Describe the role of plasmids in horizontal (lateral) gene transfer .pdf

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Describe the role of plasmids in horizontal (lateral) gene transfer in bacteria. Solution Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) refers to lateral movement of genes or genetic material between unicellar or multicellular organisms, having important role in evolution. In prokaryotes, this HGT happens by transformation, transduction or by conjugation. Plasmids play an important role in bacterial conjugation. During conjugation the donor bacteria transfers a conjugative genetic element to the recipient. This genetic material is mostly a plasmid. It is the process by which the transfer of DNA takes place via a plasmid from a donor cell to the recipient cell, through cell to cell contact. This mode of gene transfer is common in many bacterial strains. The contact between the donor and recipient is stable and the DNA transferred to the recipient gets incorporated in its chromosome by the process of homologous recombination or inserion. Cell-to-cell contact occurs by F-pilus. Through this pilus, a copy of F- (fertility) plasmid transfers to a cell that does not contain the plasmid or F-plasmid sometimes even gets integrated in chromosome of its bacterial host (forming Hfr). This new incorporated DNA may recombine with that of its new host resulting in new gene variants. Some plasmids encode for antibiotic-resistance genes, which are transferred through HGT to other populations of bacteria by conjugation. Thus HGT becomes an evolutionary force for creating diversity within bacterial species..

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What are transposons? How have they been exploited for bacterial genetic research? Solution The discrete genetic elements of pathogens such as bacteriophages, \"transposons\" & conjugate plasmids that integrated into the host cell genome via horizontal gene transfer finally become more recombinant to generate virulence of pathogen. The hypothesis of this phenomenon is to acquire higher resistance towards host defense system by increasing “pathogen virulence factor synthesis”. This acquisition of genomic integration of conjugate plasmid or “transposon” is useful to obtain knowledge about the pathogen nature & pathogen interaction with host cell finally enables to synthesize vaccines via bacterial genetic research etc. Horizontal gene transfer takes place between bacteria by transferring plasmids and transposons to transfer both pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance properties carrying genes to non- pathogenic, antibiotic-susceptible bacteria..

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