some places people most commonly pull hair from include the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes,
pubic area, and legs (Trichotillomania Learning Center). Out of all the places one could pull hair
from, the scalp is the most common, followed by eyelashes and eyebrows (Trichotillomania:
Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology). Hair pulling is a mechanism used as a way of coping with
anxiety; people also use it as a way of relieving stress and

Causes Of Asperger Syndrome
Asperger syndrome is a syndrome when a person has a range of neurological differences causing
them to behave differently than most people. Aspergers is a form of autism. When dealing with a
person who as Asperger's they choose to say they have aspergers and not asperger's syndrome. Each
person who has Aspergers is different, they all are very unique cases. Some medical professionals do
not know the exact cause of Asperger Syndrome but they have a strong feeling it involves genetics,
and research indicates that some cases of Asperger Syndrome may be associated with other mental
health problems such as depression and bipolar disorder. Some traits or symptoms that are
associated with Asperger Syndrome are inappropriate or minimal social interactions.

Tourette Syndrome Analysis
Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neurological disorder that involves uncontrollable, repetitive
movements and/or sounds. Tourette's is extremely common, having over 200,000 cases every year in
America alone. TS is usually found in children between ages six and eighteen and can last a life
time. Tourette's is a devastating disorder that can lead to other disorders if not treated properly.
Tourette's is usually associated with foul language, random aggression and harsh blinking. Since
Tourette's is usually found in children and teenagers, many people with TS experience bullying and
isolation. Because of this, some type of therapy is encouraged. There are several clinics and camps
for children to help them cope with the disorder.
Causes and Treatments ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Simple vocal tics are sounds that do not form words. Examples of this are throat clearing, or
grunting. Complex vocal tics include shouting, cursing, and repeating words. Over time, these tics
are known to get more and more complex. "Grunts turn into words, and words turn into phrases"
(Gallant, 2013).
Associated Disorders
Tourette Syndrome is usually paired with a number of other medical disorders. Many people
diagnosed with TS also suffer from Attention–Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Features of Tourette's include problems with attention,
behavior, sleeping and learning. Sometimes it is hard for a person with Tourette's to focus on what is
going on around them because they are more focused with their tic. Tourette's forces unwanted
attention that a person may not know how or want to deal with. Both of these features can cause
problems in school and a work environment (Gallant, 2013).
Camps and Clinics
Tourette Syndrome Association is a voluntary, nonprofit organization. It was founded for the
purpose of assisting individuals with TS. The association raises funds to encourage and support
scientific research about the disorder. The association promotes understanding of Tourette's and
publicizes the disorder in newspapers, magazines, radio and television (Dornbush,

Autistic Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
LITERATURE REVIEW
Autism
Autism is a developmental disorder and its frequency rate has risen significantly over the past
decade. ASD (Autism spectrum disorder) is a disorder that can emerge in the development of the
brain and can be characterized in varying degrees such as repetitive behaviors, impaired social
interaction, and also verbal and nonverbal interactions. Social skill discrepancies are a key features
within the spectrum of autism disorders. Interacting with one's peers can have a substantial positive
impact on the lives of individuals with such disabilities. Interaction allows individuals on the autism
spectrum to participate and build in their communities. Individuals having better social skills are
more likely to be accepted in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These interventions can include social stories, peer–mediated strategies, and cognitive behavioral
training, among a few others. A growing body of literature has reported the growth and success of
peer–mediated programs, to increase the social interactions of children with autism. One study has
taught peers to use different strategies to increase the participation of autistic children in different
play activities. The peer training included scripts and role–playing of establishing attention,
commenting on activities, acknowledging their partner's communication such as requesting
information, action or attention, responding, and nonverbal social behaviors (Kamps 1997). During
play sessions, the adult prompted peers to use the strategies, and praised peers and target students
for interactions, resulting in improved interaction for four of five students with autism (Kamps
1997). Others have focused on the behaviors of the target children towards peers including social
skills, peer modeling, and tutoring programs. Visual cuing systems have also shown positive
increases in social and communicative behaviors including script–fading procedures,
communication books and activity schedules, and written cue cards. (Licciardello 2008) has
identified three approaches to social skills training. One group of procedures includes arranging
interpersonal situations to encourage peer interactions, such as peer–buddy dyads, integrated
playgroups, and peer tutoring sessions. Another intervention approach would include having peers
increase their social initiations towards the child with autism, facilitating interaction by building
school–based peer networks, and implementing response training. Finally, prompting children with
autism to initiate social interactions with peers has been effectively

Introduction. For This Research Assignment, The Selected
Introduction For this research assignment, the selected movie was As Good as It Gets. The author of
this paper will provide an examination of the abnormalities of Jack Nicholson's character Melvin
Udall. The purpose of this paper is to investigate to the extent of which Melvin's abnormalities
correlate to the DSM–5 description of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Further evaluation
includes discussing the portrayal, etiology, prognosis, and proper therapeutic approaches for the
OCD symptoms exhibited by Melvin. Additionally, the author of this paper will analyze and provide
a personal reflection on the knowledge gained from this extensive research of OCD. Conclusively,
the author of this paper seeks for an extended understanding of OCD ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The obsession or compulsions are time–consuming (e.g., take more than 1 hour per day) or cause
clinically significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning. The disturbance is not
due to the direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition and is not better
explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder (Barlow & Durand, 2016, p. 153).
Melvin fits the criteria for OCD through displaying mental acts, repetitive behaviors, and exhibiting
symmetry obsessions. Most noticeably Melvin manifest mental acts. For instance, Melvin opens,
closes, unlocks and locks every door encountered exactly five times. Moreover, Melvin performs a
homologous routine flipping light switches on and off precisely five times. Additionally, Melvin
moves both feet in a triangular formation before slipping on shoes. Furthermore, Melvin sits at the
same table at the same restaurant daily. After meeting Carol, Melvin extends this pattern insisting to
always have Carol as a server.
Symmetry obsessions are another behavior, Melvin often showcases, qualifying for the criteria for
OCD. "Symmetry refers to keeping things in perfect order or doing something in a specific way"
(Barlow & Durand, 2016, p. 152).

Analysis Of Malcolm Gladwell's Outliers : The Story Of...
Hard Work Generating Success
Prompt: Write an essay that defends or challenges or qualifies Gladwell's assertion that "if you work
hard enough and assert yourself, and you use your mind and imagination, you can shape the world
to your desires" (Gladwell 151).
Vince Lombardi, a great American football coach, and player, once stated that the "dictionary is the
only place that success comes before work. Hard work is the price we must pay for success".
According to Lombardi, hard work will get you to where you want to go, and many people would
agree. In Malcolm Gladwell's novel, "Outliers: The Story of Success," secrets and misconceptions
about success are exposed and explained. Gladwell was right in saying that "if you work hard
enough and assert yourself...you can shape the world to your desires", as evidenced by examples
from the book itself, the successful career of Serena Williams, and my own personal story (Gladwell
151).
10,000 hours is equivalent to 14 months, 60 weeks, 417 days, and success. Bill Joy, one of the
founders of Sun Microsystems, is an example of this, as he began programming his sophomore year
of high school and continued in the "summers then the day and nights at his first year at Berkeley,"
totaling about ten thousand hours (Gladwell 47). Bill Joy played an integral part in the creation of
multiple computer programs still used today, and to get to that point he practiced programming. BIll
Joy's dedication to mastering his craft led him to work hard,

Behavior and Development of Children with Autism Spectrum...
This paper will review five studies concerning the behavior and development of children with
Autism Spectrum Disorders. The studies investigate how autism effects communication,
socialization, cognitive development, and a number of other areas. Researchers use many different
types of scales to measure and compare the difference between children with ASD and typically
developing children.
Methodology
Study 1
Morgan, Lindee, Wetherby, Amy M., Barber, Angie (2008) Repetitive and stereotyped movements in
children with autism spectrum disorders late in the second year of life In this study there were three
groups of children between 18 and 24 months of age participated. One group had Autism Spectrum
Disorder (ASD), another group had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The families who met these criteria were then mailed packets of questionnaires and were scheduled
for two visits. The first visit lasted 2–3 hours and assessed the child in a laboratory setting using the
Mullen Scales of Early Learning, Imitation Battery (IB), and the Early Social Communication
Scales. The second visit was about 2–4 hours in a home setting and was mainly and interview of
parents, primarily mothers. The interviews and scales that this was based on measures social and
communicative functioning, developmental functioning from birth to 5 years 8 months, scores gross
and fine motor skills, visual reception, and receptive and expressive language. The interview with
the parents assessed the children's personal and social efficiency in communication, daily living
skills, socialization, and motor skills. The packets measured between the ages of 8 and 16 months
and were about vocabulary comprehension, production, and use of gestures.
Study 3
Solomon, Marjorie, Ozonoff, Sally, Carter, Cameron, Caplan, Rochelle (2008) Formal Thought
Disorder and the Autism Spectrum: Relationship with Symptoms, Executive Control, and Anxiety
The sample of this study consisted of two groups of children aged 8–18 who are diagnosed with
autism spectrum disorder. They were recruited from the M.I.N.D. Institute (Music Intelligence
Neural Development Institute).

Essay about Neurobiological Perspectives on Autism
Neurobiological Perspectives on Autism
Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped
patterns of behavior, along with severe impairments in reciprocal social interaction, verbal and non–
verbal communication, and cognitive development (1,2,3). If the brain is responsible for behavior
then it should follow that disordered autistic behaviors should be explainable in terms of brain
abnormalities and disordered neurobiological processes. While findings are generally speculative
and the etiology of the disorder remains somewhat of an enigma, there is significant evidence that
autism is associated with neurobiological dysfunction.
Autistic individuals are often highly socially ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They can demonstrate apparent compulsive adherence to certain routines, and may become highly
distressed upon changes to such rituals. They may become preoccupied with unusual objects, and/or
very specific (and often bizarre) interests. In higher functioning individuals, such insistence on
sameness may be manifested as a narrow range of interests, whereas, in lower functioning
individuals, it may result in a preoccupation with, and attachment to, an unusual object or parts of
objects.
Individuals with autism generally demonstrate delayed or deviant verbal and non–verbal
communication. In fact, poor communication skills are found in nearly all autistic children, and
some autistic individuals never acquire functional speech. Those who do acquire speech often have
pragmatic difficulties with the language, and are generally unable to use it in a socially
communicative fashion. They may display abnormalities in the volume, stress, rate, rhythm, and
intonation of their speech. Bizarre uses of language are also common. For example, ecolalia
(repeating heard words or phrases), and palelalia (repeating oneself), are often seen in autism. In
addition, disturbances in responses to sensory stimuli (particularly hypersensitive hearing or
hyperacusis) are also common in autism.
There is evidence that autism is associated with specific structural brain

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Checking to make sure the stove is turned off, or double checking that the car is locked are all
normal things. But a person with obsessive compulsive disorder may participate in these same
actions, the only difference is it is much more intense. According to the National Institute of Mental
Health those who have obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) have an impulse to check things
multiple times, have rituals, thoughts and routines that they repeat over and over (National Institute
of Health, 2013). The Center for Disease Control and Prevention further defines OCD, by having
both obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions have two aspects to them and include having
thoughts, impulses or images that repeatedly happen and are generally unwanted. ... Show more
Evidence based research has shown that cognitive–behavioral therapy is the preferred method of
psychotherapy. Historically behavioral therapy was first used for the treatment of obsessive
compulsive disorder. Behavioral therapy concentrated on the exposure to fearful stimuli. Cognitive
therapy was then used and focused on responsibilities, over importance of thought, controlling
thoughts, and estimation of threats. Both these approaches were found to be very effective and they
combined them creating cognitive–behavioral therapy (Stein, 2002). This therapy involves response
prevention and exposure to stimuli. Response prevention is when the individual has OCD stays
away from compulsive thoughts and practices. An examples of this include the compulsive behavior
of washing your hands 7 times before leaving the bathroom; and decreasing the amount of
handwashes gradually until the desired results are achieved. Exposure refers to the systematic
stimulation that is repetitive and that can last for a long period of time. An example of this is the
exposure to dirt and germs for an individual who gets extreme anxiety from the possibility of
coming into contact with these substances (Abramowitz, et. al, 2009). This treatment can be done in
a group setting, family setting or as an individual (Stein, 2002). Psychotherapy is also very useful
for educating those with obsessive compulsive disorder to think differently, how to behave, and
proper reaction to anxiety provoking situations that cause the need to act out the obsession with the
compulsive

Onychophagia Essay
Onychophagia is a medical syndrome that includes the habitual biting, picking, and chewing of a
person's fingernails and the cuticles surrounding them (Tanaka, Vitral, Tanaka, Guerrero, &
Camargo, 2008). Onychophagia is classified as a nail disorder caused by recurring injuries
(Snorrason & Woods, 2014). This issue is not incorporated as a detailed diagnosis in the DSM–5,
however may be classified as a body focused repetitive behavior disorder (BFRBD) within the
category other specified obsessive–compulsive disorder (Snorrason & Woods, 2014). Onychophagia
is a normal oral practice, seen in both adults and children (Tanaka et al., 2008). Onychophagia is the
most aggressive type of nail biting which can be auto destructive (Tanka et al., 2008). The
necessitated need to bite or consume fingernails is associated with a psycho–emotional form of
anxiety (Tanaka et al., 2008). "Nail biting is the most common of the typical nervous habits, which
include thumb–sucking, nose–picking, hair–twisting or pulling, tooth–grinding, and picking at ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Soon after, it develops into a stress relieving habit. Also, these behavior are frequently
unconsciously performed, and individuals may have problems stopping because they are unaware of
their actions (Williams, Roseb, & Chisholmb, 2007). Onychophagia can have adverse emotional
influences such as, causing individuals to become self–conscious about their hands (Williams,
Roseb, & Chisholmb, 2007). Onychophagia can also have adverse physical influences as well such
as, injury to the nail cuticle, roughness of the nails, and other nail abnormalities (Williams, Roseb, &
Chisholmb, 2007). Persistent nail biting may cause permanent nail and cuticle damage (Sachan &
Chaturvedi, 2012). Bacteria and fungi may enter the cuts in the nail beds caused by constant biting
(Sachan & Chaturvedi, 2012). It also can affect your teethes appearance and your bite (Sachan &
Chaturvedi,

Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Millions of Americans are affected, or know someone who is affected by a disorder that affects the
very things we need to fit in to society. The ability to be able to fit in, communicate and behave in
proper ways, allows us to function, work and survive in life. For many children and adults, they live
with a disorder that dictates these behaviors and language skills to be very different from the
average American. These skills they are challenged with, make it very difficult to live
independently. The disorder these individuals live with is called Autism Spectrum Disorder. With
early diagnosis, intervention, and proper treatment, some children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
possibly can lead independent lives.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a "developmental disability that cause significant social,
communication and behavioral challenges" (Autism, 2015a). The word "spectrum" refers to "a wide
range of symptoms, skills and levels of impairment or disability that children with ASD can have"
(Autism, 2015b). ASD is "not a single disorder, but a spectrum of closely related disorders with
shared core of symptoms". These disorders include: Autism, Asperger's Syndrome, Pervasive
Developmental Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder and Rett Syndrome (Smith, 2015). One
in sixty–eight children in the United States are affected by this disorder (Autism, 2015c). ASD is a
little different from the many other mental disorders. It does not affect all children exactly the

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Research Paper
The following is an overview about Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD), one of the most
difficult psychiatric illness to be understood. The way of doing certain behaviors, thoughts or
routines repeatedly is the essential condition of a person with OCD. In general, it is known and
described by someone who is extremely perfectionist and meticulous. Unfortunately, they do realize
those habits and be able to stop doing it. Common behaviors are such as checking locks, doors,
stove bottoms, and lights, hand washing, counting things, or having recurrent intrusive thoughts of
hurting oneself or somebody else.
Individuals who experience severe anxiety are unable to complete any tasks or rituals. During years,
there have been many therapies that work ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Instead of exposing someone to the OCD triggers, it is intended to delay the need to complete the
compulsive ritual like. Try to reduce the amount of time spending on the ritual, the patient will
realize that is acquiring more controlling thoughts.
Conclusion
Obsessive–compulsive disorder is a mental disorder which it symptoms are having routines, or
thoughts repeatedly with no ability to avoid the fear and stop them. Some people are aware of those
habits, and they realize that those rituals do not make sense, but there is no an easy way to get out of
them. Counting all the clothes, shoes, magazines and lie in in a straight line are illustrations when
obsessive–compulsive symptoms arrive.
There are a wide range of OCD symptoms, but unfortunately, research has showed that there is a
long waiting process between the time when an individual begins with OCD symptoms and when
they get first–time treatment. With an early diagnosis and treatment, the maximum benefit to the
patient will be. Therapies, exercises, balanced–healthy nutrition and others will improved life style
and reduce anxiety and fears to help in managing some aspects of an obsessive–compulsive

Autism Spectrum Disorder : Autism, Asperger Syndrome, And...
Autism spectrum disorder is a spectrum of psychological conditions which all consist of problems
pertaining to social interactions, communication, and highly repetitive behavior. There are three
main forms of Autism spectrum disorder: Autism, Asperger syndrome, and Atypical Autism. Autism
is a developmental disability which results from a neurological disorder that affects the normal
functioning of the brain (Lord, Cook, Leventhal, & Amaral, 2013). It first appears during the stages
of infancy to early childhood stages. Autism is a complex developmental disability that typically
appears during the first three–five years of life. Autism is a result of a neurological disorder that
affects the functioning of the brain (Carter, Messinger, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kanner began using the term to describe children whose behaviors were socially and emotionally
withdrawn from other peers. from then until the 1960 's, many researchers and therapists believed
that autism and schizophrenia were liked disorders (Rogers, & Vismara, 2008). During that time,
initial treatments for autism included the use of LSD, electric shock, and behavior change
techniques, which regularly relied on punishment and pain in order to change their behaviors
(Rogers, & Vismara, 2008).
In order for an individual to be diagnosed with Autism, the individual must have qualifications
stated in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–IV) (Kim, Fombonne,
Koh, Kim, Cheon, & Leventhal, 2014). These qualifications that are included in the DSM–IV are
symptoms of qualitative impairment in social interaction and communication, restricted repetitive
and stereotypical patterns of behaviors, interests, activities, and delays in functioning (Kim, Y. S.,
Fombonne, tell. 2014). Researchers have found that structural differences, such as size and
composition, can have a significant impact on how the autistic brain processes information.
Therefore, there is a variation between what researchers describe as a "normal person" and one who
is diagnosed with Autism. Structural differences cause children who have autism, would have
impaired social interaction and difficulty with communication, both verbal and nonverbal. During
the early stages of Autism,

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