This document provides an analysis of construction and demolition (C&D) waste management in North Goa, India. It begins with an introduction that defines C&D waste and outlines the economic, environmental, and social impacts of improper management. It then discusses C&D waste characteristics, sources, and generation estimates in India and North Goa. The document reviews the waste management hierarchy and importance of recycling C&D waste. It establishes the objectives of finding the most feasible option for C&D waste based on economic, environmental, and legal analyses. The following sections will analyze and discuss results on these dimensions and conclude whether recycling/reusing or disposing of C&D waste is preferred.

1. 1
ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENT & LEGAL ANALYSIS OF
CONSTRUCTION &DEMOLITION (C&D) WASTE PLANT IN NORTH
GOA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INDIA WITH INTERNATIONAL
EXPERIENCE
Major Project Dissertation
Submitted by
SUKRITI CHAWLA
For the partial fulfillment of the
Degree of Business and Sustainability in
Masters in Business Administration
Submitted to
Department of Business and Sustainability
TERI School of Advanced Studies
May, 2019

2. 2
DECLARATION
This is to certify that the work that forms the basis of this project “ECONOMIC,
ENVIRONMENT & LEGAL ANALYSIS OF CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION
(C& D) WASTE PLANT IN NORTH GOA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INDIA
WITH INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCETITLE” is an original work carried out by
me and has not been submitted anywhere else for the award of any degree.
I certify that all sources of information and data are fully acknowledged in the project
Dissertation.
Signature:
Name: Sukriti Chawla
Date: May 20th
, 2019

3. 3

4. 4
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to express my gratefulness to one and all who supported me throughout
the course of this MBA project. I am sincerely grateful to them for sharing their
suggestions regarding this project.
I express my sincere thanks to Professor Manipadma Datta for his guidance.
I would also like to thank my project external guide Mr. Parijat Dey for his guidance

5. 5
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
C&DW Construction and demolition waste
PPP Public Private Partnership
TPD Tons per day
CPCB Central Pollution Control Broad
MoUD Ministry of Urban Development
MoEF&CC Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
IRC Indian Roads Congress

6. 6
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT......................................................................................................... 4
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................. 5
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................ 9
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION............................................................................................... 10
1.1 Definition of Construction & Demolition Waste (C&D Waste)................................. 11
1.2 Rational for management of C&D Waste................................................................... 11
1.3 Sources of C&D Waste............................................................................................... 12
1.4 The impact of C&D Waste in India, in particular at Panji, Goa ................................. 12
1.4.1 Demographic details of Goa ................................................................................ 12
1.5 Estimation of C & D waste generation ....................................................................... 13
1.5.1 CHARACTERISTICS ......................................................................................... 13
1.6 C&D Waste Management:.......................................................................................... 13
1.6.1 Hierarchy in waste management.......................................................................... 14
1.6.2 Importance of recycling C & D Wastes............................................................... 14
1.7 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 16
Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................... 17
2.1 Recycle or reuse and Dispose ..................................................................................... 18
2.3 Cross country analysis ................................................................................................ 18
Chapter 3: MATERIAL AND METHODS .......................................................................... 20
Chapter 4: Results & Discussion .......................................................................................... 22
This section deals with the economic, environment and legal impacts of C&D waste
management...................................................................................................................... 23
4.1 Economic Impact ........................................................................................................ 23
4.2 Legal/Policy dimension .............................................................................................. 24
4.3 Environmental dimension ........................................................................................... 26
Chapter 5: CONCLUSION................................................................................................... 31
5.1 Circular economy............................................................................................................ 32
5.1.1 Linear model or Current ‘take-make-dispose’ model.............................................. 32
5.1.2 How to close the loop .............................................................................................. 33
5..2 Benefits of Circular economy on CDW management industry ................................. 34
5.3 Implication.................................................................................................................. 35
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 37

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Cycle of C&D waste
Figure 2: Institutional framework for construction and demolition waste recycle
management
Figure 3: C&D waste status and reuse and recycle in North Goa
Figure 4: Close-loop solution for CDW

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: City profile of Panaji
Table 2: Cross country analysis
Table 3: Material wise comparation of Recycle/Reuse and Dispose
Table 4: Economic impact of CDW recycling
Table 5: Legal impact of CDW recycling
Table 6: Environment impact of CDW recycling
Table 7: Ambient Air Quality Standards in respect of Noise (Regulation & Control)
Rules 2000
Table 8: Environment Analysis of option I (Reuse/Recycle) & Option II Dispose
Table 9: Gap analysis India and international
Table 10: Factors required to make from linear economy to circular economy
Table 11: Benefits of circular economy for CDW in North Goa
Table 12: Implications of study on CDW recycle in North Goa

9. 9
ABSTRACT
As the economic development and urbanization is increasing it is putting a lot of
pressure on the construction sector which increases the demand for construction
materials and in turn results into huge amount of construction waste. The waste so
generated impacts the natural and urban environment in multiple ways, it causes
economic impact in terms of the cost that the producers needs to borne in terms of
disposing off the waste, if the proper hierarchy of waste management is not being
followed and also the natural resources are scarce in nature which also increases the
cost of the inputs used in the construction sector which can be reduced if we switch to
better and cost efficient inputs being produced by the recycled products out of the
waste. It also leads to social and environment impact in terms of the Huge heaps of
waste that are being dumped into the landfill. This has led to water logging during
rains, traffic congestion, scarcity of landfills which puts another burden on the
government as they have to hunt for land for the purpose of dumping which adds on
to the cost.
The purpose of the study is to choose the best option, based upon the results of
economic, environment and legal impacts of the C&D Waste plant, which would be
based upon the cross-country analysis results. For the purpose of the study two
countries has been chosen, based upon the maximum percentage of waste they are
able to recycle out of the C&D debris, namely Netherlands and Germany. The
benchmark so built was checked against India to find the gaps prevailing in India in
terms of C&D waste and then, suggestions has been provided to close the loop i.e.,
converting the linear model of consumption into circular model of consumption in
order to boil down to conclusion that reusing /recycling the waste is the most lucrative
option.
Key Words: C&D Waste, waste management, hierarchy in waste management,
construction sector, construction and demolition, circular economy in C&D waste,
linear model of consumption.

10. 10
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

11. 11
1.1 Definition of Construction & Demolition Waste (C&D Waste)
Construction and Demolition waste (C&D Waste) as defined by the C & D Waste
Management Rules, 2016 “construction and demolition waste means waste
comprising of building materials, debris and rubble resulting from construction, re-
modeling, repair and demolition of any civil structure, who generates construction
and demolition waste such as building materials, debris, rubble. The rules shall apply
to every waste resulting from construction, re-modeling, repair and demolition of any
civil structure of individual or organization or authority wastes also include surplus
and damaged products and materials arising in the course of construction work or
used temporarily during the course of on-site activities.”
Under Rule 3, the following definitions have been provided:
a. Sub rule (b) “construction means the process of erecting of building or built facility
or other structure, or building of infrastructure including alteration in these entities”;
b. Sub rule (d) “de-construction means a planned selective demolition in which
salvage, re-use and recycling of the demolished structure is maximized”;
c. Sub rule (e) “Demolition means the destruction or demolition of buildings and
other structures either manually or by means of mechanical force (by different
equipment) or by means of explosives.”
1.2 Rational for management of C&D Waste
The increased economic development and urbanization has created a lot of pressure
on the construction sector which increases the demand for construction materials and
in turn results into huge amount of construction and demolition waste. The waste so
generated impacts the natural and urban environment in multiple ways:
From the Producer’s perspective
 Economic Impact: construction material wastage results into major setback
for the contractors, builders, dealer and regional authorities, since the
responsibility of disposing off the waste lies with the builders which comes
with a cost. Also, as the natural resources are getting depleted due to their
finite nature, as the resources are getting more and more scarce, the cost to
attain these resources are also increasing as the natural resources and prices
share an inverse relation between them.
From the consumer’s perspective
 Social and Environmental Impact: Huge heaps of construction and
demolition waste are dumped into the rivers, landfills or are illegally dumped
on hill slopes which is quite evident in the metro cities. This has led to water
logging during rains, traffic congestion, scarcity of landfills which puts
another burden on the government as they have to hunt for land for the purpose
of dumping which adds on to the cost.

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From the Government’s perspective
 Economic and Technological Impact: construction and demolition waste
usually get mixed up with other municipal solid waste, which makes it difficult
to manually segregate the waste and thus technological advancements are
needed to perform the tasks which adds up to the cost of the local municipal
body. Also searching for the landfills when the existing landfills are operating
at their full capacity also adds to the cost of the government.
1.3 Sources of C&D Waste
Activities which generate C & D waste are as follows:
 Demolition of existing, old structures.
 Renovation of existing buildings.
 Construction of new buildings.
 Reconstruction of concrete roads.
 Building new bridge flying, under bridges, subways
 Renovation or installation of new telephone, internet, sewer pipe lines.
 Present collection and disposal system.
1.4 The impact of C&D Waste in India, in particular at Panji, Goa
1.4.1 Demographic details of Goa
According to the census, Goa has a resident population of 18.2 lakhs, 62.17
percent of whom live in urban areas. Goa is also known as one of India's
biggest tourist destinations. As an industrialized state, it is developing rapidly.
All of these factors put pressure on world - class infrastructure development.
The higher the demand in the construction sector, the more construction and
demolition waste generation will increase.
Table 1: City profile of Panaji
City Profile Corporation of City of Panaji (NORTH
GOA)
Name of the city Panaji
Population at present 40,017 (2011 census)
Waste generated at present 25 Tonnes per Day (TPD)
Households and offices 11,000
Hotels and restraunts 500
Hospitals and clinics 110
Schools 8

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1.5 Estimation of C & D waste generation
Different methods for estimating C&D waste generation at both regional and project
level were proposed in the literature review The Technology Information, Forecasting
and Assessment Council (TIFAC) has developed some C&D waste generation
estimates which recognize that the generation is specific to the project as follows.:
a. New construction range 40 - 60 kg per square metre,
b. Building repair range 40 - 50 kg per square metre,
c. Range 300-500 kg per square metre for demolition of buildings.
It can be noted from the above that the highest generation of waste comes from the
demolition of buildings.
1.5.1 CHARACTERISTICS
Due to the different types of building materials being used, this category of waste is
complex, but can generally include the following materials:
1.5.1 (a) Major components
•Cement concrete
•Bricks
•Cement plaster
•Steel
•Stone
•Wood
1.5.1(b) Minor components
•Iron, Plastic
•Pipes
•Electrical fixtures
•Panels
•Others (tiles, glass panes)
1.6 C&D Waste Management:
Waste management refers to the set of activities undertaken from the very beginning
to the final disposal to manage the waste. The ultimate responsibility for disposing
of the C&D Waste in the context of construction and demolition waste lies with the
contractors at its cost. Therefore, the stakeholders who are directly involved in the
final process need to be aware.

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1.6.1 Hierarchy in waste management
According to Solid Waste Rules, 2016 (Rule 3) “waste hierarchy means the priority
order in which the solid waste should be managed by giving emphasis to prevention,
reduction, reuse, recycling and safe disposal, with prevention being the most preferred
option and the disposal at the landfill being the least.” It argued ‘waste’ that is made up
of different materials should be treated differently as suggested:
 Prevention
 Minimization
 Reuse
 Recycling
 Safe disposal
Prevention should be given priority according to the hierarchy in waste management
since it is the most suitable method as it helps to eliminate the need for transportation,
recycling or waste disposal. This can be done by extracting the product's maximum
benefits to generate the bare minimum amount of waste, after which the next step is to
minimize the waste, as it is virtually impossible to prevent all the waste from being
generated. Then the attempt should be made to reuse the established minimized waste if
it is possible at all, if not recycle the significantly reduced waste into saleable goods, the
waste can be recycled in the case of construction and demolition. Waste can be recycled
into pre - fabricated products such as recycled concrete aggregates, recycled aggregates,
paver blocks, checked tiles, kerb stones, etc., after which the last step, if all other
alternatives are exhausted, should one go for disposal and the disposal also be
environmentally safe ; It should not be illegally dumped into the landfill, nor should it
be thrown randomly into the drains, thereby crushing drains and creating havoc through
water logging during the rainy season and increasing the risk of sickness.
1.6.2 Importance of recycling C & D Wastes
a. C&D waste recycling is important because it helps reduce dependence on
natural resources and eliminates adverse environmental impacts. C&D waste
recycling has the additional benefit of controlling the quantity of C&D waste
intended for landfill disposal in addition to reducing transport costs.
b. Recycling concrete offers a variety of benefits. Maintaining concrete debris
from landfills saves space. Other advantages of concrete recycling are (a)
local product sources. b) Reduces the flow of trucks. (c) A non - renewable
resource alternative. d) Savings in cost

15. 15
Figure 1: Cycle of C&D waste
• Ready-Mix
Concrete Plant
• Cast Products
Plants
• Aggregate
Washing &
Size
Separation
• Screening &
Crushing
Equipment
1.
Screenning
and
crushing
2. Dry &
Wet
Processing
3. RMC
4. Casting

16. 16
1.7 Objectives
 To find out the best possible way feasible, economically, environmentally
and legally to reduce the amount of C&D Waste either by recycling/reusing
or by disposing off based upon the results of the analysis.

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Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

18. 18
2.1 Recycle or reuse and Dispose
C&D wastes are unsuitable for incineration / composting disposal. The increasing
population and land requirement for other uses has reduced land availability for waste
disposal. Reuse or recycling is an important waste management strategy.
Conventional aggregates is depleting rapidly, which stresses more on the need for
preserving the natural aggregate for other important works. Recycled materials from
demolished concrete can be used profitably in various ways within the building
industry in the current context of increasing waste production and increasing public
awareness of environmental issues.
2.3 Cross country analysis
Table 2 : Cross country analysis
Country Economic Impact Environmental
Impact
Legal Impact
Netherlands • Charges for unsorted
CDW which
incentivizes for
selective collection and
recycling of CDW
• The existence of quality
standards and norms for
recycled CDW ensures
the circulation and
marketing of a high-
quality product, ready
for use in new
construction projects
(revenue €55 per tonne)
 Disposal of non-
reused fraction
 Implementation
of Raw material
substitution
(Ceasing 22,343
tons of CO2 per
million tons of
concreate waste)
 Focus on
Climate change
(reduction of
GHG emissions)
• Disposal of non-reused
fraction
• Implementation of Raw
material substitution
(Ceasing 22,343 tons of
CO2 per million tons of
concreate waste)
• Focus on Climate change
(reduction of GHG
emissions)
Germany • CDW waste disposal
costs
• Financial incentives for
increased recycling,
such as landfill taxes
(collected 55 million
Euros in 2016)
 CDW waste
disposal costs
 Financial
incentives for
increased
recycling, such
as landfill taxes
(collected 55
million Euros in
2016)
• CDW waste disposal costs
• Financial incentives for
increased recycling, such
as landfill taxes (collected
55 million Euros in 2016)

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Table 3: Material wise comparation of Recycle/Reuse and Dispose
Material Recycling & Re-use option Dispose option
II
Best option
Concrete Concrete aggregate for
concrete production
- Crushing, sifting, with or
without washing
- Advanced Dry Recovery
- Thermal treatment of
concrete rubble
- Smart Crusher
Landfill Bans
Landfill Tax
Option I
Bricks Manual removal of
mortar
- Heat-treatment to
release mortar from brick
- Use stony aggregates in
production of new bricks
Making bricks
available
for citizens, re-
build
buildings with
same
material
Wood - Re-use for similar
purpose
Enlarge life by using the
wood in another product
- (Chipboard for
furnishing)
Constructing a
wall of
used doors and
windows
Metals - Enlarge life by using the
metal for the same
purpose in another
building
- For steel
- Electric act furnace
- Basic oxygen furnace
Re-use
construction
parts
in new building
By analysing this table, we could deduce that option 1 is the best or the optimal option
as it saves lot of residual energy as well as it reduces the negative impact on the
environment, economy as well as the legal structure of our country. This result could
also be deciphered from the above table i.e., table 2 where cross- country analysis is
being conducted. It also suggests that by following market Based incentive as well as
command and control approach both Germany and the Netherlands were able to
substantially reduce their landfills from a count of 4000 to almost around 8 landfills
thereby substantially saving the residual energy by the means of approaching towards
the most optimized option that is, reuse/recycle.

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Chapter 3: MATERIAL AND
METHODS

21. 21
Development of Options: There are two options to reduce the amount of C&D Waste
namely recycling/reuse and disposal. Both the options generate a set of negative
externalities to the environment. For instance, in the process of recycling/ reusing the
CDW, a lot air and noise pollution is being generated due to machineries and tipping
activities per se. As per the government regulations proper monitoring systems needs
to be in place in order to reduce the amount of pollution to its lowest level, which
comes with a cost to the companies. On the other hand, unauthorized and improper
disposal accounts for almost 25 Tons Per Dy (TPD), which is 34% of the total waste
being generated by Goa, and it impacts the urban and natural environment in multiple
ways, which acts as an indirect cost to the state government and the locals. The key
element requires to assess the option is climatic impact assessment, both qualitative
as well as quantitative in nature to assess the costs.
Literature review is being conducted based on various research papers, various on
construction and demolition waste management. And also, by studying the company’s
existing plants in Delhi and also the International projects of the same domain.
Primary data includes telephonic conversation with the technology providers to
access the price quotations along the with product catalogue.
Secondary data includes research papers and international reports dealing with the
subject matter of the best practices in terms of economic, environment and legal
aspects of the countries dealing in C&D Waste. For the same the two best countries
were handpicked namely, Netherland and Germany.

22. 22
Chapter 4: Results & Discussion

23. 23
This section deals with the economic, environment and legal impacts of C&D
waste management
4.1 Economic Impact
Table 4: Economic impact of CDW recycling
Attributes Impact Description
Cost Sorting cost A single labor can sorting
of 0.246 ton / person / day
waste
Storage cost This particular rental
space stores the C&D
waste recycled before
being transported to the
recycling shops
Transportation cost to the
recycled shop
This depends on the
distance between the site
and the shop, the price of
the fuel and the truck
capacity
Benefit Saving in virgin materials waste minimization using
recycling strategy results
in 90% reduction of virgin
materials required in the
construction site
landfill charge reduction The implementation of the
recycling program assists
in lowering the landfill
charge.
saving in transportation
cost
The recycling program
helps reduce the amount
of wastes transported to
landfill sites.

24. 24
4.2 Legal/Policy dimension
Table 5: Legal dimension of CDW recycling
Organisations/Acts Role
Construction and demolition waste
management Rules, 2016
Promoting green buildings that involve
the use of C&D waste can be made
compulsory throughout the country
Ministry of urban Development
(MoUD)
Ministry directed to states to setup
CDW recycle facilities in all cities
where population is above 10 lakhs or 1
million
Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB)
1. Formulated Policies
2. Identifying sites for processing
3. Commissioning the wastes
Ministry of Environment, Forest
&Climate Change (MoEF&CC)
Environmental considerations have been
integrated into all levels and in National
Environment Policy of 2006,
incorporation of the concept of 3Rs, is
reflected in all the notified waste
management rules (MSW, plastic,
BMW, HW, e-wastes)
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) the Bureau of Indian Standards and
Indian Roads Congress is responsible for
the preparation of the Code of Practice
and Standards for the Use of Recycled
Materials and Construction and
Demolition Waste Products.

25. 25
Figure 2: Institutional framework for construction and demolition waste recycle
management
Legislative Body (The parliament-creates legislation, policies and acts to manage
Ministry of Environment and Forests-oversee the implementation of the federal legislation regarding
State Government implements the
federal legislation regarding
CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board)-Coordinates the activities of
the State Pollution Control Boards and Provides technical assistance
and training to the personnel. Disseminate information and sponsor
research relating to waste management. To perform functions
prescribed by the Government
State Pollution Control Board-Plans a comprehensive program
for air pollution and water pollution prevention, control or
reduction. To inspect any control equipment or process at any
reasonable time. SPCB permission must be obtained before
installing a landfill or incinerator
City Corporation issues permits and creates policy for waste management. Provides waste management services or
operates disposal, recycling, or composting facilities. Often contracts out services to the private sector

26. 26
4.3 Environmental dimension
Buildings have a long lifespan and they have a massive impact impact on the generations to
come due to pollution or any undesirable substance. Several research has shown that the
effects of construction activities on the environment are severe. Building sector is a major
contributor to society's development While recognizing this fact, it is also acknowledged to
be a key contributor to the deterioration of the environment. Some of its negative effects on
society include land depletion, energy consumption, solid waste generation, dust and gas
discharge, noise pollution and natural resource utilization including non - renewable
resources. Over the past 100 years, the Earth has been heating up by almost 0.5 each year
due to increased concentrations of greenhouse gases, most prominent among them is carbon
dioxide (CO2). Over the past few years, the use of energy and associated CO2 emissions
have increased globally at a faster rate. The impact of energy usage on a continuous basis is
disastrous. Because of urbanization and industrialization, the energy use associated with the
construction industry is responsible for almost half of India's energy use. The use of non -
renewable fuel sources in resource generation, during construction practices, and by the
residents or end users of the buildings / structures during their lifetime is a basis for a large
amount of CO2. As a result of global warming, climate change issues a warning and
treatment to the environment and demands changes in construction practices.
Table 6: Environment impact of CDW recycling
Attributes Impact Description
Dust Dusts from various C&D
activities (Loading &
unloading activities, Due to
machinery used in C & D
operations)
Dust Noise abatement -
Dust from loading /
unloading operations
Dust abatement - due to
vehicle movement
Noise  Health issues caused by
unwanted exposure to
noise
Noise abatement -
Machinery deployed in
C&D activities
Days operations are
permissible
Night ban

27. 27
Table 7 : Ambient Air Quality Standards in respect of Noise (Regulation & Control)
Rules 2000
Area Code and Category of Area / Zone Day Time Limits in dB(A) Leq
(A) Industrial area 75
(B) Commercial area 65
(C) Residential area 55

28. 28
Table 8: Environment Analysis of option I (Reuse/Recycle) & Option II Dispose
Service or
activity
Main environmental
aspects
Main
environmental
impacts
Main
environment
al credits
Main environmental
risks
Reuse  Collection
and transport
operations
 Disposal of
non-reused
fraction
 Fossil
resource
 depletion-
Traffic
 Avoid
ed
waste
dispo
sal
 Avoid
ed
fossil
fuel
energ
y use
 Operational
efficiency risks
of changes
 Cost of
infrastructure
and machinery
repair and
upgrade
Recycling  Machinery
operations
 Energy
consumption
 Transport of
materials
 Raw material
substitution

 Climate
change
(GHG
emissions
 Air
pollution
 Fossil
resources
delpletion
 Finite
resource
delpletion
 Avoid
ed
abioti
c
resour
ce use
 Avoid
ed
fossil
energ
y use
 Avoid
ed
waste
dispo
sal
 Employee safety
risks
 Operational
efficiency risks of
changes
 Cost of
infrastructure &
machinery repair
and upgrade
Dispose  Infrastructure
construction
and
maintenance
 Machinery
operations
 Heavy metal
and organic
leachate
 Land
occupation
 Air
pollutant
emissions
 Avoid
ed
fossil
energ
y use
(wher
e
bioga
s
energ
y
recov
ery
imple
mente
d)
 Risk of water
pollution
(leaching
 Major clean-up
costs and
reputational
damage from
leaching
 Reputational
damage of
pursuing outdated
disposal method
 Reputational
damage from
local noise /
odour/ air quality
issues

29. 29
Table 9: Gap analysis India and international
Dimension India International
Economical  Local Government is Major
products buyer of C&D waste
recycles products.
 Subsidy on loans for initial capital
requirements and provides Rent
free Land for waste storage.
 Fluctuating demand for CDW
recycle product
• Government and
Private sectors is
buyer of recycled
products
• Promote
manufacturing
recycle through
landfill taxes
• Fund grants to
CDW recycle
facilities
• Well established
CDW recycle
products market
Environmental  C&D waste management rule,
2016. for
 Dust, noise, Smoke monitoring for
controlling the pollutants
 Informal private CDW collectors
using illegal dumping
 problems pertaining to data
reporting (unreliable data)

• Data reporting on
CDW recycle
process for impact
on environment
Legal  No landfill ban on CDW waste
streams
 ISO standards for few recycled
products
 Producer
responsibility
schemes
 Strong Monitoring
and enforcement of
regulations for
CDW management
 Appropriate
certification
mechanisms for
recycled products
 Land fill ban on
CDW (fractions) or
landfill taxes
 Quality assurance
system

30. 30
The result of the gap analysis is as follows:
 Economical: only Government is the buyer of the recycled raw material
whereas, internationally both the private as well as the public sector buys the
recycled raw material thereby increasing the market for recycled materials.
For the same reason the demand for recycled raw materials out of the C&D
debris is quite fluctuating.
 Environmental: Only guidelines have been laid down in Indian context
regarding dust, noise and smoke pollutants and no serious implementation
can be seen on the ground. It is because of many possible factors for example
there is no credible data reporting sources when it comes to C&D waste
management, no proper monitoring systems are installed on the site as it is in
the case of international experience. There are on stringent bans in India for
landfills as it is in Germany or the Netherlands.
 Legal: Unlike international experience, there are on stringent bans in India
for landfills.
These gaps need to be filled, since till now what we have is linear model of
consumption which has lots of gaps. In order to create the demand for recycled
products we need to close the loop of this consumption model.

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Chapter 5: CONCLUSION

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5.1 Circular economy
5.1.1 Linear model or Current ‘take-make-dispose’ model
The traditional liner model of consumption causes unnecessary resource wastage as
after the companies have extracted and used the energy of the material to manufacture
the products it sells it to the end user who then discards it when the user has derived
the maximum utility of the product. The losses from the perspective of different
stakeholders are as follows
Table 9: Impact of Linear model of economy
Prospective Losses
Producer’s prospective  Waste in creation chain
 Energy Use
 End of life waste
 Erosion of ecosystem services
Government’s prospective  Demographic trends (India’s
populations entering these periods
of economic growth—which
implies that a breathtaking
number of new middle-class
consumers could be entering the
global economy)
 Globalized markets (The rapid
integration of financial markets
and the increasing ease of
transporting resources globally
mean that regional price shocks
can quickly become global.)

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5.1.2 How to close the loop
Circular economy is self-sustaining in nature which relies majorly on renewable
energy, also eliminates the waste through careful design.
Table 10: Factors required to make from linear economy to circular economy
Prospective Factors
Producer prospective  Design out waste
Government prospective  Policy makers, most likely in
public-private partnership
constellations, need to stimulate
end-of-life treatment systems
 Long-term effects of circularity
on material stocks and mix
 Need for virgin material
extraction would decrease
substantially

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5..2 Benefits of Circular economy on CDW management industry
Table 11: Benefits of circular economy for CDW in North Goa
Prospective Factors
Government prospective  Substantial net material cost
savings
 Mitigation of price volatility and
supply risks
 Growth multiplier due to sectoral
shift and possible employment
benefits.
 Lasting benefits for a more
resilient economy
Producer prospective  New profit pool potential along
the reverse value cycles
 Mitigation of strategic challenges
to build resilience and
competitive advantage
 Product remarketers and sales
platforms
 Material recycling systems
Consumer prospective  Reduced obsolescence
 More option products will be
available

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5.3 Implication
Table 12: Implications of study on CDW recycle in North Goa
Activity Goa Implications
Economical  Government should
encourage involvement of
private sector in buying
CDW recycled or reusable
products in civil work
construction like woods,
metals and pre-casted such
as kerb stones, paver blocks
through policy and schemes
 Providing funding to setup
plant (e.g. Credit Guarantee
scheme or Setup a Waste
management trust fund)
 Encouragement through the
government bodies will
increase the demand for
recycled and re-used products
which can be done by
promoting more and more
usage of recycled and re-used
products by the private sector
in the civil works, or by
funding or through banning
the illegal sand mining
activities
Environmental  Pollution prevention: High
technological machinery are
required for pollution
prevention and monitoring
on the site
 Maintaining and operating
the landfills
 Pollution prevention
techniques will help in
increasing the recycled and
re-used rate of C&D products
and will also help in reducing
the amount of harmful
pollutants in the environment
which leads to diseases and
damage to the environment
Legal  Collaboration with private
players to setup
Construction and demolition
waste recycle products
 Ban on Landfill or dumping
of CDW or Landfill tax in
Goa
 Implement a new Special
tax for CDW recycle
facilities
 Mandatory data reporting on
monthly or annually basis
 Set a specific Goa target for
CDW prevention
 Labelling and certification
schemes.
 By the means of stringent
legal policies the private
players will be discouraged to
dispose off the C&D waste
into the landfills and will try
to optimize it thereby creating
demand for a new set of
market which will in turn lead
to an increase in the level of
new set of jobs in the Indian
market and will also prevent
the environment from getting
damaged by the sheer act of
disposal at the landfill which
results into the emissions of
harmful gases into the
environment.

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Based upon the gap analysis the following conclusions can be drawn:
 A closed-loop solution needs to be implemented if we wish to recycle the
maximum amount of C&D waste, that is, reduce the waste at its source by
reutilizing the woods or metals into the new construction, wherever it seems
feasible.
 Creating demand for the recycled products through policies and laws amongst
the civil workers as Goa is a highly tourist-oriented spot which demands for
a good number of infrastructural facilities like hotels, restraunts, bars, spas
etc., if the idea of promoting green building and green themes works then it
will act as a positive sum game for all the major stakeholders be it costumers,
since they will be able to enjoy a soothing environment with eco-friendly
resorts. The owners of the hotels can get benefitted by charging a hiked price
for green hotel concept because consumers would not mind paying an extra
penny at the advantage of owing the experience of spending their vacations
in an eco-friendly environment. The government will be benefitted by the fact
that they don’t have to put extra cost in searching for new landfills or cleaning
the existing landfills and drains that are already choked with the C&D debris
thereby creating an unmanageable situation for the state and also they will
able to promote themselves as the most green state which increases the
credibility of the state in terms of the natives as well as the investors who
wants to set up similar kind of projects in the state thereby creating a new set
of tourism as well as employment opportunities.

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