Sustainable eco friendly bars - Dissertation

DISSERTATION ON
Environment Friendly
Sustainable Bars
By
Arshi Singh
Exam Seat No. BV30020024
Bachelor of Science (Interior design)
National School of Design, Mumbai.
May 2017
_____________________________

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Guides
Internal Guides:
Prof Ar. Satish Dhale
Prof. Viral Shah
External Guide:
Ar. Shreya Nath

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Completion Letter from External Guide
SHREYA NATH
CA/2013/60443
Senior Architect
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation titled “Environmental Friendly Sustainable
Bars” is prepared by Arshi Singh under my supervision for fulfilment of B.Sc ID
Degree 2017 awarded by YCMOU. It is an original piece of work based on primary
as well as secondary data.
This work is complete and satisfactory. I wish her all the best in her future
endeavours.
Signed
Ar. Shreya Nath
(B.Arch -RVCE, Bangalore,
MSc in Sustainable Environmental Design -Architectural Association, London)
Date: 24.05.2017

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Completion Letter from College

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Acknowledgements
I would like to express my gratitude to my Internal and external guides for their time
and effort in facilitating me through this process of writing this dissertation. I would
like to especially thank Prof. Ar. Satish Dhale and Prof. Viral Shah for their constant
encouragement and attention accorded to me.
I would like to thank my external guide Ar. Shreya Nath for her constant
encouragement and support to me.
Arshi Singh

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Abstract
The majority of the Food and Beverage sector of the hospitality industry as per the
case studies and interviews have been found to not follow sustainable practices to
mitigate the effects of its industry on the environment. This dissertation is a step in
the process of finding ways and means to apply green and sustainable practices to
existing outlet located at Thakur Complex, Kandivilli east, called Penthouzz by
trying to match the criteria given by the GRIHA and LEED in the best possible way.

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Table of Contents
Guides...................................................................................................................................................i
Completion Letter from External Guide ................................................................................ii
Completion Letter from College.............................................................................................. iii
Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................iv
Abstract..............................................................................................................................................v
Introduction......................................................................................................................................1
AIM ..................................................................................................................................................4
Need for Study ............................................................................................................................5
Literature Review......................................................................................................................6
Methodology................................................................................................................................7
Limitations ...................................................................................................................................8
RATING SYSTEMS...........................................................................................................................1
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) ........................................1
USGBC (United States Green Building Council) .............................................................3
GRIHA (Green Rating For Integrated Habitat Assessment).....................................3
IGBC (Indian Green Building Council)..............................................................................8
List of Tables .................................................................................................................................11
List of Figure..................................................................................................................................12
Site Analysis...................................................................................................................................14
Physical Attributes:................................................................................................................15
Climatic Attributes:................................................................................................................15
Climatic Conditions:...............................................................................................................16
Thermal Performance................................................................................................................24
Artificial Lighting.........................................................................................................................33
Ventilation......................................................................................................................................38
Spot Ventilation............................................................................................................................41
Water Conservation....................................................................................................................43
Roof top Rain water Harvesting.............................................................................................52
Air-conditioning...........................................................................................................................59

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Solar Energy ..................................................................................................................................64
Noise and Acoustic......................................................................................................................70
Sustainable Building Materials...............................................................................................79
Indoor Air Quality – VOC ..........................................................................................................87
Terrace Garden (Green roof) ..................................................................................................92
Waste Management....................................................................................................................94
Sustainable Interior Design Solutions/Improvement...................................................99
Case Studies.................................................................................................................................105
Case Study I.............................................................................................................................106
Case Study II ...........................................................................................................................117
Interviews of Bar Owners ......................................................................................................127
Conclusion....................................................................................................................................136

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Introduction
This dissertation focuses on the selected object of study, Penthouzz Bar, kandivali
East, the PBCL (Pubs, Bars, Clubs and Lounges) segment of the F&B industry in
India. The PBCL is the fastest growing segment of the INR 247,000 Crore Indian
Food Service Industry today, growing at a phenomenal rate of 22 percentage. i
Primary energy consumption worldwide is expected to grow at an average annual
rate of 2.7 per cent between 2001 and 2025.ii
It is critical in terms of whether humanity will be able to solve a range of pressing
environmental problems – most importantly climate change. Evidence is mounting
that unless emissions are reduced by at least 60% by 2050, the earth’s climate could
move to an accelerated and irreversible phase of global warming. Worldwide, urban
areas already utilise 75% of the world’s fossil fuel, resulting in a major carbon
release into the atmosphere as well as in the creation of other environmental
impacts.iii
This dissertation attempts to show how the above challenge may be addressed
through the application of sustainable design to put forward a mitigation design to
reduce negative impact on the environment.
As per IGBC, Sustainable Interior design criteria can result in multi fold
benefits:
• 30-40 percentage reduction in Energy cost
• 20-30percentage reduction in Water requirement
• Enhanced Indoor Air Quality
• Use of materials that are non-toxic
• Better acoustics & ergonomics
• Improved health & wellbeing of occupants

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Study of various Literature on sustainability and green practices through various
ISBN published books, official online resources, Review of documents, industry
books, publications and other thesis were studied and completed along with the study
of industry news, publications, and interviews. Understanding the requirements and
ratings of the Official Green Agencies so as to apply the same to this sector of the
industry.
In depth study of the green practices such as,
• Thermal Performance
• Artificial Lighting
• Ventilation
• Rain water harvesting and Water Conservation
• Air Conditioning
• Noise and Acoustic
• Terrace garden
Sustainable Building Materials,
• Use less Resources
• Reuse, Recycle and Renewable Materials
• Regional and Local Materials
• Select materials based on their LCA/LCC
• Emission levels of the materials
• Embodied Energy Of building Materials
• Waste Management
Indoor Air Quality - VOC
Solar Energy
Sustainable Interior Design Solutions/Improvement
• Furniture
• Fittings

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• Blinds
• Paints
• Flooring
• Fabrics
Ending this dissertation with a comparison on this shift to environment friendly
sustainable practices summarising its benefits and savings, and the barriers that came
in the way of fully taming this industry into a sustaining environment friendly ‘Food
and Beverage’ Industry.

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AIM
Our aim is to give a green and sustainable solution or mitigation design to make
sustainable and environment-friendly bars so as to reduce the negative effects of this
industry on this environment.
The site of our study is located at Thakur Complex, Kandivilli east on the rooftop of
V-mall. The solutions are backed by calculations and research findings to be able to
meet the criteria given by GRIHA, IGBC and LEED. This study was undertaken
during the months of March and April 2017.

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Need for Study
The hospitality industry consumes huge number of resources, having a significant
negative impact on the environment. It has been estimated that 75 percentages of
hotels’ environmental impacts can be directly related to excessive consumption of
natural resources and it also increases unnecessary operational costs. iv
This study is therefore needed to suggest Green, Sustainable methods that can be
applied to the commercial bars so as to reduce the negative impact on the
environment and make the industry environment-friendly and sustainable thereby
reducing the negative effects of the Food and Beverage industry on the environment.

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Literature Review
Study of various Literature on sustainability and green practices through various
ISBN published books, official online resources, review of documents, industry
books, publications and other thesis were studied along with the study of industry
news, publications, and interviews.
Studying other dissertation of similar kind by Jennifer Benson submitted to the
College of Technology Eastern Michigan University for master’s in interior design
helped form the structure for this dissertation. In this dissertation key sustainable
practices were studied. However, found that the study was not relevant to our region
and topics discussed were not in-depth and there were no calculations to back up the
claims.
ISBN books Sustainable Building Design Manual - Volume 1 by Institut Catala d’
Energia was very informative, case studies relevant to sustainability, especially
relevant was the case study of the Gurgaon city. Helped with key concepts and
statistical data. However this book is more on township sustainability.
Building Design Manual Volume 2 by Institut Catala d’ Energia was extensively
used as secondary data. In-depth study of all sustainability concepts from the concept
of sustainability to climatic data, efficient water and waste water management,
passive design strategies, building materials including case studies of carbon neutral
developments and how to afford them. Case study of School of Telecommunications
United Kingdom, threw light on energy efficient building.
Sustainable Design: A Critical Guide, by David Bergman ISBN gave yet another
similar study on sustainability with explanation of draw backs of each systems
currently is use.
At all times, websites on sustainability were referred to, so as to keep an update on
latest green practices and products.
Local case studies of bars threw light on the current sustainable and green practices,
which were nonexistent.

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Methodology
Due to the inter-dependant nature of the topic, a Qualitative and Quantitative
methodology was adopted for this dissertation. The data was collected and analysed
using the following methods –
• Review of documents, industry books, publications and other thesis
• Study of sustainable practices
• Semi-structured interviews
• Open and closed questionnaires
• Passive and Active surveys
• Case studies
• Observations of real life processes
• Reaching conclusions by analysing the data.
Field trips, statistics collection and collecting numerical data from a large sample set
of subjects is unnecessary, as the sample size is small, and the objective is to delve
deeper into sustainable issues rather than collection of statistics of faulty practices.
Researched and compiled data was analysed and categorized based on their
relevance to sustainable strategies for the hospitality industry suggesting the way
towards sustainable and environmental friendly bars and pubs of the hospitality
industry.

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Limitations
As with any research effort, there are certain limitations and assumptions that we
have to account for in this thesis, which are as follows –
• Limited time frame – from February till April
• Lack of available data in this sector on sustainable and green practices.
• Non cooperation by some of the bar owners to provide complete information
on practices followed.
No study has been conducted so far on the negative impact of this industry on the
environment and therefore it is assumed to have negative impact on the environment
as no green practices have been followed so far in this industry as per the case
studies conducted in Mumbai.

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RATING SYSTEMS
Brief Introductions
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)
The United States Green Building Council (USGBC) developed LEED,
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, in 2000; it provides a rating
system for the design, construction, and operation of a green building. The
system was created to define what it means to be a “green” building,
recognize environmental leadership in the building industry, promote green
competition, and raise consumer awareness of the benefits of a green
building.
And now LEED certification is a worldwide standard for Building and
Interior projects striving towards more sustainable designs and development.
To become LEED-certified means that a third party has verified that a
building was “designed and built using strategies aimed at achieving high
performance in key areas of human and environmental health: sustainable site
development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection and indoor
environmental quality” (LEED). Professionals in the building industry
developed a rating system organized into five credit categories: sustainable
sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, and
indoor environmental quality. In order to become LEED-certified, a building
must acquire a certain number of points under each category. Once these
credits are obtained, there are four different LEED certification levels:
certified the lowest number of points; silver; gold; and platinum, the highest
number of points.
Some of the advantages of becoming a LEED-certified hotel include lower
operating costs, increased property value, and a healthier and safer
environment for its occupants. Lower operating costs result in lower utility
bills and maintenance costs, LEED buildings have been shown to have a

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higher market value for new and existing construction, and improved indoor
air quality provides and healthier work environment for its employees.
To become LEED certified is an important accomplishment in the industry;
not only to other competitors, but to guests and the media as well. LEED is
becoming a commonplace reference for those that are environmentally
conscious; being awarded LEED certification can attract the “green”
traveller, defined as a person who is environmentally conscious and seeks
sustainable accommodations when travelling.
LEED, or Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, is changing the
way we think about how buildings and communities are planned, constructed,
maintained and operated. Leaders around the world have made LEED the
most widely used third-party verification for green buildings, with around
1.85 million square feet being certified daily.
LEED-certified buildings are resource efficient. They use less water and
energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. As an added bonus, they save
money.
LEED in India
Commencing 1 July 2014, projects in India aspiring for LEED rating are
advised to register with GBCI.
The 'LEED India' Projects which are already registered with IGBC up to 30
June 2014, will continue to be certified by IGBC till June 2018. This policy is
in accordance with our understanding with USGBC.
For all other rating systems listed below, projects need to be registered and
certified by IGBC.

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Table 1: LEED Rating Systemsv
USGBC (United States Green Building Council)
As mentioned above the USGBC is responsible for developing the LEED
system in India.
The USGBC was founded to promote environmentally responsible buildings,
as stated on their website the organization hopes to enable “an
environmentally and socially responsible, healthy, and prosperous
environment that improves the quality of life.” The organization provides
guides that give examples of green strategies for different types of LEED-
certified buildings; from residential to hospitality. The guide for hotels is
broken down into the six credit categories of LEED and gives examples of
how LEED certified hotels have fulfilled the requirements.
GRIHA (Green Rating For Integrated Habitat Assessment)
GRIHA, an acronym for Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment, is
the National Rating System of India. GRIHA is a Sanskrit word meaning –
‘Abode’. Human Habitats (Buildings) interact with the environment in
various ways. Throughout their life cycles, from construction to operation
and then demolition, they consume resources in the form of energy, water,
materials, etc. and emit wastes either directly in the form of municipal wastes
or indirectly as emissions from electricity generation. GRIHA attempts to
minimize a building’s resource consumption, waste generation, and overall
ecological impact to within certain nationally acceptable limits / benchmarks.

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GRIHA attempts to quantify aspects such as energy consumption, waste
generation, renewable energy adoption, etc. so as to manage, control and
reduce the same to the best possible extent.
GRIHA is a rating tool that helps people assesses the performance of their
building against certain nationally acceptable benchmarks. It will evaluate the
environmental performance of a building holistically over its entire life cycle,
thereby providing a definitive standard for what constitutes a ‘green
building’. The rating system, based on accepted energy and environmental
principles, will seek to strike a balance between the established practices and
emerging concepts, both national and international. The guidelines/criteria
appraisal may be revised every three years to take into account the latest
scientific developments during this period.
Basic features of GRIHA
The system has been developed to help ‘design and evaluate’ new buildings
(buildings that are still at the inception stages). A building is assessed based
on its predicted performance over its entire life cycle – inception through
operation. The stages of the life cycle that have been identified for evaluation
are:
Pre-construction stage (intra- and inter-site issues like proximity to public
transport, type of soil, kind of land, where the property is located, the flora
and fauna on the land before construction activity starts, the natural landscape
and land features)
Building planning and construction stages (issues of resource conservation
and reduction in resource demand, resource utilization efficiency, resource
recovery and reuse, and provisions for occupant health and well being). The
prime resources that are considered in this section are land, water, energy, air,
and green cover.

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Building operation and maintenance stage (issues of operation and
maintenance of building systems and processes, monitoring and recording of
energy consumption, and occupant health and well being, and also issues that
affect the global and local environment.
The Benefits:
On a broader scale, this system, along with the activities and processes that
lead up to it, will benefit the community at large with the improvement in the
environment by reducing GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions, reducing energy
consumption and the stress on natural resources.
Some of the benefits of a green design to a building owner, user, and the
society as a whole are as follows:
• Reduced energy consumption without sacrificing the comfort levels
• Reduced destruction of natural areas, habitats, and biodiversity, and
reduced soil loss from erosion etc.
• Reduced air and water pollution (with direct health benefits)
• Reduced water consumption
• Limited waste generation due to recycling and reuse
• Reduced pollution loads
• Increased user productivity
• Enhanced image and marketability
GRIHA compliance for a typical office building used for 8 hours results in 30
- 50 percentage reduction in energy consumption compared to GRIHA
benchmarks, 40 - 65 percentage reduction in building water consumption
compared to GRIHA base case and implementation of good practices on site
at no/negligible incremental cost.
Rating System
GRIHA is a 100 point system consisting of some core points, which are
mandatory, while the rest are optional.

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Different levels of certification (one star to five stars) are awarded based on
the number of points earned. The minimum points required for certification is
50.
Table 2: GRIHA’s Rating systemvi
The rating system consists of 34 criteria categorised under various sections
such as Site Selection and Site Planning, Conservation and efficient
utilization of resources, Building operation and maintenance, and Innovation
points.
Eight of these 34 criteria are mandatory, four are partly mandatory, while the
rest are optional. Each criterion has a number of points assigned to it. It
means that a project intending to meet the criterion would qualify for the
points. Different levels of certification (one star to five stars) are awarded
based on the number of points earned. The minimum points required for
certification is 50.

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Table 3: GRIHA’s Criterionvii
It was envisaged that by the year 2015, the GRIHA footprint shall spread to
25 mn sq m registered built up area, which shall result in installation of
approximately 18.5 MW of renewable energy, approximately 5000 kl of hot
water generation through solar water heaters, full compliance with the Energy
Conservation Building Code, energy savings approximately 40,000 million
units (annually) and water savings to provide for 67,500 urban homes.viii
GRIHA awareness has well exceeded this projection by the year 2016.

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IGBC (Indian Green Building Council)
The Indian Green Building Council (IGBC), part of the Confederation of
Indian Industry (CII) was formed in the year 2001. The vision of the
council is, "To enable a sustainable built environment for all and facilitate
India to be one of the global leaders in the sustainable built environment
by 2025".
The council offers a wide array of services which include developing new
green building rating programmes, certification services and green
building training programmes. The council also organises Green Building
Congress, its annual flagship event on green buildings.
The council is committee-based, member-driven and consensus-focused.
All the stakeholders of construction industry comprising of architects,
developers, product manufacturers, corporate, Government, academia and
nodal agencies participate in the council activities through local chapters.
The council also closely works with several State Governments, Central
Government, World Green Building Council, bilateral multi-lateral
agencies in promoting green building concepts in the country.
IGBC Vision
To enable a sustainable built environment for all and facilitate India
to be one of the global leaders in sustainable built environment by
2025.
Certification
To achieve the IGBC rating, the project must satisfy all the mandatory
requirements and the minimum number of credit points.
The project team is expected to provide supporting documents at
preliminary and final stage of submission, for all the mandatory
requirements and the credits attempted.
Certification is applicable to the following rating systems:

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• IGBC Green New Buildings
• IGBC Green Existing Buildings
• IGBC Green Homes
• IGBC Green Schools
• IGBC Green Factory Building
• IGBC Green Townships
• IGBC Green SEZs
• IGBC Green Landscapes
• IGBC Green Mass Rapid Transit System
IGBC Rating Systems
Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) has developed green building rating
programmes to cover commercial, residential, factory buildings, etc., Rating
programmes would help projects to address all aspects related to environment
and is an effective tool to measure the performance of the building/ project.
Green building rating brings together a host of sustainable practices and
solutions to reduce the environmental impacts. Green interior design provides
an integrated approach considering life cycle impacts of the resources used.
An important development in the growth of green building movement in
India is the launch of the following IGBC Green Building Rating:
Table 4: IGBC’s Rating System ix

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All the IGBC rating systems are voluntary, consensus based, market-driven
building programmes. The rating systems are based on the five elements of
the nature (Panchabhutas) and are a perfect blend of ancient architectural
practices and modern technological innovations. The ratings systems are
applicable to all five climatic zones of the country. IGBC rating programmes
have become National by Choice and Global in Performance.
IGBC Green Interiors Rating System:
The IGBC Green Interior Rating programme is designed to address the
specific requirements of tenants-occupied commercial spaces. The rating can
also be applied by owner occupied spaces, provided they have not already
addressed these in the main building.
The rating is ideally suited but not limited to office interior fit-outs, malls,
retail spaces, hotels, restaurants, resorts, IT spaces, banks, hospitals and other
buildings.
The rating is applicable for both new and existing interior fit-outs.
Benefits of Green Interiors
Sustainable Interior design can result in multi-fold benefits:
• 30-40 percentage reduction in Energy cost
• 20-30 percentage reduction in Water requirement
• Enhanced Indoor Air Quality
• Use of materials that are non-toxic
• Better acoustics & ergonomics
• Improved health & wellbeing of occupantsx

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List of Tables
1. LEED Rating System
2. GRIHA’s Rating system
3. GRIHA’s Criterion
4. IGBC’s Rating System
5. Location Attributes
6. Climatic Attributes
7. Sun Path Timings
8. Water Bill breakup
9. Electricity Bill Breakup
10. Factors affecting thermal Performance
11. Methods are be adopted to optimize the Thermal performance
12. R-Value/Temperature Rating
13. R Values of Insulation Material Used at Site
14. Total Temperature Reduction
15. Comparison of Efficiency
16. Change from Tungsten to LED
17. Current Water Requirement breakup as per the Bill
18. Break up of water requirement for Urinals
19. Breakup of WC water requirement
20. Breakup of Basin water requirement
21. Breakup of Basin water requirement
22. Breakup of Plant water requirement
23. Pressure Assisted WC
24. BlueSeal Liquid uses
25. Current Water Requirement As per water bill November 2016 to January 2017
26. Liters of Rain Water required
27. Rainwater Storage Calculation
28. Water Saved
29. Area for cooling
30. Air conditioning Requirement Calculation 1
31. Air conditioning Requirement Calculation 2
32. Currrent Air-conditioning Tonnage
33. Current monthly electricity charges for Air-conditioning
34. Projected saving in electricity consumption with using the VRV IV VRT AC system
35. Breakup of Electricity Units As per the electric bill below HVAC Electricity Usage
36. Components of Electricity Saved
37. Current HVAC Electricity Usage
38. Solar power Requirements
39. Solar Panel Description
40. Electricity generated by Off – grid solar Plant
41. Total Electricity Saved
42. Checklist sample characteristics for sustainably managed materials
43. Sustainable Building Materials Used at Site
44. Eco Bin Bokashi verses Traditional Composting
45. Comparison Table WPC vz other plywoods
46. Summary of Copa Bar, Juhu.
47. Summary of Swey Bar, Worli.
48. Case Study Comparison Study
49. Comparison between normal WC and Power Assisted WC

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List of Figure
1. Site Map
2. Site map with climate elements
3. Street Names
4. 1 year sun hours for solar energy
5. 6 months sun hours for solar energy
6. Average Rainfall Amount in 8 years
7. Rainwater Harvesting Months May to September
8. Wind For Natural Ventilation – Fins
9. Wind direction at Kandivilli east
10. Sun Path Diagram
11. Water Bill
12. Electricity Bill
13. Foamular
14. Reduction in Temperature by 59.4% after Insulation treatment
15. Vedic Plaster
16. Comparison of Efficiency of different type of light Fittings
17. Light Fitting Plan
18. Electricity Saved by shifting to LED
19. Fins
20. Wind Direction -Westerly winds
21. Using adjustable Fins to direct the air into the hot zones
22. Toilet Exhaust
23. Kitchen Exhaust
24. Diagram of an Air Handling Unit Showing incoming outdoor air.
25. Current water requirement in Litres
26. Current water requirement in Percentage
27. Waterless Urinal Hindware
28. Pressure Assisted WC
29. Faucet Aerators
30. Cumulative Rainfall 1st
June 2016
31. 25 litres Sintax Storage Tank
32. Rain Water Harvesting Design– Terrace level
33. Rain Water Harvesting Storage Tank and bore well
34. Rainwater Catchment Area
35. Recycled Tetrapak Roof Sheets
36. Water saved Pie Chart
37. Energy Saving of VRV –IV
38. Features of VRV- IV
39. Electricity Saved Monetarily
40. Chart percentage wise Air conditioner Electricity Saved
41. Solar Panels on the terrace of the site
42. Electricity saved Percentage Chart, 30% reduction requirement as per
IGBC.
43. How sound interacts with materials
44. Noise Levels
45. Reverberation Design vs Times
46. DIY Canvas Acoustic Panels
47. DIY Canvas Acoustic Panels – Back side

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48. DIY Canvas Acoustic Panels, Rockwool fixed in the back cavity
49. DIY Canvas Acoustic Panels – Rockwool fixed in the back cavity
50. DIY Canvas Acoustic Panels – Rockwool fixed in the back cavity closed
with card board
51. Acoustic PVB Mono layering
52. Terrace garden conforming to the fomular xps roofing insulation
53. M Drip Kit
54. Nozzels
55. Eco Bin Composter
56. Grease Trap
57. Alstone – WPC
58. Rubber wood
59. Up cycle accessories
60. Eco friendly fabric
61. Eco friendly Fabric 2
62. Cow dung paint
63. Terrazzo
64. IPS Flooring
65. Outdoor Tiles
66. White Terrazzo
67. Inner walls
68. Outdoor tables
69. Indoor Chairs
70. Outdoor Chairs
71. Brick wall plastered with IPS
72. Brick wall cladded with Terrazzo
73. Ceiling Cladded with foam for acoustic and spray painted
74. Table-top lighting
75. Bar Top Lighting
76. Flower bed lighting
77. Roof top Lighting
78. General Lighting – Arabic lamp Shades
79. Chillers
80. PCC Flooring with eco friendly paint – olive brand
81. Deck Flooring
82. Deck on Deck fibre wooden look alike flooring
83. Tile on Deck Flooring
84. Walls
85. Tables
86. Chairs
87. Benches
88. MS Swing
89. Bar Counter
90. Light Fitting

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Site Analysis
Figure 1: Site map
Figure 2 – Site map with climatic elements

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Physical Attributes:
Table 5 – Location Attributesxii
Climatic Attributes:
MAX TEMPRATURE 34.1 DEGREES CENTIGRADE
MINIMUM TEMPERATURE
SANTACRUZ
7.4 DEGREES CENTRIGRADE
MAX PRECIPATION 143 cm
Table 6 – Climatic Attributesxiii
LATITIUDE: 19.212955 E
LONGITUDE: 72.867720 N
MEAN SEA LEVEL 22.7 m or 74.5 feetxi
SANJAY GANDHI NATIONAL
PARK
2 KMS AWAY KMS TO THE
EAST
ARABIAN SEA 9 KMS TO THE WEST
WESTERN EXPRESS HIGHWAY 50 FEET TO THE EAST
LOCAL RAILWAY STATION 2 KMS TO THE WEST
SHRI SAI HOSPITAL 79 METRES
BUS STAND 12 FEET
DOMESTIC AIRPORT 14.4 KMS
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT T2 14.1 KMS
MARKET WEST SIDE OF THE BUILDING
TEMPLE 131 METRES
THANKUR VIDYA MANDIR
HIGH SCHOOL
490 METRES

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Figure 3 – Street Names around the Site
Source: Googe Maps
Climatic Conditions:
Figure 4 – 1 year sun hours for solar energy

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Figure -5 Sun Hours for Jan – June And Oct To Dec for Solar Energy
Figure 6: Average Rainfall Amount in 8 years

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Figure 7: Rainwater Harvesting Months May To September
Figure 8: Wind Speed for Natural Ventilation – Fins

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Figure 9: Wind direction at Kandivilli east
(Source: Worldweatheronline.com)
Figure 10 Sun Path (http://suncalc.net/#/19.213,72.8678,19/2017.04.10/19:53)
SUN PATH
SUNPATH TIME:

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Table:7 Sun path timings
(http://suncalc.net/#/19.213,72.8678,19/2017.04.10/19:53)

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Table 8: As per the Water bill below
Table 9: Breakup as per the Electricity Bill Below

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Figure 11: Water Bill November to January

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Figure 12: Electricity Bill - February

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Thermal Performance
The thermal performance of a building refers to the process of modelling the energy
transfer between a building and its surroundings.
For an air-conditioned space, it estimates the heating and cooling load and hence, the
sizing and selection of HVAC equipment can be correctly made. For a non-
conditioned space, it calculates temperature variation inside the building over a
specified time and helps one to estimate the duration of uncomfortable periods.
These quantifications enable one to determine the effectiveness of the design of a
building and help in evolving improved systems for realising energy efficient
buildings with comfortable indoor conditions.
The project has a 1440 sq ft indoor bar area that has two walls. One, that separates it
from the kitchen, requiring thermal insulation to keep the heat off the kitchen from
invading the space, another wall that separates the space from a passage that is open
to west sky, therefore susceptible to solar heat infiltration, rest two walls are made of
glass, whose thermal performance needs to be improved to keep the cooling of the
air-conditioners functioning optimally with least energy consumption and the heat of
the outdoor rooftop terrace out.

25
Figure 13: Bar Interior Layout, V Mall, Kandivilli East.
Clients like to know how much energy might be saved, or the temperature reduced to
justify any additional expense or change. Architects too need to know the relative
performance of buildings to choose a suitable alternative. Thus, knowledge of the
methods of estimating the performance of buildings is essential to the design of a
thermally efficient interior space.
The thermal performance of a building depends on a large number of factors. They
can be summarised as -
Several techniques are available for estimating the thermal performance of buildings.
They can be classified under Steady State methods, Dynamic methods and
Correlation methods. Some of the techniques are simple and provide information on
the average load or temperature, on a monthly or annual basis. Others are complex
and require more detailed input information. However, the latter perform a more
accurate analysis and provide results on an hourly or daily basis.

26
R-values:
In construction, the R-value is the measurement of a material's capacity to resist heat
flow from one side to the other. In simple terms, R-values measure the effectiveness
of insulation and a higher number represents more effective insulation.
R-values are additive. For instance if we have a material with an R-value of 12
attached to another material with an R-value of 3, then both materials combined have
an R-value of 15.
Table 10: Factors affecting thermal Performance
R-value Units:
As mentioned before, the R-value measures the thermal resistance of a material. This
can also be expressed as the temperature difference that will cause one unit of heat to
pass through one unit of area over a period of time.
U-factors:
Many energy modelling programs and code calculations require U-factors
(sometimes called U-values) of assemblies. The U-factor is the heat transfer
coefficient, which simply means that is a measure of an assembly's capacity to
transfer thermal energy across its thickness. The U-factor of an assembly is the
reciprocal of the total R-value of the assembly.
(i) Design variables (geometrical dimensions of building elements such as
walls, roof and windows, orientation, shading devices, etc.);
(ii) Material properties (density, specific heat, thermal conductivity,
transmissivity, etc.);
(iii) Weather data (solar radiation, ambient temperature, wind speed, humidity,
etc.); and
(iv) A building’s usage data (internal gains due to occupants, lighting and
equipment, air exchanges, etc.).

27
The following methods are be adopted to optimize the Thermal performance of the
selected project in order to increase the HVAC efficiency and reduce energy
consumption.
1. Griha certified Saint
Gobain Double glass
panels on the 2 sided
glass walls with a UV
control film on the outer
surface to cut down heat
infiltration by 40
percentage.xiv
2. Application of ½” vedic
plaster pm both sides of
the wall, bringing
temperature down by 8
degrees as per
manufacturers claim in
summers and keeping the
insides warm in winter. xv
3. For the wall behind the
barback, which is exposed
to the sun, an application
of ‘Cowdung Paint’ of
‘A2 naturals’ which is an
eco-friendly material
capable of insulating to
the extent of a 5 degrees
difference in the
temperatures on either
sides of the wall. xvi

28
4. 840 Square feet Green
Roof to have a rooftop
kitchen garden growing
herbs needed for the
restaurant. Below the
layer of terrace kitchen to
have an insulation of eco
friendly GRIHA certified
Foamular (Extruded
Polystyrene (XPS) Rigid
Foam Board which has a
R-value of 1.73) to
protect the ceiling from
heat ingress.
5. For the under the ceiling
interior side, an
application of Dhanbad
Rockwool (Griha
Certified) for additional
insulation and a surface
finish of Green Acoustic
panels.
6. 3” Cavity wall in between
the bar and the kitchen
insulated with 50 mm
Foamular Extruded
Polystyrene (XPS)
insulation. (Griha
Certified)

29
Table 11: Methods are be adopted to optimize the Thermal performance of
the selected project
Figure 13: Fomular XPS ( Griha Certifed Green Product)
7. Bar back wall to be
insulated with Foamular
Extruded Polystyrene
(XPS).

30
Figure 14: U Value vz window panesxvii
Table 12: R-Value/Temperature Ratingxviii
Temperature
vz R Values
W/mK (watts per metre
per degree of
temperature difference)
R
Value
Reduction in
Temperature
6” Brick wall 0.80xix
1 degree difference
Formular wall insulation 1.76xx
5 degrees difference
Cavity wall (0.80 + 0.80 + 1.76) 3.36 Minus 5 degrees
difference
Formular Ceiling Insulation 1.76 5 degrees difference
Table 13: R Values of Insulation Material Used at Site

31
Temperature Reductions
Outside temperate in April 33.6 degrees Celsius
Inside temperature without air conditioning
(Primary Data) 32 degrees
Inside temperate after insulation
26 degrees 32-
(1+5ºc)
After Cow dung paint
24 degrees (-5
degrees)xxi
After Vedic plaster (both sides of the wall)
13 degrees (-8 degrees)
xxii
32 degrees – (6-5-8) 19 = 13 degrees
estimated inside temperature after
insulation. 19 degrees Reduction
Table 14: Total Temperature Reduction
Figure 14: Reduction in Temperature by 59.4% after Insulation treatment
Natural products used for insulation:
1. Vedic Plaster
Figure 15: Vedic Plasterxxiii

32
Benefits of Vedic plaster
1. Made of cow dung and gypsum.
2. Saves water as no curing is required.
3. Natural Thermal Insulator keeps inside temperature cool in summers
and warm in winters.
4. Reduces temperature up to 8 degrees.xxiv
5. Protects from radiation
6. Gypsum is sound proof, heat proof and fire proof
7. Long lasting
8. Saves cost as no plaster or putty is required
9. Natural fragrance
2. Cow Dung Paint
Figure 16: Cow Dung Paintxxv
Benefits of cow dung paint
1. A2 Naturals Natural Cow Dung Paint is Eco Friendly heat reducing
2. Paint formulation made with 100% natural ingredients like slaked lime and
cow dung.
3. It reduces temperature up to 5 degrees.
4. Cow Dung also acts as an anti-bacterial.

33
Artificial Lighting
Light bulb Efficiency – the technical expression is “lamp efficacy” – is measured in
terms of how much electricity is needed to produce a certain quantity of light, or
lumens per watt (LPW), keeping in mind that electrical usage is measured in watts,
not volts.
Different light sources have varying efficacies, meaning they use different amounts
of wattage to produce equivalent levels of brightness. For example, a 26-watts CFL
produces approximately the same light as a 100 watts incandescent light bulb. Which
means that a CFL is around 4 times more efficient (or efficacious) as an incandescent
bulb.
Incandescent light bulbs have an efficacy of 10 to 20 LPW (typically in the low end
of that range), which is consistent with the fact that they waste more than 90
percentage of the electricity they consume. Halogen lamps, which are basically
pressurized incandescent light bulbs, have slightly higher efficacy, with LPWs in the
upper end of the same range. CFLs improve on those numbers considerably, jumping
up to 50 or 60 LPW. (This explains why a 26-watt CFL can have the same brightness
as a 100-watt incandescent light bulb). Tubular, or linear, fluorescent lamps have
slightly better efficacy than CFLs, ranging from 60 to 90 LPW depending on their
size and age. Older and thicker T12 tubes are less efficient than the newer, slimmer
T8 and T5 sizes.
LEDs offer the potential for cutting general lighting energy use nearly in half by
2030, saving energy dollars and carbon emissions in the process. Their unique
characteristics—including compact size, long life and ease of maintenance,
resistance to breakage and vibration, good performance in cold temperatures, lack of
infrared or ultraviolet emissions, and instant-on performance—are beneficial in many
lighting applications. The ability to be dimmed and to provide colour control are
other benefits of LED lights.

34
Compared to traditional incandescent, energy-efficient light bulbs such as halogen
incandescent, compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), and light emitting diodes (LEDs)
have the following advantages:
• Typically use about 25%-80% less energy than traditional incandescent, saving
money.
• Can last 3-25 times longer.
LED lighting has the potential to be more energy efficient than any other known
lighting technology. But, two aspects of energy efficiency are important to consider:
the efficiency of the LED device itself (source efficacy) and how well the device and
fixture work together in providing the necessary lighting (luminaire efficacy). How
much electricity is consumed depends not only on the LED device, but also on the
lighting fixture design. Because they are sensitive to thermal and electrical
conditions, LEDs must be carefully integrated into lighting fixtures. The efficiency
of a poorly designed fixture that uses even the best LEDs will be only a fraction of
what it would be if the fixture were well-designed, and the design can also affect
lumen maintenance.
A T5 Florescent 54 watt light has an efficacy of 344.4 lm/W where as LED 35 w has
an efficacy of 309.0 lm/W. Consequently, there is no single numerical value for the
maximum luminous efficacy of white LEDs. The maximum luminous efficacy
depends on the spectral distribution. ¹
Table 15: Comparison of Efficiencyxxvi

35
Figure 17: 8 watts LED candle bulb yellow
(Tom Top brand)
Power: 8W cost Rs. 285/-xxvii
Service voltage: AC85-265V
Light source: High power LED
Housing color: Silver
Housing material: Aluminum
Beam angle: 270 degree
Luminous flux: 700-750LM
Light color: White (5800-6500K), warm white (2800-3500K)
Long life: 30,000-50,000 hrs
Item size: 11.6 * 3.8cm / 4.17 * 1.49in (H * D)
Item weight: 43g / 1.52oz
Package size: 15 * 4 * 4cm / 5.90 * 1.57 * 1.57in (L * W * H)
Package weight: 53g / 1.88oz

36
However LEDs are not perfect solutions. They require energy to produce and they
use assorted materials, some of which are toxic. They also have end of life issues.
xxviii
Existing Light fitting plan of the site shows 147 number of 40 watts
Tungsten Bulbs of 300 lumens each although on dimmers, are extremely
high in energy consumption.xxix
Figure 17. Light Fitting Layout, Penthouzz, Kandivilli east.
Replacement of 40W Tungsten Bulbs with 8 watts LED of 450 lumens
with dimmer control reduced electricity consumption.
Commerical phase III Electricity Consumption - 6 hours
Tungsten Bulb
– 40 Watts
40 watts x 6
hours x 30 /
1000 = 7.2 kw
7.2 x Rs 16 per
Unit = Rs. 115.2
115.2 x 147
bulbs
= Rs. 16,934 /
mth
LED 8 Watts 8 watts x 6
hours x 30 /
1000 = 1.44 kw
1.44 x Rs 16 per
unit = Rs. 23.04
23.04 x 147 LED
= Rs. 3386.9/
mth
Table 16: Change from Tungsten to LED

37
Figure 18: Electricity Saved by shifting to LED

38
Ventilation
Ventilation is very important in an energy-efficient place. Air sealing techniques can
reduce air leakage to the point that contaminants with known health effects such as
formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds, and radon are sealed into the place.
Ventilation also helps control moisture, which can lead to mold growth and structural
damage. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE) has determined that a home's living area should be ventilated
at a CFM rate determined by adding 3% of the conditioned space floor area to 7.5
times the number of room plus one [formula: vent CFM = 0.03A + 7.5 (# rooms +
1)] as published by ASHRAE 62.2. In a tight area, mechanical ventilation is
necessary to achieve this ventilation rate.
Ventilation Strategy:
There are three basic ventilation strategies—natural ventilation, spot ventilation, and
Mechanical ventilation.
Natural Ventilation:
Natural ventilation is the uncontrolled air movement in and out of the cracks and
small holes in a building space. In the past, this air leakage usually diluted air
pollutants enough to maintain adequate indoor air quality. Today, we are sealing
those cracks and holes to make our spaces more energy-efficient, and after a space is
properly air sealed, ventilation is necessary to maintain a healthy and comfortable
indoor environment. Opening windows and doors also provides natural ventilation,
but many people keep their homes closed up because they use central heating and
cooling systems year-round or due to privacy.
Natural ventilation is unpredictable and uncontrollable—we cannot rely on it to
ventilate a space uniformly. Natural ventilation depends on a home's air tightness,
outdoor temperatures, wind, and other factors. During mild weather, some homes
may lack sufficient natural ventilation for pollutant removal. During windy or
extreme weather, a home that has not been air sealed properly will be drafty,
uncomfortable, and expensive to heat and cool.

39
Figure 19: Natural Ventilationxxx
At this site, other forms of natural ventilation are not required. Only Fins are needed
to divert the breeze to hot areas.
However with use of Fins or various other angles we can try to get fresh air and
direct it towards required areas.
Fins can direct wind to the desired areas. Adjustable fins can be adjusted to face the
direction of the wind, and act as shades during direct hit from the sun.
Since 35% of the wind comes for the west, and the building’s north south is tilted to
angle of 10 degrees, using fins, wind can be directed to hot spots /zones, especially
because the building terrace has a water tank in the west corner of the building,
which heats the north east corner.
Figure 20: Wind Direction -Westerly winds

40
Figure 21: Using adjustable Fins to direct the air into the hot zones

41
Spot Ventilation
Spot ventilation can improve the effectiveness of natural and whole space ventilation
by removing indoor air pollution and/or moisture at its source. Spot ventilation
includes the use of localized exhaust fans, such as those used above kitchen ranges
and in bathrooms. ASHRAE recommends intermittent or continuous ventilation rates
for bathrooms of 50 or 20 cubic feet per minute and kitchens of 100 or 25 cubic feet
per minute, respectively.
Toilets and kitchen are fixed with exhaust fans. Kitchen is fitted with industrial
exhaust fans as per industry standards with an air purifier filter.
Figure 22: Toilet Exhaust (site picture) Figure 23 Toilet Exhaust (site picture)
Mechanical Ventilation/Whole Space Ventilation
Whole-space ventilation systems provide controlled, uniform ventilation throughout
a premise. These systems use one or more fans and duct systems to exhaust stale air
and/or supply fresh air to the house.xxxi
Interior section of Kandivilli site requires mechanical ventilation. Used Diankan’s
VRV IV air-conditioners and Fresh Air ducts which has scope of pulling fresh air
from outside into the interiors while balancing out the exact volume of fresh air so as
to keep cooling at its comfortable best.

42
Figure 24: Diagram of an Air Handling Unit showing incoming fresh outdoor air.xxxii

43
Water Conservation
India’s annual per capita water use is 600, 084 litres. Water avail and coverage is
even in metropolitan cities is less than 70 LPCS (litres per capita per day) and supply
time ranges from three to ten hours. This leads to an urgent need for an appropriate
and efficient water management in buildings. Increasing water use efficiency has
indirect financial benefits, due to savings in water treatment and transportation
cost.xxxiii
As per IGBC water reduction by 20 – 30% is mandated for sustainable practices.
Table17: Current Water Requirement breakup as per the Bill
Break up
Urinals:
Urinal Water consumption varies with the system model at an average of 4 liters per
flush. xxxiv
1 urinal = 4 litres
8 persons Per hour
8 x 6 48xxxv
persons in 6 hours
48 x 4 = 192 L a day
192 x 4 urinals = 768 L a day
768 L x 30 days = 23,000 litres a month on urinals
Table 18: Break up of water requirement for Urinals
Current Water Requirement of the selected site (Commercial)
Per day 8640 litres (8.64 kilo litres)
Per month 2, 60,000 Litres (260 kilo litres)
Cost per kilo litre (1000 litre) Rs. 46.65
Cost per day Rs. 403.00
Cost Per month Rs. 12000

44
Toilet (WC):
Flush – direct flush value uses till press. The most common flush toilet is the 6 litres
full flushxxxvi
I WC flush = 6 litres
Average usage = 2 personxxxvii
/ hour
12 persons x 6 hours = 72 person / day
72 person x 6 L (flushes) = 432 L
No of WCs 3 = 32 x 3 = 1296 litres a day
1296 x 30 days a month = 38,880 litres a month WC
Table 19: Breakup of WC water requirement
Basin:
The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention recommends scrubbing the hands
with soap for at least 20 seconds, then rinsing them thoroughly. Assuming it takes
about five seconds to rinse the hands, and the faucet being used is new, it takes 1.04
gallons (3.9 litres) of water to wash hands.xxxviii
Urinals usage + Wc usage times = 48 persons + 72 Persons
120 persons x (4 rounded) litres = 480 litres hand washing by 120 person
in 6 hours
480 x 30 days = 14, 400 L a month
Table 20: Breakup of Basin water requirement

45
Plants:
110 pots = 1 litre a pot
110 x 1 = 110 litres a day
110 litres x 30 days a month = 3300 litres a month
Table 21: Breakup of Plant water requirement
Kitchen:
Kitchen/Washing/Dishwashing 400 PAX 160,000 litres a month
Miscellaneous 20420 litres a month
Table 22: Breakup of Kitchen water requirement
Figure 25: Litres Figure 26: Percentages
Current Water Usage monthly at Penthouzz Bar, Kandivilli East.

46
Water Conservation Measures at Penthouzz, Kandivilli East.
1. Replacing of Water Urinal with Waterless Urinals – saving of 23,000 L a
month
Cost of waterless Urinal 25,999/- Hindware acqua free Urinal
Figure 26 : Waterless Urinal Hindware
Features of water less Urinals
• All urinals come in a high gloss finish. Standard colour is a sanitary
white.
• All of our fixtures feature full 2” (52 mm) internal drain lines. Urine can
flow uninhibited. The large diameter allows for snaking of the line
without removing the fixture from the wall if needed.
• Connection to the 2” (52 mm) drain line is the same as one finds on
flushed urinals, via a flange and gasket. The installing plumber knows
exactly what to do. No adapters or connectors needed which may leak and
are hard to install.
• Low cost trap inserts and sealing liquids. Waterless has always
believed in offering our customers inexpensive quality products so you
can truly save with our fixtures. As water and sewer fees are constantly
rising, our No-Flush™ urinals become ever more efficient.
• No removal of urinal for drain access. Compare to flushed and other
non-water urinals, our fixtures offer the unique direct 2" (52 mm) drain
access by simply removing the EcoTrap insert. Plumbing professionals
love this feature.xxxix

47
2. Replacing WC flush with Pressure-Assisted Toilet. The water used for a single
flush varies from 4.1 – 4.5 litres per flushxl
– saving 1080 litres a month
Pressure Assisted Toilet = 4 litres
Average usage = 2 personxli
/ hour
12 persons x 6 hours = 72 person / day
72 person x 4 L (flushes) = 288 L
No of WCs 3 = 288 x 3 = 864 litres a day
1296 x 30 days a month = 25920 litres a month WC
Water Saving 12960 L a month
Table: 23 Pressure assisted Toilet
Figure 27: Pressure Assisted WC - Kohlerxlii

48
Features of Power Assisted Urinals
1.6 gpf or 1.0 gpf
High Efficiency Toilet(HET) reduces potable waste usage over 30%
Vitreous China
Pressure Assisted Tank
High performance EcoFlush(tm) technology
Easy touch handle actuation
Ultra quiet flush
Siphon jet flush action
2-1/8" fully glazed trapway
Operating pressure range 20-125 psi
Round front rim
Chrome plated handle
Large water surface area
12" Rough-In
Includes bolt caps
Shipping weight: 95 lbsxliii
Table 48: Comparison between a Normal Flush WC and Power Assisted WC
WC flush Pressure Assisted Toilet
Average usage 6 litres per flush 4 litres per flush
6 persons x 6 hours = 36 litres/ hour 6 x 4 = 24 litres / hour
No of WCs 3 = 36 x 3 = 108 litres 24 x 3 WCs = 72 litres a day
108 x 30 days a month = 3240 litres 72 x 30 = 2160 lites
Saved 1080 litres a month
Cost of Pressure assisted WC Rs. 32, 500 /-

49
Maintenance of Waterless Urinals:
BlueSeal Sealant is what makes No-Flush™ urinals work BlueSeal is long lasting
and biodegradable trap seal liquid. Adding BlueSeal to any non-water
using urinals is very simple: squeeze the quart bottle to fill trap.
Figure 28: Waterless 1114 1-Quart BlueSeal Urinal Trap
Liquid available at Ebayxliv
Figure 29: BlueSeal Liquid Rs. 2500/- per litrexlv

50
1500 Uses per litre
72 persons a day = 1500 / 72 = 20 days
Approximately one 1.5 litres a month
Table 24: BlueSeal Uses per litre
2. Replaced normal faucet with water efficient faucets which use low flow
techniques:
It is recommended to install low flow faucets and faucet aerators the lower
water consumption.xlvi
Figure 30: Faucet Aerators
3. Reuse Gray water
Water from liquid waste, treating it and recycling it for flushing and irrigation
purposes. Treated gray is best used for toilet facilities and for irrigation.
Maximum water usage for this site is in kitchen (dishing washing) 61
percentage. Hence treating this water to wash dishes is not a viable option as
gray water trated is best used for toilet and irrigation facilities only.xlvii
However to use gray waste water, double plumbing lines for inlet and outlets
are required in the Toilet design. At this site, we have enough scope for rain

51
water harvesting and have surplus as per the requirement. So we can opt out
of gray water treatment as the cost viz a viz the usage does not make
economic sense. Cost of a typical gray water treatment plant for dishwashing
would have to be treating the water to drinking water and ths cost of the plant
ranges between Rs. 1,00,000 to Rs. 4,00,000 depending upon the capacity. A
two step filtration would be required. 1step would be to treat gray water. Step
2 would be to treat this filtered water to potable water, as use of grey water
after treatment is best used for irrigation or for toilet use. Since there is no use
for irrigation and only a minimal use for WCs as Urinals are waterless,
additional cost does not justify setting up a gray water treatment plant.

52
Roof top Rain water Harvesting
Reuse of harvested rainwater in a plumbing system, either in a commercial or
residential setting proves to be economically effective. It can reduce the use of clean
drinking water for purposes that do not require clean drinking water. The tank can be
placed underground or on top of the ground. 1,16, 000 litres (kitchen, washing,
dishwashing, plants, toilet basin and WC can be rain water. It is economical than
water treatment plants or machines.
Figure 30: Cumulative Rainfall 1st
June 2016xlviii
IMD
Table 25: Current Water Requirement As per water bill
November 2016 to January 2017
Current Water Requirement of the selected site (Commercial)
Per day 8640 litres (8.64 kilo litre)
Per month 260,000 Litres (260 Kilo Litres)
Cost per kilo litre (1000 litres) Rs. 46.65
Cost per day Rs. 403
Cost Per month Rs. 12000

53
Formula to measure litres required:
Total rainfall received in 2016 Santacruz- 2800 mm
2800mm (1mm = 0.0393701
inches)
= 110.2 inches of rain
Area available 1000 sq feet roof = 1,44,000 sq inches
1,44,000 x 110.2 inches of rain = 1,58,68,800 cubic inches of
rain water collected
1 litre = 61 cubic inches
1,58,68, 800 / 61 cubic inches = 2,60,043.0 litres of Rainfall
Harvested 2,60,043 Litres
Can be used for Dish washing/
washing/Toilets/plants
Table 26: Litres of rainfall required to be harvested
Rain water storage
Underground plus over the ground
Storage required for 2.60, 000 litres
Area available on ground 12 feet x
20 feet
= 240 square feet
I square feet = 0.092903 square meter
240 square feet = 22.2 square metre
I litre = 0.001 cubic meters
2,60,000 litres = 260 cubic metres
22.2 sq meters x 12 meters
(height of the well)
= 266.4 cubic meters
6 meters under ground and 6 meters above the ground
Table 27: Rainwater Storage Calculation

54
Figure 31 : 25 litres Sintax Storage Tank, Cost Rs. 3,00,000/-
Rainwater Shed Design:
Figure 32: Rain Water Harvesting Design in Blue– Terrace level

55
Figure 33: Rain Water Harvesting Storage Tank and Bore Well

56
Figure 34: Rainwater Catchment Area

57
Rainwater Shed Design
Currently the kitchen rooftop is made from asbestos sheets. Asbestos is carcinogenic,
replaced these sheets with an environmentally friendly Recycled Tetrapak roof
sheets. Shredded Tetrapak and plastic material are dried and cleaned. The shreds are
then spread between two polythene sheets and laid on a hot press bed. Once the
sheets emerge from the press, they are given a wave-form shape and left to dry.
Daman Ganga’s Tuff Roof sheets actually better than the conventional fibrocement
and corrugated G.l. sheets. They are waterproof, rustproof, and absorb much less
heat.
Figure 35: Recycled Tetrapak Roof Sheets
Water Saved Per Month
Water less Urinals 23,000 L
Pressure Assisted WC 12,960 L
Harvested Water USED per month 21,670 L
Total Water Saved 57, 637 L
Total Percentage of water saved 22.2 percent
Table 28: Water Saved

58
Figure 36: As per IGBC water reduction by 20 – 30%
is mandated for green practices.

59
Air-conditioning
Air-conditioning is a system for controlling the humidity, ventilation, and
temperature in a building or vehicle, typically to maintain a cool atmosphere in warm
conditions.
● Maintain suitable humidity in all parts of a building
● Free the air from excessive humidity during certain seasons
● Supply a constant and adequate supply of ventilation
● Efficiently remove from the air micro-organisms, dust, soot, and other
foreign bodies
● Efficiently cool room air during certain seasons
● Heat or help heat the rooms in winter
● An apparatus that is not cost-prohibitive in purchase or maintenance
Types of Air-conditioning:
● Non-central AC systems
● Window Air Conditioner
● Split Air Conditioner
○ High wall splits
○ Ceiling-mounted splits
○ Concealed units
○ Cassette type indoor units
● Central AC Systems
○ Ductable packaged AC systems
○ Air-cooled ductable splits
○ Floor mounted packaged ACs
● Central plants
○ DX (direct expansion) systems
○ Chilled water systems
● Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems xlix

60
Table 29: Area for Cooling
Considering the above, We can derive the load:
Volume = Width X Length X Height (cubic feet)
22.5 x 65 x 11 = 16087.50 cubic ft
C1 = VOLUME X 6 (compressor power)
C1 = 16087 x 6 = 96,522
Table 30: Air conditioning Requirement Calculation 1
Estimate the number of people (N) that will usually occupy a room. Each person
produces about 500 BTU/hr of heat for normal activity. Multiply these two figures
together.
C2 = N x 500 BTU/hr
C2 = 85 x 500 BTU/hr = 42,500
Tonnage = C1 + C2 / 10, 000 (BTU)
Tonnage = 96522 + 42500 = 139,022 / 10,000 = 13.9 Tr - 14 tones
Table 31: Air conditioning Requirement Calculation 2
Current AC system installed:
High pressure Duct Type, 12 tones
Table 32: Current Air-conditioning Tonnage
AC requirements of the project:
Total indoor area: 1400 sq ft
Length: 65’
Width: 22’ 6”
Height: 11’

61
Current power consumption:
12 Tons running for 12 hours a day
1 ton of AC consumes 800 watts/hr
12 tons of AC consume 12 x 800 x 12 = 115200 watts = 115.2 KW per day
Monthly consumption = 115.2 x 30 = 3456 KW
1 chargeable electricity unit = 1 KW = Rs. 16 (commercial)
Therefore, monthly electricity charges for Air-conditioning
Rs. 16 x 3456 = Rs. 55,296/-
Table 33: Current monthly electricity charges for Air-conditioning
Environment-friendly HVAC system:
As per market research, the BEST Eco-friendly and Green AC system currently
available in India is Daikin's VRV IV systems with VRT technology ‘Inverter’
AC system as, according to its manufacturer’s claim, it has a higher Coefficient of
Performance (COP), and its VRT technology (Variant Refrigerant Temperature)
automatically adjusts refrigerant temperature to individual Zones, floors and climate
requirement, thus further improving annual energy efficiency and maintaining
comfort. With this technology running costs are reduced.
Figure 37: Energy Saving of Diakin’s Green AC VRV – IV
How is energy consumption reduced?
During cooling, the refrigerant evaporating temperature (Te) is raised to minimise
the difference with the condensing temperature. During heating, the condensing
temperature (Tc) is lowered to minimise the difference to the evaporating
temperature. Compressors work less, and this reduces power consumption.

62
Zones or areas or floor’s cooling can also be controlled individually. If a zone
doesn’t require cooling, the AC can be shut off in that particular area or floor,
thereby saving on unnecessary consumption of electricity.
Not only does it claim to reduce Energy consumption by up to 40 percent, it also
uses an eco-friendly refrigerant R-410A which is proven to be better than the
conventional R-22 in terms of “Ozone Depletion” potential and energy efficiency.
Because of the above reasons, Daikin’s VRV AC systems are known to produce up
to 75% lower CO2 emission compared to conventional AC systems. l
Figure 38: Features of VRV - IV
Electricity saving using Environmental Friendly HVAC System
Current HVAC Electricity
consumption
3456 KW
Environmental Friendly VRV –IV
HVAC
2073 KW
(40% lesser as per manufacturerli
)
Table: 34 Projected saving in electricity consumption
with using the VRV IV VRT AC system

63
Figure 39: Electricity Saved Monetarily
Figure 40: Chart percentage wise Air conditioner Electricity Saved

64
Solar Energy
India enjoys over three hundred days of sunshine every year. Energy from the sun
can potentially solve India’s perennial power crises for all time to come, because the
suns’s energy will never get exhausted. Solar energy is clean, renewal and
inexhaustible.
Solar energy is energy emitted by the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
Solar energy is measured in equivalent energy units (kWh) falling on the horizontal
surface are of one metre square a day. Solar radiation has two components; direct
beam radiation (coming directly from the sun) and diffuse radiation (which is
refracted by the atmosphere and surrounding.
As per IGBC Mandate a 30-40 percentage reduction in Energy cost is required
to qualify as green practices.
So far the green practices applied have resulted in a 10% reduction in electricity
consumption. A further reduction of 20% can be derived from solar panels located
above the enclosed bar area of 1400 sq feet.
Calculations
Table 35: Breakup of Electricity Units As per the electric bill below
Current Electricity Requirement of the selected site (Commercial)
Per day 499
Per month 14,975 Units
Cost per Unit Rs. 16
Cost per day Rs. 7928
Cost Per month Rs. 237,840

65
Electricity Units saved
Light fittings
7.2 KW(pre green consumption)
-1.44 (post green consumption)
= 5.76 KW saved per day
5.76 x 30 days =173 KW saved per month = 1%
saving
HVAC = 1383 kw saved per month = 9%
saving
Solar Energy = 3000 KW = 20%
Total saved = 4556 kw = 30%
Table 36: Components of Electricity Saved
Table 37: Current HVAC Electricity Usage
HVAC Current power consumption:
12 Tons running for 12 hours a day
1 ton of AC consumes 800 watts/hr
12 tons of AC consume 12 x 800 x 12 = 115200 watts = 115.2 KW per day
Monthly consumption = 115.2 x 30 = 3456 KW
1 chargeable electricity unit = 1 KW = Rs. 16 (commercial)
Therefore, monthly electricity charges for Air-conditioning
Rs. 16 x 3456 = Rs. 55,296/-

66
Solar power Generation:
There are two main types of solar plants.
On grid vs. Off Grid Solar Plants
On Grid Solar Plant is connected to the meter and the public electricity grid. The un
used surplus electricity generated is automatically routed to the electricity grid for
which the Electricity provider gives a subsidy which is adjusted in your electricity
bill. Disadvantage being that there is no battery backup, which means that extra
electricity generated cannot be used by the installer.
Off Grid Solar Plant is not connected to the public electric supply or the meter and
has a battery backup up of 6 to 48 hours as per use, which can then be used in the
night. This system works independent of the public electricity grid and after the
payback period of up to 10 months, it can provide free power for up to 20- 30 yrs. lii
Figure 41: 10Kw/H Off Grid Solar Panelliii
Solar power required to offset the electricity reduction 21% = 3144 KW
Area available – 1000 sq feet terrace of the inside area
Solar Panels available to generate 3144 KW Electricity is 10KW – Off grid
Solar Plant
Table 38: Solar power Requirements

67
Table: 39 Solar Panel Description liv
Number direct sunlight hours 10 hours at site
Electricity generated a day 10 kWh x 10 hours = 100 kWh
Electricity Generated a month 100 x 30 days = 3000 kWhs = 20%
Table 40: Electricity generated by Off – grid solar Plant

68
Figure 41: Solar Panels on the terrace of the site
Light fittings 7.2 KW(pre green
consumption)
-1.44 (post green consumption)
= 5.76 KW saved per day
5.76 x 30 days =173 KW saved per month = 1%
saving
HVAC = 1383 kw saved per month = 9%
saving
Solar Power = 3000 kw = 20%
Total saved as per IGBC’s minimum
recommendation
= 30%
Table 41: Total Electricity Saved

69
Figure 42: Total Electricity saved Percentage Chart,
30% reduction requirement as per IGBC.

70
Noise and Acoustic
Interior acoustic quality in environments such as bars, cafés and restaurants can have
a significant impact on patrons and staff alike, affecting the business itself.
Numerous factors impact the overall acoustic quality of these spaces such as the
speech, background noise and architectural design of the room itself.
Bars, cafés and restaurants traditionally had carpeted floors and soft furnishings such
as upholstered chairs, tablecloths and curtains which provided some sound absorbing
qualities. Recent trends lean towards a modern look which generally includes high
ceilings and hard surfaces; though these features are aesthetically pleasing, they are
known to produce excessive room echo. As these venues are usually fast-paced and
crowded, this makes for an uncomfortably loud environment. Studies indicated that
these types of venues generally foster acoustic conditions that are less than desirable
for comfortable social interactions.
Figure 43: Sound and material
Social interactions are a common source of excessive noise which can be explained
by the noise-breeds-noise effect, also known as the café-effect. This phenomenon
occurs when conversations of individual groups create noise, which results in
surrounding groups subconsciously competing to be heard and understood.lv

71
A study conducted on noise interference in food courts revealed that 60% of
shoppers surveyed had difficulties hearing speech in food courts, while almost half
admitted they avoid these places because they thought noise would be a nuisance.
This just goes to show how truly significant interior acoustics are and how they can
attract or deter clientele.
Understanding what is considered as acceptable acoustic conditions is not only
important to ensure that patrons visits are a pleasurable experience, but also to ensure
that staff health and safety will not be compromised by excessive levels of noise. lvi
The relative amounts of acoustic energy reflected, changed and transmitted greatly
depend on the nature of the material. Getting the acoustics right involves predicting
how sound energy will interact with materials in an interior space.lvii
Figure 44: Noise Levellviii

72
Aspects of interior acoustics that need to be considered for most commercial spaces
include:
● The reverberation time:
Reverberation time is the time taken in seconds for a sound signal to decay by
60 decibels (dB) once the source stops sounding. These times can vary
greatly from almost no time to 6 seconds or more in incredibly reflective
spaces. Reverberation is due to continued multiple reflections in a space.
Optimise reverberation times Reflected sound is one of the defining
features of interior acoustics and affects the feeling of a room. Sound
energy that lingers is detrimental to speech clarity and intelligibility.
Reverberation time needs to be controlled – the optimal time depends on the
use of the room.
Figure 45: Reverberation Design vs Timeslix

73
● Background noise:
Background noise is the level of sound energy in a space. It is measured in
decibels, with 1 dB the threshold of hearing and 130 dB the threshold of pain.
This background noise level could be made up of environmental noises such
as wind and rain, traffic noise, alarms, people talking and noise from birds or
other animals. It can also be mechanical noise from devices such as
computers, refrigerators or air conditioning, power supplies or motors.
● Sound transmission through walls, partitions and floors:
Building partitions such as ceilings, walls and floors allow some sound
energy to be transmitted. When occupants are able to hear unwanted noise
through partitions, the amount of sound transmitted can be reduced by
increasing the sound attenuation.
The amount of energy attenuated by a structure is known as the sound
transmission class (STC) and is a measure of the energy lost through the
system. A wall with a 40 dB STC will reduce a 100 dB sound down to 60 dB
once it has passed through the structure.
The higher the STC, the less one can hear. STC is determined by the mass of
a system and by the ease of sound paths.
When the mass of a barrier is doubled, the STC rating increases by
approximately 5 or 6 dB, which is clearly noticeable. Adding insulation
within a wall or floor/ceiling cavity will improve the STC rating by about 4–6
dB.
Sound energy will find the weakest structural elements, often doors,
windows, ceilings with an open plenum and electrical outlets. It is important
for all elements of a system to have the same amount of STC for efficient
attenuation. Knowing what material properties to select and where to use
them greatly enhances an interior space.

74
Sound and Acoustic analysis at project site:
Since an open air space is not subject to such problems of Sound and
Acoustics, Our area of concern and application of Acoustic considerations is
the 1400 sq ft indoor bar area which also plays considerably loud music.
The indoor area has full length glass walls on 2 sides, and brick walls on 2
sides. Since glass partitions have one of the lowest attenuation rates, there is
not much one can do about them. But to minimize the sound reverberation
and optimize the acoustics of the area, GRIHA certified Rockloyd
Rockwool, green insulation material can be used on the 2 sides walls.
Rockloyd Rockwool is a green insulation product made from recycled raw
material, is environment friendly and can be disposed as landfill. Rockloyd
Rockwool is sound absorbing, by virtue of its fibre lay pattern thus it offers
superior sound absorption properties. Rockloyd Rockwool conforms to all
National & International standards like ASTM, BS.
Acoustic treatment of wall:
The wall above the linear seating is acoustically treated with Rockwool
cladded with Canvas. This way the theme of the restaurant/bar/pub can be
kept.
Figure 46 : DIY Canvas Acoustic Panelslx

75
Figure 47 : DIY Canvas Acoustic Panels – Back sidelxi
Figure 48: DIY Canvas Acoustic Panels, Rockwool fixed in the back cavitylxii

76
Figure 49 : DIY Canvas Acoustic Panels – Rockwool fixed in the back cavitylxiii
Figure 50 : DIY Canvas Acoustic Panels –
Rockwool fixed in the back cavity closed with card boardlxiv
Acoustic Wallpaper
Rest of the walls and behind the canvas frames, acoustic wallpaper is fixed.
This Acoustic Wallpaper is fire retardant in nature and directly installed on
wall/ partition/ glass/ stone.

77
Figure 51: Acoustic Wallpaperlxv
(Marshalls)
Acoustic treatment of Glass
Griha certified Saint Gobain Double glass panels on the 2 sided glass walls
with a UV control film on the outer surface to cut down heat infiltration by
40 percentage.lxvi
And acoustic PVB film sandwiched between two glass
panes to prevent sound frequencies from vibrating from one pane of glass to
the other. The acoustic glass within a double-glazed unit comprises a special
interlayer which acts as a dampening core This absorbs and weakens sound
energy, helping to act as a barrier to noise. Required to cut of bass
reverberation of music from inside.
The highest sound attenuation values are achieved by laminated double
glazed safety glass with special PVB (Polyvinyl Butyral (or PVB) is a resin
mostly used for applications that require strong binding, optical clarity,
adhesion to many surfaces, toughness and flexibility) acoustic film. Noise
levels are measured in decibels (dB). A comfortable sound level is around
35dB in daytime and 30dB at night.

78
This plastic interlayer also has the additional safety and security properties of
laminated glass
Acoustically insulating glass cuts out excess sound and the harmful effects of
noise and is particularly effective in building. But in this case the project at
hand will cut off the reverberation of chatter and loud music from the inside.
The acoustic glass within a double-glazed unit comprises a special interlayer
which acts as a dampening core to prevent sound frequencies from vibrating
from one pane of glass to the other. This absorbs and weakens sound energy,
helping to act as a barrier to noise.
This plastic interlayer also has the additional safety and security properties of
laminated glass. lxvii
Figure 52: Acoustic PVB Mono layeringlxviii

79
Sustainable Building Materials
For years the building industry has been dependent on a seemingly endless
supply of high quality materials, supplies and energy resources. Rarely has
this practice been judged with respect to the environmental impact of using
these materials, the environmental impact of using these materials, the
environmental ‘costs’ that go into extracting, producing, manufacturing,
transporting, installing, and recycling these materials. These become more
significant when buildings at a global scale consume about 40% of the raw
stone, gravel and sand, 25% of wood, 40% of energy and 16% of water each
year.lxix
Costs include depletion of non-renewable materials and resources,
production of waste by-products, amount of pollutants released and the
deterioration of air, water, soil and the habitat that surrounds them. To reduce
the negative impact of building materials on the environment a system that
analysis the material life cycle and the corresponding energy costs in terms of
environmental performance needs to be adopted.
Material Life Cycle or Material Life Cycle Analysis
The principle of material life cycle assumes that all stages in the life of a
material – right from raw material extraction, manufacture, and transportation
to the installation, operation, maintenance and the recycling and waste
management cause some degree of environmental impact which needs to be
evaluated. The need for analysis is justified when considering the present
state of the building industry and the environment and hence would provide a
sustainable format for the evaluation of efficiency of building materials Life
Cycle Analysis (LCA) is a tool to measure the environmental performance of
a building material for a comprehensive understanding of the environmental
impact and the improvement that can be offered at each stage in the life cycle
of a material.
The life cycle tool is the base array with material as attributes, their
environmental impacts, and implications present in the total life cycle. It thus
forms a decision making system to compare and select materials.

80
The guiding principle remains that all the stages in the life cycle of a material
- right from the raw material extraction, manufacture and production to the
operation, installation and maintenance and the ultimate demolition cause
some potential environmental impacts which are time dependent in nature.
The LCA caters to the wide array of impacts in a stage specific process where
each stage poses an opportunity as well as a constraint to improve the
environment effects. This provides an set of efficient alternatives and
qualitative judgments that can help choose from a range of building materials
depending on their respective environmental and economic performances.lxx
The understanding of the life cycle of the material, the structure, property
energy relationships, and the environmental burdens that accrue through the
extraction, processing, use and reuse of the product forms the basis of
selection of sustainable building materials.
This information would help in specifying materials that are required for a
sustainable planet. This analysis is done based on the energy or energy
content of a building material, which acts as a rough guide to its
environmental friendliness.
Materials that our environment Re preferable and have a less degree of
adverse impact on the environment and human ecosystem, when compared
with equivalent products for the same applications are sustainable in managed
materials.
The basic characteristics that differentiate them are there ability for natural
resource conservation, no energy content, and we use and low emissions of
toxic substances are pollutants at each stage of the life cycle.
The understanding of the lifecycle of a material, the energy Input and waste
output at each stage becomes the best analysis to derive is sustainable
potential in every stage.lxxi

81
Checklist sample characteristics for sustainably managed materials
Characteristics Checklist
Regional Availability Local extraction/ manufacture or
raw material
Recyclability How many times the material
can be recycled and retain their
viability
Reusability / Salvaged Used as a secondary resource
material for alternative building
materials
Durability And Lifespan Durable, useful life
Life Cycle Cost Impact Financial impact on the life
cycle cost of the building
operations
Energy Efficiency Low energy content
Minimum Embodied Energy of
Building Materials
Resource Efficiency Low consumption of resources
like water
Certified Wood Manufactured (in parts or
whole) from wood ( from well
managed forests) that has been
certified by the forest Council
standards

82
Nontoxic Emissions Relatively low levels of toxic
emissions, irritating of
hazardous substances that can
have an adverse impact on
human health
Material Cost Relative cost to equivalent
products that are not sustainable
Savings Savings on energy and on other
materials that might not be used
in the life cycle of the building
owing to the use of Sustainable
managed
Material Reduction Serving the functional purpose
with minimal use of materials
at each stage of the life cycle
then typically used
Minimise use of Natural Recourses Minimise resource quantity by
building less and use efficiently
suitable quantities of materials
in the construction process.
Table 42: Checklist sample characteristics for sustainably
managed materialslxxii

83
Use Less Resources
The use of natural resources needs to be minimized by minimising resource
quantity. minimise a resource quantity by building less and use efficiently suitable
quantities of material in the construction process. Make choices between materials
that ensure reduction of scrap materials, for example, used concrete to replace a
portion of cement with coal fly ash ground granulated blast furnace slag, or used wall
boards resizing needs does not result in a lot of scrap materials. Finding alternatives
to reduce the thickness of walls and story Heights in tandem with the intended
function and performance. Promote the belt less concept with more breathing
spaces, less construction, less quantity of materials and use of cost effective products
in interiors.
Maximize Use Of Recyclable, Renewable and Reusable Sustainable
Materials
The use of renewable material such as farmed wood, plant, fibres, geotextiles, and
other resources needs to be maximized instead of non-sustainable equivalent
products intended for similar function.
Materials that are manufactured from waste or recycled materials such as Portland
cements using fly ash or blast furnace like boards from agricultural waste or second
hand or reclaimed materials, can be used. For example many products such as doors
interior furniture and window frames have the potential to be reused requiring some
extra effort but the quality cost saving and the values attached may sometimes be
significant. Materials like aluminium and steel can be separated by type and have the
potential to be recycled. They offer a very high percentage of energy saving and
reduction in pollution when recycled or even Timber that has been fastened in a
manner that allows easy removal. However glass, plastic, concrete and other
masonry products offer marginal saving and are difficult to reuse.
Selecting materials that facilitate recycling, such as use of soft mortars allowing
claiming of bricks of stones. Avoiding using of reinforced concrete when a recycled
substitute can efficiently perform the same function. Materials that are durable and
have a long life should be selected, considering the flexibility of materials in terms of

84
the wearing requirements of the occupants. For example, gypsum board panels
mounted over steel tracks in an open plan office where the layout can be flexibly
changed according to any change in occupants’ requirement without much wastage.
Maximise the use of regional materials and locally manufactured
products
The use of regional materials that are best suited to the climate and specific to
construction requirements for a particular region, needs to be maximized, for
example, trusses and rafters of coconut trees and mangalorean tiles can be used in
Kerala in place of timber of Steel. Using locally manufactured products allow
significant reduction in transportation with a delivery radius less than hundred
kilometres and contribute to lower embodied energy consumption and lcc for
building materials.
Select materials based on their LCC (Life Cycle Cost) is and
maintenance requirements
Selecting the materials based on the intended use in the useful life of the building is
crucial. In the initial capital investment, reviewing the LCC requirements or ‘the
avoided future costs’ for the material in terms of its maintenance and replacement
requirements over the usual life of the building will be helpful. A higher initial cost
may be justified if the material has higher environmental and economical
performance through the various stages of its life cycle as compared to an equivalent
product of a lower initial cost.
Check the emission levels of the materials to ensure health and
indoor air quality
Checking the emission levels of building materials at the time of
installation. Preventing material based pollutants that exceed the capacity of the
buildings ventilation or filtration equipment to remove them to an acceptable level.
Recommending maintenance practices at the time of product installation, which can
keep a check on the emission levels of such building products and reduce the effect
on the occupants’ health and productivity, as well as air quality. For example, the
moisture content and temperature in the indoor air, especially when sustainable or

85
biological building products have been used may support microbial growth.
Improper cleaning of maintenance practices sometimes may lead to the deterioration
in the indoor air quality as in carpet or geo textiles.
Embodied Energy of building Materials
Embodied energy or the energy content of a building material comprises all the
energy consumed in acquiring and transforming the raw materials into finished
products and transporting them to the place of installation of the building site. It
symbolises the quotient of it environmental friendliness, reflecting the materials
closeness to the earth. The more it is refined or processed the more energy it contains
and hence more environmentally expensive. The embodied energy analysis
evaluates the scaler total of the energy input from the primary energy resources to
produce the product.
The material life cycle into sequence the various stages of a material and identifies
where energy is consumed at each stage, from acquisition of raw materials,
production, and installation, to use and operation, to disposal and ultimate reuse.lxxiii

86
Sustainable Building Materials Used at Site
Areas Material Renewable/
Recyclable
Low
Energy
Materials
Regional/Local Low
Material
Cost
Kitchen floor Terrazzo Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bar Interiors
flooring
Terrazzo Yes Yes Yes Yes
Outdoor
flooring
Bar
Construction
Counter Wall
Fly ash
bricks
Yes Yes Yes Yes
Plastering Vedic
Plaster
Yes Yes Yes Yes
Toilet and
wash area
construction
Furniture WPC
(Alstone)
Yes Yes Yes Yes
Lose and fixed WPC and
Rubber
Wood
Yes Yes Yes Yes
Glass facade Saint
Gobain
(Green
Products
category)
Yes Yes Yes Yes
Lights LED
Phillips
Yes Yes Yes Yes
Paint Cow
Dung
Paint
Yes Yes Yes Yes
Fabric Vrijesh
Natural
Fabrics
Yes Yes Yes Yes
Table 43: Sustainable Building Materials Used at Site

87
Indoor Air Quality – VOC
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted as gases from certain solids or
liquids. VOCs include a variety of chemicals, some of which may have short- and
long-term adverse health effects. Concentrations of many VOCs are consistently
higher indoors (up to ten times higher) than outdoors. VOCs are emitted by a wide
array of products numbering in the thousands.
Organic chemicals are widely used as ingredients in household products. Paints,
varnishes; and wax all contain organic solvents, as do many cleaning, disinfecting,
cosmetic, degreasing and hobby products. Fuels are made up of organic chemicals.
All of these products can release organic compounds while you are using them, and,
to some degree, when they are stored.
EPA's Office of Research and Development's "Total Exposure Assessment
Methodology (TEAM) Study" (Volumes I through IV, completed in 1985) found
levels of about a dozen common organic pollutants to be 2 to 5 times higher inside
homes than outside, regardless of whether the homes were located in rural or highly
industrial areas. TEAM studies indicated that while people are using products
containing organic chemicals, they can expose themselves and others to very high
pollutant levels, and elevated concentrations can persist in the air long after the
activity is completed.
Sources of VOCs
Household products, including:
• paints, and other solvents
• wood preservatives
• aerosol sprays
• cleansers and disinfectants
• moth repellents and air fresheners
• stored fuels and automotive products
• hobby supplies
• dry-cleaned clothing
• pesticide

88
Other products, including:
• building materials and furnishings
• office equipment such as copiers and printers, correction fluids and carbonless copy
paper
• graphics and craft materials including glues and adhesives, permanent markers and
photographic solutions.
Health Effects
Health effects may include:
• Eye, nose and throat irritation
• headaches, loss of coordination and nausea
• damage to liver, kidney and central nervous system
• Some organics can cause cancer in animals, some are suspected or known to cause
cancer in humans.
Key signs or symptoms associated with exposure to VOCs include:
• conjunctival irritation
• nose and throat discomfort
• headache
• allergic skin reaction
• dyspnea
• declines in serum cholinesterase levels
• nausea
• emesis
• epistaxis
• fatigue
• dizziness
The ability of organic chemicals to cause health effects varies greatly from those that
are highly toxic, to those with no known health effect.

89
As with other pollutants, the extent and nature of the health effect will depend on
many factors including level of exposure and length of time exposed. Among the
immediate symptoms that some people have experienced soon after exposure to
some organics include:
• Eye and respiratory tract irritation
• headaches
• dizziness
• visual disorders and memory impairment
Steps to Reduce Exposure
• Increase ventilation when using products that emit VOCs.
• Meet or exceed any label precautions.
• Do not store opened containers of unused paints and similar materials within the
school.
• Formaldehyde, one of the best known VOCs, is one of the few indoor air pollutants
that can be readily measured.
o Identify, and if possible, remove the source.
o If not possible to remove, reduce exposure by using a sealant on all exposed surfaces
of panelling and other furnishings.
• Use integrated pest management techniques to reduce the need for pesticides.
• Use household products according to manufacturer's directions.
• To provide plenty of fresh air when using these products.
• Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will
use soon.
• Keep out of reach of children and pets.
• Never mix household care products unless directed on the label.
Follow label instructions carefully:
Potentially hazardous products often have warnings aimed at reducing exposure of
the user. For example, if a label says to use the product in a well-ventilated area, go

90
outdoors or in areas equipped with an exhaust fan to use it. Otherwise, open up
windows to provide the maximum amount of outdoor air possible.
Throw away partially full containers of old or unneeded chemicals safely.
Because gases can leak even from closed containers, this single step could help lower
concentrations of organic chemicals in your home. (Be sure that materials decided to
be kept are stored not only in a well-ventilated area but are also safely out of reach of
children.) These unwanted products should not be tossed in the garbage can. Find out
if the local government or any organization in the community sponsors special days
for the collection of toxic household wastes. If such days are available, use them to
dispose of the unwanted containers safely. If no such collection days are available,
think about organizing one.
Buy limited quantities.
If certain products are used only occasionally or seasonally, such as paints, paint
strippers and kerosene for space heaters or diesel for lawn mowers, they should be
bought only as much as required right away.
Keep exposure to emissions from products containing methylene chloride to a
minimum.
Consumer products that contain methylene chloride include paint strippers, adhesive
removers and aerosol spray paints. Methylene chloride is known to cause cancer in
animals. Also, methylene chloride is converted to carbon monoxide in the body and
can cause symptoms associated with exposure to carbon monoxide. Carefully read
the labels containing health hazard information and cautions on the proper use of
these products. Use products that contain methylene chloride outdoors when
possible; use indoors only if the area is well ventilated.

91
Keep exposure to benzene to a minimum.
Benzene is a known human carcinogen. The main indoor sources of this chemical
are:
• environmental tobacco smoke
• stored fuels
• paint supplies
• automobile emissions in attached garages
Actions that will reduce benzene exposure include:
• eliminating smoking within the home
• providing for maximum ventilation during painting
• discarding paint supplies and special fuels that will not be used immediately
Keep exposure to perchloroethylene emissions from newly dry-cleaned
materials to a minimum.
Perchloroethylene is the chemical most widely used in dry cleaning. In laboratory
studies, it has been shown to cause cancer in animals. Recent studies indicate that
people breathe low levels of this chemical both in homes where dry-cleaned goods
are stored and as they wear dry-cleaned clothing. Dry cleaners recapture the
perchloroethylene during the dry-cleaning process so they can save money by re-
using it, and they remove more of the chemical during the pressing and finishing
processes. Some dry cleaners, however, do not remove as much perchloroethylene as
possible all of the time.
Taking steps to minimize your exposure to this chemical is prudent.
• If dry-cleaned goods have a strong chemical odor when you pick them up, do not
accept them until they have been properly dried.
• If goods with a chemical odor are returned to you on subsequent visits, try a different
dry cleaner.lxxiv

92
Terrace Garden (Green roof)
The site at Kandivilli being a food and beverage place requires huge quantities of
fresh herbs, that can be best grown under the solar panels as it requires a shade to
grow under.
Herbs required on daily bases.
Mint leaves, Coriander, Thyme, Oregano, Basil leaves and Rosemary.
Figure 52 : Terrace garden conforming to the fomular xps roofing insulation

93
Micro Drip Irrigation
Drip irrigation is a form of irrigation that saves water and fertilizer by allowing water
to drip slowly to the roots of many different plants, either onto the soil surface or
directly onto the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters.
As the herbs that will grow at site, do not need too much water, a micro drip
irrigation is proposed. The kit is available at Amazon for Rs. 1299/-. Inlet and out let
along with drainage will be provided at site.
Figure 53: M Drip Kitlxxv
Figure 54: Nozzelslxxvi

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