There is rising incidence of placenta percreta due to increased rate of cesarean delivery. It is dreadful obstetric emergency associated with massive hemorrhage, leading to emergency obstetric hysterectomy. Thrombocytopenia (5–7%) complicates 7–10% of all pregnancies. Pregnancy with portal hypertension has high incidence of fetal wastage 10–66% and spontaneous abortion rate of 20–40%. Literature review is deficient for the management of cesarean hysterectomy with cystotomy of parturient having combined placenta percreta, gestational thrombocytopenia, and portal hypertension. We report successful management of such case.
anaesthesia for lung transplant. indication and contra indication for lung transplant. intra-op and post op complications of lung transplant,
post op pain relief for lung transplant. patient selection for lung transplant. donor criteria for lung donor
anaesthesia for lung transplant. indication and contra indication for lung transplant. intra-op and post op complications of lung transplant,
post op pain relief for lung transplant. patient selection for lung transplant. donor criteria for lung donor
This slide presentation covers areas about physiology of respiratory system related to surgery and anaesthesia, definition of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs), risk of PPCs, screening for PPC risk and specific management for patients with increased risk.
A fatal case of complicated HELLP Syndrome and Antepartum Eclamptic Fit with ...Apollo Hospitals
Subcapsular hematoma and hepatic rupture are very unusual catastrophic complication of preeclampsia/eclampsia and HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets) syndrome. The reported incidence of this condition varies from 1 in 40,000 to 1 in 2,50,000 deliveries.There is no agreement on the best approach to treat this severe complication of pregnancy and optimal management is still evolving.
Pregnancy with portal hypertension with splenectomy is an uncommon condition.It is seen that maternal mortality is 2-18% ,hematemesis is seen in 20-30% and perinatal mortality is 11-18% [1]. A number of patients with Extra hepatic portal venous obstruction (EHPVO) and non cirrhotic portal fibrosis (NCPF) are surviving to adult life. In patients with cirrhosis as long as liver function is relatively preserved pregnancy is possible.
This slide presentation covers areas about physiology of respiratory system related to surgery and anaesthesia, definition of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs), risk of PPCs, screening for PPC risk and specific management for patients with increased risk.
Similar to Cesarean Hysterectomy with Cystotomy in Parturient having Placenta Percreta, Gestational Thrombocytopenia, and Portal Hypertension – A Case Report
A fatal case of complicated HELLP Syndrome and Antepartum Eclamptic Fit with ...Apollo Hospitals
Subcapsular hematoma and hepatic rupture are very unusual catastrophic complication of preeclampsia/eclampsia and HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets) syndrome. The reported incidence of this condition varies from 1 in 40,000 to 1 in 2,50,000 deliveries.There is no agreement on the best approach to treat this severe complication of pregnancy and optimal management is still evolving.
Pregnancy with portal hypertension with splenectomy is an uncommon condition.It is seen that maternal mortality is 2-18% ,hematemesis is seen in 20-30% and perinatal mortality is 11-18% [1]. A number of patients with Extra hepatic portal venous obstruction (EHPVO) and non cirrhotic portal fibrosis (NCPF) are surviving to adult life. In patients with cirrhosis as long as liver function is relatively preserved pregnancy is possible.
Abdominal Imaging Case Studies #27.pptxSean M. Fox
Drs. Kylee Brooks and Parker Hambright are Emergency Medicine Residents and Drs. Alexis Holland and William Lorenz are Surgery Residents at Carolinas Medical Center in Charlotte, NC. They are interested in medical education. With the guidance of Drs. Kyle Cunningham, Brent Matthews, and Michael Gibbs, they aim to help augment our understanding of emergent abdominal imaging. Follow along with the EMGuideWire.com team as they post these monthly educational, self-guided radiology slides. This month’s cases include:
• Iatrogenic Esophageal Perforation
• Emphysematous Cystitis
• Meckel’s Diverticulum
• Paraesophageal Hernia
Drs. Lena, Avery, and Davis’s CMC Abdominal Imaging Mastery Project: August C...Sean M. Fox
Dr. Kelsey Lena is an Emergency Medicine Resident and Drs. Michael Avery and Joshua Davis are Surgery Residents at Carolinas Medical Center in Charlotte, NC. They are interested in medical education. With the guidance of Drs. Kyle Cunningham and Michael Gibbs, they aim to help augment our understanding of emergent abdominal imaging. Follow along with the EMGuideWire.com team as they post these monthly educational, self-guided radiology slides. This month’s topics include:
• Splenic Rupture
• Obstructive jaundice
• Ovarian Torsion
Case discussion on abruptio placenta, Placenta previa, pre eclampsia, scar ectopic
Similar to Cesarean Hysterectomy with Cystotomy in Parturient having Placenta Percreta, Gestational Thrombocytopenia, and Portal Hypertension – A Case Report (20)
Convalescent Plasma and COVID-19: Ancient Therapy Re-emergedasclepiuspdfs
Convalescent plasma has again re-emerged as a therapy during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreaks currently use as a prophylactic or an interventional treatment in infected patients. Convalescent plasma has been used in the 20th century confronting different infectious diseases where there was no other therapy available. Conceivably, this convalescent plasma therapy tends to be proving a game-changing treatment in some COVID-19 patients and could support treatment, in addition to the current interventions before other developed therapies are available for the population.
The Negative Clinical Consequences Due to the Lack of the Elaboration of a Sc...asclepiuspdfs
Until a few years ago, the immune system was considered as responsible for the only defense against microbial infections and other external agents. On the contrary, the immune cells have been proven to be linked not only through cell-cell contact but also by releasing proteins capable of influencing the immune-inflammatory response, the so-called cytokines or interleukins. Moreover, the cytokines have appeared to play not only immune activities but also metabolic and systemic effects influencing the overall biological systems, including the nervous, the endocrine, and the cardiovascular systems, by representing the main endogenous molecules responsible for the maintenance of the unity of the biological life. Therefore, only the systematic clinical consideration of cytokine effects may allow the generation of real future holistic medicine.
The great benefit of blood/blood constitutes therapy is the ability to provide transfusion support for patients with many unique hematologic conditions. For some patients, such as patients with sickle cell disease, thalassemia major, immune hemolytic anemia, anemia of kidney disease, and aplastic anemia may need for this consolidation extends throughout their life. By knowing the alteration mechanisms of these conditions, we can appreciate the stationary, urgency, and the value of the transfused red blood cell (RBC).
Decreasing or Increasing Role of Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Mult...asclepiuspdfs
During the past four decades, autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) has been the first choice and the standard option for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma. The introduction of new agents such as thalidomide, lenalidomide, and bortezomib has led to a clear improvement in basic approach and those agents became the standard of care in the induction phase; however, they were not able to play the role of ASCT in term of progression-free survival and overall survival. Debate continues about the best induction, consolidation, and maintenance taking into account the toxicities of these new agents. The new monoclonal antibody (anti CD38) starts to take its place in the induction setting and it seems to be a promising agent in the high-risk group. Until recently, ASCT is the standard treatment for newly diagnosed patients.
Comparison of the Hypocalcemic Effects of Erythropoietin and U-74389Gasclepiuspdfs
Aim: This study calculated the effects on serum calcium (Ca) levels, after treatment with either of two drugs: The erythropoietin (Epo) and the antioxidant lazaroid (L) drug U-74389G. The calculation was based on the results of two preliminary studies, each one of which estimated the certain influence, after the respective drug usage in an induced ischemia-reperfusion animal experiment. Materials and Methods: The two main experimental endpoints at which the serum Ca levels were evaluated were the 60th reperfusion min (for the Groups A, C, and E) and the 120th reperfusion min (for the Groups B, D, and F). Especially, the Groups A and B were processed without drugs, Groups C and D after Epo administration, whereas Groups E and F after the L administration. Results: The first preliminary study of Epo presented a non-significant hypocalcemic effect by 0.34% ± 0.68% (P = 0.6095). However, the second preliminary study of U-74389G presented a non-significant hypercalcemic effect by 0.14% ± 0.66% (P = 0.8245). These two studies were coevaluated since they came from the same experimental setting. The outcome of the coevaluation was that L is 2.3623042-fold (2.3482723–2.3764196) more hypercalcemic than Epo (P = 0.0000). Conclusions: The antioxidant capacities of U-74389G ascribe 2.3623042-fold more hypercalcemic effects than Epo (P = 0.0000).
The term refractory anemia (RA) may be confusing to those who are not hematologists. RA should be well defined because it means more than what it says. RA is defined as anemia that is not responsive to therapy except transfusion.[1] The term RA is used to rule out those types of anemia with a known cause such as anemia of systemic diseases (liver and kidney) and anemia of inflammation even though they are considered refractory to therapy.[2] RA with cellular or hypercellular bone marrow was formerly used to exclude aplastic anemia.
Management of Immunogenic Heparin-induced Thrombocytopeniaasclepiuspdfs
Immunogenic heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune response to heparin associated with significant morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients if unidentified as soon as possible, due to thromboembolic complications involving both arterial and venous systems. Early diagnoses based on a comprehensive interpretation of clinical and laboratory information improve clinical outcomes. Management principles of strongly suspected HIT should not be delayed for laboratory result confirmation. Treatment strategies have been introduced including new, safe, and effective agents. This review summarizes the clinical therapeutic options for HIT addressing the use of parenteral direct thrombin inhibitors and indirect factor Xa inhibitors as well as the potential non-Vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants.
73-year-old woman without any pertinent history was admitted to the hospital due to remittent fever with erythema. She showed itching and linearly arranged erythema on the chest, back, and abdomen [Figure 1a and b]. As she had been taking daily cefditoren pivoxil for the 4 days before her admission, she was diagnosed as having drug-related scratch dermatitis, and the antibiotic treatment was stopped. Her fever remained. Laboratory data showed elevated levels of white blood cells (14,800/μl, normal range 4000–7000) and liver enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 138 IU/L (normal range 5–40), alanine aminotransferase 97 IU/L (normal range 5–35), and ferritin (17469.5 ng/mL, normal range 5–152).
Bone Marrow Histology is a Pathognomonic Clue to Each of the JAK2V617F, MPL,5...asclepiuspdfs
According to the World Health Organization and Clinical Laboratory Molecular and Pathological criteria bone marrow pathology in JAK2V617F mutated trilinear myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients essential thrombocythemia (ET) and polycythemia vera are indistinguishably featured by clustered medium to large pleomorphic megakaryocytes and increased cellularity (60–90%) due to increased erythropoiesis and megakaryopoiesis. MPL515 mutated ET is the second distinct clonal MPN characterized by thrombocythemia in a normocellular bone marrow showing clustered increased large to giant mature megakaryocytes with staghorn-like hyperlobulated nuclei. Calreticulin (CALR) mutated hypercellular thrombocythemia associated with prefibrotic megakaryocytic, granulocytic myeloproliferation (MGM) recently became the third distinct MPN featured by dense clusters of immature megakaryocytes with cloud-like nuclei. Bone marrow pathology in newly diagnosed MPN patients appears to be a pathognomonic clue for diagnostic differentiation between JAK2V617F mutated trilinear MPN, MPL515 normocellular thrombocythemia, and CALR thrombocythemia with MGM characteristics followed by secondary reticulin fibrosis. Their natural histories clearly differ featured by an increase of erythro/granulopoiesis and cellularity in JAK2V617F, decrease of erythropoiesis and cellularity in MPL515 and increase of dual megakaryo/granulopoiesis and cellularity in CALR mutated MPN.
Helicobacter pylori Frequency in Polycythemia Vera Patients without Dyspeptic...asclepiuspdfs
Introduction: In polycythemia vera (PV) patients, peptic ulcer and gastroduodenal erosions are more common than the general population, but there are insufficient data on the frequency of Helicobacter pylori (HP) and its role in etiopathogenesis. In this study, we aimed to compare the prevalence of HP infection in PV patients without dyspeptic complaints with a healthy control group without dyspeptic complaints. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients with PV without dyspeptic complaints and 50 controls without dyspeptic complaints were enrolled in this study after informed consent obtained. Stool samples of selected patients were analyzed using HP stool antigen test (True Line®). Results: There was surprisingly striking difference between HP prevalence in PV patients without dyspeptic complaints and asymptomatic healthy controls (64% vs. 2%) (P < 0.05). There was no significant relationship found between HP presence and age, gender, treatment modalities, complete blood count, positivity of JAK2 V617F, serum erythropoietin level, and splenomegaly in PV patients (P > 0.05). Conclusion: As the susceptibility of HP infections in PV patients are higher, it is recommended to have close surveillance of these patients by screening HP presence. In addition, when HP positivity is determined, the eradication of HP is essential to prevent possible future gastrointestinal lesions in patients with PV.
Lymphoma of the Tonsil in a Developing Communityasclepiuspdfs
The lymphoma of the tonsil is a rarity. Single case reports have appeared in countries as disparate as China, Greece, India, Japan, and Turkey. Therefore, this paper presents cases found in Nigeria among the Ibo ethnic group. The epidemiological comparisons are deemed to be worthy of documentation such as age ranges and sides of involvement.
Should Metformin Be Continued after Hospital Admission in Patients with Coron...asclepiuspdfs
Background: In most patients with diabetes, guidelines recommend discontinuation of oral anti-diabetic agents. Preliminary data suggest that pre-admission metformin use may have a mortality benefit in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 admitted to the hospital. Objective: The objective of the study was to review the impact of metformin on morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Methods: Review of English literature by PUBMED search until November 10, 2020. Search terms included diabetes, COVID-19, metformin, retrospective studies, meta-analyses, pertinent reviews, pre-print articles, and consensus guidelines are reviewed.
Clinical Significance of Hypocalcemia in COVID-19asclepiuspdfs
Background: Preliminary data suggest that hypocalcemia is common among patients with COVID-19 admitted to the hospital. Objective: The objective of the study was to examine the clinical significance of hypocalcemia in the setting of COVID-19. Methods: Literature search (PubMed) until August 5, 2020. Search terms include hypocalcemia, COVID-19, mortality, and complications. Retrospective studies are reviewed due to a lack of randomized trials. Results: Prevalence of hypocalcemia among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 ranges from 62% to 78%, depending on the definition of hypocalcemia and patients’ characteristics. In most cases, hypocalcemia is mild to moderate biochemically. Hypocalcemia is a risk factor for hospitalization of patients with COVID-19. In already hospitalized patients, hypocalcemia is significantly associated with increase severity of COVID-19 and its complications, including multiorgan failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and death. Hypocalcemia is significantly correlated with inflammatory markers of COVID-19. Causes of hypocalcemia in COVID-19 patients are unclear, but Vitamin D deficiency may be a contributing factor. Conclusion: Hypocalcemia is common in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and carries unfavorable outcomes. Further studies are needed to examine the causes of hypocalcemia in COVID-19 and to see whether normalization of circulating calcium levels improves prognosis.
Excess of Maternal Transmission of Type 2 Diabetes: Is there a Role of Bioche...asclepiuspdfs
Objective: An excess of maternal transmission of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been reported in some populations but not confirmed in other studies. Mitochondrial inheritance has been proposed to explain such excess. In the present paper, we have considered the presence of T2D in the mother and/or in the father in relation to the risk of T2D and to age at onset of the disease in the offspring. The distribution of two genetic polymorphisms involved in glucose metabolism in relation to the presence of T2D in the mother has been also considered. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and seventy-nine participants with T2D were studied in the population of Penne, a small rural town in the eastern side of central Italy. Adenosine deaminase locus 1 (ADA1) and phosphoglucomutase locus 1 (PGM1) phenotypes were determined by starch gel electrophoresis. Statistical analyses were carried out using commercial software (SPSS). Results: The proportion of patients from T2D mothers is much greater as compared to the proportion of the patients from T2D fathers (P < 0.0001). Age at onset of the disease in patients in whom one or both parents are T2D is lower as compared to other patients. The distribution of ADA1 and PGM1 phenotypes in participants with T2D depends on the presence of diabetes in the mother. Conclusions: About the transmission of T2D, our data confirm the high proportion of maternal T2D and show the role of two common biochemical polymorphisms involved in glucose metabolism.
The Effect of Demographic Data and Hemoglobin A 1c on Treatment Outcomes in P...asclepiuspdfs
Objective: Diabetes mellitus, the most common cause of non-traumatic foot amputations, is a life-threatening condition due to its high mortality and morbidity. In our study, we retrospectively evaluated our patients with diabetic foot syndrome in our clinic. Materials and Methods: The demographic data, duration of diabetes, Wagner classification, haemoglobin A 1c (HbA1c) levels, white blood cell, C-reactive protein sedimentation levels, hospital stay, and treatment results were evaluated retrospectively in 14 patients with diabetic foot between January 2017 and December 2018. Results: The mean age of the patients was 62.43 ± 7.7 years. Of the 14 patients, 3 were females and 11 were males. All 14 patients were type 2 diabetes mellitus. When diabetic foot Wagner classification was performed, 6 patients were evaluated as Wagner 2, five patients were Wagner 3, and three patients were evaluated as Wagner 4. Nine patients had complete amputation and 3 had vascular surgery. Conclusion: Although the level of HbA1c is below the target level, the risk of diabetic foot is increased when there is no adequate diabetes mellitus foot training. Inadequate diabetic patient education and hospitalization of patients after infection progress the amputation rate.
Self-efficacy Impact Adherence in Diabetes Mellitusasclepiuspdfs
The aim of the paper is to explore how self-efficacy (SE) is associated with adherence among adults with diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: The search of electronic databases identified 564 records from 2007 to 2017 on SE and adherence from different perspectives and its effect on adults with DM. Discussions: SE increases the confidence in adults in their self-care behaviors. Non-adherence continues to be a significant barrier to SE. SE and adherence should be informed by an understanding of theoretical frameworks and the individual characteristics. Conclusion: Adherence is likely among adults with better SE to empower them to make valid decisions about their health. Interventions to improve SE should be tailored based on different types of non-adherence such as intentional and unintentional non-adherence. Implications: An intercollaborative professional practice approach is crucial to improve SE and adherence for sound judgment and valid decision-making.
Uncoiling the Tightening Obesity Spiralasclepiuspdfs
While an underweight prevalence was once more than twice that of obesity, now more people are obese than underweight. Obesity is one of the leading causes of preventable death in the world. There are an estimated 2,100,000,000 obese people worldwide and that number is forecast to grow to 51% of the world’s population by 2030. Escalating obesity-related disease costs threaten to bankrupt the world’s health-care systems.
Prevalence of Chronic Kidney disease in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in S...asclepiuspdfs
Background and Objective: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) which is an increasingly important clinical and public health issue is associated with cardiovascular disease. Epidemiologic studies have also linked metabolic syndrome (MetS) with an increased risk of incident CKD. Therefore, the present study was designed retrospectively to find the prevalence and potential risk factors of CKD in patients with MetS in Saudi Arabia.
Management Of Hypoglycemia In Patients With Type 2 Diabetesasclepiuspdfs
Hypoglycemia is the rate-limiting step of intensive management in patients with diabetes. Lowering one’s A1C to a prescribed target is expected to mitigate one’s risk of developing long- and short-term diabetes-related complications. Several of the less expensive and commonly prescribed glucose lowering agents favored by practitioners result in weight gain, hypoglycemia, and even an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) mortality. Although achieving a targeted A1C of <7 % is the standard of care, clinicians often fail to evaluate patients for glycemic variability which can increase oxidative stress driving long-term diabetes-related complications including CV death. The use of concentrated insulins and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists separately or in combination with each other reduces glycemic variability and one’s risk of hypoglycemia. Pharmaceutical agents which allow patients to safely achieve their targeted A1C without weight gain and hypoglycemia should be preferred in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Predictive and Preventive Care: Metabolic Diseasesasclepiuspdfs
South Asians have a very high incidence of ischemic heart disease and stroke. In addition, they also have a very high incidence of metabolic diseases such as prehypertension, hypertension, visceral obesity, metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, type-2 diabetes, and its clinical complications. Currently, there are over 75 million diabetic subjects in India and an equal number of prediabetics. Republic of China has taken over India as the diabetes capital of the world, with over 115 million diabetics. Modern medicine is disease focused and has failed to address the prevention of these chronic diseases. According to the reports from the United Nations (Millennium Development Goals [MDGs], the World Health Organization, Global Health Initiatives, and the non-communicable disease risk task force), obesity has increased by 2-fold and type-2 diabetes by 4-fold worldwide. Experts in this field predict that chances of meeting the MDGs set by the UN members of reducing the incidence of these diseases at 2025 to the level of 2020 are very little. Western medicine has failed to reduce or reverse the trend in the incidence of these diseases. We feel that an integrated approach to health care may be a better option, to reduce the disease burden in developing and resource-poor countries. Having said that, one cannot prevent something that one is not aware of, as such it is the need of the hour for us, to develop a robust predictive and preventive health-care platform. In an earlier article, we presented our views on reducing or reversing cardiometabolic diseases. There is great enthusiasm among the health-care providers and professional bodies that integration of emerging technologies will help develop personalized, precision medicine, as well as reduce the cost of health-care worldwide.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. Chavan, et al.: Cesarean hysterectomy with cystotomy in parturient having placenta percreta, gestational thrombocytopenia,
and portal hypertension – A case report
Journal of Clinical Research in Anesthesiology • Vol 2 • Issue 1 • 2019
Pregnancy with portal hypertension is uncommon condition,
having incidence of fetal wastage – 10–66% and spontaneous
abortion rate of 20–40%.[4]
The prevalence of cirrhosis in
reproductive age group is 0.45/1000, with maternal mortality
rate 10–61%.[4]
Literature review is deficient for the management of
cesarean hysterectomy with cystotomy of parturient having
combined placenta percreta, gestational thrombocytopenia,
and portal hypertension. We report successful management
of such case.
CASE REPORT
A 32-year-old female, G2P1L1 with 36 weeks of gestation
was posted for emergency cesarean hysterectomy due to
onset of per vaginal bleeding. Medical history – episodes
of hematemesis 6 months back and diagnosed have portal
hypertension with severe anemia (Hb–3 g%). Anemia treated
with 3 units of packed cell volume (PCV). Esophageal
banding was done for esophageal varices at the 12th
week
of current gestation and was started with Tab. Liv 52, Tab.
Udiliv, and syp. Lactulose.
Obstetric history
Elective cesarean section was done at 37 weeks under
spinal anesthesia for twins 2 years back at a rural hospital.
Gestational thrombocytopenia was managed with
platelet transfusion during that pregnancy. Gestational
thrombocytopenia was managed with platelet transfusion
during that pregnancy.
Clinical examination
The patient had a weight of 48 kg, height of 155 cm, was
afebrile, with a regular pulse rate of 100/min, blood pressure
(BP) of 110/80 mm Hg. Her systemic examination was within
normal limits.
Laboratory investigations
The Platelet Count was 59000/μl on admission which
decreased to 40000/μl over 8 days. Platelet Count was
restored to 70000/μl after treatment- mild thrombocytopenia.
Hemoglobin of 9 g%, BT, CT, PT/ INR all within normal
range. ECG and 2Decho were normal too. USG showed
Placenta previa and placenta percreta. Magnetic resonance
imaging revealed placenta to be low lying, covering the
internal os, thinning of endomyometrial junction and
diagnosis was given as placenta percreta with serosal breach
of uterus which was invading right lateral wall of urinary
bladder, right hydronephrosis.
Preoperatively – gastroenterology and medicine reference
done. Inj. Vitamin 30 mg IM and 4 units PCV, 4 units fresh
frozen plasma (FFP), and 6 units platelets were transfused for
anemia and thrombocytopenia.
Anesthesia management
BloodbankwasinstructedforadequateunitsofPCV,platelets,
and FFP. The patient and relatives were counseled about the
risks involved. Two peripheral intravenous lines with 18G
intravenous catheter and triple lumen internal jugular vein
central line were inserted. BP was 110/80 mmHg, PR was
102
/min. RR was 14/min, CVP was 10 cm of H2
O. Preloading
was done with Ringer’s lactate 10 ml/kg. Monitors for
NIBP, ECG, and pulse oximeter were attached. Intravenous
Premedication were done with Inj. Glycopyrrolate
0.2 mg, Inj. Ondansetron 4 mg, Inj. Ranitidine 50 mg, Inj.
Hydrocortisone100 mg Inj. Dexamethasone 8 mg. General
anesthesia with rapid sequence induction was done with
Inj. Thiopentone sodium 450 mg and Inj. Succinylcholine
100 mg. Anesthesia maintained on O2
:N2
O 50:50 and
sevoflurane Inj. Atracurium as muscle relaxant.
Baby delivered in breech position by classical cesarean
section with Apgar score of 8 at 1 min and 10 at 5 min and
weight 2900 g. Inj. Oxytocin 20 IU slows infusion and
Inj. Pentazocine 15 mg IV for analgesia. There was acute
blood loss of 2000 ml in 10 min after baby delivery. Inj.
Tranexamic acid 1 g IV was given. Episode of bradycardia
was managed with Inj. Atropine 0.6 mg IV. Internal iliac
artery ligation done by surgeon. Obstetric hysterectomy was
done due to continued uncontrolled massive hemorrhage.
Urosurgeon performed cystotomy for removing placenta
which was invading right lateral wall of urinary bladder.
Successful hemostasis was confirmed. Surgery duration was
90 min.
Intraoperatively, total blood loss 5500 ml precipitated
into hypotension and tachycardia. Vasopressor support of
dopamine and noradrenaline started. A massive transfusion
protocol was initiated. Damage control resuscitation was
done by infusing crystalloids, colloids, and transfusing red
blood cells (RBCs), FFP, and platelets transfusion in ratio
of 1:1:1. A total of 3 L crystalloids, 1 L colloid, 6 units
PCV, 6 units FFP, and 6 units platelet were given as damage
control resuscitation. Arterial blood gases (ABG) checked,
acidosis corrected, and IV calcium gluconate 10 cc given
slowly.
Postoperatively management was carried in intensive care
unit (ICU) with controlled ventilation, vasopressor support
and correction of massive blood loss. Femoral arterial line
was in situ and Input/output was monitored. Dopamine, nor-
adrenaline support was tapered off overnight. Postoperatively,
1 unit PCV, 4 units FFP, and 4 units cryoprecipitate given.
Post-operative hemoglobin was 7.8 g%, Platelet Count was
70000, bilirubin was 4.1, and PT was 18 with INR of 1.43.
Postoperative day 1 Arterial Blood Gas Analysis was within
normal limits. Vitals were stable, SpO2
was 99%. Urine output
was adequate, clear. The patient is extubated in afternoon and
discharged to ward after 1 day and home after 10 days.
3. Chavan, et al.: Cesarean hysterectomy with cystotomy in parturient having placenta percreta, gestational thrombocytopenia,
and portal hypertension – A case report
Journal of Clinical Research in Anesthesiology • Vol 2 • Issue 1 • 2019 20
DISCUSSION
Review of literature suggests that the incidence of placenta
percreta is rising as stated above, currently the most common
indication for peripartum hysterectomy. Our case had risk
factors of placenta previa, previous cesarean section for
twin pregnancy, done at rural hospital showing poor quality
surgical scar and age 32 years. Lower uterine segment was
found unsafe to approach due to heavy placental infiltration;
hence, classical cesarean section was preferred and baby
delivered in breech position. Emergency internal iliac
artery ligation and obstetric hysterectomy were done due
to acute massive hemorrhage. Pre-operative uterine artery
embolization was not possible due to start of antepartum
bleeding. Keeping the placenta in situ for autoabsorption
or postpartum methotrexate can be options if obstetric
hysterectomy is not performed.
Along with physiological hemodynamic changes, portal
hypertension in pregnancy puts the mother at the risk of
life-threatening complications, most common during the
second trimester, like altered liver function due to cirrhosis,
variceal bleed, subcapsular hematomas, and abruptio
placenta. For the management of portal hypertension,
beta-blockers are helpful to reduce portal venous pressure,
also gluing, banding, sclerotherapy, and shunt surgery have
been successful reported during pregnancy.
Gestationalthrombocytopeniaaccountsfor80%ofpregnancy-
associated thrombocytopenia. The decreased platelet count
may be related to hemodilution and/or accelerated platelet
turnover with increased platelet production in the bone
marrow and increased trapping/destruction at placenta.[5]
It
becomes relative contraindication to regional anesthesia for
risk of neuraxial hematoma. To avoid this and anticipated
massive blood loss in a placenta percreta, we administered
general anesthesia.
Govindswamy et al. reported case of placenta percreta, SA
followed by GA given, blood loss was 4 L. The placenta was
kept in uterus. On post-operative day 3, the patient underwent
hysterectomy after bilateral internal iliac artery ligation,
repair of the bladder wall and bilateral stenting of ureters.
Bleeding was 2000 ml, and postoperatively the patient was in
ICU for 3 days. In our case, both fetus delivery and internal
iliac artery ligation, hysterectomy with cystotomy was done
in single surgery under general anesthesia and postoperatively
managed in ICU stay of 2 days.
Sivasankar[3]
reported case of placenta percreta under SA and
GA. Intraoperative 4000 ml blood managed with massive
transfusion protocol, vasopressors, blood products, and fluids,
calcium chloride. In our case expecting massive blood loss
due to gestational thrombocytopenia, we administered GA.
Khanna et al.[4]
reported primigravida with portal
hypertension for emergency cesarean section. She underwent
endoscopic esophageal varices banding during the second
trimester. After correction of coagulopathy, subarachnoid
block was given for cesarean delivery. The concerns in our
patient were the presence of portal hypertension, esophageal
varices, anemia, and gestational thrombocytopenia. In
our patient, management included esophageal banding in
the second trimester, blood and platelets transfusion, and
medications. This contributed for good maternal and fetal
outcome.
Misra et al. reported a case of gestational thrombocytopenia
with platelet count of 93×109
/l. The patient also had
gestational thrombocytopenia in the previous pregnancy.
They had administered regional anesthesia. Our patient had
received spinal anesthesia for the previous cesarean section
after platelet transfusion for gestational thrombocytopenia,
but that time placenta was normal.
Literature is scarce with regard to anesthetic management
of parturient with these coexisting comorbidities of
placenta percreta, portal hypertension with gestational
thrombocytopenia has not reported yet. At our institute, we
successfully managed this case under general anesthesia with
post-operative critical care management. Multidisciplinary
team participated involving anesthesiologists, obstetricians,
interventional radiologists, hematologist and urologists,
and blood bank services. Consent for possibilities of blood
transfusion and hysterectomy warranted. These cases should
be managed in hospitals having facility for endovascular
procedures. Prophylactic pelvic artery catheterization and
embolization are performed in women with placenta percreta
to decrease the perioperative blood loss with potential
avoidance of hysterectomy. In our case, embolization was not
possible due to emergency.
We had reserved 10 units of cross-matched RBCs, FFP,
platelets, and 4 units of cryoprecipitate. Damage control
resuscitation and meticulous use of vasopressor are the
key of successful management. The previous studies have
shown decreased mortality from multiorgan failure when the
strategy of damage control resuscitation was used.
Appropriate use of cryoprecipitate and antifibrinolytic
agents is also important. In our case, Inj. Tranexamic acid
and cryoprecipitate to minimize blood loss and to maintain
adequate hemostasis were given. The hemorrhage in
these patients is very difficult to control; therefore, the
anesthesiologist should realize that the whole blood volume
can be lost within minutes, so all preparations to deal with it
should be undertaken before starting the case.
Placenta percreta can lead to life-threatening hemorrhage,
coagulopathy, amniotic fluid embolism, bowel/bladder/
4. Chavan, et al.: Cesarean hysterectomy with cystotomy in parturient having placenta percreta, gestational thrombocytopenia,
and portal hypertension – A case report
21 Journal of Clinical Research in Anesthesiology • Vol 2 • Issue 1 • 2019
ureter injury, peripartum hysterectomy, sepsis, multiorgan
failure and post-operative wound gape. Postoperatively, these
patients should be managed in ICU, elective post-operative
ventilation in cases of massive hemorrhage and massive
transfusion. It has been associated with a maternal morbidity
rate of 9.5% and a perinatal mortality of 24%.[3]
In our
patient, wound gape occurred postoperatively which was
managed with dressings under local anesthesia thrice. The
patient needed ICU care for 2 days and was discharged home
after 10 days.
CONCLUSION
Incidence of placenta percreta is rising due to increased rate
of cesarean delivery and contributes to massive hemorrhage
precipitating emergency obstetric hysterectomy.
General anesthesia is of choice for placenta percreta with
portal hypertension with gestational thrombocytopenia.
In conclusion, such patients should be exclusively managed
at tertiary care center with multidisciplinary team approach.
Pre-operative anticipatory preparation for the treatment of
perioperative complications and ICU care will prevent any
single maternal mortality.
REFERENCES
1. FitzpatrickKE,SellersS,SparkP,KurinczukJJ,Brocklehurst P,
Knight M, et al. Incidence and risk factors for placenta accreta/
increta/percreta in the UK: A national case-control study. PLoS
One 2012;7:e52893.
2. Chandraharan E, Rao S, BelliAM,Arulkumaran S. The triple-P
procedure as a conservative surgical alternative to peripartum
hysterectomy for placenta percreta. Int J Gynaecol Obstet
2012;117:191-4.
3. Sivasankar C. Perioperative management of undiagnosed
placenta percreta: Case report and management strategies. Int J
Womens Health 2012;4:451-4.
4. Khanna P, Garg R, Roy K, Punj J, Pandey R,
Darlong V, et al. Emergency cesarean delivery in primigravida
with portal hypertension, esophageal varices, and preeclampsia.
AANA J 2012;80:379-84.
5. Sainio S, Kekomäki R, Riikonen S, Teramo K. Maternal
thrombocytopenia at term: A population-based study. Acta
Obstet Gynecol Scand 2000;79:744-9.
How to cite this article: Chavan S, Kutemate P, Jebaraj S,
Chavan M. Cesarean Hysterectomy with Cystotomy
in Parturient having Placenta Percreta, Gestational
Thrombocytopenia, and Portal Hypertension – A Case
Report. J Clin Res Anesthesiol 2019;2(1):18-21.