SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 44
Download to read offline
Sources and Implications of Different Perspectives of...
Biological perspective assumes that behavior is cause by that of the nervous system. So everything we say, do and think are due to brain activity
between neutrons. Since our brain is determine somewhat by our genes we get from our parents, our behavior may be predetermined by these genetic
factors. Since our genes are part of the evolutionary theory, psychologists think that behavior may have evolutionary explanations as to why we act the
way we do. Genetic influences, in some behaviors like hallucinations and other disorders are the effect of faulty inherited genes. These genes are said to
be the cause of malfunctioning within the nervous system thus explaining our behaviors. This perspective supports that nurture has more to do with ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After the consuming of the drugs, the brain and body feels dependent of this substance. This dependency could be due to many factors like the way
one feels when it's one drugs. The happiness the brain is tricked into thinking it likes and therefore needs more of. Since the first time the drug is
introduce into the body, neurotransmitters will have different effects of the body. Therefore if the effect is positive, one will continue to use drugs and
if it's negative then the opposite will occur because of the feelings and reactions that were caused within the body. So if no pleasure is gain from
consumption then it's likely that the person will not continue to consume drugs. In addition, drug addiction may actually be the basis of genetics.
Although no research proves this, drug addiction may be actually an inherited gene from the parent.
Behavioral perspective, focuses on the fact that we are controlled by our environment and from what we learn from it. Environmental factors affect
how we respond to different situations. This could be due to a bad experience or maybe something they were told would happen if they were involved
in certain situations. The approach takes two main paths one from their environment through classical conditioning and the other through operant
conditioning. Classical conditioning involves learning through association as for operant involves learning through consequences of our actions.
Behaviorism takes in account
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
The Structure Of The Company's Expansion
6.4 Growth Planning
The company's expansion consists of platforms in two objectives: (1) provide in–house services such as publishing, manufacturing, merchandising,
tour promotion and recording; and (2) sell products in new geographical markets. Grow is based on expanding operations to territories outside the Twin
Cities area; the number of finished products is increased as we enter new areas. Determining when to expand depends on the condition of the business
and the economic conditions of the market, outlined below. Before growth is considered, operations must function firmly, and the needs of customers
and clients must be met before, during and after transitions.
Condition of the Business Objections
When any of these factors are met, Devotion will open proposals for growth platforms.
Devotion is recognized by the community and/or a threat in the industry.
Devotion has a customer base that regularly buys our products and employs our services.
Devotions needs extra office, storage, floor, packaging and/or manufacturing space.
Devotion has sales that are rising with steady marketing campaigns.
Artist's begin to form a following in major territories.
Devotion needs to hire new employees and divide operations in management departments with directors, managers and staff.
Devotion is netting further merchandise and/or manufacturing orders that need fulfillment.
Devotion is trafficking increasing songwriters, producers and talents alike.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
How Small Children Learn Their First Language Essay
How do small children learn their first language? Discuss some environmental factors and internal factors involved in language acquisition. "Children
are extremely perceptive and absorb what goes on around them long before they can talk or even comprehend the language". –Theodore Isaac Rubin,
psychiatrist and author. But, have you ever thought about how children learn their first language. Do they certainly learn by absorbing what they
hear around them or is there more to that? Maybe we do not give enough credit to the brain and how it functions when it comes to learning a native
language. Children learn by imitation, analogy, reinforcement, and structure input. However, are these factors enough to explain how kids learn their
native language? As we all know language can be extremely complicated, still young children are able to master this skill at a very young age. They
might not speak it or express themselves like an adult would but by the age of five they are completely understandable. However, if children do not
memorize sentences and no one teaches them the language grammar how are they able to learn the language in such a short period of time? There are
theories that try to explain how this is possible. Some think that children extract the rules of the language they hear around them. Therefore, no matter
the language a kid is exposed to they will be able to learn the language until puberty. Meanwhile, other linguists believe that children are born with a
brain
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Example Of Classical Conditioning
Something that we have all been exposed to in our lifetimes is classical conditioning, or an association between different stimuli that elicits a new
learned behavior. Classical conditioning consists of an unconditioned stimulus (US), conditioned stimulus (CS), conditioned response (CR), and an
unconditioned response (UR). The unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response that is not based on any prior
experiences. Salivating when you smell food is an example of an unconditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus. Adversely, ringing a bell before
dinner would create an association between food and the bell and cause salivating. This is an example of a conditioned stimulus (the bell) and a
conditioned response (salivating). Perhaps the most well–known example of classical conditioning can be evidenced in Ivan Pavlov's experiments with
the salivating dogs. Ironically, Pavlov was researching digestion in dogs, when he observed that the dogs began to salivate when the researchers who
normally fed the dogs were present. This reaction, was caused by the dogs associating being fed, with the presence of the researchers, who
inadvertently became the conditioned stimuli. Pavlov validated his findings by using sound as a stimulus while feeding the dogs. After several
repetitions, the dogs began to salivate when they heard the sound without the presence of food (McLeod, 2014). The example for this assignment is
Antonio feeling sick to his stomach
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Classical Conditioning Vs Operant Conditioning Research Paper
Although conditioning techniques can be used for other purposes such as treatment of phobias in humans (Wolpe 1969), many of the experiments and
uses of these particular techniques involve animals and animal training. This essay will argue that operant conditioning is a more effective method of
animal training than classical conditioning, although neither method is completely effective, by examining the differences between the two methods,
and their benefits and limitations when used in animal training.
To understand the differences between these two methods of conditioning, they must be explained. Ivan Pavlov is credited with the first experiment to
demonstrate classical conditioning (Pavlov 1927) in which dogs were trained to salivate at ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Operant conditioning has the added benefit of having several options for reinforcement schedules allowing a trainer to produce the fastest possible
acquisition rate with the slowest possible extinction rate, producing an animal which is trained faster to perform the desired action, while performing
this action for longer after reinforcement is no longer given. However, neither operant nor classical conditioning can be completely effective in animal
training as there are biological constraints produced by evolution which produce
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Essay on Digital Steerable Line Array
Loudspeakers and Line Arrays play a vital role in live sound reinforcement. The main goal of line arrays is to evenly distribute the full range of
frequencies and 'loudness' of the performance to the audience, no matter where the people are standing. Stage hands and audio technicians work
together before a live performance in order to achieve the optimum sound quality for the audience's satisfaction during their experience of the live
event. Typically, traditional line arrays are set up by technicians on ground level. With the help of motorized hoists, the speakers are hanged or
"flown" to be rigged at a specific height and achieve its J shaped curve– provided that the stage or venue is able to properly accommodate the speakers'
weight ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, each high frequency driver consists of several movable components in order to optimize the "aim" of high frequencies. While ICONYX
is supposedly one of, if not the first of its kind, Renkus–Heinz is not the only company to develop digitally steerable speakers. Martin Audio's version
of digitally controlled line arrays is called the "Multi–Cellular Loudspeaker Array" or MLA. Aesthetically, the MLA is more like the line arrays
flown on big concerts and stadiums most people are familiar with. Simply put, by using the provided software, the specifications of venues or
audience space is detected and analyzed by the array itself. Additionally, each of the 72 to 144 "cells" or parts of the line array is capable of having
its own phase, level, and EQ individually and independently set. All of this is controlled electronically, by further use ofdigital signal processing. Due
to the sheer amount of moving components, the MLA has the ability to constantly change its directionality and arrangement in order to adjust the
loudspeakers' coverage, or accommodate to weather changes, or rigging height modifications; in real time. Unfortunately, further in–depth scientific
data and proof presented by Martin Audio is far beyond my understanding of physics and acoustics, so I will not attempt to rehash the information and
instead cite the source. Suffice to say, MLA uses
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Black Men in the Prison System Essays
"We ain't thugs for the sake of just bein' thugs. Nobody do that where we grew at N___, duh! The poverty line we not above. So I come in the mask
and gloves 'cause we ain't feelin' the love. We ain't doin' crime for the sake of doin' crimes. We movin' dimes 'cause we ain't doin' fine. One out of three
of us is locked up doin' time. You know what this could do to a N___ mind? My mind on my money, money on my mind. If you owe me ten dollars
you ain't givin' me nine! Ya'll ain't give me 40 acres and a mule. So I got my glock 40 now I'm cool."–Jay–Z Imagine waking up every morning
hungry, except rather than just driving down to your local fast food spot, you can not even afford a dollar hamburger from McDonald's. Imagine
falling asleep to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Extinction is removing something in order to decrease a behavior. Restriction is the most obvious form of extinction. Punishment is "adding something
aversive in order to decrease a behavior". (CITATION) Most have experienced punishment either as a receiver or a giver. Corporal punishment is
considered to be a form of punishment. As a result of a certain behavior, a spanking is added to the situation in order to decrease that behavior. It is
thought that black families are known for using corporal punishment in excess. Besides the fact that by the time they reach the age of 13 spankings
become redundant, this does not seem to be the answer. "Punishment can also invoke other negative responses such as anger and resentment."
(CITATION)So this tells us that solely using one of the four approaches to learning is not the answer to this particular issue. Perhaps a more enhanced
prevention of criminal behavior should be put in place. Rather than just using a punishment or extinction mechanism such as incarceration, the
utilization of some sort of positive reinforcement in conjunction, or in some cases in replacement of the lone punishment and extinction, will decrease
the cycle of African–American males ending up in the prison system. Reparation plans have been an ongoing debate for over 100 years. Albeit a lot of
the debate is relating the hardships the Native Americans of the "Manifest Destiny" as a direct result of white immigration west,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Reflection Paper On Psychology And Psychology
Reflection Paper #2 In this second unit of Psychology, it was fascinating to focus in on how we as humans learn behaviors, and what can cause us to
each function differently in similar situations. Many scientists from the early 20th century have contributed to what we know today about the brain
and how it responds to sensations, perceptions, hearing, and conditioning. Some concepts that were most applicable to my everyday life and that I
enjoyed learning about were the sensory systems, associated learning, and what Pavlov did for the field of Psychology. What struck me about the
sensory systems was all the different things that went into it. There are so many different moving parts: stimuli, absolute and difference threshold, and
transduction. I find this particularly interesting because different people, even though they are experiencing the "same" situation, have stimuli that
respond differently. I have always had a high tolerance for spicy foods, and while some of my family members pour gallons upon gallons of milk
down their throat, I'm asking for a second serving. This is due to different people having more active tastebuds that are more sensitive to heat than my
own, therefore sending more stimuli to the brain. It is also interesting that some people have stronger receptors in the olfactory bulb than others, called
"hyperosmia." Both of my parents have this, and I know understand why they can not handle hardly any air freshener, perfume, or cologne. Even if we
happen
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Diploma in Audio Production Level 3
Diploma in Audio Production Level 3
The Soundcraft Vi4 is a state of the art professional live sound mixing console by Harman. The Vi4 is made up of multiple components that if used
proficiently, can benefit any live sound reinforcement situation. With 48 mono inputs of concurrent mixing channels, which can be coupled to form
stereo sound and direct outputs for each and every input, this is the ideal industry standard sound desk for live sound reinforcement by Soundcraft.
The Soundcraft unit consists of a local rack and a stage box, each with its own input and output quantity. There are 16 analogue line inputs and outputs
not inclusive of the 3 adaptable analogue microphone/line inputs on the local rack itself. The digital inputs and outputs on the local rack supports 8
pairs (16 channels) of Audio Engineering Society/European Broadcasting Union (AES/EBU) inputs and outputs as well as 64 channel Multichannel
Audio Digital Interface (MADI) in and out via optical SC connectors. Additionally, a talkback microphone input and line output can also be located on
the local rack.
The Vi4 stage box houses 48 analogue microphone/line inputs and 24 analogue line outputs with remote gain control, phantom power (+48V), PAD
and 80 Hz High Pass Filter (HPF) available only at the stage box inputs.
The entire Soundcraft Vi4 structure is linked together via standard fit, shielded Cat 5E Ethernet cables and is controlled by a control surface. The
Soundcraft control surface is an
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Live Sound Setup
Introduction
A PA system that is installed correctly and operates at its optimum level will allow a sound signal to travel from one or more microphones to a mixing
console. At the mixing console all signals will be mixed together in the right balance and levels and sent out to an amplifier. The signals are then
converted into much larger signals and sent to the speakers creating sound waves for the audience to hear. (Fry, 2005)
The aim of this report is to analyse by way of reference books, government occupational health and safety guidelines and various sound websites, the
installation and operation of a PA system for a one night concert at Centrestage, Invercargill. The concert consists of a seven
–piece funk band. While ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Installation of PA System
Centre Stage has AC power available and before any equipment is set up it needs to be remembered that all the power that is used must be on the
same circuit. On the stage there should be a power box that has all amps, keyboards etc running from it. Keep any leads away from any lighting. By
staying within this rule it will eliminate any Hum.
Place all the equipment where you want it to go. Make sure all the volumes are down on the equipment and once all equipment has been turned on,
lastly turn the amps on. This will avoid any spiking of the speakers and possible damage. The following list is of equipment to be used and a diagram
showing the routing.
Mackie CFX20 – As this mixer has been purpose built for use in small to medium live sound PA systems it is an ideal option for Centre Stage. The
unit offers low noise and the console is coloured well giving clarity to the placement of its various knobs and functions. The band needs to have a
minimum of ten mic inputs and this console has sixteen. It has the useful option of a desklamp for ease of viewing the dark and a cd player for
playing at break times. Lab Gruppen fb6400 amp is used in the PA system and has the power rating of 2x 1300 watts @ 8 ohms
Dbx 260 is added to the PA system because it has been designed to be an all in one signal processor with all the key essentials that is needed for a live
sound system. Some of the key essentials are
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
What Is Information Reinforcement?
Normally, any kind of data backup is superior to no reinforcements by any means. In any case, extraordinary reinforcement systems differ by security,
time spent and financial cost. How about we investigate straightforward standards you have to remember while making a reinforcement system for
your dataset. There is no "the best" information reinforcement methodology that would flawlessly fit with completely everybody's needs. You have to
remember that the measure of information, stockpiling gadgets, the estimation of information and the requirement for security differ in an extensive
territory. Rather than duplicating some instant information reinforcement methodology one by one, the best arrangement is to comprehend the most
imperative... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Figuring a point by point recuperation design is the primary point of the whole IT disaster recovery (DR) arranging venture. It is in these plans
that you will set out the nitty gritty advances expected to recuperate your IT frameworks to a state in which they can bolster the business after a
disaster. Regarding debacle recuperation methodologies, ISO/IEC 27031, the worldwide standard for IT catastrophe recuperation, states:
"Procedures ought to characterize the ways to deal with actualize the required strength so the standards of occurrence counteractive action,
discovery, reaction, recuperation and rebuilding are set up." Strategies characterize what you intend to do when reacting to an episode, while plans
depict how you will do it. "The backup and recovery should be simple to perform and complete as quickly as possible using all available tape
drives." (Amundson, Halley, Koeller, Koser & Smith, 2000) "While disaster preparedness focuses on the steps of what a company should do in the
event of a crisis, disaster recovery focuses on the continuation and restoration of essential systems within the information technology infrastructure."
(Kendall, Kendall & Lee, 2005). When you have distinguished your basic frameworks, RTOs and RPOs, for instance, make a table to enable you to
detail the fiasco recuperation techniques you will use to secure them. You'll need to consider issues,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Classical Conditioning And Observational Learning Analysis
Internet Activity #8
Each of us learn in different ways. I for one am a hands on learner. I learn best by getting my hands on things and seeing how things work. I am not
very good at learning things by simply reading a book and taking a test. Although most of my schooling is just that. Many things influence our learning
as well, such as environmental. These can include reinforcements, observations, associations, and punishment. Some of the primary learning
theories I will discuss will be classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning. First I will discuss classical conditioning.
Classical conditioning was first discovered by Ivan Pavlov. But first let me explain what classical conditioning is. The learning takes place when an
association is formed between a previously neutral stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus, according to Pavlov. He first noticed this in his
experiments on the digestive system of dogs. The dogs began to salivate whenever the dogs saw the white coats he was wearing, prior to being fed.
He paired the natural stimulus of food with the sound of a bell. Then the dogs would naturally salivate in response to food. Then after several
associations, the dogs would salivate to the sound of the bell. So this is how classical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was first discovered by a psychologist by the name of B.F. Skinner. He was more interested in learning how the consequences of actions influenced
behavior. This is similar to classical conditioning because it relies on forming associations. In operant conditioning associations are made between a
behavior and the consequences of that behavior. According to Skinner, when a behavior leads to a desirable consequence, it becomes more likely that
the behavior will be repeated again in the future. When the action is negative than the outcome is likely to occur. This is how operant condition
became about and who discovered it. Next is observational
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Testing Conditioning Methods Through Sniffy Simulation
Testing Conditioning Methods through Sniffy Simulation
Amir Ayoub
Fordham University
Abstract
This lab tests different forms of conditioning on a virtual rat named Sniffy. In this experiment we began with the virtual rat completely unconditioned
and then worked towards getting Sniffy to pull the lever and get food on his own. We went through many steps to complete this task starting with
getting Sniffy to notice the food chamber, the lever, and finally having Sniffy realize he can obtain food whenever he wanted by pressing the lever.
Then, pushing it further, we made him press the level two, three, four and then five times to receive one pellet. All of these steps tested the idea that
receiving the food as a reward will allow Sniffy to realize the benefits of learning and conditioning himself to do things that have a positive outcome
more.
Testing Conditioning Methods through Sniffy Simulation
This lab is focused on the ideas of classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned
stimulus to elicit an unconditioned response. In time this turns the neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus that causes a conditioned response.
Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through reinforcements and punishments for behavior and encourages associating desirable or
undesirable outcomes with certain behaviors.
The most famous research on this would be
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Stimulus And Response Prompt
Prompting: "The purpose of the prompt is to transfer stimulus control from a stimulus that will reliably evoke the response to a stimulus which will
ultimately control the response when no prompt is provided" (Algonquin, 2017). Of the two main types of prompting, stimulus and response, response
prompting would be the most suitable type of prompting for this scenario as it is best used when trying to encourage a new behaviour. There are four
types of response prompts, physical, modeling, gestural and verbal. "It is best to choose the least intrusive prompt that will be effective" (Algonquin,
2017), then move up the prompting levels to determine which prompt would be most appropriate for your learner. With Alex I will use verbal prompting
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
184). Since Alex's behaviour is under stimulus control of the prompt, it is important to eliminate the prompt through prompt fading so he doesn't
become prompt dependent. Token Economies are contrived reinforcement system, consequently it is necessary to fade them to a naturally
occurring system of reinforcement. The prompt fading strategy I will use will be most to least, prompts will gradually be removed across trials
until I no longer deliver them. Since we are using verbal prompts I will fade them (verbally) in the following manner. The verbal prompt "running"
should it be required, will be faded to part of the word, or to the beginning letter sound if necessary as is outlined by Miltenberger (Miltenberger,
2014, p. 190). When Alex can reply to the, "What is the boy doing?" by saying, "running" without the echoic prompt, the verbal stimulus is dropped
and the reinforcing consequence is again applied. As well any physical reinforcer such as 'high fives' would be faded at this step. Finally on later
attempts when Alex is presented only with the discriminative stimulus, "What is the boy doing?" and correctly relies, "running", I would just praise
and give him the token. Gradually in later sessions I would start to increase the number of tokens required for the backup reinforcer until Alex is
independently engaging in the desired behavior. Of course this change of schedule would be explained to him and he would understand that tokens
would be given only after two (three...) correct answers. In the long term the token system would be faded out. It is important that Alex become as
independent as possible and learn to generalize
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Child Directed Speech Essay
Child Directed Speech
What is Child Directed Speech? It is the theory of language development of young children aged between 1 year old and 4 years old. There are three
key features in the development of child speech:
Phonological:
· Speak slower, clearer pronunciation
· More pauses, especially between phrases and sentences
· Higher pitch
· Exaggerated intonation and stress
Lexis:
· Simpler, more restricted vocabulary
· Diminutive forms (e.g. 'doggie')
· Concrete language, referring to objects in the child's immediate environment
Grammar:
· Simpler constructions
· Frequent use of imperatives
· High degree of repetition
· ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
pointing to a picture.
2) Query: e.g. ask to identify picture.
3) Label: e.g. tell what object is.
4) Feedback: e.g. Repetition and reinforcement.
Repetition and reinforcement:
Skinner, B.F (1957), Behaviourist:
Suggests that parents should play on the role of: Stimulus> Reward.
However, its noted that all children pass through the stages of development, regardless of the types of reinforcement given. Also, there is a gap between
performance (speaking) and competence (understanding). Finally, consistent application – create original sentences (not imitating – creating).
Innateness:
Noam Chomsky (1959 + 1965) }
} Biological Molecule.
Lennenberg }
Lennenberg's theory (L.A.D.) – Language Acquisition Device.
Linguistic Universals
· Deepstructure
· Surface Structure
However, there are criticisms behind this theory:
1) Suggests that language can only be learned by exposure to it – neglects interactive aspects.
2) Bard and Sachs (1977) – Jim – Son of deaf parents, – The parents used very little sign language to communicate with him, instead, exposed him to
television and radio, to develop and understand language, however, very little language at all was developed until, he was sent to a speech therapist
where a gradual progress of speech was accomplished.
So how is speech is developed?
Speech
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Ivan Pavlov, Classical Conditioning And Instrumental...
Learning is defined as a process which leads to permanent change in behaviour or knowledge which occurs through experience. It is known as an
adaptive function carried out by the nervous system in relation to the environment. The process of learning allows the neural pathways can be
activated, rerouted and strengthened, and all of this causes the changes in behaviour. There are two main types of learning: classical conditioning and
instrumental conditioning.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning process which occurs through associations between an environmental and natural stimulus. Classical
Conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov who was a Russian physiologist. Pavlov was initially studying the digestive process of dogs when he
accidentally observed a gripping behavioural phenomenon. Pavlov noticed that the dogs started salivating as soon as it saw the technicians who fed it
entering the room, even though there was no food in sight. This response demonstrated the basic principle of classical conditioning which made Pavlov
question why the dogs reacted in this way, therefore he decided to research the concept in depth.
In Pavlov's further study, he rang a bell every time he fed the dogs, later on this constant action made the dogs to salivate when just ringing the bell.
Pavlov's main intention of carrying out this experiment was to find out whether the dogs could be trained to salivate at other stimulus like the light or
the sound of a bell. During the study,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Learning For Building A Personalized Intelligent Tutoring...
Abstract– Many intelligent tutoring systems have been developed using different artificial intelligence techniques.
In this paper, we propose the use of reinforcement learning for building a personalized intelligent tutoring system to teach skating to an autistic student
who can 't communicate well with others. We make use of personalized intelligent tutoring system that uses
Reinforcement learning techniques to teach autistic basic rules regarding skating and provide instruction to a student based on their needs. The
proposed system also gives the test to assess his learning.
Keywords: Intelligent Tutoring System, Reinforcement
Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Autistic
1. INTRODUCTION n intelligent tutoring system (ITS) is a computer system that aims to provide immediate and customized instruction or feedback
to learners, usually without intervention of a human teacher. An ITS have a common goal of enabling learning in a meaningful and effective manner
by using variety of computing technologies. ITS is a system which adapts to what is need of learner and it takes care of learner 's sense and also
presents input based on students learning behavior and needs.[1]
In this paper, we propose to use Reinforcement Learning for building an intelligent tutoring system to teach Skating to autistic students, who can 't
communicate well with others or they may have exceptional learning skill of unknown origin.
The main purpose behind the use of Reinforcement Learning is that it
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
The Theory Of The Client 's Language Development Essay
THEORETICAL APPROACH
Upon further analysis of the client's CELF–4 scores and the client's weaknesses, it has been determined that the Behaviorist Theory will exemplify the
client's language development. The Behaviorist Theory believes that language is learned, just like everything else. Behaviorism is having to do with
the emphasis in the role of environmental factors in influencing behavior, to the near exclusion of innate of inherited factors, Mcleod (2007). Those
who follow this theory see language as a verbal behavior, which is essentially under the control of consequences mediated by others, Nelson, N.
(2010). This theory believes in classical and operant conditioning. This theory believes children learn oral language through a process involving
imitation, practice, and reinforcement. Skinner believed behavior which is reinforced tends to be repeated or strengthened, and in contrast behavior
that never gets reinforced tends to be extinct or weakened.
Reinforcement can be either positive or negative, where positive strengthens the behavior, and negative tends to weakened it. Skinner showed how
positive and negative reinforcement work by conducting a study on rats. Positive reinforcement worked by placing a hungry rat in a box, which
contained a button on the side and as the rat moved about the box it would accidentally knock the lever. As a consequence of knocking down that
level, a piece of food would drop into a container next to the lever. Thus, rats quickly learned
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Define Psychophysics and Summarize the Contributions of...
Define psychophysics and summarize the contributions of Fechner and Weber.
Psychophysics is the study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the behavior or mental experiences the stimuli evoke. Gustav Fechner was
the most significant figure in history of psychophysics. He provided a set of procedures to relate the intensity of a physical stimulus (measured in
physical units) to the magnitude of the sensory experience ( measured in psychological units). It has been determined that there are different thresholds.
Absolute threshold is the smallest detectable level of stimulus. I can speak personally on this topic because I have taken many hearing tests, which is
absolute threshold test. An issue that occurs is that at these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Simple cells respond to bars of light in the "favorite" orientation (Psychology and Life). Complex cells are the same as simple except complex cells
like to keep moving. Hypercomplex cells require moving bars of a particular length, moving corners or angles. The cells provide types of information
to higher visual centers in the brain that ultimately allow the brain to recognize objects (Psychology and Life).
Describe classical conditioning.
Classical conditioning was introduced by famous Physiologist Ivan Pavlov. It involves presentation of neutral stimulus along with another significant
stimulus "unconditional stimulus". Pavlov came upon this theory because he was initially conducting another expirement were he put meat powder in
the dogs mouth so he could measure digestive secretions and saliva. But with this he noticed that the dog would start salivating just by the site of the
meat powder, the by the site of the assistant taking the meat powder, then as time went on anything that associated itself with the meat powder
produced salivation in the dog. Pavlov went on to conduct his classical conditioning which was were he chained a dog to a machine that measured the
quantity the dog salivated. At regular intervals a tone was sounded that was followed with a bit of food. The tone itself had no importance to the dog
except for an orientating response that had the dog curious to find were the tone came from. Combining the tone with a bit of food
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Language And Development Of Language, Experience,...
Language plays a significant role in the process of transmitting knowledge and culture among
mankind. Everyone learns a language at the early stages of life. From birth to seven years, a
tremendous development of language skills is seen in a child. The essay states the various
developmental phases of phonetics, morphology, semantics and syntax in a child. The behaviourist
and cognitive theories states that nature and nurture plays a vital role in this process. The essay also
throws light on the importance of culture, experience, maturation and readiness with the aid of
theories laid by Lev Vygotsky andJean Piaget.
Language is explained as the communication among human beings. Human communication can be
either spoken or written ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From this stage a child even begins to grasp the
meaning of short phrases such as 'give me', do not touch' and the like. In the next phase of language
development, the child articulates words. The child picks up simple words from its surroundings
and that which may be taught him. He associates the words with its meaning (Kuhl et al., 2016).
The development of semantic skills take place here. In the later phase, sentence formation begins. In
the beginning, grammar and the conventional way of sentence structure is lacked. From here
commences the syntactic development in an individual. Through experiences and expressions, the
child unknowingly adapts to the accepted grammar and conventional sentence construction rules of
its language ((Bloom, 1993). By the age of four a child speaks and understands his language clearly.
A child is inspired by surroundings to develop its language skills. He or she imitates and reacts to
the sounds around them. B. F. Skinner, one of the pioneers of behaviourism, emphasizes the role of
environment in language development (Sommerville, 2006). He argues that a child learns words by
associating it with meanings. The word 'cat' brings the idea of that particular animal in the child's
mind. Children imitate words and sentences used by parents and elders. According to him, children
learn language on the basis of reinforcement principles. Adults surrounding them, especially parents
and siblings, correct and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Biological Perspective Of Psychology Essay
The biological perspective of psychology is focused on the biology of the human mind and its effects on the psyche of the individual. Also called
biopsychology or physiological psychology, it takes the view that human behavior can be understood based on the natural driving forces found in the
brain itself, as well as the nervous system, and is also influenced by the hormones produced by an individual's endocrine system and the effects of the
immune system, in combination with the genetics residing in the individual's DNA and the resulting physical characteristics they cause to be
expressed. Psychologists from the biological perspective also study how different stimuli on the endocrine or nervous system can cause changes in an
individual's behavior.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is commonly accepted that many illegal drugs are so addictive because of the effects they have on an individual's dopamine levels. Dopamine is
the chemical in the brain that is responsible for feelings of pleasure. Drugs like cocaine, meth, and heroin release up to ten times the body's normal
amounts of dopamine, causing the euphoria referred to as "being high". As dopamine levels drop back to normal, an individual will use again to
re–experience the "high". The brain, meanwhile, develops a need for the higher than normal levels of dopamine, leading to addiction. There is often
also a genetic predisposition of an individual to abuse a substance, whether it is alcohol, street drugs, or legal substances like tobacco or prescription
drugs.
Like Rene' Descartes, the biological perspective of psychology approaches the study of human nature based on scientific and mathematical facts, with
methodical and rational research. This is both a strength and weakness. While a strictly scientific and fact–driven approach makes for reliable studies
and some good medical outcomes, it doesn't take into account all the emotional and social variables that can also influence an individual's behavior and
are unique to that
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Operant Conditioning And Video Game Addiction
An analysis of Operant Conditioning and its Relationship with Video Game Addiction
A report published by the Entertainment Software Association revealed that in 2015, 155 million Americans play video games with an average of two
gamers in each game–playing household (Entertainment Software Association, "Essential Facts about the Computer and Video Game Industry"). With
this massive popularity that has come alongside video games in mind, the question is raised: how are video games affecting today's people? With the
current way video games are structured, the game rewards players for achieving certain accomplishments e.g. competitive video games reward players
who achieve victories with a higher ranking. With this in mind, some gamers may place more emphasis on their gaming achievements rather than their
happiness or success in the real life. This in turn might cause a gamer to become addicted; however, a distinction must be set between video game
addiction and operant conditioning. Operant conditioning towards a gamer can be one of the factors contributing towards video game addiction; they
are not the same thing. Before one talks about video games, they must first know what a game is. Games are "closed,formal systems that engages
players in structured conflict and resolves its uncertainty in an unequal outcome" (Fullerton,47). Games are closed in the fact that once engaged in the
game, the player sets asides their rules for their daily life and accepts the rules of
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Shaping and Chaining, Reinforcement Schedules and...
Shaping and Chaining, Reinforcement Schedules and One–Trial Learning
Option 2:Psychology Literature Review
Psych 635
06/15/2015
Environmental and Evolutionary
Teaching new tasks to organisms can be a difficult process for any individual to undertake. Psychologists, parents, teachers, and a wealth of other
individuals attempt to teach new tasks through a variety of methods such as by shaping the new desired task, through reinforcement of it, or even
through one–trail learning. The different methods that are used each have their benefits depending on what a person is attempting to teach and can be
better suited for different tasks dependent on what the tasks are. The paper is going to cover the concepts of shaping and chaining, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In this way the researcher is still providing rewards to the rat as the responses get the rat closer to pressing the button and the rat learns that it is not
always getting a reward if it does not do what it needs to do.
One–trial learning
One–trial learning is a theory much like the name sounds, learning that takes place in one pairing of a response and a stimulus but is not strengthened
over time by repeated exposure to a stimulus ("One–Trial Learning", 2014). This theory was developed by American psychology Edwin Guthrie that
believed individuals learned from cues which tell a person to do a behavior rather than from being conditioned through rewards that followed the
behaviors. Many conditioned responses occur as a result of the one–trial learning such as taste aversion to certain foods. The response happens through
a single pairing of the stimulus and response with no need for repetition. Taking the rat pressing the button Guthrie would believe that rat would learn
through cues that told the rat to press the button and no reward would be given to the rat in order to get the rat to press the button. In the case of the
rat, the rat may be shown about pressing the button and then would be expected to be able to do the behavior, thus learning from the single showing or
one–trial.
Development Psychologists
Development
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Essay On Reinforcement
Procedure 1: utilize the best Backup of All A full reinforcement is precisely what the name infers. It is a full duplicate of your whole informational
collection. Albeit full reinforcements apparently give the best assurance, most associations just utilize them on an occasional premise since they are
tedious, and regularly require an expansive number of tapes or plate Useful for Your archives, application learning, and media documents, and
furthermore the framework as a whole Recurrence: Daily Recuperation highlights: Versioning and full–framework reestablish Programmed off–site
stockpiling: No You purchase a USB drive, you connect it to your PC, and furthermore, the reinforcement begins. You don't need to introduce PC code
on your drive... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since Rebit goes down everything, you'll have the capacity to recuperate your whole framework when a hard–drive crash or option calamity just by
booting from an exceptional CD.Rebit makes recovering a specific document basic. Right–click ago into Windows soul, pick My Rebit and pick an
adaptation of the document from your reinforcement. Or, then again double tap the Rebit framework repository symbol for the Windows Explorer–like
Rebit Browser. Rebit is planned for the period, persistent reinforcement. The program moves down a document as directly as you alter it, hence you
ne'er got the opportunity to have certainty going down. Obviously, unendingly influencing reinforcements to can moderate the pc recognizably.
What's more, keeping reinforcement media hindered into your PC every minute of every day places it in peril of energy surges, malware, and cheats
because of your reinforcement is as presented to those dangers as your essential framework is.Fortunately, you don't need to keep the Rebit drive
deterred in. On the off chance that you'll have the capacity to shoulder as a primary concern to connect it to once consistently, it'll duplicate everything
that has adjusted since you last had it snared. Rebit moveable and desktop drives square measure realistic in changed capacity limits. The corporate
prescribes looking for a drive that is at least twenty–five
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Behaviorism And Emergent Literacy
Behaviorism and Emergent Literacy Emergent literacy is the knowledge of reading and writing, before being formally taught how to read and write.
After birth children are already in the process of becoming literate. Children learn literacy in many ways. For example, children learn from their parents
through modeling when reading to them at bedtime, reading signs, and making list. Children also learn about literacy from own their interactions and
experiences. Currently, there are four main theoretical perspectives on language acquisition: Behaviorist Perspective, Nativist Perspective,
Social–Interactionist Perspective, and Neurobiological Perspective. Each theory has merit and is observable in certain situation throughout langue
learning. However, no one theory can describe emergent literacy in all situations. It is now believed that each theory is more prevalent at different
stages of learning. Researchers believe that the theories replace each other in some form throughout emergent literacy. (Vukelich, Christie & Enz,
2012). The behaviorist view suggests that nurture, not nature, is the dominant role in learning language. The main theorist for the behaviorist
perspective is B.F. Skinner. Behaviorists believe that... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A positive reinforcer likely increases the likelihood of a behavior whereas as negative reinforces will likely decrease the behavior. In regard to positive
reinforcement there are internal and external positive reinforcements. Internal refinforcers refer to things like food, water , and smiling . External
reinforcers are things like the satisfaction of discovering new idea, following the rules, doing what you like, etc. Likewise, it is necessary to understand
that punishment and negative reinforcement is not the same thing. Punishment works only temporarily or produces unwanted side effects, such as;
avoidance or
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Classical And Instrumental Conditioning And Classical...
In order to analyse classical and instrumental conditioning, it is required to first define the content from which they are derived from, that is learning.
According to Domjan, learning is a long lasting change in the process of behaviour involving particular stimuli with or alternately responses that result
from previous experiences with those or almost the same stimuli and responses (2009). There are several learning paradigms which take the
behaviourist approach, but as previously mentioned this essay will focus on only two, which are classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning.
Classical conditioning is a utilisation of a neutral stimulus to signal the fast approaching conveyance of a biologically significant event. This teaching
brings about an adjustment in the animal's response to the neutral stimulus. Instrumental conditioning, however, is a method in which a reward is
conveyed after an animal has made a response. It brings about the animal being more likely to reiterate the response (Pearce., 2008). This essay will
aim to analyse classical and instrumental conditioning and also consider the similarities and differences between these two learning paradigms.
Classical conditioning involves the pairing of a neutral stimulus, with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response. One of the most prominent
experiments conducted to define classical conditioning is the behavioural psychology study of Pavlov's Dogs, devised by Russian physiologist, Ivan
Pavlov
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Example Of Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is one kind of learning process demonstrated by B.F. Skinner that changes the behavior through the use of reinforcement and
punishment. A behavior can change as a result of the individual response to stimuli that occur in the environment. According to Staddon and Cerutti
(2003), operant behavior described by Skinner as a behavior that "controlled by its consequences is in practice little different from what had previously
been termed instrumental learning and what most people would call habit" (p.115). Basically, in this conditioning, the term reinforcement will be used
to refer to any event that strengthen the behavior, meanwhile the term punishment used in any event that weaken the behavior. To emphasize, there are
two... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This hearing test typically applied for children who aged between 2 to 4 years old in the form of game through conditioning. Sabo (1999) stated
"play audiometry involves conditioning the child to respond to sound using an activity such as placing a peg in a pegboard, placing blocks in a
container, stacking rings on a stick or placing puzzle pieces into a puzzle" (p.53). The children are believed to be captivated with these games, and
the games also can be used to point out a specific behavior in order to signify a response every time he or she hear the signal (Folsom and Diefendorf,
1999). Apart from that, clapping hands or praising the child are considered as social reinforcer that assist to exhibit the conditioning (Sabo, 1999).
Thus, the social praise in this conditioning is considered as reinforcer meanwhile the activities represented as response. Through this conditioning,
frequency and ear specific information can be acquired to both air and bone conduction stimulation. Even so, in order to obtain the necessary
information to identify the level of hearing loss for very young children or uncooperative children, the sequence of frequencies should be presented
optimized. Moreover, the opposite ear cannot be tested until the other ear side undergo complete testing (Sabo,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Audio Engineering Career
As audio engineers it is our duty to bring the highest quality audio to all of our projects. These can range from studio recording, radio, TV, movies,
games, forensic audio and what we will be going through in detail, live sound. Any form of live event, be it a rock band's concert, orchestral
performance, stage play or even live sports events will need some form of sound reinforcement. Sound reinforcement consists of an arrangement of
microphones, signal processing, mixing, amps and loud speakers to reinforce the sound of an event, ensuring that all members of the audience have the
best auditory experience and can clearly and adequately hear all audio evolved in the event.
These systems are overseen by a single or team of live sound engineers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Being able to communicate well is vital as there are many people involved in a live performance and the audio has to work in conjunction with many
other aspects of the the show. The engineer has to communicate with not only the auido team but also the managers of the venue, the musicians,
punters, lighting teams and security. By having the ability to engage and communicate each of their specific needs can be met. Does a musician have a
specific instrument set–up that they desire? Are the certain venue regulations that have to be upheld? Clear communication means that questions such
as these get answered and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Floor Systems
01 floor system
BuildingConstruction151
The idea of a Floor System
FLOORS
Floor system are a building's primary element supports both loads: a) Live load– I.e people, movable equipment) b) Dead loads–(weight of floor
construction itself)
Floor system transfers loads to: beam column or bearing walls.
A construction, on ground level or at an upper level of a building or structure, on which people walk or place furniture or appliances.
It is part of a room or space that forms it's lower enclosing surface.
01 floor system
A floor system may composed of: series of linear beams and joist overlaid with a plane of sheathing OR Homogeneous slab of reinforced concrete To
distinct components of the floor are: 1. A sub–floor / base course 2. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A gap is built into the slab and a flexible filling material or strip that allows the slab to move in a controlled manner is installed in this gap.
01 floor system
Concrete floor
Factors of difficulties
These interesting factors are as follows; 2.Slabs may be loaded with large point loads When we have a large point load applied to our slab from
perhaps a piece of large machinery or a large wall or perhaps a column, we make the slab stronger to take this load. The may be the form of increasing
the thickness of the slab or even providing a separate footing.
3. As we engaged a site we may have to deal with a site that is not flat and so the slab will have to deal with this in some way If the site is sloping we
know that a slab does not really enjoy being on a slope, we stepped the slab to accommodate this.
01 floor system
Concrete floor
Factors of difficulties
These interesting factors are as follows; 4.We may have to put a hole in the slab Openings in slabs are best dealt with by treating the edge of the slab
as a beam to give it extra strength as concrete does not support itself all that well.
01 floor system Concrete floor
How do we make a concrete slab?
The basic principle to remember is that concrete is a sloppy God–awful mess when we first look at it but then we turn it into something wonderful. We
take the sloppy mud like concoction and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
The Methods Of Decreasing Stressful Behaviors
Sally, a 38 year, old European–American female lesbian is seeking therapy. Her relationship with her partner, Jessica is under threat of dissolution.
Jessica is complaining of Sally's lackadaisical attitude towards working and behaving like an adult. The latter remarked that everyone expect much
from her and her acceptance based on "what I am." Her partner not convinced by her defense and argued that she has been "crying wolf" in most part
of their 15 years' marital affairs. Greenberg's view on methods of decreasing stressful behaviors, behavior change techniques, and working with job
burnout specific to Sally with particular reference to clinical, cultural and diversity factors will be useful in discussing her experiences. There is no
doubt that Sally is experiencing stressful situation. Her stressful behaviors classified under lifestyle behaviors. This behavior covers activities which
people are engaging and include daily activities: doing domestic chores, going to work or school, and enjoying leisure activities 9Greenberg, 2013).
One of the methods for decreasing stressful behaviors is by self–monitoring. This is a process of observing and recording of one individual behavior.
Sally can be able to monitor her job performance and deficiencies affecting her adulthood. As a method to increase aware ness of personal behavior,
Sally will be able to be aware of why she is underperforming at work, her constant complaining and "crying wolf" and the relationship differences
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
The Various Language Skill Development
Being social animals, human beings experience an innate drive to communicate and share their thoughts and feelings with others. The essay discusses
the various language skill development stages among the children from zero to seven years. It analyses the importance of nature and nurture with the
aid of behaviourist and nativist perspectives. In the light of the explanations by Vygotsky and Jean Piaget, the essay attempts to discuss the role of
culture, experience, maturation and willingness to learn. Cambridge dictionary defines language as 'a system of communication' among
human beings. This communication system consists of sounds and words. The element of grammar makes communication meaningful (Cambridge
Dictionary 2016).... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gradually the child imitates the words from its environment. Children are more used to the words, like mom, milk, dad, no, that are recited to them
frequently. At this stage, the child associates these words to their meanings. After the age of two, there is a tremendous exploration of vocabulary
(Clarke, 2009). Children accumulate thousands of words till the age of six. Initially they go for replacement of difficult terms with simple ones. This is
due to their struggle with complex vocabulary. This tendency changes after six. The conventional word order, tense and grammar are grasped during
these ages. By the age of four, children would be good conversationalist. At this stage the syntactic and semantic developments occur in children
(Choice2099, 2014). Children, in their early years, imitate sounds and words that are produced by adults. B.F. Skinner employs his theory of
behaviourism to explain this mental process (Nellie, 2013). Skinner argues that language development like any other behaviour or habit, can be
imbibed through repetition and reinforcement. He uses the concepts of classical conditioning and operant conditioning to explain this phenomenon.
Children associates the frequently used terms with its meanings. The word 'mom' brings the mental image of their mother. They tend to use
correct words and pronunciation to experience positive
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Lab 2: Stimulus Presentation Procedure
Lab 2 – Stimulus presentation Procedure The subject had experienced a 60–minute habituation session in an operant chamber, but was otherwise
naГЇve to the chamber. The subject was water deprived for 23 hours prior to the study. This created an establishing operation for water as a positive
reinforcer. 0.1ml of water was delivered using a solenoid delivery system into the water reservoir on a variable temporal schedule of 90 seconds.
Reinforcement delivery was accompanied by the sound of water dropping. The study was terminated following 11 reinforcements. The latency
between delivery of the reinforcer and subsequent drinking of the reinforcer was recorded. If the subject failed to drink before the succeeding
reinforcer was delivered, this delivery... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The data points in trials 9 and 10 show a change in trend. Ideally a further data point would have been taken in baseline to establish whether this
sudden decrease in latency was due to random variability. A moderate to high latency is displayed overall. Following classical conditioning the data
show a decrease in variability and in the latency between stimulus presentation and the response. There is also a change in trend from increasing to no
trend. The data paths in each phase of Figure 10 appear different due to the principles of classical conditioning. Prior to conditioning, the sound that
accompanied delivery of reinforcement was a neutral stimulus. As such, it could not yet elicit a drinking response from the subject. The behaviour of
the subject was therefore influenced by its phylogeny and previous learning history and not the presentation of the sound of a water droplet. The
unconditional probabilities graph in Figure 1 demonstrates that dipper activity is part of the subject's existing behavioural repertoire. It therefore has a
chance of happening at some point during the session. The first instance of dipper activity following delivery of reinforcement will increase the future
frequency of dipper activity, due to the establishing operation for water as a positive reinforcer. Cyberrat
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
The Importance Of Communication In The Classroom
One of the most important things that a teacher must have in the classroom is great communication skills. Not only in the classroom, but with the rest
of the school, parents, and the community. The text defines communication as the act by one or more persons, of sending and receiving messages that
are distorted by noise, have some effect, and provide some opportunity for feedback (DeVito, 2005 pg. 108). Teachers not only have to ensure effective
communication within the class, but they also have to turn the classroom into a motivating place where students want to learn. I believe that teachers
should love what they do and should be positive every time they enter the class. I also believe that in order to have a successful classroom, students
must be rewarded for their accomplishments. Teachers should put some type of reward system in place. As I continue this writing I will discuss different
types of communication, listening as it pertains to the classroom, motivation, reinforcement and rewards. I will address are the numerous types of
communication that can be used in the classroom. The first type of communication is verbal communication. This communication comes in many
different forms. One example is the vocal component. The vocal component is how teachers say different words. The text says that the voice brings
words to life, and that is so true when it comes to world of teaching (Moore, 2015 pg. 110). Changes in tone, voice loudness or strength, rate, inflection,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
The Behavior Is A Learned Habit
Have you ever heard a young child say something way beyond their age, or, watched a child preform an action–good or bad–that is far too advanced
for them to be doing at their age? Have you ever stopped to wonder why? Children are like sponges, absorbing everything around them whether it is
positive or negative. According to American behaviorist, B.F. Skinner, "all behavior is a learned habit". As an aspiring teacher and (someday!) mother,
that statement can be scary because I know none of my behaviors are golden. Fortunately, Skinner created an operant conditioning chart (also known as
the "Skinner Box") which consists of three consequences: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment. Biographical Background of
B. F.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After having children, accepting a new job in Indiana, returning to Harvard, and all the while watching his children grow, Skinner's focus shifted
from studying the behavior of animals to studying the behavior of children. This shift is important in the field of education, having created what
we know as "classroom management," where a teacher either rewards or punishes the student(s) for their behavior. Skinner's belief behind his idea
was that "positive [and negative] reinforcement was a great tool for shaping behavior". In 1989, Skinner was diagnosed with leukemia and passed
away the following year at his home in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Today, his work lives on thanks to his daughter, Julie, who is head of the B.F.
Skinner Foundation (Biography.com Editors, 2016). Key Points of Behaviorism Skinner and his work are monumental to the field of education.
Skinner's entire theory is based off of the fact that behaviors are learned, and in order to learn an acceptable behavior, a consequence must be given
as a way of praising the behavior, or condemning it. In Skinner's book, About Behaviorism (1974), he says: "we cannot anticipate what a person
will do by looking directly at his feelings or his nervous system, nor can we change his behavior by changing his mind or his brain". Just as others
cannot see how I feel, which drives my behavior, I cannot see how they feel, which will drive their behavior. This is why Skinner's operant
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Life Course And Human Development
According to Crawford and Walker(2010), the life course is defined in literature as, "The progression and path an individual takes from conception
to death." (Crawford and walker, 2012, p.3). The study of the life course and human development is extremely complex and could be described as
interdisciplinary as it encompasses many fields of study. When examining the life course of individuals it is necessary to consider all of the various
factors that affect human behaviour. These may include; psychological, biological, social, behavioural, cognitive or culture factors. Age can also be
considered as a factor that influences lifespan development. In the early 19th century, the term "age related change" was regarded as only applicable
to the early childhood stage but in recent years, psychologists have come to accept that age related changes occur throughout the entire life span.
According to Boyd and Bee (2014), other earlier theories included Charles Darwin's suggestion that, "the wide variety of life forms that exist on earth
evolved gradually as a result of the interplay between environmental factors and genetic process." (Boyd and Bee, 2014, p.3) Therefore Darwin
proposed that it was either solely, "nature" or "nurture" that influenced the human development, but instead, a combination of both. In this assignment, I
am going to focus on the specific psychological factors that influence human behaviour during the life course. I will compare two different
psychological
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Pavlov 's Classical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning vs. B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning
Bhavika D. Patel
Atlantic Community College
Abstract
Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner both studied learning, in which they both did different experiments on different animals and with different conditioning.
Classical conditioning is the process in which two stimuli become linked; once this association has been recognized, an originally neutral stimulus is
conditioned to provoke an involuntary response. The dogs in Pavlov's studies learned to associate countless stimuli with the expectation of food, which
caused in them salivating when the stimuli were presented. Pavlov revealed how such associations are learned, and referred to this process as
conditioning. While the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The assistant's footsteps, for example, seemed to act like a trigger (the stimulus) for the dog to start salivating (the response). Pavlov had discovered
how associations develop through the process of learning, which he referred to as conditioning (Licht, 2016) The dog was correlating the sound of
footsteps with the coming of food; it had been conditioned to subordinate certain sights and sounds with eating. Intrigued by his discovery, Pavlov
decided to focus his research of dogs' salivation (which he termed "psychic secretions") in these types of scenarios (Fancher & Rutherford, 2012, p.
248; Watson, 1968). Pavlov's examinations led to the development of classical conditioning.
Conditioned Response Experiment
To prove the process of classical conditioning Pavlov had created a basic research plan. Pavlov had followed up to his observation and examining the
connection between stimulus and response. Pavlov has concluded that the type of behavior he was studying was involuntary or reflexive salivating
when there is food is universal, whereas the connection of sound and footsteps and salivating is learned. Pavlov basically states that the sound of
footsteps is the stimulus and salivation is the response, which occur during learning.
Pavlov experiments led him to surgically insert a tube into the dog's cheek to allow a proper collection of saliva. The tube was led to a measuring
device which Pavlov used to calculate exactly how much the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Classical and Operant Conditioning Essay
While many people may believe that learning is just a natural response that all animals are capable of, there is actually a more complex explanation
on how we learn the things we do in order to survive in the world. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are both basic forms of learning,
they have the word conditioning in common. Conditioning is the acquisition of specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well–defined stimuli.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organism learns to transfer a natural response from one stimulus to another, previously neutral
stimulus. Classical conditioning is achieved by manipulating reflexes. Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which the likelihood of a ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Organisms will be inclined to comply to the desired response if they are rewarded for doing so. If an organism is punished for a certain behavior they
will not risk the same punishment recurring.
In operant conditioning, it is possible to strengthen responses by either presenting positive reinforcement or by the removal of negative reinforces.
"New responses can be learned by organisms by gradually reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired response" (Weiten p. 238). This
is what is meant by shaping, It is the gradual use of reinforcement until the desired response has been reached.
Reinforcement is the main contributing factor in operant conditioning. There is more than one way to go about establishing reinforcement, if a delay
occurs between the response and the reinforcement the response may not become strengthened. It is likely that if the reinforcement occurs immediately
after the response that there will be a definite strengthening of the response. Continuous reinforcement is when reinforcement occurs at every instance
of the desired response. Intermittent reinforcement occurs when a response is reinforced some of the time. The different schedules of reinforcement
influence patterns of response. Intermittent schedules offer greater resistance to extinction than continuous schedules.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
The Theories And Processes Of Learning
Introduction
In this training manual we will cover;
Background Information on the influential theories and processes of learning
A step–by–step guide of how these theories can be used to allow your pet to learn a desired behavior
The effectiveness of these training methods through their strengths and limitations
Classical Conditioning
Definition–The learning of desired behavior through repeated association between two events which are as such the stimuli
This theory of learning was founded and created by Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936) a Russian scientist interested in studying how digestion works in
animals. Through this study he had the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
–This experiment that modified a reflex behavior (salivating at the sight of food) showed how learning can take place.
Operant Conditioning
Definition– The learning of behavior through association with a punishment and reward system. As such the likelihood of a specific behavior is
increased or decreased through the association between negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement. (There is also positive punishment and
negative punishment but they haven't been studied and are harder to grasp for learning techniques so will not be discussed)
This theory of learning had some of its origins in the previously stated classical conditioning theories as well as some roots in American animal
psychology. Much of this work was tested on animals and then generalized to humans as testing this was highly unethical
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Black Men In The Prison System Essay
"We ain't thugs for the sake of just bein' thugs. Nobody do that where we grew at N___, duh! The poverty line we not above. So I come in the mask
and gloves 'cause we ain't feelin' the love. We ain't doin' crime for the sake of doin' crimes. We movin' dimes 'cause we ain't doin' fine. One out of three
of us is locked up doin' time. You know what this could do to a N___ mind? My mind on my money, money on my mind. If you owe me ten dollars
you ain't givin' me nine! Ya'll ain't give me 40 acres and a mule. So I got my glock 40 now I'm cool." Jay–Z Imagine waking up every morning hungry,
except rather than just driving down to your local fast food spot, you can not even afford a dollar hamburger from McDonald's. Imagine falling asleep to
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Black youths are admitted to state correctional facilities for drug offenses at 48 times the rate of white youths, according to a report by the Building
Blocks for Youth Initiative. (CITATION) There is obviously a problem in the programming of the successfulAfrican American youth. If a shortage can
be created in the circuit of this problem, then the rate at which these young men are straying can be decreased.
In a much simpler time, humans roamed the earth just living and reproducing. The quote, "So easy a caveman can do it" has implied that humans
were pretty much illogical at one time. As logic and sheer discovery came into play, we evolved into a purposeful race. "A boat without a paddle"
just does not make sense anymore. Would you walk your dog if it did not have accidents inside of your home as a puppy? Would soldiers continue to
fight in Iraq if their freedom and liberties were not threatened? From walking a dog to fighting for freedom, the common denominator is motivation.
Motivation is defined by the U.S. Army as, "the will to accomplish a mission". (CITATION) It is safe to assume that throughout our lives, the will, not
necessarily the want, is essential for change. With that said, the logical answer to my questions is 'no'. Without some kind of motivation, whether
positive or negative, even the simplest task is
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

More Related Content

More from Ashley Cornett

Quotes About Good Essay Writing - Www.. Online assignment writing service.
Quotes About Good Essay Writing - Www.. Online assignment writing service.Quotes About Good Essay Writing - Www.. Online assignment writing service.
Quotes About Good Essay Writing - Www.. Online assignment writing service.Ashley Cornett
 
Argumentative Essay Format High School . Online assignment writing service.
Argumentative Essay Format High School . Online assignment writing service.Argumentative Essay Format High School . Online assignment writing service.
Argumentative Essay Format High School . Online assignment writing service.Ashley Cornett
 
Mla Research Paper Template. Sample Papers I
Mla Research Paper Template. Sample Papers IMla Research Paper Template. Sample Papers I
Mla Research Paper Template. Sample Papers IAshley Cornett
 
English Essay On Terrorism In English. Online assignment writing service.
English Essay On Terrorism In English. Online assignment writing service.English Essay On Terrorism In English. Online assignment writing service.
English Essay On Terrorism In English. Online assignment writing service.Ashley Cornett
 
Essay Pay Write, Pay Someone To. Online assignment writing service.
Essay Pay Write, Pay Someone To. Online assignment writing service.Essay Pay Write, Pay Someone To. Online assignment writing service.
Essay Pay Write, Pay Someone To. Online assignment writing service.Ashley Cornett
 
Should College Athletes Be Paid. Online assignment writing service.
Should College Athletes Be Paid. Online assignment writing service.Should College Athletes Be Paid. Online assignment writing service.
Should College Athletes Be Paid. Online assignment writing service.Ashley Cornett
 
Five Paragraph Essay Sample In Sixth Grade R
Five Paragraph Essay Sample In Sixth Grade RFive Paragraph Essay Sample In Sixth Grade R
Five Paragraph Essay Sample In Sixth Grade RAshley Cornett
 
What Is A Literary Essay Anyway Im 4 Students
What Is A Literary Essay Anyway Im 4 StudentsWhat Is A Literary Essay Anyway Im 4 Students
What Is A Literary Essay Anyway Im 4 StudentsAshley Cornett
 
Persuasive Essay Conclusions -- OSPI. Online assignment writing service.
Persuasive Essay Conclusions -- OSPI. Online assignment writing service.Persuasive Essay Conclusions -- OSPI. Online assignment writing service.
Persuasive Essay Conclusions -- OSPI. Online assignment writing service.Ashley Cornett
 
Tips For Writing Outstanding Essays In Your College & University
Tips For Writing Outstanding Essays In Your College & UniversityTips For Writing Outstanding Essays In Your College & University
Tips For Writing Outstanding Essays In Your College & UniversityAshley Cornett
 
How To Write Rationale In Research. Online assignment writing service.
How To Write Rationale In Research. Online assignment writing service.How To Write Rationale In Research. Online assignment writing service.
How To Write Rationale In Research. Online assignment writing service.Ashley Cornett
 
Persuasive Essay Sentence Starters In 2021 Essay Wri
Persuasive Essay Sentence Starters In 2021 Essay WriPersuasive Essay Sentence Starters In 2021 Essay Wri
Persuasive Essay Sentence Starters In 2021 Essay WriAshley Cornett
 
How To Write Purdue Honors College Essay
How To Write Purdue Honors College EssayHow To Write Purdue Honors College Essay
How To Write Purdue Honors College EssayAshley Cornett
 
What Are The Examples Of Expository Essay Sitedoc
What Are The Examples Of Expository Essay SitedocWhat Are The Examples Of Expository Essay Sitedoc
What Are The Examples Of Expository Essay SitedocAshley Cornett
 
Journal Prompts For Kids. Online assignment writing service.
Journal Prompts For Kids. Online assignment writing service.Journal Prompts For Kids. Online assignment writing service.
Journal Prompts For Kids. Online assignment writing service.Ashley Cornett
 
Evaluation Essay Sample Master Template. Online assignment writing service.
Evaluation Essay Sample Master Template. Online assignment writing service.Evaluation Essay Sample Master Template. Online assignment writing service.
Evaluation Essay Sample Master Template. Online assignment writing service.Ashley Cornett
 
College Application Questions Examples. The 1
College Application Questions Examples. The 1College Application Questions Examples. The 1
College Application Questions Examples. The 1Ashley Cornett
 
Essay Websites Things To Write A Persuasive Essay On
Essay Websites Things To Write A Persuasive Essay OnEssay Websites Things To Write A Persuasive Essay On
Essay Websites Things To Write A Persuasive Essay OnAshley Cornett
 
Pin By Diana Krooks On C Kids Stationary, Printable S
Pin By Diana Krooks On C Kids Stationary, Printable SPin By Diana Krooks On C Kids Stationary, Printable S
Pin By Diana Krooks On C Kids Stationary, Printable SAshley Cornett
 
Essay On Computers Advantages And Disadvant
Essay On Computers Advantages And DisadvantEssay On Computers Advantages And Disadvant
Essay On Computers Advantages And DisadvantAshley Cornett
 

More from Ashley Cornett (20)

Quotes About Good Essay Writing - Www.. Online assignment writing service.
Quotes About Good Essay Writing - Www.. Online assignment writing service.Quotes About Good Essay Writing - Www.. Online assignment writing service.
Quotes About Good Essay Writing - Www.. Online assignment writing service.
 
Argumentative Essay Format High School . Online assignment writing service.
Argumentative Essay Format High School . Online assignment writing service.Argumentative Essay Format High School . Online assignment writing service.
Argumentative Essay Format High School . Online assignment writing service.
 
Mla Research Paper Template. Sample Papers I
Mla Research Paper Template. Sample Papers IMla Research Paper Template. Sample Papers I
Mla Research Paper Template. Sample Papers I
 
English Essay On Terrorism In English. Online assignment writing service.
English Essay On Terrorism In English. Online assignment writing service.English Essay On Terrorism In English. Online assignment writing service.
English Essay On Terrorism In English. Online assignment writing service.
 
Essay Pay Write, Pay Someone To. Online assignment writing service.
Essay Pay Write, Pay Someone To. Online assignment writing service.Essay Pay Write, Pay Someone To. Online assignment writing service.
Essay Pay Write, Pay Someone To. Online assignment writing service.
 
Should College Athletes Be Paid. Online assignment writing service.
Should College Athletes Be Paid. Online assignment writing service.Should College Athletes Be Paid. Online assignment writing service.
Should College Athletes Be Paid. Online assignment writing service.
 
Five Paragraph Essay Sample In Sixth Grade R
Five Paragraph Essay Sample In Sixth Grade RFive Paragraph Essay Sample In Sixth Grade R
Five Paragraph Essay Sample In Sixth Grade R
 
What Is A Literary Essay Anyway Im 4 Students
What Is A Literary Essay Anyway Im 4 StudentsWhat Is A Literary Essay Anyway Im 4 Students
What Is A Literary Essay Anyway Im 4 Students
 
Persuasive Essay Conclusions -- OSPI. Online assignment writing service.
Persuasive Essay Conclusions -- OSPI. Online assignment writing service.Persuasive Essay Conclusions -- OSPI. Online assignment writing service.
Persuasive Essay Conclusions -- OSPI. Online assignment writing service.
 
Tips For Writing Outstanding Essays In Your College & University
Tips For Writing Outstanding Essays In Your College & UniversityTips For Writing Outstanding Essays In Your College & University
Tips For Writing Outstanding Essays In Your College & University
 
How To Write Rationale In Research. Online assignment writing service.
How To Write Rationale In Research. Online assignment writing service.How To Write Rationale In Research. Online assignment writing service.
How To Write Rationale In Research. Online assignment writing service.
 
Persuasive Essay Sentence Starters In 2021 Essay Wri
Persuasive Essay Sentence Starters In 2021 Essay WriPersuasive Essay Sentence Starters In 2021 Essay Wri
Persuasive Essay Sentence Starters In 2021 Essay Wri
 
How To Write Purdue Honors College Essay
How To Write Purdue Honors College EssayHow To Write Purdue Honors College Essay
How To Write Purdue Honors College Essay
 
What Are The Examples Of Expository Essay Sitedoc
What Are The Examples Of Expository Essay SitedocWhat Are The Examples Of Expository Essay Sitedoc
What Are The Examples Of Expository Essay Sitedoc
 
Journal Prompts For Kids. Online assignment writing service.
Journal Prompts For Kids. Online assignment writing service.Journal Prompts For Kids. Online assignment writing service.
Journal Prompts For Kids. Online assignment writing service.
 
Evaluation Essay Sample Master Template. Online assignment writing service.
Evaluation Essay Sample Master Template. Online assignment writing service.Evaluation Essay Sample Master Template. Online assignment writing service.
Evaluation Essay Sample Master Template. Online assignment writing service.
 
College Application Questions Examples. The 1
College Application Questions Examples. The 1College Application Questions Examples. The 1
College Application Questions Examples. The 1
 
Essay Websites Things To Write A Persuasive Essay On
Essay Websites Things To Write A Persuasive Essay OnEssay Websites Things To Write A Persuasive Essay On
Essay Websites Things To Write A Persuasive Essay On
 
Pin By Diana Krooks On C Kids Stationary, Printable S
Pin By Diana Krooks On C Kids Stationary, Printable SPin By Diana Krooks On C Kids Stationary, Printable S
Pin By Diana Krooks On C Kids Stationary, Printable S
 
Essay On Computers Advantages And Disadvant
Essay On Computers Advantages And DisadvantEssay On Computers Advantages And Disadvant
Essay On Computers Advantages And Disadvant
 

Recently uploaded

Computed Fields and api Depends in the Odoo 17
Computed Fields and api Depends in the Odoo 17Computed Fields and api Depends in the Odoo 17
Computed Fields and api Depends in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
EPANDING THE CONTENT OF AN OUTLINE using notes.pptx
EPANDING THE CONTENT OF AN OUTLINE using notes.pptxEPANDING THE CONTENT OF AN OUTLINE using notes.pptx
EPANDING THE CONTENT OF AN OUTLINE using notes.pptxRaymartEstabillo3
 
MARGINALIZATION (Different learners in Marginalized Group
MARGINALIZATION (Different learners in Marginalized GroupMARGINALIZATION (Different learners in Marginalized Group
MARGINALIZATION (Different learners in Marginalized GroupJonathanParaisoCruz
 
Meghan Sutherland In Media Res Media Component
Meghan Sutherland In Media Res Media ComponentMeghan Sutherland In Media Res Media Component
Meghan Sutherland In Media Res Media ComponentInMediaRes1
 
call girls in Kamla Market (DELHI) 🔝 >༒9953330565🔝 genuine Escort Service 🔝✔️✔️
call girls in Kamla Market (DELHI) 🔝 >༒9953330565🔝 genuine Escort Service 🔝✔️✔️call girls in Kamla Market (DELHI) 🔝 >༒9953330565🔝 genuine Escort Service 🔝✔️✔️
call girls in Kamla Market (DELHI) 🔝 >༒9953330565🔝 genuine Escort Service 🔝✔️✔️9953056974 Low Rate Call Girls In Saket, Delhi NCR
 
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - LONG FORM TV DRAMA - PPT
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - LONG FORM TV DRAMA - PPTECONOMIC CONTEXT - LONG FORM TV DRAMA - PPT
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - LONG FORM TV DRAMA - PPTiammrhaywood
 
18-04-UA_REPORT_MEDIALITERAСY_INDEX-DM_23-1-final-eng.pdf
18-04-UA_REPORT_MEDIALITERAСY_INDEX-DM_23-1-final-eng.pdf18-04-UA_REPORT_MEDIALITERAСY_INDEX-DM_23-1-final-eng.pdf
18-04-UA_REPORT_MEDIALITERAСY_INDEX-DM_23-1-final-eng.pdfssuser54595a
 
ENGLISH 7_Q4_LESSON 2_ Employing a Variety of Strategies for Effective Interp...
ENGLISH 7_Q4_LESSON 2_ Employing a Variety of Strategies for Effective Interp...ENGLISH 7_Q4_LESSON 2_ Employing a Variety of Strategies for Effective Interp...
ENGLISH 7_Q4_LESSON 2_ Employing a Variety of Strategies for Effective Interp...JhezDiaz1
 
Historical philosophical, theoretical, and legal foundations of special and i...
Historical philosophical, theoretical, and legal foundations of special and i...Historical philosophical, theoretical, and legal foundations of special and i...
Historical philosophical, theoretical, and legal foundations of special and i...jaredbarbolino94
 
Blooming Together_ Growing a Community Garden Worksheet.docx
Blooming Together_ Growing a Community Garden Worksheet.docxBlooming Together_ Growing a Community Garden Worksheet.docx
Blooming Together_ Growing a Community Garden Worksheet.docxUnboundStockton
 
How to Configure Email Server in Odoo 17
How to Configure Email Server in Odoo 17How to Configure Email Server in Odoo 17
How to Configure Email Server in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Proudly South Africa powerpoint Thorisha.pptx
Proudly South Africa powerpoint Thorisha.pptxProudly South Africa powerpoint Thorisha.pptx
Proudly South Africa powerpoint Thorisha.pptxthorishapillay1
 
Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha elections
Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha electionsPresiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha elections
Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha electionsanshu789521
 
Organic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
Organic Name Reactions  for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptxOrganic Name Reactions  for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
Organic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptxVS Mahajan Coaching Centre
 
AmericanHighSchoolsprezentacijaoskolama.
AmericanHighSchoolsprezentacijaoskolama.AmericanHighSchoolsprezentacijaoskolama.
AmericanHighSchoolsprezentacijaoskolama.arsicmarija21
 
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptx
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptxECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptx
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
Final demo Grade 9 for demo Plan dessert.pptx
Final demo Grade 9 for demo Plan dessert.pptxFinal demo Grade 9 for demo Plan dessert.pptx
Final demo Grade 9 for demo Plan dessert.pptxAvyJaneVismanos
 
Types of Journalistic Writing Grade 8.pptx
Types of Journalistic Writing Grade 8.pptxTypes of Journalistic Writing Grade 8.pptx
Types of Journalistic Writing Grade 8.pptxEyham Joco
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Computed Fields and api Depends in the Odoo 17
Computed Fields and api Depends in the Odoo 17Computed Fields and api Depends in the Odoo 17
Computed Fields and api Depends in the Odoo 17
 
EPANDING THE CONTENT OF AN OUTLINE using notes.pptx
EPANDING THE CONTENT OF AN OUTLINE using notes.pptxEPANDING THE CONTENT OF AN OUTLINE using notes.pptx
EPANDING THE CONTENT OF AN OUTLINE using notes.pptx
 
MARGINALIZATION (Different learners in Marginalized Group
MARGINALIZATION (Different learners in Marginalized GroupMARGINALIZATION (Different learners in Marginalized Group
MARGINALIZATION (Different learners in Marginalized Group
 
Meghan Sutherland In Media Res Media Component
Meghan Sutherland In Media Res Media ComponentMeghan Sutherland In Media Res Media Component
Meghan Sutherland In Media Res Media Component
 
call girls in Kamla Market (DELHI) 🔝 >༒9953330565🔝 genuine Escort Service 🔝✔️✔️
call girls in Kamla Market (DELHI) 🔝 >༒9953330565🔝 genuine Escort Service 🔝✔️✔️call girls in Kamla Market (DELHI) 🔝 >༒9953330565🔝 genuine Escort Service 🔝✔️✔️
call girls in Kamla Market (DELHI) 🔝 >༒9953330565🔝 genuine Escort Service 🔝✔️✔️
 
TataKelola dan KamSiber Kecerdasan Buatan v022.pdf
TataKelola dan KamSiber Kecerdasan Buatan v022.pdfTataKelola dan KamSiber Kecerdasan Buatan v022.pdf
TataKelola dan KamSiber Kecerdasan Buatan v022.pdf
 
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - LONG FORM TV DRAMA - PPT
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - LONG FORM TV DRAMA - PPTECONOMIC CONTEXT - LONG FORM TV DRAMA - PPT
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - LONG FORM TV DRAMA - PPT
 
18-04-UA_REPORT_MEDIALITERAСY_INDEX-DM_23-1-final-eng.pdf
18-04-UA_REPORT_MEDIALITERAСY_INDEX-DM_23-1-final-eng.pdf18-04-UA_REPORT_MEDIALITERAСY_INDEX-DM_23-1-final-eng.pdf
18-04-UA_REPORT_MEDIALITERAСY_INDEX-DM_23-1-final-eng.pdf
 
ENGLISH 7_Q4_LESSON 2_ Employing a Variety of Strategies for Effective Interp...
ENGLISH 7_Q4_LESSON 2_ Employing a Variety of Strategies for Effective Interp...ENGLISH 7_Q4_LESSON 2_ Employing a Variety of Strategies for Effective Interp...
ENGLISH 7_Q4_LESSON 2_ Employing a Variety of Strategies for Effective Interp...
 
Historical philosophical, theoretical, and legal foundations of special and i...
Historical philosophical, theoretical, and legal foundations of special and i...Historical philosophical, theoretical, and legal foundations of special and i...
Historical philosophical, theoretical, and legal foundations of special and i...
 
Blooming Together_ Growing a Community Garden Worksheet.docx
Blooming Together_ Growing a Community Garden Worksheet.docxBlooming Together_ Growing a Community Garden Worksheet.docx
Blooming Together_ Growing a Community Garden Worksheet.docx
 
9953330565 Low Rate Call Girls In Rohini Delhi NCR
9953330565 Low Rate Call Girls In Rohini  Delhi NCR9953330565 Low Rate Call Girls In Rohini  Delhi NCR
9953330565 Low Rate Call Girls In Rohini Delhi NCR
 
How to Configure Email Server in Odoo 17
How to Configure Email Server in Odoo 17How to Configure Email Server in Odoo 17
How to Configure Email Server in Odoo 17
 
Proudly South Africa powerpoint Thorisha.pptx
Proudly South Africa powerpoint Thorisha.pptxProudly South Africa powerpoint Thorisha.pptx
Proudly South Africa powerpoint Thorisha.pptx
 
Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha elections
Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha electionsPresiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha elections
Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha elections
 
Organic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
Organic Name Reactions  for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptxOrganic Name Reactions  for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
Organic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
 
AmericanHighSchoolsprezentacijaoskolama.
AmericanHighSchoolsprezentacijaoskolama.AmericanHighSchoolsprezentacijaoskolama.
AmericanHighSchoolsprezentacijaoskolama.
 
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptx
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptxECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptx
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptx
 
Final demo Grade 9 for demo Plan dessert.pptx
Final demo Grade 9 for demo Plan dessert.pptxFinal demo Grade 9 for demo Plan dessert.pptx
Final demo Grade 9 for demo Plan dessert.pptx
 
Types of Journalistic Writing Grade 8.pptx
Types of Journalistic Writing Grade 8.pptxTypes of Journalistic Writing Grade 8.pptx
Types of Journalistic Writing Grade 8.pptx
 

Sources And Implications Of Different Perspectives Of...

  • 1. Sources and Implications of Different Perspectives of... Biological perspective assumes that behavior is cause by that of the nervous system. So everything we say, do and think are due to brain activity between neutrons. Since our brain is determine somewhat by our genes we get from our parents, our behavior may be predetermined by these genetic factors. Since our genes are part of the evolutionary theory, psychologists think that behavior may have evolutionary explanations as to why we act the way we do. Genetic influences, in some behaviors like hallucinations and other disorders are the effect of faulty inherited genes. These genes are said to be the cause of malfunctioning within the nervous system thus explaining our behaviors. This perspective supports that nurture has more to do with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... After the consuming of the drugs, the brain and body feels dependent of this substance. This dependency could be due to many factors like the way one feels when it's one drugs. The happiness the brain is tricked into thinking it likes and therefore needs more of. Since the first time the drug is introduce into the body, neurotransmitters will have different effects of the body. Therefore if the effect is positive, one will continue to use drugs and if it's negative then the opposite will occur because of the feelings and reactions that were caused within the body. So if no pleasure is gain from consumption then it's likely that the person will not continue to consume drugs. In addition, drug addiction may actually be the basis of genetics. Although no research proves this, drug addiction may be actually an inherited gene from the parent. Behavioral perspective, focuses on the fact that we are controlled by our environment and from what we learn from it. Environmental factors affect how we respond to different situations. This could be due to a bad experience or maybe something they were told would happen if they were involved in certain situations. The approach takes two main paths one from their environment through classical conditioning and the other through operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves learning through association as for operant involves learning through consequences of our actions. Behaviorism takes in account ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 2. The Structure Of The Company's Expansion 6.4 Growth Planning The company's expansion consists of platforms in two objectives: (1) provide in–house services such as publishing, manufacturing, merchandising, tour promotion and recording; and (2) sell products in new geographical markets. Grow is based on expanding operations to territories outside the Twin Cities area; the number of finished products is increased as we enter new areas. Determining when to expand depends on the condition of the business and the economic conditions of the market, outlined below. Before growth is considered, operations must function firmly, and the needs of customers and clients must be met before, during and after transitions. Condition of the Business Objections When any of these factors are met, Devotion will open proposals for growth platforms. Devotion is recognized by the community and/or a threat in the industry. Devotion has a customer base that regularly buys our products and employs our services. Devotions needs extra office, storage, floor, packaging and/or manufacturing space. Devotion has sales that are rising with steady marketing campaigns. Artist's begin to form a following in major territories. Devotion needs to hire new employees and divide operations in management departments with directors, managers and staff. Devotion is netting further merchandise and/or manufacturing orders that need fulfillment. Devotion is trafficking increasing songwriters, producers and talents alike. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 3. How Small Children Learn Their First Language Essay How do small children learn their first language? Discuss some environmental factors and internal factors involved in language acquisition. "Children are extremely perceptive and absorb what goes on around them long before they can talk or even comprehend the language". –Theodore Isaac Rubin, psychiatrist and author. But, have you ever thought about how children learn their first language. Do they certainly learn by absorbing what they hear around them or is there more to that? Maybe we do not give enough credit to the brain and how it functions when it comes to learning a native language. Children learn by imitation, analogy, reinforcement, and structure input. However, are these factors enough to explain how kids learn their native language? As we all know language can be extremely complicated, still young children are able to master this skill at a very young age. They might not speak it or express themselves like an adult would but by the age of five they are completely understandable. However, if children do not memorize sentences and no one teaches them the language grammar how are they able to learn the language in such a short period of time? There are theories that try to explain how this is possible. Some think that children extract the rules of the language they hear around them. Therefore, no matter the language a kid is exposed to they will be able to learn the language until puberty. Meanwhile, other linguists believe that children are born with a brain ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 4. Example Of Classical Conditioning Something that we have all been exposed to in our lifetimes is classical conditioning, or an association between different stimuli that elicits a new learned behavior. Classical conditioning consists of an unconditioned stimulus (US), conditioned stimulus (CS), conditioned response (CR), and an unconditioned response (UR). The unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response that is not based on any prior experiences. Salivating when you smell food is an example of an unconditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus. Adversely, ringing a bell before dinner would create an association between food and the bell and cause salivating. This is an example of a conditioned stimulus (the bell) and a conditioned response (salivating). Perhaps the most well–known example of classical conditioning can be evidenced in Ivan Pavlov's experiments with the salivating dogs. Ironically, Pavlov was researching digestion in dogs, when he observed that the dogs began to salivate when the researchers who normally fed the dogs were present. This reaction, was caused by the dogs associating being fed, with the presence of the researchers, who inadvertently became the conditioned stimuli. Pavlov validated his findings by using sound as a stimulus while feeding the dogs. After several repetitions, the dogs began to salivate when they heard the sound without the presence of food (McLeod, 2014). The example for this assignment is Antonio feeling sick to his stomach ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 5. Classical Conditioning Vs Operant Conditioning Research Paper Although conditioning techniques can be used for other purposes such as treatment of phobias in humans (Wolpe 1969), many of the experiments and uses of these particular techniques involve animals and animal training. This essay will argue that operant conditioning is a more effective method of animal training than classical conditioning, although neither method is completely effective, by examining the differences between the two methods, and their benefits and limitations when used in animal training. To understand the differences between these two methods of conditioning, they must be explained. Ivan Pavlov is credited with the first experiment to demonstrate classical conditioning (Pavlov 1927) in which dogs were trained to salivate at ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Operant conditioning has the added benefit of having several options for reinforcement schedules allowing a trainer to produce the fastest possible acquisition rate with the slowest possible extinction rate, producing an animal which is trained faster to perform the desired action, while performing this action for longer after reinforcement is no longer given. However, neither operant nor classical conditioning can be completely effective in animal training as there are biological constraints produced by evolution which produce ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 6. Essay on Digital Steerable Line Array Loudspeakers and Line Arrays play a vital role in live sound reinforcement. The main goal of line arrays is to evenly distribute the full range of frequencies and 'loudness' of the performance to the audience, no matter where the people are standing. Stage hands and audio technicians work together before a live performance in order to achieve the optimum sound quality for the audience's satisfaction during their experience of the live event. Typically, traditional line arrays are set up by technicians on ground level. With the help of motorized hoists, the speakers are hanged or "flown" to be rigged at a specific height and achieve its J shaped curve– provided that the stage or venue is able to properly accommodate the speakers' weight ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Furthermore, each high frequency driver consists of several movable components in order to optimize the "aim" of high frequencies. While ICONYX is supposedly one of, if not the first of its kind, Renkus–Heinz is not the only company to develop digitally steerable speakers. Martin Audio's version of digitally controlled line arrays is called the "Multi–Cellular Loudspeaker Array" or MLA. Aesthetically, the MLA is more like the line arrays flown on big concerts and stadiums most people are familiar with. Simply put, by using the provided software, the specifications of venues or audience space is detected and analyzed by the array itself. Additionally, each of the 72 to 144 "cells" or parts of the line array is capable of having its own phase, level, and EQ individually and independently set. All of this is controlled electronically, by further use ofdigital signal processing. Due to the sheer amount of moving components, the MLA has the ability to constantly change its directionality and arrangement in order to adjust the loudspeakers' coverage, or accommodate to weather changes, or rigging height modifications; in real time. Unfortunately, further in–depth scientific data and proof presented by Martin Audio is far beyond my understanding of physics and acoustics, so I will not attempt to rehash the information and instead cite the source. Suffice to say, MLA uses ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 7. Black Men in the Prison System Essays "We ain't thugs for the sake of just bein' thugs. Nobody do that where we grew at N___, duh! The poverty line we not above. So I come in the mask and gloves 'cause we ain't feelin' the love. We ain't doin' crime for the sake of doin' crimes. We movin' dimes 'cause we ain't doin' fine. One out of three of us is locked up doin' time. You know what this could do to a N___ mind? My mind on my money, money on my mind. If you owe me ten dollars you ain't givin' me nine! Ya'll ain't give me 40 acres and a mule. So I got my glock 40 now I'm cool."–Jay–Z Imagine waking up every morning hungry, except rather than just driving down to your local fast food spot, you can not even afford a dollar hamburger from McDonald's. Imagine falling asleep to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Extinction is removing something in order to decrease a behavior. Restriction is the most obvious form of extinction. Punishment is "adding something aversive in order to decrease a behavior". (CITATION) Most have experienced punishment either as a receiver or a giver. Corporal punishment is considered to be a form of punishment. As a result of a certain behavior, a spanking is added to the situation in order to decrease that behavior. It is thought that black families are known for using corporal punishment in excess. Besides the fact that by the time they reach the age of 13 spankings become redundant, this does not seem to be the answer. "Punishment can also invoke other negative responses such as anger and resentment." (CITATION)So this tells us that solely using one of the four approaches to learning is not the answer to this particular issue. Perhaps a more enhanced prevention of criminal behavior should be put in place. Rather than just using a punishment or extinction mechanism such as incarceration, the utilization of some sort of positive reinforcement in conjunction, or in some cases in replacement of the lone punishment and extinction, will decrease the cycle of African–American males ending up in the prison system. Reparation plans have been an ongoing debate for over 100 years. Albeit a lot of the debate is relating the hardships the Native Americans of the "Manifest Destiny" as a direct result of white immigration west, ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 8. Reflection Paper On Psychology And Psychology Reflection Paper #2 In this second unit of Psychology, it was fascinating to focus in on how we as humans learn behaviors, and what can cause us to each function differently in similar situations. Many scientists from the early 20th century have contributed to what we know today about the brain and how it responds to sensations, perceptions, hearing, and conditioning. Some concepts that were most applicable to my everyday life and that I enjoyed learning about were the sensory systems, associated learning, and what Pavlov did for the field of Psychology. What struck me about the sensory systems was all the different things that went into it. There are so many different moving parts: stimuli, absolute and difference threshold, and transduction. I find this particularly interesting because different people, even though they are experiencing the "same" situation, have stimuli that respond differently. I have always had a high tolerance for spicy foods, and while some of my family members pour gallons upon gallons of milk down their throat, I'm asking for a second serving. This is due to different people having more active tastebuds that are more sensitive to heat than my own, therefore sending more stimuli to the brain. It is also interesting that some people have stronger receptors in the olfactory bulb than others, called "hyperosmia." Both of my parents have this, and I know understand why they can not handle hardly any air freshener, perfume, or cologne. Even if we happen ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 9. Diploma in Audio Production Level 3 Diploma in Audio Production Level 3 The Soundcraft Vi4 is a state of the art professional live sound mixing console by Harman. The Vi4 is made up of multiple components that if used proficiently, can benefit any live sound reinforcement situation. With 48 mono inputs of concurrent mixing channels, which can be coupled to form stereo sound and direct outputs for each and every input, this is the ideal industry standard sound desk for live sound reinforcement by Soundcraft. The Soundcraft unit consists of a local rack and a stage box, each with its own input and output quantity. There are 16 analogue line inputs and outputs not inclusive of the 3 adaptable analogue microphone/line inputs on the local rack itself. The digital inputs and outputs on the local rack supports 8 pairs (16 channels) of Audio Engineering Society/European Broadcasting Union (AES/EBU) inputs and outputs as well as 64 channel Multichannel Audio Digital Interface (MADI) in and out via optical SC connectors. Additionally, a talkback microphone input and line output can also be located on the local rack. The Vi4 stage box houses 48 analogue microphone/line inputs and 24 analogue line outputs with remote gain control, phantom power (+48V), PAD and 80 Hz High Pass Filter (HPF) available only at the stage box inputs. The entire Soundcraft Vi4 structure is linked together via standard fit, shielded Cat 5E Ethernet cables and is controlled by a control surface. The Soundcraft control surface is an ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 10. Live Sound Setup Introduction A PA system that is installed correctly and operates at its optimum level will allow a sound signal to travel from one or more microphones to a mixing console. At the mixing console all signals will be mixed together in the right balance and levels and sent out to an amplifier. The signals are then converted into much larger signals and sent to the speakers creating sound waves for the audience to hear. (Fry, 2005) The aim of this report is to analyse by way of reference books, government occupational health and safety guidelines and various sound websites, the installation and operation of a PA system for a one night concert at Centrestage, Invercargill. The concert consists of a seven –piece funk band. While ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Installation of PA System Centre Stage has AC power available and before any equipment is set up it needs to be remembered that all the power that is used must be on the same circuit. On the stage there should be a power box that has all amps, keyboards etc running from it. Keep any leads away from any lighting. By staying within this rule it will eliminate any Hum. Place all the equipment where you want it to go. Make sure all the volumes are down on the equipment and once all equipment has been turned on, lastly turn the amps on. This will avoid any spiking of the speakers and possible damage. The following list is of equipment to be used and a diagram showing the routing. Mackie CFX20 – As this mixer has been purpose built for use in small to medium live sound PA systems it is an ideal option for Centre Stage. The unit offers low noise and the console is coloured well giving clarity to the placement of its various knobs and functions. The band needs to have a minimum of ten mic inputs and this console has sixteen. It has the useful option of a desklamp for ease of viewing the dark and a cd player for playing at break times. Lab Gruppen fb6400 amp is used in the PA system and has the power rating of 2x 1300 watts @ 8 ohms Dbx 260 is added to the PA system because it has been designed to be an all in one signal processor with all the key essentials that is needed for a live sound system. Some of the key essentials are
  • 11. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 12. What Is Information Reinforcement? Normally, any kind of data backup is superior to no reinforcements by any means. In any case, extraordinary reinforcement systems differ by security, time spent and financial cost. How about we investigate straightforward standards you have to remember while making a reinforcement system for your dataset. There is no "the best" information reinforcement methodology that would flawlessly fit with completely everybody's needs. You have to remember that the measure of information, stockpiling gadgets, the estimation of information and the requirement for security differ in an extensive territory. Rather than duplicating some instant information reinforcement methodology one by one, the best arrangement is to comprehend the most imperative... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Figuring a point by point recuperation design is the primary point of the whole IT disaster recovery (DR) arranging venture. It is in these plans that you will set out the nitty gritty advances expected to recuperate your IT frameworks to a state in which they can bolster the business after a disaster. Regarding debacle recuperation methodologies, ISO/IEC 27031, the worldwide standard for IT catastrophe recuperation, states: "Procedures ought to characterize the ways to deal with actualize the required strength so the standards of occurrence counteractive action, discovery, reaction, recuperation and rebuilding are set up." Strategies characterize what you intend to do when reacting to an episode, while plans depict how you will do it. "The backup and recovery should be simple to perform and complete as quickly as possible using all available tape drives." (Amundson, Halley, Koeller, Koser & Smith, 2000) "While disaster preparedness focuses on the steps of what a company should do in the event of a crisis, disaster recovery focuses on the continuation and restoration of essential systems within the information technology infrastructure." (Kendall, Kendall & Lee, 2005). When you have distinguished your basic frameworks, RTOs and RPOs, for instance, make a table to enable you to detail the fiasco recuperation techniques you will use to secure them. You'll need to consider issues, ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 13. Classical Conditioning And Observational Learning Analysis Internet Activity #8 Each of us learn in different ways. I for one am a hands on learner. I learn best by getting my hands on things and seeing how things work. I am not very good at learning things by simply reading a book and taking a test. Although most of my schooling is just that. Many things influence our learning as well, such as environmental. These can include reinforcements, observations, associations, and punishment. Some of the primary learning theories I will discuss will be classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning. First I will discuss classical conditioning. Classical conditioning was first discovered by Ivan Pavlov. But first let me explain what classical conditioning is. The learning takes place when an association is formed between a previously neutral stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus, according to Pavlov. He first noticed this in his experiments on the digestive system of dogs. The dogs began to salivate whenever the dogs saw the white coats he was wearing, prior to being fed. He paired the natural stimulus of food with the sound of a bell. Then the dogs would naturally salivate in response to food. Then after several associations, the dogs would salivate to the sound of the bell. So this is how classical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... It was first discovered by a psychologist by the name of B.F. Skinner. He was more interested in learning how the consequences of actions influenced behavior. This is similar to classical conditioning because it relies on forming associations. In operant conditioning associations are made between a behavior and the consequences of that behavior. According to Skinner, when a behavior leads to a desirable consequence, it becomes more likely that the behavior will be repeated again in the future. When the action is negative than the outcome is likely to occur. This is how operant condition became about and who discovered it. Next is observational ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 14. Testing Conditioning Methods Through Sniffy Simulation Testing Conditioning Methods through Sniffy Simulation Amir Ayoub Fordham University Abstract This lab tests different forms of conditioning on a virtual rat named Sniffy. In this experiment we began with the virtual rat completely unconditioned and then worked towards getting Sniffy to pull the lever and get food on his own. We went through many steps to complete this task starting with getting Sniffy to notice the food chamber, the lever, and finally having Sniffy realize he can obtain food whenever he wanted by pressing the lever. Then, pushing it further, we made him press the level two, three, four and then five times to receive one pellet. All of these steps tested the idea that receiving the food as a reward will allow Sniffy to realize the benefits of learning and conditioning himself to do things that have a positive outcome more. Testing Conditioning Methods through Sniffy Simulation This lab is focused on the ideas of classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit an unconditioned response. In time this turns the neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus that causes a conditioned response. Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through reinforcements and punishments for behavior and encourages associating desirable or undesirable outcomes with certain behaviors. The most famous research on this would be ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 15. Stimulus And Response Prompt Prompting: "The purpose of the prompt is to transfer stimulus control from a stimulus that will reliably evoke the response to a stimulus which will ultimately control the response when no prompt is provided" (Algonquin, 2017). Of the two main types of prompting, stimulus and response, response prompting would be the most suitable type of prompting for this scenario as it is best used when trying to encourage a new behaviour. There are four types of response prompts, physical, modeling, gestural and verbal. "It is best to choose the least intrusive prompt that will be effective" (Algonquin, 2017), then move up the prompting levels to determine which prompt would be most appropriate for your learner. With Alex I will use verbal prompting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... 184). Since Alex's behaviour is under stimulus control of the prompt, it is important to eliminate the prompt through prompt fading so he doesn't become prompt dependent. Token Economies are contrived reinforcement system, consequently it is necessary to fade them to a naturally occurring system of reinforcement. The prompt fading strategy I will use will be most to least, prompts will gradually be removed across trials until I no longer deliver them. Since we are using verbal prompts I will fade them (verbally) in the following manner. The verbal prompt "running" should it be required, will be faded to part of the word, or to the beginning letter sound if necessary as is outlined by Miltenberger (Miltenberger, 2014, p. 190). When Alex can reply to the, "What is the boy doing?" by saying, "running" without the echoic prompt, the verbal stimulus is dropped and the reinforcing consequence is again applied. As well any physical reinforcer such as 'high fives' would be faded at this step. Finally on later attempts when Alex is presented only with the discriminative stimulus, "What is the boy doing?" and correctly relies, "running", I would just praise and give him the token. Gradually in later sessions I would start to increase the number of tokens required for the backup reinforcer until Alex is independently engaging in the desired behavior. Of course this change of schedule would be explained to him and he would understand that tokens would be given only after two (three...) correct answers. In the long term the token system would be faded out. It is important that Alex become as independent as possible and learn to generalize ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 16. Child Directed Speech Essay Child Directed Speech What is Child Directed Speech? It is the theory of language development of young children aged between 1 year old and 4 years old. There are three key features in the development of child speech: Phonological: · Speak slower, clearer pronunciation · More pauses, especially between phrases and sentences · Higher pitch · Exaggerated intonation and stress Lexis: · Simpler, more restricted vocabulary · Diminutive forms (e.g. 'doggie') · Concrete language, referring to objects in the child's immediate environment Grammar: · Simpler constructions
  • 17. · Frequent use of imperatives · High degree of repetition · ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... pointing to a picture. 2) Query: e.g. ask to identify picture. 3) Label: e.g. tell what object is. 4) Feedback: e.g. Repetition and reinforcement. Repetition and reinforcement: Skinner, B.F (1957), Behaviourist: Suggests that parents should play on the role of: Stimulus> Reward. However, its noted that all children pass through the stages of development, regardless of the types of reinforcement given. Also, there is a gap between performance (speaking) and competence (understanding). Finally, consistent application – create original sentences (not imitating – creating). Innateness: Noam Chomsky (1959 + 1965) } } Biological Molecule. Lennenberg } Lennenberg's theory (L.A.D.) – Language Acquisition Device. Linguistic Universals · Deepstructure
  • 18. · Surface Structure However, there are criticisms behind this theory: 1) Suggests that language can only be learned by exposure to it – neglects interactive aspects. 2) Bard and Sachs (1977) – Jim – Son of deaf parents, – The parents used very little sign language to communicate with him, instead, exposed him to television and radio, to develop and understand language, however, very little language at all was developed until, he was sent to a speech therapist where a gradual progress of speech was accomplished. So how is speech is developed? Speech ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 19. Ivan Pavlov, Classical Conditioning And Instrumental... Learning is defined as a process which leads to permanent change in behaviour or knowledge which occurs through experience. It is known as an adaptive function carried out by the nervous system in relation to the environment. The process of learning allows the neural pathways can be activated, rerouted and strengthened, and all of this causes the changes in behaviour. There are two main types of learning: classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning. Classical conditioning is a type of learning process which occurs through associations between an environmental and natural stimulus. Classical Conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov who was a Russian physiologist. Pavlov was initially studying the digestive process of dogs when he accidentally observed a gripping behavioural phenomenon. Pavlov noticed that the dogs started salivating as soon as it saw the technicians who fed it entering the room, even though there was no food in sight. This response demonstrated the basic principle of classical conditioning which made Pavlov question why the dogs reacted in this way, therefore he decided to research the concept in depth. In Pavlov's further study, he rang a bell every time he fed the dogs, later on this constant action made the dogs to salivate when just ringing the bell. Pavlov's main intention of carrying out this experiment was to find out whether the dogs could be trained to salivate at other stimulus like the light or the sound of a bell. During the study, ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 20. Learning For Building A Personalized Intelligent Tutoring... Abstract– Many intelligent tutoring systems have been developed using different artificial intelligence techniques. In this paper, we propose the use of reinforcement learning for building a personalized intelligent tutoring system to teach skating to an autistic student who can 't communicate well with others. We make use of personalized intelligent tutoring system that uses Reinforcement learning techniques to teach autistic basic rules regarding skating and provide instruction to a student based on their needs. The proposed system also gives the test to assess his learning. Keywords: Intelligent Tutoring System, Reinforcement Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Autistic 1. INTRODUCTION n intelligent tutoring system (ITS) is a computer system that aims to provide immediate and customized instruction or feedback to learners, usually without intervention of a human teacher. An ITS have a common goal of enabling learning in a meaningful and effective manner by using variety of computing technologies. ITS is a system which adapts to what is need of learner and it takes care of learner 's sense and also presents input based on students learning behavior and needs.[1] In this paper, we propose to use Reinforcement Learning for building an intelligent tutoring system to teach Skating to autistic students, who can 't communicate well with others or they may have exceptional learning skill of unknown origin. The main purpose behind the use of Reinforcement Learning is that it ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 21. The Theory Of The Client 's Language Development Essay THEORETICAL APPROACH Upon further analysis of the client's CELF–4 scores and the client's weaknesses, it has been determined that the Behaviorist Theory will exemplify the client's language development. The Behaviorist Theory believes that language is learned, just like everything else. Behaviorism is having to do with the emphasis in the role of environmental factors in influencing behavior, to the near exclusion of innate of inherited factors, Mcleod (2007). Those who follow this theory see language as a verbal behavior, which is essentially under the control of consequences mediated by others, Nelson, N. (2010). This theory believes in classical and operant conditioning. This theory believes children learn oral language through a process involving imitation, practice, and reinforcement. Skinner believed behavior which is reinforced tends to be repeated or strengthened, and in contrast behavior that never gets reinforced tends to be extinct or weakened. Reinforcement can be either positive or negative, where positive strengthens the behavior, and negative tends to weakened it. Skinner showed how positive and negative reinforcement work by conducting a study on rats. Positive reinforcement worked by placing a hungry rat in a box, which contained a button on the side and as the rat moved about the box it would accidentally knock the lever. As a consequence of knocking down that level, a piece of food would drop into a container next to the lever. Thus, rats quickly learned ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 22. Define Psychophysics and Summarize the Contributions of... Define psychophysics and summarize the contributions of Fechner and Weber. Psychophysics is the study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the behavior or mental experiences the stimuli evoke. Gustav Fechner was the most significant figure in history of psychophysics. He provided a set of procedures to relate the intensity of a physical stimulus (measured in physical units) to the magnitude of the sensory experience ( measured in psychological units). It has been determined that there are different thresholds. Absolute threshold is the smallest detectable level of stimulus. I can speak personally on this topic because I have taken many hearing tests, which is absolute threshold test. An issue that occurs is that at these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Simple cells respond to bars of light in the "favorite" orientation (Psychology and Life). Complex cells are the same as simple except complex cells like to keep moving. Hypercomplex cells require moving bars of a particular length, moving corners or angles. The cells provide types of information to higher visual centers in the brain that ultimately allow the brain to recognize objects (Psychology and Life). Describe classical conditioning. Classical conditioning was introduced by famous Physiologist Ivan Pavlov. It involves presentation of neutral stimulus along with another significant stimulus "unconditional stimulus". Pavlov came upon this theory because he was initially conducting another expirement were he put meat powder in the dogs mouth so he could measure digestive secretions and saliva. But with this he noticed that the dog would start salivating just by the site of the meat powder, the by the site of the assistant taking the meat powder, then as time went on anything that associated itself with the meat powder produced salivation in the dog. Pavlov went on to conduct his classical conditioning which was were he chained a dog to a machine that measured the quantity the dog salivated. At regular intervals a tone was sounded that was followed with a bit of food. The tone itself had no importance to the dog except for an orientating response that had the dog curious to find were the tone came from. Combining the tone with a bit of food ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 23. Language And Development Of Language, Experience,... Language plays a significant role in the process of transmitting knowledge and culture among mankind. Everyone learns a language at the early stages of life. From birth to seven years, a tremendous development of language skills is seen in a child. The essay states the various developmental phases of phonetics, morphology, semantics and syntax in a child. The behaviourist and cognitive theories states that nature and nurture plays a vital role in this process. The essay also throws light on the importance of culture, experience, maturation and readiness with the aid of theories laid by Lev Vygotsky andJean Piaget. Language is explained as the communication among human beings. Human communication can be either spoken or written ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... From this stage a child even begins to grasp the meaning of short phrases such as 'give me', do not touch' and the like. In the next phase of language development, the child articulates words. The child picks up simple words from its surroundings and that which may be taught him. He associates the words with its meaning (Kuhl et al., 2016). The development of semantic skills take place here. In the later phase, sentence formation begins. In
  • 24. the beginning, grammar and the conventional way of sentence structure is lacked. From here commences the syntactic development in an individual. Through experiences and expressions, the child unknowingly adapts to the accepted grammar and conventional sentence construction rules of its language ((Bloom, 1993). By the age of four a child speaks and understands his language clearly. A child is inspired by surroundings to develop its language skills. He or she imitates and reacts to the sounds around them. B. F. Skinner, one of the pioneers of behaviourism, emphasizes the role of environment in language development (Sommerville, 2006). He argues that a child learns words by associating it with meanings. The word 'cat' brings the idea of that particular animal in the child's mind. Children imitate words and sentences used by parents and elders. According to him, children learn language on the basis of reinforcement principles. Adults surrounding them, especially parents and siblings, correct and ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 25. Biological Perspective Of Psychology Essay The biological perspective of psychology is focused on the biology of the human mind and its effects on the psyche of the individual. Also called biopsychology or physiological psychology, it takes the view that human behavior can be understood based on the natural driving forces found in the brain itself, as well as the nervous system, and is also influenced by the hormones produced by an individual's endocrine system and the effects of the immune system, in combination with the genetics residing in the individual's DNA and the resulting physical characteristics they cause to be expressed. Psychologists from the biological perspective also study how different stimuli on the endocrine or nervous system can cause changes in an individual's behavior.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... It is commonly accepted that many illegal drugs are so addictive because of the effects they have on an individual's dopamine levels. Dopamine is the chemical in the brain that is responsible for feelings of pleasure. Drugs like cocaine, meth, and heroin release up to ten times the body's normal amounts of dopamine, causing the euphoria referred to as "being high". As dopamine levels drop back to normal, an individual will use again to re–experience the "high". The brain, meanwhile, develops a need for the higher than normal levels of dopamine, leading to addiction. There is often also a genetic predisposition of an individual to abuse a substance, whether it is alcohol, street drugs, or legal substances like tobacco or prescription drugs. Like Rene' Descartes, the biological perspective of psychology approaches the study of human nature based on scientific and mathematical facts, with methodical and rational research. This is both a strength and weakness. While a strictly scientific and fact–driven approach makes for reliable studies and some good medical outcomes, it doesn't take into account all the emotional and social variables that can also influence an individual's behavior and are unique to that ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 26. Operant Conditioning And Video Game Addiction An analysis of Operant Conditioning and its Relationship with Video Game Addiction A report published by the Entertainment Software Association revealed that in 2015, 155 million Americans play video games with an average of two gamers in each game–playing household (Entertainment Software Association, "Essential Facts about the Computer and Video Game Industry"). With this massive popularity that has come alongside video games in mind, the question is raised: how are video games affecting today's people? With the current way video games are structured, the game rewards players for achieving certain accomplishments e.g. competitive video games reward players who achieve victories with a higher ranking. With this in mind, some gamers may place more emphasis on their gaming achievements rather than their happiness or success in the real life. This in turn might cause a gamer to become addicted; however, a distinction must be set between video game addiction and operant conditioning. Operant conditioning towards a gamer can be one of the factors contributing towards video game addiction; they are not the same thing. Before one talks about video games, they must first know what a game is. Games are "closed,formal systems that engages players in structured conflict and resolves its uncertainty in an unequal outcome" (Fullerton,47). Games are closed in the fact that once engaged in the game, the player sets asides their rules for their daily life and accepts the rules of ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 27. Shaping and Chaining, Reinforcement Schedules and... Shaping and Chaining, Reinforcement Schedules and One–Trial Learning Option 2:Psychology Literature Review Psych 635 06/15/2015 Environmental and Evolutionary Teaching new tasks to organisms can be a difficult process for any individual to undertake. Psychologists, parents, teachers, and a wealth of other individuals attempt to teach new tasks through a variety of methods such as by shaping the new desired task, through reinforcement of it, or even through one–trail learning. The different methods that are used each have their benefits depending on what a person is attempting to teach and can be better suited for different tasks dependent on what the tasks are. The paper is going to cover the concepts of shaping and chaining, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... In this way the researcher is still providing rewards to the rat as the responses get the rat closer to pressing the button and the rat learns that it is not always getting a reward if it does not do what it needs to do. One–trial learning One–trial learning is a theory much like the name sounds, learning that takes place in one pairing of a response and a stimulus but is not strengthened over time by repeated exposure to a stimulus ("One–Trial Learning", 2014). This theory was developed by American psychology Edwin Guthrie that believed individuals learned from cues which tell a person to do a behavior rather than from being conditioned through rewards that followed the behaviors. Many conditioned responses occur as a result of the one–trial learning such as taste aversion to certain foods. The response happens through a single pairing of the stimulus and response with no need for repetition. Taking the rat pressing the button Guthrie would believe that rat would learn through cues that told the rat to press the button and no reward would be given to the rat in order to get the rat to press the button. In the case of the rat, the rat may be shown about pressing the button and then would be expected to be able to do the behavior, thus learning from the single showing or one–trial. Development Psychologists Development ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 28. Essay On Reinforcement Procedure 1: utilize the best Backup of All A full reinforcement is precisely what the name infers. It is a full duplicate of your whole informational collection. Albeit full reinforcements apparently give the best assurance, most associations just utilize them on an occasional premise since they are tedious, and regularly require an expansive number of tapes or plate Useful for Your archives, application learning, and media documents, and furthermore the framework as a whole Recurrence: Daily Recuperation highlights: Versioning and full–framework reestablish Programmed off–site stockpiling: No You purchase a USB drive, you connect it to your PC, and furthermore, the reinforcement begins. You don't need to introduce PC code on your drive... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Since Rebit goes down everything, you'll have the capacity to recuperate your whole framework when a hard–drive crash or option calamity just by booting from an exceptional CD.Rebit makes recovering a specific document basic. Right–click ago into Windows soul, pick My Rebit and pick an adaptation of the document from your reinforcement. Or, then again double tap the Rebit framework repository symbol for the Windows Explorer–like Rebit Browser. Rebit is planned for the period, persistent reinforcement. The program moves down a document as directly as you alter it, hence you ne'er got the opportunity to have certainty going down. Obviously, unendingly influencing reinforcements to can moderate the pc recognizably. What's more, keeping reinforcement media hindered into your PC every minute of every day places it in peril of energy surges, malware, and cheats because of your reinforcement is as presented to those dangers as your essential framework is.Fortunately, you don't need to keep the Rebit drive deterred in. On the off chance that you'll have the capacity to shoulder as a primary concern to connect it to once consistently, it'll duplicate everything that has adjusted since you last had it snared. Rebit moveable and desktop drives square measure realistic in changed capacity limits. The corporate prescribes looking for a drive that is at least twenty–five ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 29. Behaviorism And Emergent Literacy Behaviorism and Emergent Literacy Emergent literacy is the knowledge of reading and writing, before being formally taught how to read and write. After birth children are already in the process of becoming literate. Children learn literacy in many ways. For example, children learn from their parents through modeling when reading to them at bedtime, reading signs, and making list. Children also learn about literacy from own their interactions and experiences. Currently, there are four main theoretical perspectives on language acquisition: Behaviorist Perspective, Nativist Perspective, Social–Interactionist Perspective, and Neurobiological Perspective. Each theory has merit and is observable in certain situation throughout langue learning. However, no one theory can describe emergent literacy in all situations. It is now believed that each theory is more prevalent at different stages of learning. Researchers believe that the theories replace each other in some form throughout emergent literacy. (Vukelich, Christie & Enz, 2012). The behaviorist view suggests that nurture, not nature, is the dominant role in learning language. The main theorist for the behaviorist perspective is B.F. Skinner. Behaviorists believe that... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... A positive reinforcer likely increases the likelihood of a behavior whereas as negative reinforces will likely decrease the behavior. In regard to positive reinforcement there are internal and external positive reinforcements. Internal refinforcers refer to things like food, water , and smiling . External reinforcers are things like the satisfaction of discovering new idea, following the rules, doing what you like, etc. Likewise, it is necessary to understand that punishment and negative reinforcement is not the same thing. Punishment works only temporarily or produces unwanted side effects, such as; avoidance or ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 30. Classical And Instrumental Conditioning And Classical... In order to analyse classical and instrumental conditioning, it is required to first define the content from which they are derived from, that is learning. According to Domjan, learning is a long lasting change in the process of behaviour involving particular stimuli with or alternately responses that result from previous experiences with those or almost the same stimuli and responses (2009). There are several learning paradigms which take the behaviourist approach, but as previously mentioned this essay will focus on only two, which are classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning. Classical conditioning is a utilisation of a neutral stimulus to signal the fast approaching conveyance of a biologically significant event. This teaching brings about an adjustment in the animal's response to the neutral stimulus. Instrumental conditioning, however, is a method in which a reward is conveyed after an animal has made a response. It brings about the animal being more likely to reiterate the response (Pearce., 2008). This essay will aim to analyse classical and instrumental conditioning and also consider the similarities and differences between these two learning paradigms. Classical conditioning involves the pairing of a neutral stimulus, with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response. One of the most prominent experiments conducted to define classical conditioning is the behavioural psychology study of Pavlov's Dogs, devised by Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 31. Example Of Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning is one kind of learning process demonstrated by B.F. Skinner that changes the behavior through the use of reinforcement and punishment. A behavior can change as a result of the individual response to stimuli that occur in the environment. According to Staddon and Cerutti (2003), operant behavior described by Skinner as a behavior that "controlled by its consequences is in practice little different from what had previously been termed instrumental learning and what most people would call habit" (p.115). Basically, in this conditioning, the term reinforcement will be used to refer to any event that strengthen the behavior, meanwhile the term punishment used in any event that weaken the behavior. To emphasize, there are two... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... This hearing test typically applied for children who aged between 2 to 4 years old in the form of game through conditioning. Sabo (1999) stated "play audiometry involves conditioning the child to respond to sound using an activity such as placing a peg in a pegboard, placing blocks in a container, stacking rings on a stick or placing puzzle pieces into a puzzle" (p.53). The children are believed to be captivated with these games, and the games also can be used to point out a specific behavior in order to signify a response every time he or she hear the signal (Folsom and Diefendorf, 1999). Apart from that, clapping hands or praising the child are considered as social reinforcer that assist to exhibit the conditioning (Sabo, 1999). Thus, the social praise in this conditioning is considered as reinforcer meanwhile the activities represented as response. Through this conditioning, frequency and ear specific information can be acquired to both air and bone conduction stimulation. Even so, in order to obtain the necessary information to identify the level of hearing loss for very young children or uncooperative children, the sequence of frequencies should be presented optimized. Moreover, the opposite ear cannot be tested until the other ear side undergo complete testing (Sabo, ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 32. Audio Engineering Career As audio engineers it is our duty to bring the highest quality audio to all of our projects. These can range from studio recording, radio, TV, movies, games, forensic audio and what we will be going through in detail, live sound. Any form of live event, be it a rock band's concert, orchestral performance, stage play or even live sports events will need some form of sound reinforcement. Sound reinforcement consists of an arrangement of microphones, signal processing, mixing, amps and loud speakers to reinforce the sound of an event, ensuring that all members of the audience have the best auditory experience and can clearly and adequately hear all audio evolved in the event. These systems are overseen by a single or team of live sound engineers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Being able to communicate well is vital as there are many people involved in a live performance and the audio has to work in conjunction with many other aspects of the the show. The engineer has to communicate with not only the auido team but also the managers of the venue, the musicians, punters, lighting teams and security. By having the ability to engage and communicate each of their specific needs can be met. Does a musician have a specific instrument set–up that they desire? Are the certain venue regulations that have to be upheld? Clear communication means that questions such as these get answered and ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 33. Floor Systems 01 floor system BuildingConstruction151 The idea of a Floor System FLOORS Floor system are a building's primary element supports both loads: a) Live load– I.e people, movable equipment) b) Dead loads–(weight of floor construction itself) Floor system transfers loads to: beam column or bearing walls. A construction, on ground level or at an upper level of a building or structure, on which people walk or place furniture or appliances. It is part of a room or space that forms it's lower enclosing surface. 01 floor system A floor system may composed of: series of linear beams and joist overlaid with a plane of sheathing OR Homogeneous slab of reinforced concrete To distinct components of the floor are: 1. A sub–floor / base course 2. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... A gap is built into the slab and a flexible filling material or strip that allows the slab to move in a controlled manner is installed in this gap. 01 floor system Concrete floor Factors of difficulties These interesting factors are as follows; 2.Slabs may be loaded with large point loads When we have a large point load applied to our slab from perhaps a piece of large machinery or a large wall or perhaps a column, we make the slab stronger to take this load. The may be the form of increasing the thickness of the slab or even providing a separate footing.
  • 34. 3. As we engaged a site we may have to deal with a site that is not flat and so the slab will have to deal with this in some way If the site is sloping we know that a slab does not really enjoy being on a slope, we stepped the slab to accommodate this. 01 floor system Concrete floor Factors of difficulties These interesting factors are as follows; 4.We may have to put a hole in the slab Openings in slabs are best dealt with by treating the edge of the slab as a beam to give it extra strength as concrete does not support itself all that well. 01 floor system Concrete floor How do we make a concrete slab? The basic principle to remember is that concrete is a sloppy God–awful mess when we first look at it but then we turn it into something wonderful. We take the sloppy mud like concoction and ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 35. The Methods Of Decreasing Stressful Behaviors Sally, a 38 year, old European–American female lesbian is seeking therapy. Her relationship with her partner, Jessica is under threat of dissolution. Jessica is complaining of Sally's lackadaisical attitude towards working and behaving like an adult. The latter remarked that everyone expect much from her and her acceptance based on "what I am." Her partner not convinced by her defense and argued that she has been "crying wolf" in most part of their 15 years' marital affairs. Greenberg's view on methods of decreasing stressful behaviors, behavior change techniques, and working with job burnout specific to Sally with particular reference to clinical, cultural and diversity factors will be useful in discussing her experiences. There is no doubt that Sally is experiencing stressful situation. Her stressful behaviors classified under lifestyle behaviors. This behavior covers activities which people are engaging and include daily activities: doing domestic chores, going to work or school, and enjoying leisure activities 9Greenberg, 2013). One of the methods for decreasing stressful behaviors is by self–monitoring. This is a process of observing and recording of one individual behavior. Sally can be able to monitor her job performance and deficiencies affecting her adulthood. As a method to increase aware ness of personal behavior, Sally will be able to be aware of why she is underperforming at work, her constant complaining and "crying wolf" and the relationship differences ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 36. The Various Language Skill Development Being social animals, human beings experience an innate drive to communicate and share their thoughts and feelings with others. The essay discusses the various language skill development stages among the children from zero to seven years. It analyses the importance of nature and nurture with the aid of behaviourist and nativist perspectives. In the light of the explanations by Vygotsky and Jean Piaget, the essay attempts to discuss the role of culture, experience, maturation and willingness to learn. Cambridge dictionary defines language as 'a system of communication' among human beings. This communication system consists of sounds and words. The element of grammar makes communication meaningful (Cambridge Dictionary 2016).... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Gradually the child imitates the words from its environment. Children are more used to the words, like mom, milk, dad, no, that are recited to them frequently. At this stage, the child associates these words to their meanings. After the age of two, there is a tremendous exploration of vocabulary (Clarke, 2009). Children accumulate thousands of words till the age of six. Initially they go for replacement of difficult terms with simple ones. This is due to their struggle with complex vocabulary. This tendency changes after six. The conventional word order, tense and grammar are grasped during these ages. By the age of four, children would be good conversationalist. At this stage the syntactic and semantic developments occur in children (Choice2099, 2014). Children, in their early years, imitate sounds and words that are produced by adults. B.F. Skinner employs his theory of behaviourism to explain this mental process (Nellie, 2013). Skinner argues that language development like any other behaviour or habit, can be imbibed through repetition and reinforcement. He uses the concepts of classical conditioning and operant conditioning to explain this phenomenon. Children associates the frequently used terms with its meanings. The word 'mom' brings the mental image of their mother. They tend to use correct words and pronunciation to experience positive ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 37. Lab 2: Stimulus Presentation Procedure Lab 2 – Stimulus presentation Procedure The subject had experienced a 60–minute habituation session in an operant chamber, but was otherwise naГЇve to the chamber. The subject was water deprived for 23 hours prior to the study. This created an establishing operation for water as a positive reinforcer. 0.1ml of water was delivered using a solenoid delivery system into the water reservoir on a variable temporal schedule of 90 seconds. Reinforcement delivery was accompanied by the sound of water dropping. The study was terminated following 11 reinforcements. The latency between delivery of the reinforcer and subsequent drinking of the reinforcer was recorded. If the subject failed to drink before the succeeding reinforcer was delivered, this delivery... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The data points in trials 9 and 10 show a change in trend. Ideally a further data point would have been taken in baseline to establish whether this sudden decrease in latency was due to random variability. A moderate to high latency is displayed overall. Following classical conditioning the data show a decrease in variability and in the latency between stimulus presentation and the response. There is also a change in trend from increasing to no trend. The data paths in each phase of Figure 10 appear different due to the principles of classical conditioning. Prior to conditioning, the sound that accompanied delivery of reinforcement was a neutral stimulus. As such, it could not yet elicit a drinking response from the subject. The behaviour of the subject was therefore influenced by its phylogeny and previous learning history and not the presentation of the sound of a water droplet. The unconditional probabilities graph in Figure 1 demonstrates that dipper activity is part of the subject's existing behavioural repertoire. It therefore has a chance of happening at some point during the session. The first instance of dipper activity following delivery of reinforcement will increase the future frequency of dipper activity, due to the establishing operation for water as a positive reinforcer. Cyberrat ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 38. The Importance Of Communication In The Classroom One of the most important things that a teacher must have in the classroom is great communication skills. Not only in the classroom, but with the rest of the school, parents, and the community. The text defines communication as the act by one or more persons, of sending and receiving messages that are distorted by noise, have some effect, and provide some opportunity for feedback (DeVito, 2005 pg. 108). Teachers not only have to ensure effective communication within the class, but they also have to turn the classroom into a motivating place where students want to learn. I believe that teachers should love what they do and should be positive every time they enter the class. I also believe that in order to have a successful classroom, students must be rewarded for their accomplishments. Teachers should put some type of reward system in place. As I continue this writing I will discuss different types of communication, listening as it pertains to the classroom, motivation, reinforcement and rewards. I will address are the numerous types of communication that can be used in the classroom. The first type of communication is verbal communication. This communication comes in many different forms. One example is the vocal component. The vocal component is how teachers say different words. The text says that the voice brings words to life, and that is so true when it comes to world of teaching (Moore, 2015 pg. 110). Changes in tone, voice loudness or strength, rate, inflection, ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 39. The Behavior Is A Learned Habit Have you ever heard a young child say something way beyond their age, or, watched a child preform an action–good or bad–that is far too advanced for them to be doing at their age? Have you ever stopped to wonder why? Children are like sponges, absorbing everything around them whether it is positive or negative. According to American behaviorist, B.F. Skinner, "all behavior is a learned habit". As an aspiring teacher and (someday!) mother, that statement can be scary because I know none of my behaviors are golden. Fortunately, Skinner created an operant conditioning chart (also known as the "Skinner Box") which consists of three consequences: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment. Biographical Background of B. F.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... After having children, accepting a new job in Indiana, returning to Harvard, and all the while watching his children grow, Skinner's focus shifted from studying the behavior of animals to studying the behavior of children. This shift is important in the field of education, having created what we know as "classroom management," where a teacher either rewards or punishes the student(s) for their behavior. Skinner's belief behind his idea was that "positive [and negative] reinforcement was a great tool for shaping behavior". In 1989, Skinner was diagnosed with leukemia and passed away the following year at his home in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Today, his work lives on thanks to his daughter, Julie, who is head of the B.F. Skinner Foundation (Biography.com Editors, 2016). Key Points of Behaviorism Skinner and his work are monumental to the field of education. Skinner's entire theory is based off of the fact that behaviors are learned, and in order to learn an acceptable behavior, a consequence must be given as a way of praising the behavior, or condemning it. In Skinner's book, About Behaviorism (1974), he says: "we cannot anticipate what a person will do by looking directly at his feelings or his nervous system, nor can we change his behavior by changing his mind or his brain". Just as others cannot see how I feel, which drives my behavior, I cannot see how they feel, which will drive their behavior. This is why Skinner's operant ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 40. Life Course And Human Development According to Crawford and Walker(2010), the life course is defined in literature as, "The progression and path an individual takes from conception to death." (Crawford and walker, 2012, p.3). The study of the life course and human development is extremely complex and could be described as interdisciplinary as it encompasses many fields of study. When examining the life course of individuals it is necessary to consider all of the various factors that affect human behaviour. These may include; psychological, biological, social, behavioural, cognitive or culture factors. Age can also be considered as a factor that influences lifespan development. In the early 19th century, the term "age related change" was regarded as only applicable to the early childhood stage but in recent years, psychologists have come to accept that age related changes occur throughout the entire life span. According to Boyd and Bee (2014), other earlier theories included Charles Darwin's suggestion that, "the wide variety of life forms that exist on earth evolved gradually as a result of the interplay between environmental factors and genetic process." (Boyd and Bee, 2014, p.3) Therefore Darwin proposed that it was either solely, "nature" or "nurture" that influenced the human development, but instead, a combination of both. In this assignment, I am going to focus on the specific psychological factors that influence human behaviour during the life course. I will compare two different psychological ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 41. Pavlov 's Classical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning Pavlov's Classical Conditioning vs. B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning Bhavika D. Patel Atlantic Community College Abstract Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner both studied learning, in which they both did different experiments on different animals and with different conditioning. Classical conditioning is the process in which two stimuli become linked; once this association has been recognized, an originally neutral stimulus is conditioned to provoke an involuntary response. The dogs in Pavlov's studies learned to associate countless stimuli with the expectation of food, which caused in them salivating when the stimuli were presented. Pavlov revealed how such associations are learned, and referred to this process as conditioning. While the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... "The assistant's footsteps, for example, seemed to act like a trigger (the stimulus) for the dog to start salivating (the response). Pavlov had discovered how associations develop through the process of learning, which he referred to as conditioning (Licht, 2016) The dog was correlating the sound of footsteps with the coming of food; it had been conditioned to subordinate certain sights and sounds with eating. Intrigued by his discovery, Pavlov decided to focus his research of dogs' salivation (which he termed "psychic secretions") in these types of scenarios (Fancher & Rutherford, 2012, p. 248; Watson, 1968). Pavlov's examinations led to the development of classical conditioning. Conditioned Response Experiment To prove the process of classical conditioning Pavlov had created a basic research plan. Pavlov had followed up to his observation and examining the connection between stimulus and response. Pavlov has concluded that the type of behavior he was studying was involuntary or reflexive salivating when there is food is universal, whereas the connection of sound and footsteps and salivating is learned. Pavlov basically states that the sound of footsteps is the stimulus and salivation is the response, which occur during learning. Pavlov experiments led him to surgically insert a tube into the dog's cheek to allow a proper collection of saliva. The tube was led to a measuring device which Pavlov used to calculate exactly how much the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 42. Classical and Operant Conditioning Essay While many people may believe that learning is just a natural response that all animals are capable of, there is actually a more complex explanation on how we learn the things we do in order to survive in the world. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are both basic forms of learning, they have the word conditioning in common. Conditioning is the acquisition of specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well–defined stimuli. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organism learns to transfer a natural response from one stimulus to another, previously neutral stimulus. Classical conditioning is achieved by manipulating reflexes. Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which the likelihood of a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Organisms will be inclined to comply to the desired response if they are rewarded for doing so. If an organism is punished for a certain behavior they will not risk the same punishment recurring. In operant conditioning, it is possible to strengthen responses by either presenting positive reinforcement or by the removal of negative reinforces. "New responses can be learned by organisms by gradually reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired response" (Weiten p. 238). This is what is meant by shaping, It is the gradual use of reinforcement until the desired response has been reached. Reinforcement is the main contributing factor in operant conditioning. There is more than one way to go about establishing reinforcement, if a delay occurs between the response and the reinforcement the response may not become strengthened. It is likely that if the reinforcement occurs immediately after the response that there will be a definite strengthening of the response. Continuous reinforcement is when reinforcement occurs at every instance of the desired response. Intermittent reinforcement occurs when a response is reinforced some of the time. The different schedules of reinforcement influence patterns of response. Intermittent schedules offer greater resistance to extinction than continuous schedules. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 43. The Theories And Processes Of Learning Introduction In this training manual we will cover; Background Information on the influential theories and processes of learning A step–by–step guide of how these theories can be used to allow your pet to learn a desired behavior The effectiveness of these training methods through their strengths and limitations Classical Conditioning Definition–The learning of desired behavior through repeated association between two events which are as such the stimuli This theory of learning was founded and created by Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936) a Russian scientist interested in studying how digestion works in animals. Through this study he had the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... –This experiment that modified a reflex behavior (salivating at the sight of food) showed how learning can take place. Operant Conditioning Definition– The learning of behavior through association with a punishment and reward system. As such the likelihood of a specific behavior is increased or decreased through the association between negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement. (There is also positive punishment and negative punishment but they haven't been studied and are harder to grasp for learning techniques so will not be discussed) This theory of learning had some of its origins in the previously stated classical conditioning theories as well as some roots in American animal psychology. Much of this work was tested on animals and then generalized to humans as testing this was highly unethical ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 44. Black Men In The Prison System Essay "We ain't thugs for the sake of just bein' thugs. Nobody do that where we grew at N___, duh! The poverty line we not above. So I come in the mask and gloves 'cause we ain't feelin' the love. We ain't doin' crime for the sake of doin' crimes. We movin' dimes 'cause we ain't doin' fine. One out of three of us is locked up doin' time. You know what this could do to a N___ mind? My mind on my money, money on my mind. If you owe me ten dollars you ain't givin' me nine! Ya'll ain't give me 40 acres and a mule. So I got my glock 40 now I'm cool." Jay–Z Imagine waking up every morning hungry, except rather than just driving down to your local fast food spot, you can not even afford a dollar hamburger from McDonald's. Imagine falling asleep to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Black youths are admitted to state correctional facilities for drug offenses at 48 times the rate of white youths, according to a report by the Building Blocks for Youth Initiative. (CITATION) There is obviously a problem in the programming of the successfulAfrican American youth. If a shortage can be created in the circuit of this problem, then the rate at which these young men are straying can be decreased. In a much simpler time, humans roamed the earth just living and reproducing. The quote, "So easy a caveman can do it" has implied that humans were pretty much illogical at one time. As logic and sheer discovery came into play, we evolved into a purposeful race. "A boat without a paddle" just does not make sense anymore. Would you walk your dog if it did not have accidents inside of your home as a puppy? Would soldiers continue to fight in Iraq if their freedom and liberties were not threatened? From walking a dog to fighting for freedom, the common denominator is motivation. Motivation is defined by the U.S. Army as, "the will to accomplish a mission". (CITATION) It is safe to assume that throughout our lives, the will, not necessarily the want, is essential for change. With that said, the logical answer to my questions is 'no'. Without some kind of motivation, whether positive or negative, even the simplest task is ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...