Factors affecting Quality of construction projects in India

Factors Affecting Quality of
Construction Projects
in India
By:
Ayush Khandelwal
A13559017183
MBA CPM
2017-2019
CAPSTONE PROJECT
MSCP 600
(2019)
RICS SCHOOL OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT
SCHOOL OF CONSTRUCTION
AMITY UNIVERSITY
NOIDA

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Declaration by the Candidate
I, Ayush khandelwal hereby declare that the project report entitled Factors
affecting Quality of construction projects in India submitted to RICS School of Built
Environment in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of MBA CPM
degree is a record of bonfide project work carried out by me under the guidance of
Mr. Omar Bashir.
I further declare that the work reported in this project has not been submitted
and will not be submitted, either in part or in full, for the award of any other degree
or diploma in this institute or any other institute or university.
Ayush Khandelwal
Place: Noida
Date: 13/03/2019

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Faculty Guide Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Ayush Khandelwal of MBA CPM, batch 2017-19
bearing enrolment no A13559017183 has prepared this report for Capstone Project
(MSCP 600) on “Factors affecting quality of construction projects in India” under my
guidance.
___________________
Faculty Guide Signature
(Mr. Omar Bashir)
Assistant Professor, School of construction
RICS School of Built Environment
Amity University, Noida (UP)

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Acknowledgement
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to Dean Mrs. Mona N Shah and
members of management for giving me this lifetime opportunity to work on the
project.
I express my heartiest gratitude to our beloved Associate Dean Director, School of
Construction Prof. Joseph Thanikal, who as an eminent researcher for his
overwhelming support and facilities provided to carry on this project work.
I am indebted to Prof. Mr. Omar Bashir for his meticulous guidance and some very
helpful and valuable suggestions through the course of my research. It was a great
pride to work under his guidance and supervision. I would like to express my sincere
gratitude towards him for taking his time out of very busy schedule & for providing
me continuous guidance and help.
Any successful work requires a whole team and no. of persons. I have also got help
from various persons during my research and here is my little effort to to express
my gratitude towards those helpful people.
I also express my deep gratitude towards my Parents, faculties, colleagues for their
encouragement which helped me a lot for successful completion of my research.
Signature
Ayush Khandelwal
MBA CPM 2017-19
RICS School of Built Environment, Amity University, Noida

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Table of Contents
1 Introduction .................................................................................................1
1.1 Statement of problem ...........................................................................2
1.2 Aim.......................................................................................................3
1.3 Objectives:............................................................................................3
1.4 Research Significance ..........................................................................3
1.5 Assumptions.........................................................................................4
2 Literature Review ........................................................................................5
2.1 Introduction..........................................................................................5
2.2 Global Literature Review of Quality....................................................5
3 Research methodology ..............................................................................10
3.1 Introduction........................................................................................10
3.2 Research Design.................................................................................10
3.3 Sampling Process and size of sample.................................................10
3.4 Target Populace of Research..............................................................11
3.5 Methodology ......................................................................................11
3.6 Questionnaire Design .........................................................................13
3.7 Validity of the Instruments of research..............................................13
3.8 Dependability of instrument...............................................................14
3.9 Ethical Contemplations ......................................................................14
3.10 Data Collection...............................................................................15
4 Data Analysis, Presentation, Explanation & Results.................................16
4.1 Introduction........................................................................................16
4.2 Demographic profile of respondents..................................................16
4.2.1 Age of respondents.......................................................................16
4.2.2 Educational qualification of respondents .....................................17

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4.2.3 Current designation of respondents..............................................18
4.3 Data Analysis .....................................................................................19
4.3.1 Reliability Test (Cronbach’s Alpha) ............................................19
4.3.2 Correlation matrix ........................................................................21
4.4 Quality affecting factors for building projects ...................................23
4.4.1 Design related factors...................................................................23
4.4.2 Materials.......................................................................................24
4.4.3 Communication............................................................................24
4.4.4 Equipment ....................................................................................25
4.4.5 Top Management support.............................................................26
4.4.6 Project Manager’s Competence ...................................................26
4.4.7 Labour related factors...................................................................27
4.4.8 Selection of Designers & Sub-contractors ...................................28
4.4.9 Financial issues ............................................................................28
4.4.10 Systems of quality and safety.....................................................29
4.4.11 Integrated Project execution.......................................................30
4.4.12 Contract Related factors.............................................................30
4.4.13 Experience, Skill & Co-operation of site staff...........................31
4.5 Results and Discussion......................................................................32
4.5.1 General .........................................................................................32
5 Conclusion and Recommendation.............................................................35
5.1 Recommendations and solutions........................................................35
5.2 Limitations & further research scope.................................................36
6 References .................................................................................................37
Appendix A Questionnaire …………………………………………………..39
Appendix B Factors in tabulated form……………………………………….44

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List of Figures
Figure 4.1 Age of respondents.........................................................................16
Figure 4.3Educational qualification of respondents ........................................17
Figure 4.4Designation of respondents .............................................................18
Figure 4.5 Extent of Design factors affecting quality......................................23
Figure 4.6 Materials.........................................................................................24
Figure 4.7 Communication ..............................................................................25
Figure 4.8 Equipment.......................................................................................25
Figure 4.9 Top management support .............................................................26
Figure 4.10 Project Manager’s competence.....................................................27
Figure 4.11 Labour related factors...................................................................27
Figure 4.12 Selection of Designers and Sub-contractors.................................28
Figure 4.13 Financial issues.............................................................................29
Figure 4.14 Systems of Quality and safety....................................................29
Figure 4.15 Integrated project execution .........................................................30
Figure 4.16 Contract Related factors ..............................................................31
Figure 4.17 Experience skill and co-operation of site staff .............................31

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List of Tables
Table 4.1Age group of respondents.................................................................16
Table 4.2Educational qualification of respondents..........................................17
Table 4.3Current designation of respondents ..................................................18
Table 4.4Case Processing Summary................................................................19
Table 4.5 Reliability Stactistics .......................................................................19
Table 4.6item Statistics....................................................................................20
Table 4.7 Correlation matrix............................................................................21
Table 4.8Item total Statistics............................................................................22
Table 4.9 Scale Statistics .................................................................................22
Table 4.10Ranking of factors...........................................................................33

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ABSTRACT
The construction industry plays an important role in Indian economy and
is comprised of many different participants & stakeholders (Client,
contractor, supplier, designer etc. Development of a nation is majorly
dependent on the progress and development construction industry and
success of construction industry depends on the quality. This research
was done with an aim of identifying various factors which are affecting
the Indian building construction industry. Preliminary literature review
identified the various factors and put them in a group to identify major
factors. The major identified factors were design related factors,
Materials selection usage and management, Communication, Selection
availability and usage of equipment, top management support, labour,
selection of designers and contractors, financial issues, systems of quality,
contract related factors and experience& skill of project staff. A
questionnaire was made to take the views and opinions of various experts
in the industry. After Responses, statistical analysis tool SPSS was used to
test the reliability of the factors and do further analysis. The factors were
then ranked tabulated and analysed according to relative importance
index (RII) using Microsoft excel. The research is intended to give
contractors, suppliers, Clients (owners), Project managers the
information which is required to efficiently manage a project and to give
information about various factors affecting the quality and ranking them.

1
1 Introduction
Construction industry plays a noteworthy role in development and
accomplishment the objectives of society; it’s also believed as biggest enterprises and
it contributes upto 10 percent of GNP in industrialized nations. Construction &
Development works are expanding quickly to meet the developing needs of the
population and keeping up with global development pace. To be progressive in Indian
construction industry, Project construction & management must be considered
cautiously and arranged well so as to get the best outcomes, and to help in moving in
the right direction. As indicated by (Collins, 1996) Quality of projects in simple words
can be defined as: “meeting with the customer’s expectations, or, compliance with
customer’s details and specifications”. For a typical user of India, quality can only be
fulfilment with the appearance, and how strong or reliable the project is in that price.
Of the viewpoints of time cost and quality, Schedule and cost are being taken
care most than quality in India. Not only owners but engineers and designers focus on
only the external look of the project and not on the internal quality which after few
years shows its colour. Almost all of the construction projects in India are always
behind the schedule and in order to accomplish the task the work is executed in a very
fast manner which by default excludes quality. Globally the studies conducted by the
researchers led to result that most of the construction projects fail to achieve their
desired outcome within cost and time. In UK construction industry 52% of their project
had a cost overrun of 10% and 45% had cost overrun of more than 25%. In India 56%
of projects had cost overrun by 20% and 49% had time overrun between 1 month to
160 months. Construction projects and quality are two things which are inseparable.
Clients puts the money in project with the sole aim of getting benefits from the
investment. Indian Construction industry is known to be a tedious, time consuming
and material draining industry, because of its unpredictability and instability led by
continuously shifting needs. No Client or Investor would put his/her resources into a
venture that appear to keep going forever, with unknown and unspecified cost.

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Therefore, there is a direct connection among time and cost of venture. Quality is
always considered as discriminating factor in the Indian industry and quality is always
portrayed by low quality. The achievement of quality in Indian construction industry
is critical and poor quality leads to rework and disappointment of clients.
1.1 Statement of problem
Achievement of quality construction in Indian construction industry has been
a major problem since decades. India’s construction market is going to be 3rd largest
by the year 2025. The industry of construction equipment is going to reach a huge
revenue of $5 billions by 2020. Indian real estate market was estimated to be of 120
billion dollars in year 2017 which is going to reach a height of $1 trillion dollars by the
end of next decade. Within next 6 years construction industry will contribute to
around 13% of the GDP. Government of India has launched various programmes for
construction sector such as Smart cities mission, AMRUT, Global housing technology
challenge and construction of various industrial corridors yet India is facing a basic
problem of construction which is achievement of quality in it. The industry employs
7.5 crore people in India and thus quality of construction becomes a very important
issue in India. Various studies have been done in this area to find out the factors which
are really affecting the Indian construction industry yet still we are not able to achieve
quality. Various studies have dealt with the factors affecting the project performance
while only few literatures are there which addresses the quality creating a gap in the
literature. This study aims to address only the critical issues which are really affecting
the quality performance of Indian construction industry.

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1.2 Aim
► Aim: The purpose for this research is to identify the factors influencing quality
of construction projects in India.
1.3 Objectives:
The objective of the study is to find:
o “How much Construction equipment affect the quality of projects.
o How much Availability/Non-availability of Funds affect the quality of projects.
o How much Construction materials influence the quality of projects.
o How the presence or absence of Trained personnel influence the quality of
projects
o How Availability of labor affect the quality of projects and many such factors.
o And many other factors & also
o To provide solution for all the major identified factors”.
1.4 Research Significance
The conducted research is important as it seeks to shed increasingly light on
factors influencing quality of construction projects in India. The research is done for
its applicability by various project participants or stakeholders such as Government
organisations like PWD , CPWD, Architects, Quantity Surveyors, project managers,
contractors, Students, construction management authority, financial institutions,
students, professional persons. The information which is gathered here would enable
all the project participants or stakeholders to make correct decisions when they are

4
investing in any projects, also it will shed light on ills of quality of construction projects
. It will assist contractors in highlighting the various pit-falls so that they can execute
work as per quality and refrain from being black listed. This study will also help
contractors to understand the nature of the materials market so they can bid well and
which will help them for securing works against tenders.
1.5 Assumptions
• It is assumed that all the respondents answered truly and honestly to all the
questions asked to them.
• It is also assumed that all the authorities whose help were asked for gave their
best possible co-operation.
• It is also assumed that all the factors identified in the literature study were true
and related.

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2 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
This chapter contains literature review on the subject of QUALITY in
construction industry which has been done. The section likewise offers hypothetical,
observational and applied structures on which the study is based.
2.2 Global Literature Review of Quality
Quality is most weighted aspect in construction projects which if overlooked
may result in Time and cost overrun. (Arditi & Gunaydin, 1998) researchers carried out
a research to get to know about the factors which are interfering with quality over
lifecycle of project i.e in 3 phases viz “design, construction and operation”. (Arditi &
Gunaydin, 1998)Questionnaire survey was done in which design firms received a
questionnaire about “phase of designing” similarly construction organisations about
“phase of construction “ and ”property management firms” about “Phase of
operation” “Management commitment and leadership, training team work, statistical
methods and supplier involvement/ customer service” were found to be general
factors which interferes with quality. Specific attributes which affect the quality in
design phase are “proper choice of design firms , and communication between design
firm and owner”. Arditi & Gunaydin (1998) .The factors which affect quality during
construction phase are “supervision by the contractors and sub-contractors regarding
quality, proper flow of design details by architect to working agency and selection of
a construction company through a prequalification procedure which has required
expertise, technical and financial capability”. The factors which affect quality during
operation phase are a detailed manual regarding the frequency and about the
maintenance and early decisions regarding the budget of building required for
maintenance (Arditi & Gunaydin, 1998).

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(Jha & Iyer, 2006) carried out a study to find the critical factors affecting the quality
of construction projects. 55 attributes were identified from a preliminary
survey which were responsible for affecting the performance of projects.
Further by statistical analysis the identified attributes were divided into two
broad divisions of Success and failure factors. The critical success factors which
were identified were: competence of the project manager, Support of Top
management, Process of feedback and monitoring of the participants,
interaction between various project participants, and what is the owner’s
competence. The factors which affected the project to a great extent were
existing conflict among project participants, social-economic environment,
climatic condition, Ignorance of project manager, lack of knowledge, wrong
conceptualisation of the project and the competition at the time of tendering.
Analysis also helped in concluding that the extent to which the success factors
are, varies with the current rating of performance of projects. Two factors viz.
project manager’s competence and top management support play a crucial
role in enhancing the quality of the project. As in the manufacturing industry
top management plays an important role same goes true with the construction
industry. Compliance with the quality specifications is an important
performance measure of a construction project. The consequences of poor
quality can affect the productivity and can lead to loss in the market share of
the enterprise which will lead to loss of the company.
(peter, et al., 2010) carried out an empirical study to firstly define what is quality in
construction industry secondly what are the benefits if implementation of the
quality is done and thirdly to look out for the effective barriers for the
implementation of quality. Results of various interviews and questionnaire
survey done shows that contractors in the construction industry do
understand about the quality but are having some barriers in implementation
of it. In this paper recent developments were shown which will be very helpful
for overcoming of barriers. It was discussed in the journal that changed is slow
in the industry and much effort and pain is needed to implement quality in
construction industry. This journal talks about the reasons and method of

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implementing Total quality management (TQM) in the construction industry.
Also the benefits of implementing TQM were shown.
(Mallawaarachchi & Senaratne, 2015) The purpose of the research was to study the
importance of quality for success of a construction project. Construction
projects are expected to be a good result of all the 3 aspects i.e. Time, cost,
quality. A construction project can high quality and low cost but at the expense
of time. Similarly, a construction project can have high quality and fast project
but at the expense of cost. Truly quality has never been a priority for client but
is extremely important for success of a construction project. Author states that
a good quality program and with minimal defects is likely to have a smooth and
free transition into the commissioning stage and qualification stage. It
becomes a necessity to introduce concept of quality throughout all the phases
of a building project. Proper quality management plan should be implemented
at the inception stage of the project where quality drawings, standard
procedures and constructability of design can affect the quality of a project.
(Gwahula Raphael & Augustine, 2016) did and extensive research to find out the
factors which are affecting the quality of government financed projects in
Tanzania. The study was done as the government projects were having lot of
variation in time cost and quality. Closed end questionnaire was distributed
among the industry people to identify the factors which if not taken into
consideration can lead to serious quality issue. How a project is financed, what
is the experience of the contractor in the same construction industry, what
technology will be adopted, what plant and machinery to be used and most
importantly knowledge and skills of Project manager were important factors
which were found out from an extensive research. The paper also discussed
that the factors found out from the study have a huge role if looked at initiation
of the project and if ignored can result in affecting the quality of the
construction process.
Razek, (1998) researched for methodology of quality improvement and found
that satisfaction of workers is main factor in Egypt. In the opinion of 90% construction

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managers 16 factors were identified along with their relative importance on how to
improve construction quality (Abdel-Razek, 1998).
(Adnan Enshassi & Sherif, 2009) tried to study about the problems and
issues which were affecting the project located in Gaza strip. Consequently the
paper was aimed to find out the factors influencing from .From literature
review a set of factors were identified and a questionnaire was prepared and
distributed among the consultants, contractors, and owners. All these 3 groups
of people commonly found the following factors : Delays because of either
road block /path block leading to material shortage , price escalation of
materials, level of leadership in project , Inexistence of experienced staff,
resources unavailability & quality of materials and equipment available. The
recommendations made by Authors were to train all the project personnel
with proper and continuous training on improving the project performance. All
management level personnel should be involved in daily decision making. For
developing the project performance continuous coordination is required
between all the project participants. For increasing the owner’s satisfactions
designers should be more interested in designing economically. More
contingency allowance, Proper safety programs, Minimizing waste, using of
quality materials and employing of cost engineers by contractors were some
of other suggestions which authors made.
(Shively, 1990) carried out a study to find out the list of specific actions
which a firm should employ to ensure quality in the construction organizations.
Firms should more cautious in the following areas , Goals and objectives,
relations with public, structure of organisation, Development of employee,
employing professional and technical staff to ensure that quality is maintained
in the organisations.
(Panuwatwanicha & Nguyenb, 2017) studied the type of firms are
favourable for the implementation of TQM in Vietnam construction industry
and will TQM will help to improve the construction performance. According to
the research done by author it was found that Clan and hierarchy culture is
dominant in the Vietnamese firms in comparison of adhocracy culture as per
the classification by CVF. It was also found that along with flexibility and

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balance focus culture, Focus on internal focus proves to be good for
implementation of TQM. It was also concluded that overall existing OC of the
Vietnamese construction industry appears to be favourable for the
implementation of TQM.
(Abdulsalam, 2013) Studied on factors affecting the design quality in
construction in Syria. According to him design defines the future of the the
performance of the project. Poor design was found to be the dominant factor
in affecting the quality of overall performance of project. The other factors
affecting the design quality were inadequate time of design , Process of
selecting architect/designer , Lowest offered price, continual changing of
client’s requirements and Poor documentation.

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3 Research methodology
3.1 Introduction
This chapter is concerned with research methodology which were employed
to find solution to the objectives of research. The sampling techniques employed,
desired target audience, size of sample, data validity & reliability, procedures and
consequently the analysis of the received data is discussed in this chapter.
3.2 Research Design
The planning of a research design encourages research to be as proficient as
possible yielding maximal data. At the end of the day, the purpose of research design
is to accommodate the collection of applicable and useful data with negligible use of
labour, time and cash. (Kothari, 2004) However, how all these can be accomplished
depends fundamentally on the purpose of research. In these study Quantitative design
was employed to know about the view of the various project participants towards the
factors which are influencing quality of construction in India. Qualitative approach is
then applied to get the insight knowledge and to know what are the perceptions of
different project participants towards quality.
3.3 Sampling Process and size of sample
Sampling is a process of selecting a sub-group of people from a group of people
to take part in the research process. (Kothari, 2004). A sample is a very small sub group
of people who are chosen on the basis of accessibility. The sample selected is chosen
in a way that they represent the sample proportion. Consensus was then used. Size of
sample is chosen is optimum based on the reliability & accessibility.

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3.4 Target Populace of Research
Target populace refers to the group of people or objects to which the person
conducting research is keen on summing up the ends. The target population of this
research are Engineers, Contractors, Suppliers, Academicians, Designers and
architects.
3.5 Methodology
The methodology used in this research is accumulation and collection of data
by taking survey. Various literature papers were studied for knowing the methods of
collection of data.After literature reviews of various Indian and international authors
on the subject of quality broad categories of factors which are affecting the quality of
construction projects were identified. A questionnaire was then prepared including all
the major factors identified to know the weightage and rank of individual factors.
Likert’s scale was used for this purpose.
“Likert scale” ranges from "Very Low extent " to "Moderate” in middle and
“very high extent” on the extreme right. Typically, they incorporate a moderate or
nonpartisan midpoint. Likert’s scale was named so as it was invented by psychologist
Rensis Likert. A similar scale was employed here giving options to respondents from
very low extent to very high extent.

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The questionnaire was distributed to target population via different mediums.
The data was then collected and analysed using SPSS and Ms Excel software. RII was
employed to do ranking. Then from the obtained results suggestions were offered
against each identified factors.
LITERATURE
Review
PREPARATION OF
QUESTIONNAIRE
QUESTIONNAIRE
SURVEY
DATA
COLLECTION
Identification and
Ranking of quality
factors
Analysis using
SPSS and MS
excel
CONCLUSION &
RECOMMENDATION

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3.6 Questionnaire Design
A questionnaire is most common and widely used research instrument which
is generally used to gather information from the respondents. In the questionnaire of
this research the respondents were asked their views on the identified factors. They
were asked to fill in their response in a scale from “Very low extent” to “very high
extent”. This scale is employed when respondents are asked about their agreement
or disagreement about the statement.
Also in this very busy world people find little time to do their self work forget
about giving time for some other’s work.That is the reason why this questionnaire was
designed in simple words and the answers were common for all in which people have
to respond on a simple scale which takes a very less time and leading to being effective
as respondents have to just simply read the statement and answer. The version of
Likert’s scale which was used here was corresponding to
1. “Very low extent “
2. “Low extent”
3. “Moderate extent”
4. “High extent”
5. “Very High extent”
Following Likert’s scale has been so useful for this research in knowing the
views of respondents of different demographics against the given statement and,
is therefore most suitable for this research.
3.7 Validity of the Instruments of research
Validity means the research instrument used is measuring what it was desired
to measured. Validity is the precision, soundness or viability with which an instrument
estimates what it is proposed to quantify. The questionnaire and methodology to be
used were discussed with the faculty guide prior to preparation and was reviewed

14
properly by guide. The guide was asked about his views about the to what limit the
instrument employed would do justice with the aims and objectives of the research.
3.8 Dependability of instrument
Dependability or reliability is defined as the extent to which the employed
research instruments gives the same and almost consistent results after several trials.
An instrument is dependable when it can gauge a variable precisely and acquire similar
outcomes over some stretch of time. This research study used the “test – retest”
method in which the same group of respondents were asked to fill the questionnaire
at two different time. ”test-retest” method was employed to check the dependability
of the research instrument.
3.9 Ethical Contemplations
All respondents were treated with politness and respect henceforth abstaining
from misconception between the researcher and respondents and they were
educated of the motivation behind the investigation. Every respondent was cordially
asked for to fill the questionnaire and were guaranteed of confidentiality to any data
they gave

15
3.10 Data Collection
The questionnaire designed was sent to the different group of people related
to construction industry. Out of the 80-questionnaire sent 72 responses were received
which come out to be 90% which is a good response rate. The collected responses
were then analysed and interpreted with the help of SPSS and MS Excel to draw out
the inferences
No. of Questionnaire
Sent
80
No. of Responses
received
72
Response rate 90 %
.

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4 Data Analysis, Presentation, Explanation & Results
4.1 Introduction
This chapter includes the data analysis and presentation of the data received
from respondents. It also includes explanation wherever required. The research was
aimed to find out the factors affecting quality in Indian construction industry.
4.2 Demographic profile of respondents
4.2.1 Age of respondents
Table 4.1Age group of respondents
Age Numbers Percentage %
20-30 Years 49 68.06
31-40 Years 5 6.94
41-50 Years 7 9.72
Above 50 Years 11 15.28
Grand Total 72 100.00
Figure 4.1 Age of respondents

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4.2.2 Educational qualification of respondents
Table 4.2Educational qualification of respondents
Qualification Number Percentage %
B. Arch 3 4.17
B.E/ BTech 22 30.56
Diploma 5 6.94
MBA (Construction) /M.E/ M.Tech 42 58.33
Grand Total 72 100%
Figure 4.2Educational qualification of respondents

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4.2.3 Current designation of respondents
Table 4.3Current designation of respondents
Qualification Number Percentage %
Client 7 9.7%
Contractor 14 19.4%
Designer/Architect 7 9.7%
Engineer 26 36.1%
Professor of Construction 3 4.2%
Project Manager 13 18.15
Students 2 2.8%
Grand Total 72 100%
Figure 4.3Designation of respondents

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4.3 Data Analysis
4.3.1 Reliability Test (Cronbach’s Alpha)
Cronbach alpha is an estimate of the internal consistency associated with this
course that can be derived from a scale or composite score and reliability is important
because in the absence reliability it's impossible to have any validity associated with
the scores of scale that's why it's important to do. Usually this analysis is done before
any type of analysis on data especially combining scores together.
Cronbach’s alpha helps to determine whether it justifiable to interpret scores
that have been aggregated together.
This analysis was done with the help of SPSS software by choosing all the
identified factors. There are different options also available like split half , Guttman
and parallel but the most commonly used is Cronbach’s alpha.
Table 4.4Case Processing Summary
N %
Cases Valid 72 100.0
Excludeda
0 .0
Total 72 100.0
.
Table 4.5 Reliability Stactistics
In our case the Cronbach alpha comes out to 0.767 it indicates that the data is
highly reliable and can be used for further study.
Cronbach's Alpha
Cronbach's Alpha
Based on Standardized
Items N of Items
.767 .771 13

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Table 4.6item Statistics
Mean
Std.
Deviation N
Design related factors
4.01
.
831
72
Materials selection ,usage and
management 4.03
.
839
72
Lack of Communication
4.04
.
999
72
Selection , Availability and usage
of equipment
3.56
.
991
72
Top management's support
3.86
.
983
72
Project manager's Competence
3.99
.
896
72
Labour related factors
3.89
.
897
72
Selection of Designers and sub-
contractors 3.86
.
983
72
Financial issues
4.14
.
939
72
Systems of Quality and safety
3.90
.
858
72
Integrated project execution
3.75
.
868
72
Contract related factors
3.69
.
988
72
Experience,skill, and co-
operation of site staff
3.99
.
942
72

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4.3.2 Correlation matrix
It shows the correlation between different factors either they are positively
related or negatively related.
Table 4.7 Correlation matrix

22
Table 4.8Item total Statistics
Table 4.9 Scale Statistics
Scale
Mean if Item
Deleted
Scale
Variance if Item
Deleted
Correcte
d Item-Total
Correlation
Squared
Multiple
Correlation
Cronbac
h's Alpha if Item
Deleted
Design related factors 46.69 34.131 .349 .329 .757
Materials selection
,usage and management
46.68 33.291 .436 .392 .749
Lack of
Communication
46.67 33.211 .347 .303 .757
Selection , Availability
and usage of equipment
47.15 31.906 .475 .318 .743
Top management's
support
46.85 34.047 .279 .248 .765
Project manager's
Competence
46.72 32.823 .447 .355 .747
Labour related factors 46.82 33.023 .425 .331 .749
Selection of Designers
and sub-contractors
46.85 34.300 .256 .287 .767
Financial issues 46.57 34.418 .264 .183 .765
Systems of Quality
and safety
46.81 32.807 .474 .364 .745
Integrated project
execution
46.96 31.871 .570 .449 .735
Contract related
factors
47.01 33.084 .365 .186 .755
Experience,skill, and
co-operation of site staff
46.72 32.541 .445 .434 .747
M
ean
V
ariance
Std.
Deviation
N of
Items
5
0.71
38
.210
6.181 13

23
4.4 Quality affecting factors for building projects
This part of the report discusses on the basis of the responses collected from
respondents.
4.4.1 Design related factors
In this the respondents were asked about the extent to which Design related
factors like conformanace to IS Codes,standard and specification,Completeness and
correctness of the detailed drawings and BOQ and changes in design affects the
quality of project.
45.8% thinks that the design related factors affect the quality to a high extent
while 29.2% respondents think that it affects to a very high extent. 22% people agrees
to the fact that it moderately affects quality.
Figure 4.4 Extent of Design factors affecting quality

24
4.4.2 Materials
The respondents were asked about how much the material selection , usage
and management affect the quality of construction in India. 43% respondents agreed
that selection and availability of materials affect the project quality to a high extent
while 31.9% thinks that materials is a very important factor and affects the quality of
project to a very high extent.
4.4.3 Communication
The respondents were asked to rate to extent to which Lack of communication
can affect the quality of construction in India. 43.1% thinks that lack of communication
affects the project quality to a very high extent while 25 % thinks it affects to a high
extent. Also it should be noted that 23.6% of the respondents said it affects to a
moderate extent while 8.3% thinks that it affects quality of project to a low extent.
Figure 4.5 Materials

25
4.4.4 Equipment
Equipment selection, availability and usage were found to be one of important
factor which affects the quality in Indian construction sector. Proper management and
utilization should be done.
According to respondents 25 (34.7 % ) of them thinks that it affects moderately
while same percentage of people agrees that it affects to a high extent. It should also
be noted that 2.8% of respondents thinks that equipment affects the quality to a very
low extent while 18.1% stated that it very highly affects the quality.
Figure 4.6 Communication
Figure 4.7 Equipment

26
4.4.5 Top Management support
According to 30.6% respondents top management support affects quality to a
very high extent while 25 (34.7%) respondents think that it affects the quality to a
high extent.6.9% respondents also thinks that it affects the project to a very low extent
while 26.4% stated that it moderately affects the quality of the project.
4.4.6 Project Manager’s Competence
The respondents were asked about the extent to which competence of Project
manager affects the quality of the project. According to 41.7% of the respondents the
project manager’s competency affects the project to a considerable high extent while
according to 30% it affects the project’s quality to a very high extent. 20.8% of the
respondents agreed that this factor moderately affects the quality of the project. It
should also be noted that 6.9% agreed that it very minutely affects the quality of
project and depends on several other factors.
Figure 4.8 Top management support

27
4.4.7 Labour related factors
It was found from literature review that Labour related factors like labour
management system, their motivation, their income level and their experience in the
same field affects the quality of construction projects in India. The respondents were
asked about their views about this 36 & 29.2 % thinks that it affects to a high and very
high extent respectively. It is necessary to say that labour has a huge role over the
quality of project in Indian scenario.
Figure 4.9 Project Manager’s competence
Figure 4.10 Labour related factors

28
4.4.8 Selection of Designers & Sub-contractors
Selection of Designers and sub-contractors were found to be a important
factor. Selection of designer should be based on their respective experience and
skill over a type of a project. The respondents were asked to rate the extent to
which 34 % agreed that it affects to a high extent while 30% stated that it affects
very highly. Thus it can be said that this factor has a huge role to play on
Project’s quality.
4.4.9 Financial issues
Different financial issues related to cash and finance were identified
from literature review of various authors. Identified factors were cash flow of
contractor, changes in rates of materials and labour, cost of doing rework, cost
induced by changes in design and profit from the given project for contractor
and client. Respondents were asked can these factors affect the quality and
41.7% agreed that it is the major factor which causes a change in quality whether
positive or negative. The below graph also shows that 18.1% thinks that it
moderately affect and quality depends upon lot many other factors. From the
received response it will be correct to say that financial issues listed above do
affect the quality of project in Indian industry.
Figure 4.11 Selection of Designers and Sub-contractors

29
4.4.10 Systems of quality and safety
Respondents were asked if proper system of quality and safety employed to
what extent it will affect the quality .Systems here refers to proper usage of specially
developed software and hardware for quality control and proper implementation of
quality control program and quality assurance system. According to the response
received it can be said that if the construction organisation employs proper safety and
quality programs it will hamper the quality of a project to high extent and according
to 50% of the respondent it is a necessary factor.
Figure 4.12 Financial issues
Figure 4.13 Systems of Quality and safety

30
4.4.11 Integrated Project execution
Integrated system of management for execution of project is gathering of all
processes which ensures various processes are well synchronised and coordinated. In
India the project suffers delays and cost overrun because of lack of planning for
execution and most of the work is done in a haphazard manner. The whole system is
not integrated whether it be labour, material and equipment. If proper integration of all
these 3 important factors is done it will leave no chance of interfering with project
quality. The respondents were also asked about the same to which majority 49% agreed
that it can affect quality to a high extent and therefore becomes an important factor
which is affecting quality of projects in India. It should also be noted that none out of
72 respondents agreed that it doesn’t affect the project’s quality
4.4.12 Contract Related factors
Contract related factors refer to whether a clear standard wriiten document is
been used .what type of awarding system is used and whether a standard contract is
used or not. Respondents were asked about the same to which a mixed type of views
were seen. 30.6% thinks that it mpderately affects the quality and quality depends on
other factors while 34% thinks that it can affect quality to a high extent. 23.6 and 9.7%
people thinks that it very affects to very high and very low extent respectively.
Figure 4.14 Integrated project execution

31
4.4.13 Experience, Skill & Co-operation of site staff
This can be identified as one of the major factors which affects quality.How is
the co-opertaion between various site staffs of contactor and supervision, what type
of skills do the staff of contactor and client possess are they competent enough for
handling the project in regard of experience. This factor very highly affects the quality
and the responses received also proves the same.43.1 % thinks that it highly affect the
quality of project while 30.6 % thinks that it affects the project quality to a very high
extent. Therefore, it can be regarded as a huge factor affecting quality.
Figure 4.15 Contract Related factors
Figure 4.16 Experience skill and co-operation of site staff

32
4.5 Results and Discussion
4.5.1 General
Total 80 questionnaires were distributed among respondents out of which 72
responded positively & effectively. The response rate is 90% which is a very good for
this type of research. Questionnaires were distributed to various professionals and
stakeholders of construction industry in order to gather the view from each perspective.
The below graph summarises the computed RII and table 4.12 summarises the ranking
of various identified factors.
Relative importance index (RII) of the factors identified
0.800
0.806 0.806
0.711
0.772
0.792
0.778 0.775
0.822
0.775
0.750
0.739
0.792
0.640
0.660
0.680
0.700
0.720
0.740
0.760
0.780
0.800
0.820
0.840
RII
FACTORS
RII

33
Table 4.10Ranking of factors
Factors RII RANK
Design related factors (Specifications, Conformance to
codes & completeness)
0.800 4
Materials selection, usage and management 0.806 2
Lack of Communication 0.806 2
Selection, Availability and usage of equipment 0.711 13
Top management's support 0.772 10
Project manager's Competence 0.792 5
Labour related factors 0.778 7
Selection of Designers and sub-contractors 0.775 8
Financial issues (Cash flow, liquidity, profit and cost of
rework)
0.822 1
Systems of Quality and safety 0.775 8
Integrated project execution 0.750 11
Contract related factors 0.739 12
Experience, skill, and co-operation of site staff 0.792 5

34
Financial issues has been ranked first with an RII of .822 by the respondents. It
should also be noted that as calculated in SPSS software Financial issues same rank 1
with a mean value of 4.1 and thus the results get verified . Lack of Communication and
materials selection and usage of equipment hold the 2nd position with same RII of .806
,also the mean values and rank of the factors were same when calculated in SPSS.

35
5 Conclusion and Recommendation
The major aim of this research was to find out the factors which are responsible
for affecting quality in Indian industry. The research has been successful in identifying
the factors and also to what extent each factor affect the quality. The results were than
analysed and ranked for identifying on which issues the focus should be on. Better
quality in construction leads to success of the project and as the construction industry
is being one of the major contributors of India’s GDP quality is indirectly affecting the
economy of the country.
5.1 Recommendations and solutions
• Financial issues like cashflow of contractor, profit and cost of rework (if
known) can help in better quality of the project in Indian scenario.
• High quality advanced materials should be selected and properly
managed in order to maintain the quality of project.
• Communication between all the participants of the projects should be
continuous and effective. Communications programmes should be
incorporated to develop effective communication in project.
• Design needs to be more clear and concise and should be prepared by
expert professionals in accordance with standards and codes.
• Proper training programmes should be included to train the site staff of
both contractor and client. A selection criteria should be developed
based on the skills required in site.
• Project manager is the key person for the success of the project and
should be highly competent.
• Labours are the first person from which quality gets affected and should
be properly manged trained and selected on basis of their skills.
• Proper system for quality and safety should be developed at
organisation’s level and should be followed religiously.
• Designers and sub-contractors should be selected purely on the basis of
their experience and skill.

36
• Top management should support and should develop a regular checking
and analysing system in order to support the staff and motivate for
quality.
• All the processes of the project and activities should be properly
integrated.
• A clear contract should be in written specifying the deliverables and a
proper awarding system of work should be done.
• Regular maintenance of the construction equipment should be done in
order to manage them effectively. Durable equipment equipped with
advanced technology should be purchased and used.
5.2 Limitations & further research scope
This study has identified the factors affecting the quality in Indian industry and
the identified factors are only viable to the Indian constext. This type of study can be
done for other industry and countries and will help to identify the factors.

37
6 References
Abdel-Razek, R. H., 1998. Quality Improvement in Egypt: Methodology and
Implementation,ASCE. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,
124(5), pp. 354-360.
Abdulsalam, D. Z., 2013. “Factors Affecting Design Quality in Construction
Industry in Syria”,. Damascus University Journal, 29(xx), pp. 47-48.
Acıkaraa, T., Kazazb, A. & Ulubeylic, S., 2017. Evaluations of Construction
Project Participants’ Attitudes Toward. Procedia Engineering, 196(xxxxxxxx), pp.
203-210.
Adnan Enshassi & Sherif, M. &. A. S., 2009. Factors affecting the performance
of Construction projects in the Gaza Strip. Journal of Civil Engineering and
Management., 15(3), pp. 269-280.
Arditi, D. & Gunaydin, H. . M., 1998. Factors that affect process quality in the
life cycle of building projects. ASCE Journal of Construction Engineering and
Management, 124(3)(x), pp. 194-203.
Collins, J. F. C., 1996. Quality: The Ball in your Court. In: xx, ed. xx. New
Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill, p. xx.
Czajkowska A., K. M., 2015. Management of factors affecting quality of
processes in construction enterprises. Polish journal of management studies,, 11(x), pp.
28-38.
Gwahula Raphael & Augustine, W. P., 2016. An Assessment of Critical Factors
Affecting Quality Performance of Government Financed Construction Projects:
Evidence from Tanzania. Business Management and Strategy, 7,(2), pp. 82-101.
Janipha, F. I., 2013. Conceptualisation of quality issues in Malaysian
construction environment. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 101, 101(X), pp.
53-61.

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Jha, K. & Iyer, K., 2006. Critical Factors Affecting Quality Performance in
Construction Projects. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 17(9), pp.
1155-1170.
Kothari, C., 2004. Research methodology mthods and techniques. 2nd ed. New
Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers.
Mallawaarachchi, H. & Senaratne, S., 2015. Importance of Quality for
Construction Project Success. 6th International Conference on Structural Engineering
and Construction Management, XXX(6th), p. XXXX.
Nairobi, U. o., 2002. University of Nairobi Research archive. [Online]
Available at: https://bit.ly/2IyBshb
[Accessed 20 February 2019].
Panuwatwanicha, K. & Nguyenb, T. T., 2017. Influence of Total Quality
Management on Performance of Vietnamese Construction Firms. 7th International
Conference on Engineering, Project, and Production Management, 182(7th), pp. 548-
555.
peter, H., pascale, c. & todd, l., 2010. 'Barriers and benefits of quality
management in the construction industry: An empirical study'. Total Quality
Management & Business Excellence, 21(9), pp. 953-969.
Pheng, L. S., 2004. Implementing total quality management in construction
firms. ASCE Journal of Management in Engineering, 20(1), pp. 8-15.
Shively, J. E., 1990. 'Survey of Quality-assurance procedures within consultant
industry'. Journal of Management Eng., 6(xx), pp. 378-387.

39
Appendix A
Questionnaire
NAME *
Your answer
Age *
1. 20-30 Years
2. 31-40 Years
3. 41-50 Years
4. Above 50 Years
Experience in construction industry *
1. 0-2 years
2. 2-5 years
3. 5-10 years
4. More than 10 years
Current Designation
1. Project Manager
2. Engineer
3. Client
4. Designer/Architect
5. Contractor
6. Other:
Educational Qualification *
1. B.E/B.tech
2. MBA (Construction) /M.E/ M.Tech
3. B.Arch
4. Diploma
5. Others

40
In your opinion how much does "Design related factors"
(Specifications, Conformance to codes & completeness)
affects the quality of construction in India *
❖ Very Low Extent -------(1)
❖ Low Extent -----------(2)
❖ Moderate ------------(3)
❖ High extent------------(4)
❖ Very High extent-----(5)
To what extent " Materials selection, usage and
management" affect the quality of construction in India? *
❖ Low Extent --------------(2)
❖ Moderate ---------------(3)
❖ High extent---------------(4)
❖ Very High extent--------(5)
Does" Lack of Communication" affect the quality of
construction in India? *
❖ Low Extent --------------(2)
❖ Moderate ---------------(3)
❖ High extent---------------(4)
To what extent "Selection, Availability and usage of
equipment" affects quality of construction in India *
❖ Low Extent --------------(2)
❖ Moderate ---------------(3)

41
❖ High extent---------------(4)
To what extent "Top management's support" affects the
quality? *
❖ Low Extent --------------(2)
❖ Moderate ---------------(3)
❖ High extent---------------(4)
To what extent "Project manager's Competence" affect
quality? *
❖ Low Extent --------------(2)
❖ Moderate ---------------(3)
❖ High extent---------------(4)
To What extent does "labour related factors" affects the
quality of construction in India? *
❖ Low Extent --------------(2)
❖ Moderate ---------------(3)
❖ High extent---------------(4)
To what extent "Selection of Designers and sub-
contractors " affects quality of construction in India *

42
❖ Low Extent --------------(2)
❖ Moderate ---------------(3)
❖ High extent---------------(4)
To what extent "Financial issues(Cash flow, liquidity,
profit and cost of rework)" affects quality? *
❖ Low Extent --------------(2)
❖ Moderate ---------------(3)
❖ High extent---------------(4)
In your opinion how much does "Systems of Quality and
safety " affects the quality of construction. *
❖ Low Extent --------------(2)
❖ Moderate ---------------(3)
❖ High extent---------------(4)
To what extent "Integrated project execution " can affect
Quality? *
❖ Low Extent --------------(2)
❖ Moderate ---------------(3)
❖ High extent---------------(4)
To what extent does "Contract related factors" like type
of contract and awarding system affects the quality? *

43
❖ Low Extent --------------(2)
❖ Moderate ---------------(3)
❖ High extent---------------(4)
To what extent does " Experience, skill, and co-operation
of site staff " can affect Quality? *
❖ Low Extent --------------(2)
❖ Moderate ---------------(3)
❖ High extent---------------(4)

44
Appendix B
Factors Affecting in Tabulated Form
Author Factors
David Arditi.,& H.
Murat Gunaydin. (1998),
‘Factors that affect process
Quality in the life cycle of
building projects’, Journal
of Constr. Eng. Manage,
ASCE.,Vol.124, pp.194-
203.
Generic factors
Management commitment for continous
quality improvement
management leadership in promoting high
process quality
quality training of personnel
efficient teamwork to promote quality issues to
corporate level
effective cooperation between parties taking
part in project
Industry specific factors
Selection of designers and contractors on merit
communcation practices between parties
inspection of quality on site
buidling operation manual that is thorough
adequate operation and maintainence budget
that is planned early at design phase
K. N. Jha & K. C.
Iyer (2006) Critical Factors
Affecting Quality
Performance in
Construction Projects,
Total Quality Management
and Business Excellence,
17:9, 1155-1170, DOI:
10.1080/14783360600750
444
Critical success factors
Project manager competence
top management support
Monitoring and feedback by by project
particpants
nteraction among project participants
owners’ competence.
Failure factors
conflict among project participants
hostile socio-economic environment
harsh climatic condition
faulty project conceptualization
PM’s ignorance & lack of knowledge
aggressive competition during tendering
AN EMPRICAL
STUDY ON FACTORS
AFFECTING
THE QUALITY IN
CONSTRUCTION
PROJECTK. Rajkumar1,
S. Kavin2, S. Jagadeesh3,
1) Cost
2) Time
3) Innovation and learning
4) Client satisfaction
5) Environmental factors
6) Health issues
7) Size and value of the project

45
8) Improper records of the labours day work
9) Complexity of the project
10) Availability of labour near site
11) Availability of skilled labour
12) Poor cost control of equipment
13) Improper Equipment utilization in site
14) Decision at right time
15) Non-support by the management
16) Negative attitude of contractors, labours.
17) Payment to workers
18) Opposition of political environment
19) Amount of work stoppage
20) Expiry of Guarantee
21) Drawing with less details
22) Inexperienced staff supervision
23) No raw material access places
24) Insufficient cash flow by contactors
25) Low quality raw material
26) Scale ratio problem in design
27) Unclear site layout
28) Poor labour management
29) No safety programs to labours
30) Access to site is difficult
31) Design codes & standards,
32) Financial issues,
33) Customer satisfaction,
34) Planning and scheduling,
35) Materials and equipments,
36) Human resources,
37) Coordination,
38) Inspection,
39) Risk,
40) Method of execution and
41) Type of organization.
International
Journal for Research in
Applied Science &
Engineering
Technology (IJRASET)
©IJRASET 2015: All
Rights are Reserved
200
1) Design
2) Lack of communication
3) Conformance to codes and standards
4) Selection of designer
5) Co-operation of parties
6) Management factors
7) Selection of contractor
8) Top management support

46
A Study on Factors
Influencing Quality of
Construction Projects
Davidkumar.C #1,
Kathirvel.P #2
9) Labor
10) Work execution
11) Material
12) Equipment
International
Journal of Latest Trends in
Engineering and
Technology (IJLTET)
Study on Critical Factors
affecting the
Quality Performance of
Construction W. Femina,
D.Jackson,B.Rajkumar
Design
i)Completeness and consistency of design
document
ii)Drawings are prepared in full details
iii)Conformance to codes and standards
iv)Adherence to specifications
v)Bill of quantity is detailed and accurate
2
Contract
i)Cooperation between parties involved in
contract
ii)Pervious successful relations between parties
iii)A written contract with clear conditions
iv)Using a standard contract
v)Types of awarding system
3
Material
i)Using a comprehensive material management
system
ii)Cooperation between contractor and material
suppliers
iii) Availability of good quality construction
materials
iv)Using storage and handling system
v)Construction materials monopoly
4
Labor
i)Labor management system
ii)Using labor with high experience
iii)Using motivation system
iv)Training courses for labor
v)Income level and wages of labor
5
Equipment
i)Availability of equipment
ii)Equipment management system
iii) Measurement of equipment productivity
iv)Good utilization of equipment
v)Equipment maintenance

47
Sub-Contractors
i)Company’s procedures of selecting
subcontractors
ii)High cooperation between subcontractors
and general
contractor
iii)Using a system to evaluate subcontractors
performance
iv)Good and fair subcontract conditions
7
Site layout
i)Site layout is large
ii)Site layout is organized well
iii)Site layout has storage areas for materials
iv)Site layout is clean
8
Systems
i)Software and computer applications
ii)Implement quality control and assurance
system
iii)Using time schedule
iv)Using cost control system
v)Implementing a safety program
9
Site staff
i)Cooperation between Supervision and
Contractor’s staff
ii)Understanding of contract administration by
Supervision
iii)Skill and experience of Supervision staff
iv) Skill and experience of Contractor’s staff
10
Execution
i)Using integrated project execution system
ii)Testing for final products only
iii)Clear procedure for accepting performed
activities
iv)Preparing and using shop drawings
11
Financial Issues
i)Amount of contractor’s cash flow
ii)Non-delay of interim payments
12
Environment
i)Socio-economic environment

48
ii)Stability of Political environment
An Assessment of
Critical Factors Affecting
Quality Performance of
Government Financed
Construction Projects:
Evidence from Tanzania
Gwahula
Raphael,Augustine
Wittonde Phillip URL:
http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/b
ms.v7i2.10014
Project financing processes
Contractor’s experiences in industry
Availability of construction equipment and
spare parts
Project’s technology requirements
Procurement system and processes
Availability of construction materials
Project managers skills and knowledge,
Explicit project planning and design
Explicit technical specifications
Supervision team skills and knowledge
Project team members’ performance
Environment protection
Contractor’s profitability
Decision making process by clients
Explicit contract documentation
Health and safety issues
Variation in climate conditions
Local community involvement
An Assessment Of
The Critical Success factor
For The Reduction
Of Cost Of Poor Quality In
Construction Projects In
Swaziland. Nokulunga
Mashwamaa, Clinton
Aigbavboab &Didi
Thwalac* Procedia
Engineering 196 ( 2017 )
447 – 453 Creative
Construction Conference
2017, CCC 2017, 19-22
June 2017, Primosten,
Croatia
Success factors that influence the reduction of
COPQ MIS RANK
Planning stage
Defining quality objectives (standards and
specifications)
Providing effective leadership
Team development and deploying skilled work
force
Clearly defining the project objectives (scope,
time and cost)
Identification of processes and skills for
activities
Identifying technology requirement for
processes
Cash flow planning
Defining measurement and testing procedures
Organizing Stage
Defining quality control mechanism
Team development and deploying skilled work
force
Providing effective project management
process

49
Defining the decision making process and
empowerment
Induction of appropriate technology
Defining organizational structure
Use of intergrated procurement systems 3.71
6.00
Training, development and quality awareness
of HR
Executing stage
Team work
Providing effective leadership
Optimum use of resources
Fulfilling contractual obligations
Fulfilling health and safety requirements
Employee involvement
Fulfilling environmental protection
requirements
Exercising transparency in procurement
process and
transactions
Protecting stakeholder rights
Monitoring stage
Fulfilling health and safety requirements
Measuring performance of activities on critical
path
Measurement of executed works
Measurement of wastage and reworks(COPQ)
Audit of expenditure and procurement process
Fulfilling environmental protection
requirements
Testing of executed works
Measurement of productivity of resources
Measure Variation in planned and actual
resource utilization

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