Sunshine Skyway Bridge Essay

Sunshine Skyway Bridge Essay
A bridge is a load bearing structure spanning a passage over a gap or barrier, such as a river or
roadway. Some examples of bridge types are; suspension bridge (George Washington Bridge
connecting New Jersey with New York City), truss arch bridge (Hurricane Deck Bridge in Hurricane
Deck, Missouri), and a cable–stayed bridge (The modern Sunshine Skyway Bridge in Saint
Petersburg). Another example is a cantilever bridge (the former Sunshine Skyway Bridge). Rarely
do these structures ever have catastrophic malfunctions, however, it does happen. The citizens of
Saint Petersburg, Florida who have lived here since 1980 remember the collapse of the old Sunshine
Skyway Bridge. On May 9, 1980, a large ship hit the Skyway in the fog and it collapsed, ... Show
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If a bridge isn't built right, with the correct physics and design, it is not going to be a stable, safe
passage. The pillars on the original Sunshine Skyway Bridge weren't deep enough in the ground,
and they were not close enough together. As mentioned previously, this caused cracks in the bridge.
The cracks were repaired, and the pillars were installed deeper and actually strengthened the bridge.
However, these corrections proved to be inadequate when the Skyway was struck by the freight
ship. When looking at old pictures of the Sunshine Skyway Bridge, it is very evident that the gaps
between the pillars were too wide. When the ship collided with the bridge, the stress load was too
much on the remaining pillars, and the bridge instantly collapsed, with a large piece of the roadway
actually left sitting on the very ship that had just hit it. The way the pillars were installed on the
Sunshine Skyway Bridge, caused pressure that placed so much torque, or twist, on the concrete
pillars. Once the pillars on the bridge started cracking, they bent the I–beam so much that when the
tanker hit the beam the bridge collapsed. Fearing for their own safety, due to questions about the
stability of the remaining bridge, rescuers were unable to search for survivors underneath the area of
the destroyed bridge. 36 people were killed in this tragic
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Tex Wash Bridge Research Paper
The Tex Wash Bridge
The Tex Wash Bridge was built in 1967, listed as functionally obsolete in 2014, and failed do to
collapsing in July of 2015. After 2014 inspections were made and no flaws were detected so it was
left unchanged. In 1967, the construction crew had the task of spanning the Tex Wash to connect the
freeway between California and Arizona along the Chuckwalla Mountains. They decided the best,
and most cost effective, way of doing this is by channeling a dry riverbed and narrowing it where
the bridge was to stand. The columns of the bridge were to stand on their foundations which was
sitting on the soil and the banks of the bridges were given large rocks to protect their foundation
from being washed away (Kelman).
PICTURE OF BRIDGE IN 1967 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They can be caused by several different events including the undercutting a slope, or wearing away
at the base of a hill from underground, because of stream erosion, or heavy or lengthy rainfall, rapid
snowmelts, quick changes in groundwater. Other causes are seismic activity from construction or
earthquakes or placing to much weight at the top of a hill. Some types of soil, such as clay or silt,
are more prone to landslides than others so you must always learn more about the local geology and
use geological mapping to detect slope hazards before building. There are multiple types of
landslides (ADD PICTURES OF EACH AND MOVE TEXT ACCORDINGLY) like a slide, parallel
movement along weak planes, a creep, slow movement of debris over a long period, a slump,
ground falling in on itself in some places and moving downhill, a topple, objects tumbling end over
end, a fall, falling objects possibly caused by a stream undercutting a bank or cliff, a flow, a mass
moving in a water like fashion downhill, or a torrent, which is a random rapid release of water and
other material (BC Geological Survey of the B.C. Ministry of

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Communication
Moved into communication styles outside of comfort zone Willing to learn but just wants the
information Generation X: Tech savvy Still wanting to pick up the phone Email is preferred
Generation Y/Millennials: Technologically superior Texting, instant messaging, Facebook and
Myspace Generation Z: Digital bond to the internet Texting, FaceTime, iMessage, Snapchat, Yik
Yak, Instagram, Pinterest, etc. Now that we know more about the strengths, obstacles, and
communication preferences of each generation, let's look at some effective strategies for capitalizing
on these strengths and overcoming these obstacles. Learn more about the communication differences
of each generation. Flip chart Markers 10 minutes IV. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5. Complete a communication profile with those you interact with (e.g., association newsletters). 6.
Adjust your expectations. Are there are any tips that you can think of that will help bridge the gaps?
Ask participants to reflect on positive ways their chapter, associations or civic groups approach
intergenerational communication. If they don't have an example, have them brainstorm a new idea
for promoting better communication in their group. Have them find a partner and share one idea.
After a few minutes, ask them to switch to another partner and share another idea. Participants will
gain a better understanding of how to bridge the communication gap. 10 minutes Suspension
Bridge: Create Your Own Action Plan for Your Next Event The deck of a suspension bridge is hung
by cables. These cables are hung from two towers on either side of the cables. The suspension cables
must be anchored at each end of the bridge. The main cables continue beyond the pillars to deck–
level supports and onto connectors with anchors in the ground. Just as a suspension bridge is
anchored to the end of each bridge, we must do the same by anchoring ourselves to our
commitments for better communication and bridging the gaps among generations to promote
positive relationship building and connections. Take a few minutes to complete the Intergenerational
Communication Action Plan for an event you will be hold in the next few months. Distribute the

The Considerations Of The Bridge For The High Speed Rail...
Jose Luis Chavez–Grimaldo
Mrs.Banks
English 10 Honors/ Block: A
27 October 2015
Mezcala Bridge Research Project The considerations of the bridge for the high speed rail coming
through the a.v. is when designing high speed rail to the antelope valley. The considerations are is
that the kids or young adults of the antelope valley area are able to go to colleges in san diego and
back home to the AV in the matter of just minutes. The bridge is to get over the highway to get to
L.A. so they will be less traffic to L.A. There are some things that we also need to know that we just
need to know if it cost just enough.
The Mezcala Bridge or Mezcala Solidaridad is the thirteenth largest bridges in the world. The
location of the bridge are in the state of Guerrero in Mexico on Highway 95. The beginning of the
Mezcala Bridge was started at 1989 and with a total length of 891 m (2,923 ft) and six uneven spans
completed in 1993. Being in service since 1994, no major disasters has touched the bridge's
existence. The bridge still stands as strong as the day it was build.
This cable– stayed bridge spans across the Balsas River known locally as the Mezcala River close to
the western Pacific coast of the country. The name of the bridge is obviously related to the river it
hovers. It is located at 221 kilometers of the Autopista del Sol connecting to the city of Cuernavaca
in the state of Morelos with Acapulco, in Guerrero state coast.The valley passes over the bridge is
approximately

Essay on Millau Viaduct Project Management
The Millau Viaduct is a cable–stayed road bridge which spans the valley of the river Tarn situated
alongside the Township of Millau in Southern France. The viaduct standing over 343 meters tall was
the world's tallest cable–stayed bridge and was proposed as the missing link in the A75 auto route
that connects Paris in the north to Perpignan in the south. The Millau Viaduct was the product of 17
years of ideas, proposals, planning and designs that resulted in shaving 40 miles off the former route
through the region, a boom in local economic development and the completion of the one of the
world's most well managed and constructed projects.
Initiate
Business Case:
The initial objectives of the project are to provide a link in the ... Show more content on
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These teams where given five proposals for the viaduct with five defined project objectives that
were to be followed in each proposal. Refer to Appendix Figure (4) for images of proposed projects.
This approach was designed to gain further evaluation on already proposed designs, instead of
receiving freshly proposed designs. The proposals were submitted and critiqued by an independent
committee setup within SETRA.
Selection of design:
In July of 1996 the party in charge of executing the work composed of Government representatives,
Local officials, Engineers and Director of Roads selected the multiple cable–stayed viaduct as the
most appropriate solution based on the project scope. The viaduct had the lowest cost across all
proposals and also shortest build time. The architectural design was of the highest quality and in
keeping with the local aesthetics. An architect's impression is outlined in Appendix Figure (5).
Technical research was continued by SETRA with main project scope directed at: * Geology *
Foundations * Design of pier and deck * Maintenance, operation * User's behaviour * Building
methods * Construction management * Cost analysis
Project Deliverables:
The decision by the GoF to

Foundation Design Lessons Learned From The Rion Antirion...
Aseismic foundation design lessons learned from the rion antirion bridge
1 Introduction
The choice of a design concept for designing foundation is decided by various factors such as
environmental conditions, information of the building, construction techniques and constraints at
finance and time. These aspects will be considered more rigid on aseismic foundation designing
which is a very broad activity requiring the synthesis of experience and technical knowledge. These
will be illustrated by an example of solutions adopted for the Rion Antiron Bridge.
2 aseismic foundation design process
The aseismic design for foundation is important so information is required and methods should be
planned at different stage: 1 investigation of environmental conditions of the soil profile
(geotechnical characterization and design seismic conditions)
2 calculation of the magnitude of the loads that will be applied to the foundation soil.
2 investigation of possible solutions 3 information about the required performance and safety factors
of the structure. 3 design phase 4 estimate of deformations. 5 consideration of constraints of finance
and time. 6 decision of the construction.
3 Description of the Rion Antirion Bridge
The Rion Antirion Bridge is located in the Region of Western Greece and crosses the Gulf of
Corinth connection the Peloponnese with mainland Greece. The bridge spans a total length of
2860m which includes a five spans cable–stayed bridge 2252m in length and two

Science Fair Projects At Woodstock Middle School And I Am...
Research Paper Marissa Chudy
Several students are doing Science Fair projects at Woodstock Middle School and I am one of the
seventh grade students. The topic I shall be doing is on how bridge structure affects the weight
bearing capacity. I chose this specific topic to guide bridge builders in the right direction on what
bridge is safest for public use. The key topics I plan to research on include the following: Beam,
Warren Truss, suspension, cable–stayed, and arch bridges. I shall use the scientific method to guide
me through this process. Like every other science project, mine starts with a question. How does
bridge structure affect the weight bearing capacity? is the question. If I change the bridge structure
on the most popular bridges, then those specific bridges will be capable of holding longer and hold
larger amounts of weight. is the hypothesis. The three types of variables used are independent,
dependent, and control variables. These variables include the location of the bridge, the bucket, the
amount of water, the supplies, and the climate I experiment in. There are multiple items and steps to
fully complete the experiment. My materials include the following: Graph paper, 200 regular
Popsicle sticks, wire cutters, wood glue, 100 cotton swabs, 72 medium and small binder clips, one–
half inch width clear tape, masking tape, gram balance, loading block

Role Of Engineers During The Planning Process
1. Introduction
Peace Bridge is a cycle–footpath bridge across the River Foyle in Derry, Ireland. It connected the
Walled city centre and the Ebrington redevelopment site. The bridge opened to the public in 25 June
2011.
Peace Bridge won many excellence awards such as Structural Steel Design award, ICE North East
Region Robert Stephenson award and the Overall planning award by the Irish Planning Institute.
The government and the public have described the bridge as a sustainable infrastructure asset, which
provided the basic services, and allowed the local communities and societies to function more
effectively. More importantly, Peace Bridge became a landmark very quickly due to its iconic
structure, which attracts millions of visitors every year.
This essay will mainly focus on the roles of engineers during the planning process. The relation
between engineers and the associated Ecological, Economical, Political and regeneration aspects
will also be discussed.
2. Overview of Peace Bridge
Structure of the Bridge
The bridge is a self–anchored suspension bridge. It combined the reverse curvature of the deck,
inclined towers and suspension cables to balance the forces in the system. The total length of cable
used was 4.5 kilometers. The use of construction material was mainly steel, and the structure
weights 1000 tonnes. There is a 150mm gap at each end of the bridge to permit the expansion of
steel during the summer.
Size of the Bridge
The bridge obeys a S–shaped

Suspension Bridge: The Golden Gate Bridge
The Golden Gate Bridge was a modern marvel at the time that it was built. Nobody had seen such a
long suspension bridge built with such little money and in such a short amount of time. Everybody
was stunned by it.
A suspension bridge is a bridge that has large cables that are used to support the bridge and has
towers that are used to help anchor the cables. The suspension bridges that we know today are not
like the ones that they once were. The suspension bridge used to be much more simple. They were
the oldest bridge types made by man and only had cables, no towers. Since they became popular
suspension bridges have started to become used more because they can have longer spans, cost less
and, are more earthquake proof than other bridge ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, if the navy had
6 axles: $45.00 $39.00 gotten its way, the bridge would have
7 axles: $52.50 $45.50 been painted in black and yellow stripes. The bridges signature color was not
always the planed color that they were going to paint it. The color was actually the color of the
primer but the architects liked the vivid hue of the primer so they just kept it like that. Another fun
fact is that three babies have been born on the bridge and all of them have been boys. Also, the
bridge has only had to be closed three times because of weather, all three of those times there were
winds of 70 miles or higher. The bridge was also closed on its 50th and 75th anniversaries. The last
fun fact is that the Golden Gate Bridge has been used in over 24 movies. And in 15 of these movies
the bridge was being destroyed.
The Golden Gate Bridge is a modern marvel. It is amazing that Joseph B. Strauss was even able to
create such a long bridge. There is no doubt that there were hardships along the way, but in the end,
something great was

Truss Bridges Research Paper
Truss bridges have been around for a long time. I see truss bridges the most out of all the different
types of bridges and to me it seems like the most popular type of bridge. In addition there are thirty
different types of Truss bridges which means that there is a bigger variety of Truss Bridges instead
of just having one type. Truss bridges have triangular shaped beams that go all across the bridge.
The bridge also is above the roadway instead of under the roadway like the arch bridge. Truss
bridges could also stretch very far. The longest cantilever Truss bridge that goes is called Crescent
City Connection and it is 13,418 feet long with a width of 52 feet. There is also a really long Truss
bridge that is near Hoboken, the name of the bridge

Brooklyn Bridge Research Paper
The Brooklyn Bridge, designed by German immigrant John Augustus Roebling. The bridge is
known as the first hybrid steel– wire suspension bridge. It is one of the superb, oldest and longest
bridges ever built in the world at the time it opened, spanning 1825m across east river connecting
the Boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn in NY City. The most noticeable feature of the bridge is
the two excessive towers, the 99–meter limestone granite towers overlook everything in view. The
Brooklyn bridge was named "The eight wonders of the world" because of its iconic towers and
length which have never seen before. Today, the Brooklyn bridge's towers are the landmark of the
NY City and called to be classified as the national monuments. The Brooklyn bridge ... Show more
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4), the picture on the right is the Brooklyn bridge's anchorage. They are made out of a huge pile of
massive and solid stone masonry. The base were 47.5 by 42.8 meters and rising 32.4 meters above
high– water mark. The four steel cables holding the platform in charge of the bridge connecting to
the anchor tower. Each wire has a diameter of 40 cm and composed of 19 steel wires. The anchorage
weight has to be at least 60,000 tons each, to be able to resist tension from suspension cables.
Underneath the Brooklyn bridge structure, there are implanted with four gigantic anchor iron cast
plates, devoted for each of the four cables. The plates measure 17.5 ft. and 16.5 ft. on the face while
21 ft. of a plate at the center. The four numerous anchor plates were being fixed in place into the
bottom of the masonry. The first double nine–fold link of its anchor chain of the bridge was made
fast through its center. The cables and plates give the anchorage a strength to be absolutely unaltered
by constant pull of loads happening on the bridge but also to make sure that no slackening and
vibration can ever be

design of cable stayed bridge
Analysis and Design of Cable Stayed Bridge
Abstract
Of the newly–built bridges, cable–stayed bridges are today very common worldwide for spans
ranging between 200 and 900 meters. A cable stayed bridge has one or more towers (Pylons) from
which the cables support the deck. This paper provides modelling, analysis and design of a
prestressed harp type single pylon cable stayed bridge using MIDAS Civil.
Keywords: cable stayed, box girder, prestressing, MIDAS Civil
Introduction
Of the newly–built bridges, cable–stayed bridges are today very common worldwide for spans
ranging between 200 and 900 meters. A cable stayed bridge has one or more towers (Pylons) from
which the cables support the deck.
There are two major classes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pedestrian live load(PLL)–
The foot path loading shall be as per clause 209 of IRC:6 with intensity of loading equal to 500
kg/m².
Wind load for cable stayed bridge:
According to IS:875 (part 3)–1987
Wind loads on live loads (WL)–
The lateral wind force against moving live loads shall be considered as acting at 1.5 m above the
roadway and shall be assumed equal to 300 kg/m.
Creep and Shrinkage(C &S)
Creep and shrinkage effects to be considered as per CEB–FIP code for cable stayed bridge
Earthquake loads
Rajasthan is located in seismic zone II. The horizontal seismic coefficient in longitudinal direction
will be calculated by IS 1893:2002
Construction loads:
Normal vertical loads–
A construction load of 50 kg/m2 shall be considered during cantilever erection.
Weight of the traveler form is assumed to be equal to 85 tons.
An impact of 10 % shall be considered for the moving construction loads.
MIDAS MODEL of box:(Half span)

Loadings:
Results and discussions:
Fz
My
Deflection
Results and discussions
Various results for bending moment and
References
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (Third Edition, 2005 Interim Revisions);
AASHTO – Guide Specifications for Seismic Isolation Design ( 2nd edition – 2000);
AASHTO – Guide Specifications for Design & Construction of Segmental Concrete Bridges (1999);
IRC:6–2000 Standard Specifications & Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section II, Loads &
stresses (4th

Trent Bridge
The Veteran's Skyway Gateway to the Trent Bridge
In the early 1990s, the aging swing bridge crossing the Trent River in Trenton, Ontario was replaced
with a continuous span steel box girder bridge. The unique part of this process was that the new
bridge was built adjacent to the existing swing bridge and slid laterally into place; this was the first
time in North America that this technique had been done. The process consisted of five mains steps;
first, the planning of such an undertaking, second, deciding on how to proceed, third, constructing
the new bridge on site, fourth, removing the old swing bridge, and finally, sliding the new bridge
into place, all the while ensuring minimal impact to the vehicular traffic through town and ... Show
However, the city determined that one bridge would not sufficiently handle the volume of traffic
during the 18 months it would take to complete a new bridge. Thus, City councillors, working with
the Ontario Ministry of Transportation and engineers from Declan Corporation of Toronto,
conceived the plan of building a new bridge adjacent to the swing bridge, and later sliding it into
place (Anderson & Trenkler, 1991). But, before the construction of the new bridge could commence,
engineers had to reverse the direction of the swing rotation of the existing bridge, as it swung
directly towards the site the new bridge would be built and would impede on the construction
process (Anderson & Trenkler, 1991). Once the planning was finalized and the site prepped,
construction could begin.
In the spring of 1989, the construction of the new bridge began. The base of the Trent River was a
flotilla of barges carrying the workers, cranes and equipment needed to prepare the temporary pillars
that would support the new bridge, as well as maneuver the huge steel girders into place for the new
bridge. It was an awesome sight for the entire town, as we watched barges float the steel girders into
the harbour, one section being 74 meters in length and two more that were 54 metres each. The new
steel box girder bridge had a total length of 182 metres and weighed 2,950 metric tonnes (Anderson
& Trenkler, 1991). Temporary cement pillars were poured to support

Taking a Look at the Suspension Bridge
The suspension bridge is a very popular type of bridge all over the world. It's hard to build but can
be built in a lot more places than an arch or beam bridge. Scientists do not know when it was
invented. They believe it was near the 15th century. Whom it was invented by is also unknown. A
suspension bridge can span distances from 2,000 to 7,000 feet, longer than any other type of bridge
in the world. It is a very unique bridge. A suspension bridge is a bridge with the weight of the deck
supported by cables suspended from larger cables that run between the towers. The main parts of a
suspension bridge are the towers, anchors, main cables, suspension cables, and the road way. It is
one of the most expensive bridges to build in the world. Suspension bridges are mainly made out of
steel these days. But some of them are made out of different things. A suspension bridge is very
different from arch bridges, even though there can be arch in a suspension bridge. The first
suspension bridge in America was in Niagara Falls, a beautiful waterfall in New York. The
suspension bridge was abandoned and never completed. Though, it still counts as the first
suspension bridge. Suspension bridges can be built in most places. You don't need a perfect flat
surface to work on unlike some bridges. All you need are the anchors and towers that touch the earth
to keep it upright. What you do is, first, put in the anchors (they cost the most money sometimes)
then the main cables along with the

Golden Gate Bridge Parabola
IB Math Internal Assessment
Beijing No.55 International School
Name: Justine Tay
Class: 11(3)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract
Acknowledgements
Topic
Introduction
Images of Golden Gate Bridge
Types of formula to parabola:
Worked example
Worked example 2
Proof
Conclusion
Abstract:
The main focus and the finality of this Internal Assessment will be on the mathematical term,
parabola. Parabola is any point that has an equal curve distance to a fixed point and a straight line.
Occurs in many uses in the industry and faced in our daily lives.
Acknowledgement:
Sincere gratefulness for Ms. Zhang for being my Mathematics Internal Assessment supervisor.

Guidance and care through this essay report. Thankful.
Topic:
Proof ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Suspension bridges are able to work efficiently because of their cables, which are interesting from a
mathematical perspective.
Since the bridge's deck spans a long distance, it must be very heavy in weight by its own, not to
mention all the weight of the heavy load of traffic that it must carry. Because of all this weight, this
results in two active forces: compression and tension. The cable's parabolic shape results in order for
it to effectively address these forces acting upon the bridge. For instance, the deck sags from all the
weight of the traffic because of compression forces, which travels upwards the cables. The cables
then transfer those compression forces downwards the vertical towers, down into the foundations
buried deep within the earth. However, the cables receive the brunt of the tension forces, as they are
supporting the bridge's weight and its load of traffic, being stretched by the anchors' ends

Physics-Bridge Project Essay
Humans have tamed steel, stone, lumber, and even living vegetation, all in effort to reach the people,
places, and things that we desire. Although the concept of bridges is as simple as a tree falling across
a creek, bridge design and construction requires very serious ingenuity. Artists, engineers, and
architects pour vast resources into bridge construction so that they can reshape our daily
environment for the better. When building bridges you'll need help from BATS which are the key
structural components of bridge construction such as beams, arches , trusses, and suspensions.
Various combinations of these four technologies make it possible for numerous bridge designs,
ranging from some bridges as simple as beam bridges, arch bridges, ... Show more content on
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The truss design, which is a variant of a triangle, creates both a very rigid structure and one that
transfers the load from a single point to a considerably wider area. After being used for 2000 years
of architectural use, the arch continues to feature prominently in bridge designs. Its semicircular
structure elegantly distributes compression through its entire form and diverts weight onto its two
abutments, which are the components of the bridge that directly take on the pressure being exerted
onto the bridge. The tensional forces in arch bridges are virtually negligible. That is because the
natural curve of the arch and its ability to dissipate the force outward greatly reduces the effects of
tension on the underside of the arch. The greater the degree of curvature, the greater the effects of
tension on the underside of the bridge. If you build a big enough arch, the tension will eventually
overtake the support of the bridges natural structure. While there is a fair amount in variety in arch
bridge construction, the basic structure of every arch bridge is the same. For example there is
Roman, Baroque and Renaissance which are all architecturally different they all have the same basic
structure. It is the individual arch itself gives its namesake bridge its strength. An arch made of stone
doesn't need a mortar. In fact the ancient Romans built arch bridges and aqueducts that are still
standing today and are made

Site Visit At Forth Replacement Crossing
Report on site visit at Forth Replacement Crossing
On
11/10/2016
By
Isabelle Kent
H00262757
Table of Content
1. Background.......................................................3
2. Introduction.......................................................3
3. Construction
3.1. Towers...................................................4
3.2. Cables...................................................4
3.3. Deck, surfacing and roadway......................5
3.4. Health & Safety.......................................5
3.5. Challenges.............................................6
4. Conclusion.......................................................7
5. References......................................................7 1. Background
Site location – Firth of Forth, Queensferry
Site area – 13.7 miles (22km)
Bridge length – 1.7miles (2.7km) including approach viaducts
Expected date of completion – May 2017
Project contractor – Forth Crossing Bridge Constructors
The building of the bridge and roads connecting to it has been contracted to Forth Crossing Bridge
Constructors (FCBC). This is a collaboration of four experienced civil engineering companies –
Hochtief solutions AG, Germany; Dragados, Spain; American Bridge, USA; and Morrison
Construction, Scotland.
Designers – Forth Crossing Design JV
The architects and designers for FCBC was a joint venture composed of Ramboll, Denmark;
SWECO, Netherlands; and Leonhardt, Andra & Partner, Germany.
Cost (as of Oct 2016) – £1.325 to £1.35 billion
2. Introduction

On 11th October 2016, we visited the Forth Replacement Crossing site as the project was nearing
completion. The site encompasses the building of the new Forth road bridge, as well as significant
improvements to the surrounding trunk road networks. The

Key Differences Between Torsion And Suspension Bridges
Humans have encountered numerous obstacles in our environments that stand in the way of the
ultimate goal of connectedness between all areas of earth. These obstacles may come in the form of
mountains, oceans, canyons, or desserts. We employ the use of many different technologies to aid in
traversing these obstacles. One technology we have developed to cross large distances such as
canyons or bodies of water is the bridge. Over the centuries, we have developed several variations of
the bridge that vary in technological advancement and the capacity to cross longer distances. These
bridge variations include the simple beam bridge, truss bridges, arch bridges, suspension bridges,
and cable–stayed bridges. The key differences between these bridges ... Show more content on
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These include torsion, shear, and resonance. Torsion is a force of twisting, and is somewhat similar
to tension. In example of torsion is the force you apply when you twist a cloth. Different materials
handle torsion very differently. For example, if you twist a wooden bat, it will not break, and if you
twist a piece of licorice, it will twist around itself several times without breaking. They both handle
the force different ways, wood stays stiff, and licorice flexes and stretches to endure more force
(Garrett Boon 10/31/17). Suspension bridges are particularly susceptible to torsion, as high winds
can cause the road deck to twist and rotate. One way that engineers help to reduce torsion force on
suspension bridges is to design deck–stiffening truss systems to further stiffen the road deck. In the
case of extremely long suspension bridges however, the deck truss is not enough, and engineers
need to include more aerodynamic truss systems and diagonal support cables in order to protect
against torsion (Robert Lamb and Michael Morrissey 10/6/17). Arch and Beam bridges are mostly
immune to this force due to their rigid structure and truss system for beam bridges. Shear is more
similar to compression than it is to tension. It occurs when two forces act in opposing direction on
the same point. An example of shear forces is if you were to hold a plank or piece of wood using
two hands. If you pushed up with one hand and down with the other hand, then you would be
applying shear force to that piece of wood. Shear more commonly occurs horizontally rather than
vertically (Garrett Boon 10/31/17). Shear occurs in bridges when the weight of the bridge itself or
the weight of the load on the bridge causes materials to slide by each other or shear off. An overload
of weight on the bridge can cause

How Does the Young’s Modulus of a Sweet Lace Compare to...
How Does The Young's Modulus of a Sweet Lace Compare To The Young's Modulus of the Cables
Supporting The Millennium Bridge ?
Visit: The Millennium Bridge
For our physics practical, we visited The Millennium Bridge a pedestrian footbridge located at the
heart of London that crosses the River Thames. It links the City and St Paul's Cathedral to the north
with the Globe Theatre and Tate Modern on Bankside. Construction of this infrastructure began in
the late 1998 by the engineering company Arup and it was launched on the 10 June 2000.
Structure of Bridge:
Structurally, the bridge is a composition of two key metals steel (2 x 1011 Nm–2) and aluminum.
These metals are common in bridges due to their properties of high strength and ... Show more
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This feature was achieved by ensuring that the sag ratio remained low. The bridge has also become a
navigation site for many commercial and tourist traffic in the River Thames Waterways.
Problems Occurred:
Furthermore, when the millennium bridge opened within the first weekend around 100,000 people
had crossed the bridge. Due to such heavy traffic, this lead to something called resonance.
Resonance is when the input vibrations frequency coincides with the natural frequency of the
structure itself, causing large deflections to develop. The issue caused the bridge to undergo a
swaying movement; hence led to its closure. After extensive research and analysis, it was found that
the movement was caused by synchronized pedestrian footfall. To prevent this there were two
options taken into account the lateral stiffening and the damping; both were used in order to increase
the natural frequency of the structure so it did not match the footfall. In addition structures called
fluid–viscous dampers and tuned mass dampers were installed to control both horizontal and vertical
movements.
In Relation To Practical:
The visit influences our practical as we gain an understanding of how in the engineering industry
selection of materials is determined using indicators such as Young's Modulus. Young's Modulus is a
measure of stiffness that is independent of the particular sample of a substance. This indicator is
very vital as it determines the material's strength, toughness

Suspension Bridge at Location D Essay
I think a suspension bridge would be the best type of bridge to build from location D. This is
because suspension bridges typically can span distances from 2,000 to 7,000 feet long – location D
spans a distance of 4,200 feet across an ocean bay where long ships come and go. The other bridges
would not be adequate enough to connect Hebron Island with the mainland. For example, an arch
bridge cannot be connected numerous times in the ocean without structural support from the ground,
and can only span short distances usually less than 800 feet. A beam bridge would not be a suitable
option either because they typically can only span distances below 200 feet, and connecting many
beam bridges together would not work either, because long ships ... Show more content on
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Though sturdiness is a major advantage, a significant drawback to building a suspension bridge is
the costs. Steel is an expensive material to construct long, massive suspension bridges out of. Our
bridge will have to span a long distance of 4,200 feet and constructing a bridge of steel for such a
great distance will definitely be pricey. The costs of building a suspension bridge is very high and
they tend to be the most expensive type of bridge to build. In addition, over time, steal is a material
that can deteriorate quickly due to corrosion as stated by the Understanding Bridges video. Proper
inspections need to be conducted often to ensure the safety of the passengers traveling on the bridge.
When building the bridge, weather conditions are a major factor to take into consideration. For
example, when it is windy, a suspension bridge will sway from side to side or even bounce up and
down, making transportation dangerous for those traveling on the bridge. The Tacoma Narrows
Bridge is a very good example of this type of structural failure. It was built to withstand winds up to
120 mph but it collapsed in a wind of only 42 mph after oscillating back and forth repeatedly. Since
suspension bridges are susceptible to wind, it is always a challenge for engineers to keep the vertical
and lateral swayings within safe limits. Transporting the equipment to build a bridge above such a
huge mass of water

The Penang Second Brigde in Malaysia
The Penang Second Bridge is one of the longest in Malaysia and also in the South East Asia region.
It is also known as the Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge which is named after the Sultan
of Kedah. The bridge connects from Batu Kawan on the mainland to Batu Maung on the Penang
Island. It has an overall length of 24km and a length over water (displacement) of 16.9km. It is
much longer when compared to the Penang First Bridge which only has an overall length of 13.5km.
The building of this bridge has cost the government for RM4.5billion.
The planning of building the second bridge to link the mainland to the island has been brought up
back in the year of 1995 by the 4th Prime Minister which is Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohammad and also
the 3rd Chief Minister of Penang, Tan Sri Dr. Koh Tsu Koon. Later, Malaysian government unveiled
the plan to construct the bridge in August 2006. The project is implemented in the 9th Malaysian
Plan. It is the largest civil construction work carried out in Malaysia in the past 2 decades.
The construction of the bridge officially started in November 2008 after all the planning and
procedure done. The bridge is currently projected completed on February 2014. The bridge is built
under the cooperation between China and Malaysia. The project itself was funded by China through
the Export–Import Bank of China as Malaysia signed RM2.7bilion loan agreement in July 2007.
Besides that, Malaysia also cooperated with the contractor from China that is China

Types Of Bridges Research Paper
TESL 301
Different types of Bridges–Research Paper
Because of advancements in today's technology in construction field, many types of bridges are
being constructed depending on the requirement and their suitability for the situations.
A bridge is a structure providing path over an obstacle. When constructing a bridge, obstacle can be
a river, railway track or a valley and the path provided by bridge can be for a road, pedestrians, a
railway, pipelines, viaducts to carry water from rich areas to dry cities, or for commercial purpose to
host commercial buildings such as restaurants and shops. A bridge can also be laid to reduce the
distance of travel which in turn reduces the time to reach the destination.
(Vasani, 2011) Many components when assembled together form a bridge structure. Basic
components of a bridge are superstructure or Decking, Bearings, Substructure which again consists
of Piers and Abutments, Wing walls and Returns, and Foundation.
Superstructure bears the load that is being passed over the bridge and it transmits the forces caused
by the same to substructure. Load received from the decking is transferred on to the substructure by
Bearings. They also distribute the load evenly over the substructure material as it may not have
sufficient strength to bear the superstructure load directly. Piers and Abutments are the vertical
substructures which transfer the load to the earth in the foundation. Wing walls and returns are
constructed as the extension of

Personal Narrative: My Trip To Califonia
Califonia
On day my grandma came and got me and my sister and took us to the airport in Indianapolis. We
had talked about this for a very long. When we got to the airport we got our tickets and got on the
first plane to Minnesota. That plane ride was an hour long. We we got to the airport in Minnesota we
had a 4 hour layover, so we just ate while we were there. When we finally got onto the plane we
flew to Las Vegas, and from there we drove to california.
The first place we went was Death Valley. We went to the hottest part which was covered in salt and
was 120 there. Then we went to the coolest part which was on a mountain. Then we went to the
painted mountains. They were all different colors and were enormous. We got out of the car
sometimes but not that much because of how hot it was.There were only a couple town we went by
and they were just gas stations. The only thing we saw was same ... Show more content on
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We went to 2 different beaches. One was cold and we didn't swim it. The other was warm and we
did swim it. We also tanned. We all ended up falling asleep and getting some what burnt. We only
stayed there for 1 day because we wanted to go to San Francisco.
The last thing was go to San Francisco. We took a ferry there. It was an hour there and a hour back.
While we were there we to a tour on a cable car. We went to chinatown and a sock store. We also
went over the golden gate bridge. The Golden Gate Bridge was my favorite part, when we went
across it was so cold my toes almost fell off.
When we were on our way back to the airport we slept most of the time. We first flew to texas and
only had to stay there for 1 hour which wasn't that long compared to the other wait. From texas we
went to indianapolis. When we got there it was around 11a.m. My grandpa was waiting for us and
then we head home. It was an hour in the car. When we got home my mom was happy to see me and
we showed her the pictures and the souvenirs. Then i went to my room and slept for 2

Bridges And Their Types Bridges Essay
BRIDGES AND THEIR TYPES
Highway Bridges
Bridges are an essential part of the transport infrastructure.
General Information:
A bridge is a means by which a road, railway or other service is carried over an obstacle such as a
river, valley, and other road or railway line, either with no intermediate support or with only a
limited number of supports at convenient locations. Fig: Docklands Light Rail Bridge, London,
England.
Basic features of bridges:
Superstructure
`The superstructure of a bridge is the part directly responsible for carrying the road or other service.
Its layout is determined largely by the disposition of the service to be carried. In most cases, there is
a deck structure that carries the loads from the individual wheels and distributes the loads to the
principal structural elements, such as beams spanning between the substructure supports.
Road bridges carry a number of traffic lanes, in one or two directions, and may also carry footways.
At the edge of the bridge, parapets are provided for the protection of vehicles and people.
Rail bridges typically carry two tracks, laid on ballast, although separate superstructures are often
provided for each track. They are narrow (about 2m wide) and are usually single span structures that
rarely span more than 40m.
Substructure:
The substructure of a bridge is responsible for supporting the superstructure and carrying the loads
to the ground through foundations. To support the superstructure, single span bridges

Goodwill Bridge Case Study
The $23 million Goodwill Bridge gives a person on foot and bike a crossing over the Brisbane River
interfacing the Southbank Parklands to the Brisbane Botanical Gardens. The most unmistakable
component of the 470m long engineering composed extension is the 102m double curve arch
between the south bank of the waterway and the primary structure amidst the Brisbane River.
Foundation tasks are normally planned and built utilizing entrenched points of reference. The
Goodwill Bridge is an unordinary bit of framework in that the type of the structure was vigorously
impacted by a stylish and sculptural idea that was chosen by the customer by means of a building
configuration rivalry. Not at all like most foundation tasks, there were few if any points ... Show
These included the installation of a floating pipeline to deliver concrete to those structures located in
the river itself and floating the arch to the bridge site from its riverside fabrication site.
Circular segment manufactured the heap confines offsite at its Geebung industrial facility and
conveyed them to John Holland. The conveyance system was settled upon to meet John Holland's
development necessities and ARC's generation abilities. By both sides having a comprehension of
the site and production line conditions, the conveyance system had the capacity be adjusted to suit
changes to site action and project.
The inside structure obliged a sum of 68 tons of 30m long, 1500mm measurement fortifying pens.
These heaps are socketed 2m into the bedrock underneath the Brisbane River. The pre–assembled
strengthening pens must be built to tight resistances to guarantee the site lapping of the enclosures
continued easily and productively.
Notwithstanding the structure backings, ARC created 94 heaps extending from 360mm to 750mm in
distance across for the takes a shot at the Southbank end of the

AS 5100 Bridge Design Standards: The Building Code Of...
1. Australian Standards
Several Australian Standards have been identified through the early stages of preliminary research.
The purpose of these standards is to ensure structural safety for the Australian community in the
present and in future. The Building Code of Australia (BCA) comes up with the required codes and
requirement that ought to be followed whenever a structure is being laid. Among these standards are
the AS 5100 bridge design, the AS 3600 concrete design and the AS 4100 steel structure design
standards.
1.1. AS 5100 – Bridge Design
For a long period of time, design of traffic barriers for bridges in Australia lacks consistency and for
this reason, standard guidelines to solve the issues was necessary. The purpose of these guidelines
were to aid bridge designers, contractors and other relevant stakeholders to design bridges that are
relevant, consistent and reduce cost during the process of selection and bridge development. The AS
5100 Australian Bridge Design Standard is one of the guidelines that will be discussed in this
section. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When bridges are poorly constructed, they may fail due to load they carry, collision by derailed
trains or even by vehicles that lose control leading to catastrophic incidences. However, if bridges
are well–constructed, the chances or injury are greatly minimized in the event of an accident.
Discussed in the subsections are the requirements of AS 5100 standards in relation to cable–stayed
bridges and include design requirements for bridges, bridge aesthetics, bridge functional
requirements, bridge component design requirements and bridge construction

The Golden Gate Bridge Essay
The Golden Gate Bridge
Since the dawn of time, man has had an inherent need to get to the other side. Rivers, canyons, and
impassable trails have always hindered the migration of man, leaving him the choice to continue no
further, or to "build a bridge and get over it." The earliest bridges were made of simple materials
such as stone, or even a fallen log. Regardless of the material, natural bridges allowed man to
explore the "other side." However, man has never been satisfied with what nature gives him. Over
time, man developed the ability to construct his own bridges in order to create a shortcut across an
otherwise impassable obstacle. The first man–made bridges consisted of wooden beams or stone
arches. With each ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Golden Gate Bridge broke span records and set new safety standards in the bridge building
community. Although architects and engineers designed a safe structure, various improvements such
as a lighter deck and reinforced steel trusses have been added over the years. The Golden Gate
Bridge, in all its glory, is a true structural wonder for both its size and artistic design.
Although actual construction began in January of 1933, the idea for the Golden Gate Bridge began
back in 1872. At that time, railroad entrepreneur Charles Crocker envisioned bridging the gap across
the entrance to San Francisco Bay from the Pacific Ocean. The idea was deemed unfeasible at the
time and was put to rest until 1916, when James Wilkins, a newspaper editor, began to heavily
promote the idea of building a bridge across the Golden Gate Strait. This time the proposal caught
the attention of various bridge engineers in the area. The initial response was that the bridge would
be difficult to build and cost in excess of 100 million dollars. Joseph Baermann Strauss stepped in
with his proposal that, not only could the bridge be built, but construction would cost less than thirty
million dollars. He even believed that tolls would soon pay for the expenses. On June 28, 1921
Strauss submitted his plan to build the Golden Gate Bridge for twenty seven million dollars. While
the City of San Francisco needed the bridge to accommodate the rapid population boom, it lacked
the funds to

Bridge Building: The Confederation Bridge In Canada
Bridge Building:
Beam Bridges:
A simple beam bridge that is flat across and supported at the two ends. A longer beam bridge can be
held up along the middle by piers standing in the river. The weight of the bridge itself, plus the load
that it carries, plus gravity are the downward forces are spread evenly across the length of the
bridge. The upwards forces that hold the bridge up come from the piers. The Confederation Bridge
in Canada is a famous beam bridge.
Arch Bridges:
A simple arch bridge reaches across the river in an arching shape rather than straight across the river.
Gravity, the weight of the bridge and all the weight creates a downwards force. But since the bridge
is curved the force becomes a downwards outward force. Rather than

Newspaper Bridge Project
The Newspaper bridge project is a project where students are given the challenge to make a bridge
using newspaper, straws, and tape. Each material has a price. 1 sheet of paper $10, 1 straw $1, and
10 cm of tape $2. Students were given the challenge to make a bridge only using $25 of materials.
In this essay, I will be explaining the process which my group constructed our bridge for this
project. And answer the question; How to construct a newspaper bridge that will hold the most
weight and is cost efficient with the given materials?
My group's bridge held a lot more weight than I thought. Our group tried different ideas for our
prototype. At first, we wanted to only use straws for our bridge. We first tried to weave straws
together. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They were using all of the money but had a low–cost effectiveness ratio. Since their bridge was very
heavy and was mostly made out of only newspaper their bridge was probably very weak because it
had no reinforcements. My group used straws to reinforce our rods the same way that steel bars are
used in concrete to reinforce it. Without the reinforcement, the beams would crack because of the
load causing the beam to be in tension. Their bridges were made with only paper with tape holding it
together. As compared to my group's bridge we tried our best to reinforce our bridge with straws.
With no reinforcements, their bridge collapsed under the weight put on it. Other groups tried to
make a bridge with the least amount of money hold the most weight. In the future, I would try to
make a bridge this way. An example of this would be the group of Tucker, Hilary, and Jack in G
band. They were runner–up to us in the strength efficiency ratio with 1167 g held/1g of mass, but
their bridge only cost $14 and their cost–effectiveness ratio was 1000g/$1. The amount of paper
they used caused their bridge to be a little bit heavier than ours. I find it surprising how their bridge
held so much since it was not like any of the other bridge. I think making a bridge this way would be
more of a challenge in the

The Brooklyn Bridge: The Williamsburg Bridge
Our next destination was one I couldn't wait to go to, the Williamsburg Bridge. I was excited
because I love seeing and learning about the architecture of a bridge and also being able to walk
over one is so amazing! "Construction on the bridge began in 1896 and opened it on December 19,
1903. When it was completed the Williamsburg Bridge set the record for the longest suspension
bridge in the world. It was also the first bridge to use steel instead of masonry towers, which
reduced the side of the foundations and cost much less than masonry" (ENY, 197). It was a little
longer than the Brooklyn Bridge, but what made it worse that day was the heat. It just felt like it
took us forever to get over the bridge for some reason. It was interesting

Bridge Foundation Design Essay
ASEISMIC FOUNDATION DESIGN PROCESS
LESSONS LEARNED FROM TWO MAJOR PROJECTS :
THE VASCO DA GAMAAND THE RION–ANTIRION BRIDGES
Alain PECKER
Géodynamique et Structure, 157 Rue des Blains 92220 BAGNEUX, France
1 INTRODUCTION
The choice of a design concept for a bridge foundation is guided by various factors; several of these
factors are indeed of technical origin, like the environmental conditions in a broad sense, but others
non technical factors may also have a profound impact on the final design concept. These aspects
will be reviewed and illustrated by comparison of the solutions adopted for two major European
cable stayed bridges: the Vasco da Gama bridge in Lisbon (Portugal) and the Rion–Antirion bridge,
near Patras
(Greece). The foundations solutions for those two structures are described and an attempt is made to
pinpoint the major factors that have guided the final choices. The innovative foundation concept
finally adopted for the Rion–Antirion bridge is further described in details to highlight how capacity
design principles, which are familiar to structural engineers, can be implemented in earthquake
resistant design of foundations.
2 ASEISMIC FOUNDATION DESIGN PROCESS
The aseismic design process for foundations is a very broad activity requiring the synthesis of
insight, creativity, technical knowledge and experience [1]. Information is required and decisions
have to be made at various stages including:
(i) the geological environment and geotechnical characterization

How Technology Has Changed The World Today
In this research paper i will be talking about bridges and their importance to the world today. I will
also go into detail on how bridges were in the past and how the first bridges were made by nature. I
will compare bridges from the past to how technology has changed the way bridges are built today
in the modern era. The more we advance in technology the more ca–pabilities we have too make
bridges that support so much more weight. As the improvements are made bridges are just becoming
safer and more reliables. I will mention 5 different kinds of bridges the beam bridge, arch bridge,
cantilever bridge,cable stayed bridge, and the suspension bridge. I will go into depth on how each
one of these bridges it's designed and the purpose of that certain bridge.
Bridges
Bridges they come in many different shapes and sizes every bridge has a purpose and is unique in
it's own way. A bridge is a structure that provides a passageway over obstacles such as rough terrain,
valleys or bodies of water by stretching across these obstacles. There are many dif–ferent kinds of
bridges and they all serve a purpose. A lot of people rely on a bridge on a daily basis and they have
to put their faith in the engineer that designed the bridge and hope that the bridge is safe. I will go
into detail about the origins of bridges, the different types of bridges, and how shapes help support
the structure of the bridge.
Origins of Bridges
Bridges have been in existence since

Mike O. Callaghan-Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge
Since the early days, the men try overcome environmental challenges and, in this process, ends up
creating amazing masterpieces of engineering. Among this works, the bridges appears as the clearest
representatives of how the mankind could adapt to Earth's contours. If the shape of landscape can't
be changed, the bridges are the solution to link two places and allows the connection of the traffic to
improve aspects such as the communication and the trade. Depending to the need, to the sources and
to the environment, the bridge can be constructed in a specific configuration. There are five main
sorts of bridges configurations. First, there is the simplest bridge, the beam bridge. Second, the arch
bridge, one of the oldest kind. There are the truss, composed of set of trellises. Lastly, there are the
cable–stayed and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Among the hundreds of thousands bridges in the world, two worth mentioning for their history and
unique features. These two engineering masterpieces are the Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman
Memorial Bridge, as known as Hoover Dam Bypass Bridge and the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge. Through
the analysis of their characteristics, it is possible compare and contrast these projects in aspects such
as historic facts, design features, and environmental and construction challenges.
First, the construction of the bride reflects a need and depends of the constructors' sources. A bridge
is basically constructed to link two places, but its importance comes from the reason for which it
was made. Each bridge has its own motive to exist and history. In the case of the Hoover Dam
Bypass, the project was conceived as a alternative to the traffic. Previously the construction of the
bridge, the big project of the hydroelectric dam on the Colorado River, also was used as a path to

Mass Destruction of Ecosystems to Accommodate the Automobile
Mass Destruction of Ecosystems to Accommodate the Automobile
Mitigation, to the dismay of some, has become publicly synonymous with notions of preservation
and conservation. Mitigation is neither the 'preservation' nor is it the 'conservation' of habitat.
Mitigation is the creation of new habitat, or the guarding of an existing habitat to "make up" for the
destruction of similar habitat somewhere else. It was the infamous environmental buzz word of the
nineties, notorious for its criticism and praise by developers. Criticism because mitigation delays
and obstructs their progress, and praise by those who take advantage of loopholes within the
guidelines. All the while ecologists are accepting the mitigations like ill tasting medicine ... Show
Feats that would have been technologically impossible even 50 years ago are now common, such as
the BART crossing under the San Francisco Bay or the extensive bridge systems in the Florida
Everglades.
The technology exists, albeit at what is sometimes great cost. The proportions necessary to create a
tunnel or bridge to accommodate the traffic flow from south Orange county north into Los Angeles
would be fantastic, but possible. But bridge and tunnel systems do offer some alternatives to the
mitigation practices of today. Not entirely eliminating the need to mitigate for the effects of the
transportation systems, but hopefully allowing the system to pass through the habitat not completely
inhibiting the integrity or the function of the ecosystem.
Bridges
Bridges introduce many interesting options for elevating a roadway above sensitive habitat. Bridges
seemingly are best adapted for sensitive aquatic habitats. For example, in place of filling a wetland
in order to construct a road through it, a cable stayed bridge would seemingly accomplish the same
job eliminating the need for the filling of the wetland and providing an alternative with less
environmental impacts. This is by no means suggesting that the bridge would have no
environmental impact, only that the impact would be less

Causes Of Failure Of Bridge Roof Vibration
CAUSES OF FAILURE OF BRIDGE
Deck Vibration Since the well–known bridge, Tacoma Narrows Bridge was destroyed in 1940 the
designers and owners started to concern more about the stability of bridge deck. For short–and long
term of monitoring the deck, the instruments of geophysical are increase used which are;
1. accelerometers and tilt meter
2. strain gages
Figure1: Tacoma Narrows Bridge with severe vibration
Figure 2: Tacoma Narrows Bridge after collapse due to wind fluttering
These are several problems that had been summarized;
1. The stability of aerodynamic of bridge deck when subject to high wind.
2. Some effect on stability of bridge decks for long–term, impact by fatigue that caused by cyclic
stresses which are including increased loading from the traffic, temperature changes and trucks that
have heavy load.
3. The bridge decks stability during earthquakes.
All the geophysical techniques are applied to overcome problems above. Those are principally
specific to the vibration monitoring and some environmental monitoring which is vibration
monitoring including strains, displacements, rotation and acceleration, while environmental
monitoring including wind and temperature. All of these are affected
Below are two major solutions to overcome fluttering problems of cable bridges;
1. Modification of the deck
– To create more stiff deck, the shape and configuration of the bridge deck must be modified (with
respect to the length of the span).
– The shape of

Types of Bridges
There are 4 major types of bridges. We have a separate page for each type of bridge. Please go to
one of the following pages. Beam – The beam type is the simplest type of bridge. The beam bridge
could be anything as simple as a plank of wood to a complex structure. It is made of two or more
supports which hold up a beam. Arch – In the arch type of bridge, weight is carried outward along
two paths, curving toward the ground. Suspension/Cable–stayed – The deck (trafficway) of a
suspension bridge is hung by cables which hang from towers. The cables transfer the weight to the
towers, which transfer the weight to the ground. Cable–stayed bridges have towers, but cables from
the towers go directly to the road deck, instead of spanning from ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, they are widely used as the deck elements of cable–stayed and suspension bridges,
where the torsional stiffness of a box is important for the dynamics of such long span bridges. Truss
bridges A truss is a triangulated framework of elements that act primarily in tension and
compression. It is a light–weight yet very stiff form of construction. Truss girders were common in
early steel bridge construction as welding had yet to be developed (pre 1930s) and rolled sections
and plate sizes were of a limited range. They are considered expensive to fabricate today, being
labour intensive. Maintenance issues have to be carefully addressed (for example, ease of access).
However, they can still show advantages in particular applications such as footbridges and railway
bridges. Typical spans in one form or other can range from 40m to 500m. Trusses may be used as
girders below the deck level, or as through girders with the deck at the bottom chord level. Such
through truss girders minimise the effective construction depth, and the length of approach
embankments. Hence, they are particularly suited to footbridges and railway bridges. The light–
weight yet stiff nature of truss bridges also makes them ideal for demountable "Bailey" bridges.
Trusses can also be used as arch elements (for example, the Sydney Harbour Bridge) and as
cantilever elements (for

Unit 11 Bridge Building Project
Bridge Building Project
By Maryum Sheikh Hi, my name is Maryum and the bridges that I researched about are the Golden
Gate Bridge, the Batman Bridge, the Auckland Harbor Bridge, the Bixby Creek Bridge, and the
Quebec Bridge.
First, I would like to tell you about the Golden Gate Bridge. I'm pretty sure many of you may know
about this bridge. The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge and was built in San Francisco,
California in 1937. The Golden Gate Bridge spans or crosses the Golden Gate strait which is a mile
wide and 3 miles long. The weight of the roadway is hung from 2 cables that pass through two main
towers and are fixed in concrete at each end. Each cable is made of 27,572 strands of wire. There are
80,000 miles of wire in the main cables. These cables help support the bridge because of the big
distance. The bridge also has approximately 1,200,000 total rivets. So my opinion about the bridge
is that it is a very well made bridge and it also has a very good design.
The second bridge I will be talking about is the Batman Bridge. The Batman Bridge is a cable–stay
bridge ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Quebec Bridge is a cantilever bridge with the structure of a riveted steel truss. The Quebec
Bridge was built in Quebec City in Canada in 1917. The Quebec Bridge spans or crosses the Saint
Lawrence River. The Quebec Bridge failed twice and the cost was of 88 lives. The bridge was
successfully made in 1917 after the 2 attempts. The Quebec Bridge is 987 m long, 29 m wide, and
104 m high. The cantilever arms are 177 m long and support a 195 m central structure, for a total
span of 549 m the Quebec Bridge is still the longest cantilever bridge span in the world. It was the
all–categories longest span in the world until the Ambassador Bridge was completed in 1929. It is
the easternmost complete crossing of the Saint Lawrence River. My opinion about the Quebec
Bridge is that it is very well made bridge and is pretty

General Technical Information : The Bridge
General Technical Information:
The bridge will be an 8–lane bridge with 2 lanes committed for buses, with a total length of
5.6Km.The Sea Link will enable quick go between Bandra and Worli, cutting travel times from 60–
75 minutes to around 7 minutes. The extension was committed to the public on 30 June 2009,
although just 4 of 8 lanes were opened. All the 8 lanes were opened on 24 March 2010.
Manpower Behind the bridge:
A total of 2850 workers and 150 engineers were employed over a span of eight years including
several teams of foreign engineers and technicians involved in specialized tasks. The main
engineering positions includes: Project Manager, Project Chief Engineer, Planning executive, Works
Manager (Super–Structure), Chief Design ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cable stay system comprises 2,250 km of high strength galvanized steel wires which support the
Cable Stay Bridge weighing 20,000 tons. The bridge deck is constructed of pre–cast hollow concrete
box sections with 3 cores, the dimensions of the deck varies throughout the length of the bridge. The
pre–cast segments vary in length from 1.5m to 3.1m with a width between 18m and 23m. Each
section of bridge deck will be post–tensioned following installation. The precast concrete sections of
the deck were launched incrementally between the pillars using a truss system, known as the
balanced cantilever method.
Piles were used for the foundations. Foundations for the towers comprised of fifty two piles with a
diameter of 2m and about 34m in length piles arranged in an H shape. The strength of concrete used
in the design is 40 MPa for Piles, and 60 MPa for Pile Caps, Columns, Towers, and Girders. In
addition, Micro silica is added to increase concrete strength as well as providing sulfate resistance
by decreasing average size of pores in the cement paste.
Bridge Construction:
– Construction of the foundation was challenging due to geological conditions where sea soils layers
varies in strength and depth. All the piles in the project are vertical and cast–in–situ. First,
cofferdams were installed followed by the placement of Tremie concrete seal. – Sub–Structure
Construction (Pile Cap and Piers) used pre–fabricated reinforcement cages.
–

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