Write down the reaction for the catabolism of ATP Does that occ.pdf

•

0 likes•2 views

Write down the reaction for the catabolism of ATP: Does that occur by dehydration or hydrolysis? Is energy released or required when ATP is broken down? Solution Answer: ATP catabolism: ATP + 2H2O ----------> ADP + Pi (inorganic phosphate) + Energy (G = -30.5 kJ/mol of ATP) The above reaction is hydrolysis. It is an energy yielding process. ATP hydrolysis, water is used to split apart ATP to create ADP (adenosine diphosphate) to get energy..

Education

More from arshicollection001

Describe at least 3 adverse conditions caused by toxicants that enter the pulmonary system. Make sure you include how each condition adversely affects the pulmonary system. Solution pulmonary system brings oxygen into the body and remove toxic gases Nasal cavity and throat of upper airway brings 21% oxygen into the body Trachea,bronchi and bronchioles a branching structure of airways carries air into the body Balance between oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood regulates pulmonary respiration Pulmonary toxicity is due to chemotherapy for cancer and several medicinal drugs lead to pulmonary toxicity RADIATION(radiotherapy)used for cancer treatment may also be highly effective AIR POLLUTION effects the respiratory system greatly and air quality has an impact on lungs.In addition to oxygen, air contains pollutants which are very harmful to health Cells of lung tissue damaged by this air pollutants such as ozone,metals and free radicals OZONE can cause damage to alveoli i.e.,air sac grapelike structure which is located at the end of bronchioles.Blood vessels surround these alveoli and carry blood cells and mainly exchange of oxygen and carbondioxide takes place due to alveoli by diffusion Cigarette smoking,long term exposure to industrial chemicals are leading causes of pulmonary disease Lungs face continual exposure to pathogens,they are vulnerable to viral,bacterial and fungal infections Aerobic conditioning through physical excercising regularly ,no smoking,maintaining health weight are major factors keep lung functioning effectively Toxic gases penetrate functional layers of fluid to reach tissue Diffusion of these toxicants with non toxic gases (nitrogen,oxygen,carbon dioxide and water vapour).Inhaled toxicants pass through lungs ,reach capillaries and other tissues through blood Irritant gases such as chlorine,sulphur dioxide,ozone,nitrogen and ammonia effect mostly the respiratory track and also effects sinus cavity These irritant substances also enters peripheral portion of lung causes inflammation Acute bronchitis caused by dusts,fumes from certain organic compounds and environmental irritants.

Describe at least 3 adverse conditions caused by toxicants that enter.pdf

arshicollection001

Correlation and regression are two closely related topics in statisti.pdf

arshicollection001

As tawny crazy ants (Nylanderia fulva) invade the southern United States, they often displace imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta). After exposure to S. invicta venom, N. fulva applies abdominal exocrine gland secretions to its cuticle. Bioassays reveal that detoxify S. these invicta venom. Further, formic acid from N. fulva venom is the detoxifying agent. N. fulva exhibits this detoxification behavior after conflict with a variety of ant species; however, it expresses it most intensely after interactions with S. invicta. This behavior may have evolved in their shared South American native range. The capacity to detoxify a major competitors venom probably contributes substantially to its ability to displace s. invicta populations, making this behavior a causative agent in the ecological transformation of regional arthropod assemblages. Solution Explanation:- 1. The scientific name of tawny crazy ants is Nylanderia fulva (N.fulva). 2. The N. fulva invade the Southern united states, and they have displaced Solenopsis invicta (Fire ants). 3. When the S. invicta venom comes in contact with N. fulva, it secretes certain secretions form the abdominal(relating to stomach) exocrine gland to its S.invicta cuticle(outer covering). Bioassay (measurement of the concentration) reveals that the secretion from N.fulva detoxify (removes toxin) from the S.invicta. 4. Usually, the formic acid is present in the secretion which acts as detoxifying agent. 5. N.fulva exhibits this detoxification behaviour with other ants as well but the intensity is most with S. invicta. This may be due to their same habitat i.e. American native range. 6. The capacity of N.fulva to detoxify S.invicta shows its ability to displace S.invicta population..

As tawny crazy ants (Nylanderia fulva) invade the southern United Sta.pdf

arshicollection001

According to the USA Snapshot “Knowing drug addicts” 40% of Americans know somebody who became addicted to a drug other than alcohol. Assuming this to be true, what is the probability that out of a group of 20 randomly selected Americans: a. Exactly 10 know somebody who became addicted to a drug? b. At most 10 know somebody who became addicted to a drug? c. More than 10 know somebody who became addicted to a drug? Solution.

According to the USA Snapshot “Knowing drug addicts” 40 of American.pdf

arshicollection001

A project has the following cash flows What is the projects NPV i.pdf

arshicollection001

A study of cats and dogs found that 11 of 50 cats and 21 of 50 dogs slept more than 10 hours per day. At the ? = .01 level of significance, is there sufficient evidence to conclude that a difference exists between the proportion of cats and the proportion of dogs that sleep more than 10 hours per day? Complete the output to include the following steps: the null and alternative hypothesis, the z - value, the p-value, and make a decision whether to reject H0 or not to reject H0 and write a valid conclusion based on the claim or the test. Solution p1=11/50 =0.22 p2= 21/50 = 0.42 Null hypothesis: p1=p2 Alternative hypothesis: p1 not equal to p2 The test statistic is Z=(p1-p2)/sqrt(p1*(1-p1)/n1+p2*(1-p2)/n2) =(0.22-0.42)/sqrt(0.22*(1-0.22)/50+0.42*(1-0.42)/50) =-2.19 It is a two-tailed test. So the p-value= 2*P(Z<-2.19) = 0.0285 (from standard normal table) Since the p-value is larger than 0.01, we do not reject Ho. So we can not conclude that a difference exists between the proportion of cats and the proportion of dogs that sleep more than 10 hours per day.

A study of cats and dogs found that 11 of 50 cats and 21 of 50 dogs .pdf

arshicollection001

1.) What is the best definition of social inequalitysocial inequa.pdf

arshicollection001

What is the endothelium? part of the tunica externa in arteries ample squamous epithelium that is in contact with the blood the internal elastic membrane that has fenestrae concentric \"holey\" (laminae) of elastic connective tissue interspersed between smooth muscle layers of the tunica media Blood vessels of the large arteries and veins that are greater than 1mm in diameter are called the lamina propria anastomoses fenestrae metarterioles vasavasorum sinusoids Select all of the following that are TRUE of muscular arteries. largest diameter arteries subclavian artery is an example the tunica media has more smooth muscle than elastic fibers they are also referred to as distributing arteries they contain both the internal elastic membrane and the external elastic membrane proportionately, has the thickest tunica media of ail vessels common iliac artery is an example Find the correct statement regarding our capillaries. capillaries that have tight junctions between endothelial cells, making them less permeable to large molecules than other capillary types are referred to as sinusoidal capillaries or discontinuous capillaries continuous capillaries are found in the endocrine glands where large molecules cross the capillary walls fenestrated capillaries are the most common type of capillaries the distal portion of the metarteriole that has no smooth muscle is called a thoroughfare channel Select all of the TRUE statements regarding our blood vessels. arterioles can be called our \"resistance vessels\" because this is where blood encounters its creates! decline in blood pressure b a venous anastomosis is where two or more veins dram an area in common there are about 10 billion capillaries. yet only about 5% of our blood is in them at any one time venules have only the tunica internal and the tunica external, they have NO tunica media about 40% of the blood is in veins at any given time capillaries are known as blood reservoirs for extra blood veins of the appendages that are greater than 2 mm in diameter have valves made of fold in the intima and are similar to shape and function of the semilunar valves compared to their companion arteries, veins have a very thick tunica intima which contains an internal elastic membrane, a thin tunica mod a with no external elastic membrane and a vety tunica adventitia (externa) Solution 1. Endothelium is: b. simple squamous cells that is in contact with the blood 2. Vasa vasorum 3. Tunica media has more smooth muscles than elastic fibers They are also called distributing artery 4. The distal portion of the metarteriole that has no smooth muscle is called a thoroughfare channel.

What is the endothelium part of the tunica externa in arteries amp.pdf

arshicollection001

Which statement is true? (more than one may be selected) a) Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed bases and result in a pH higher than 7. b) Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed acids and result in a pH higher than 7. c) Bases (alkali) are any aqueous environments where the proton content decreases and the pH increases. d) Acids are any aqueous environments where the proton content increases and the pH decreases. e) Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed acids and result in a pH lower than 7. Solution Ans. Which statement is true? (more than one may be selected) a) Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed bases and result in a pH higher than 7. Incorrect- it is an acid b) Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed acids and result in a pH higher than 7. Incorrect- it is “pH lower than 7” c) Bases (alkali) are any aqueous environments where the proton content decreases and the pH increases. d) Acids are any aqueous environments where the proton content increases and the pH decreases. e) Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed acids and result in a pH lower than 7. Correct option Correct option: E Explanation: Acid is a molecule or ion that donates proton. An aqueous environment may facilitate acceptance or release of proton to/from a molecule, but the environment can’t be termed an acid or base because it does not represent a specific molecule or ion. For example, adding HCl to NaCl solution (say, normal saline) cause donation of proton from HCl molecule to the solution. Here, NaCl- the aqueous environment, accept a proton- BUT NaCl solution is NOT a base because it does NOT represent a specific molecule or ion. So, for being an acid or base- it must be a molecule or ion, NOT an aqueous environment. Though H2O (water) alone can act as acid or base depending on the acid/base added to it; but the term ‘aqueous environment’ is NOT exclusive for water. So, it can’t be treated as an acid or base. Therefore, options C, D are incorrect. pH = - log [H]. Addition of an acid to water (solvent) cause an increase in [H+] ions in water because acid donates proton to water. Increase in [H+] lowers the pH , i.e. pH is reduced below 7.0; say pH lowered from 7.0 to 4.0. Thus “Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed acids and result in a pH lower than 7.” So, options A, B are incorrect..

Which statement is true (more than one may be selected)a) Substan.pdf

arshicollection001

48. The figure above shows the graph of a polynomial function f. What is the least possible degree of f (A) Two (B) Three (C) Four (D) Five (E) Six Solution This has three bumps , it\'s an even-degree polynomial (being \"up\" on both ends), and the zero in the middle is an even-multiplicity zero. Also, the bump in the middle looks flattened, so this is probably a zero of multiplicity 4 or more. With the two other zeroes looking like multiplicity-1 zeroes, this is a likely graph for a sixth-degree polynomial. Option E is the correct answer six.

48. The figure above shows the graph of a polynomial function f. What.pdf

arshicollection001

The following sequence alignment between several species shows many conserved residues that may take part in the catalytic function. The mutants R292G and R292A of the Ar-BVMO monooxygenase enzyme showed very small residual activities compared to the wild type enzyme. What is the catalytic role of this arginine residue considering the enzyme reaction mechanism? Solution ANS: Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs): It is a flavin-containing enzyme, which are mainly participates in specific catalytic Baeyer- Villiger oxidation. In this reaction the carbonyl moiety of the substance was oxidized. This protein helps in conversion of ketones into esters and lactones. Heteroatom oxidations (nitrogen and sulfur) are also catalyzed by BVMO enzymes. All BVMO enzymes can incorporate one oxygen atom into the substrate (oxygen atom inserts into C–C bond) while converting the other oxygen into water. Arginine importance inBVMO: The protein arginine residue reacts with Alfa or Beta dicarbonyl compounds to form cyclic derivatives. The active sites of Arginine 292 residue can catalysis Ar-BVMO in Baeyer-Villiger reactions. so due to this activity arginine is crucial for Baeyer-Villiger reactions. The active site Arginine 292 is required for its Baeyer Villiger activity. If the amino acids glycine or alanine are replaced in the place of arginine 292 the enzyme activity is greatly reduced or no Baeyer-Villiger activity. Mutants R292A and R292G have no BV activity while still maintaining their S- and N- oxygenation capabilities..

The following sequence alignment between several species shows many c.pdf

arshicollection001

Which of the following is a binary operation Why or why not(1) T.pdf

arshicollection001

Why do genes that encode structural RNA molecules tend to be highly conserved? Solution Conserved gene: A gene that has remained essentially unchanged throughout evolution. Conservation of a gene indicates that it is unique and essential: There is not an extra copy of that gene with which evolution can tinker, and changes in the gene are likely to be lethal. RNAs assume diverse roles in numerous cellular processes, including serving as molecules to store or transfer genetic information, acting as catalysts (ribozymes) to accelerate specific chemical reactions, and functioning as gene-regulatory elements (riboswitches) to direct gene expression. Comparable to protein molecules, many RNAs adopt complex three-dimensional folds in order to function. Recent structural determinations of several large RNA molecules in complex with their natural substrates or ligand cofactors have provided important insights into the mechanisms of RNA folding, RNA-based molecular recognition, and RNA-based enzymatic catalysis. Comparative sequence analysis of related RNA molecules from different organisms has shown that it is possible to distinguish conserved structural elements despite significant divergence in the corresponding sequences. In many cases, covariant base-pair changes in helical stems are easily accommodated at the structural level. Although, strongly conserved sequences have been noted in many RNA molecules and are associated with structurally and functionally important regions. Eg: Bacterial RNase P, Introns – I & II In the case of bacterial RNase P, the sequence variability is large enough to warrant a classification scheme based on sequence level similarity alone. In fact, until recently it was unclear whether RNA molecules of identical function but with significant sequence differences would resemble each other structurally. Initial structural analysis of the specificity domains of two different RNase P molecules, followed by comparisons of various different group I introns and of the full-length RNA component of RNase P from two bacteria, have shown that the core of these molecules is structurally conserved despite variable peripheral elements. These demonstrate that different combinations of peripheral elements can stabilize a particular conserved core scaffold, that the evolutionary pressure to preserve the core RNA fold is strong. Still the generality of this observation is unknown due to the paucity of determined structures of homologous RNA molecules showing significant sequence level differences, it is possible to anticipate that the core of homologous molecules will likely be conserved even when the sequence variability is high..

Why do genes that encode structural RNA molecules tend to be highly .pdf

arshicollection001

Which group of terms is in the correct developmental sequence micro.pdf

arshicollection001

Verify the given identity. (Simplify your answers completely.) 2 tan (x)/1 + tam^2(x) = sin (2x) Show that the left hand side of the equation is equivalent to the right hand side. 2 tan(x)/1 + tan^1(x) Solution L.H.S = 2tan(x) / 1+tan^2 x but tanx = sinx/cosx = 2tanx / (1 +sin^2 x /cos^2x ) ----> Answer in 1st box =2tanx /(sin^2 x +cos^2 x) /cos^2x = 2tanx . cos^2x -------------> Answer in 2nd box = 2 sinx/cosx. cos^2 x ----> Answer in third box = 2sinx cosx ->4th box = sin(2x) L.H.S = R.H.S so hence proved.

Verify the given identity. (Simplify your answers completely.) 2 tan.pdf

arshicollection001

what are the cells types involved in eczema and its healing process? Solution Eczema is generally called as dermatitis or inflamation of the skin. The skin cells or epidermis are involved or affected by this kind of disease. Eczema affect to people in all age group, but it is common in infants and young adult. The major symptoms includes itching, redness, blister and weep on the skin of affected area. The phases of eczema includes acute, subacute and chronic. The healing process of eczema occurs in three stages:.

what are the cells types involved in eczema and its healing process.pdf

arshicollection001

What additional services are supported by SCTP but are not provided by TCP and UDP. Also, what makes SCTP an ideal platform for carrying signaling messages? Solution 2 problems in TCP which are not there in sctp 1)head of line blocking and 2) multihoming 1)head of line blocking: this is a problem where sender independent messages are sent over an order-preserving TCP connection causes delivery of messages sent later to be delayed within a receiver\'s transport layer buffers until an earlier lost message is retransmitted and arrives. These later messages often established as independent telephone calls. 2)multihoming:here a host with multiple points of attachment to the Internet,does not want to wait for a routing convergence to communicate critical messages to its peer communication endpoint.These are dne for redundant processes..

What additional services are supported by SCTP but are not provided .pdf

arshicollection001

The reason most cartels end or cease to be effective is Enforcement.pdf

arshicollection001

Please produce an accurate research design model that dipicts a Pre-test/Post-test study where 200 participants were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups. Solution There are four treatment groups and 200 participants available Hence divide 200 into 4 equal groups. Give each group of 50, one of the four treatments. Before treatment find the weight and other health particulars about all. After the treatment again find them. Prepare a table for four different groups separately Find mean, variance, std error for each group using df = 50-1 49 The difference is recorded for each group Then for each group difference is calculated for average std deviation..

Please produce an accurate research design model that dipicts a Pre-.pdf

arshicollection001

\"Nucleosomes\" and DNA in the new organisms below represent which lane on the gel? Like those found in human cells (~200 bp nucleosomes with proteins loosely associated to linker region) Larger nucleosomes (~400 bp in length) with proteins loosely associated to linker region No nucleosomes are apparent (DNA may be totally naked or loosely associated to proteins) Huge nucleosomes (~600 bp in length) with proteins loosely associated to linker region Nucleosomes of same size as in human cells but with no evidence for the presence of loosely associated proteins in the linker region Solution Answers: c Because the proteins are loosely associated therefore the DNA is able to travel farther in the gel. d again the proteins are loosely associated. a since there are no nucleosomes are apparent therefore the ink moves upto such an extent. b the proteins are loosely associated to linker region and hence the extended movement in the gel. e No evidence of any associated proteins indicates the band in lane e..

Nucleosomes and DNA in the new organisms below represent which .pdf

arshicollection001

More from arshicollection001 (20)