Which of the groups below are hydrophobic Hydrophilic Explain .pdf

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Which of the groups below are hydrophobic? Hydrophilic? Explain Solution 4. ANS: Polar and non- polar characteristics: Polar molecules contain positive charge on one end and negative charge in other end. Polar molecules share electrons un equally. Molecule with more polar parts less non polar Polar molecules can easily soluble in water, so these are called as hydrophilic molecules. (At poles both + Ve and -Ve charges are present). Non-polar molecules contain same charges on both poles, so bonding is not possible. These are not soluble in water. The molecule with mostly non polar (hydrocarbon) part shows hydrophobic interactions. (At poles same charge + Ve and + Ve or –Ve and - Ve are present). Hydrophilic compound: A. The compound A only can capable to produce hydrophilic interactions. It is because on this compound Long carbon chains, carbon rings and non-polar covalent linkages are absent. Hydrophobic compound: B. The compound B only can capable to produce hydrophobic interactions. It is because on this compound hydrophilic groups are absent..

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Explain how water interacts with the following types of compounds to influence their water solubility. 1.Compounds that can hydrogen bond 2. Compounds that are polar but cannot hydrogen bond 3. Compounds that are non-polar 4. Compounds that dissociate into cations and anions. Thank you so much. Solution Compounds that can hydrogen bond Water tends to disassociate into H+ and OH- ions. In this disassociation, the oxygen retains the electrons and only one of the hydrogens, becoming a negatively charged ion known as hydroxide. Pure water has the same number (or concentration) of H+ as OH- ions. Acidic solutions have more H+ ions than OH- ions. Basic solutions have the opposite. An acid causes an increase in the numbers of H+ ions and a base causes an increase in the numbers of OH- ions. Water, which not only dissolves many compounds but also dissolves more substances than any other liquid, is considered the universal solvent. A polar molecule with partially-positive and negative charges, it readily dissolves ions and polar molecules. Water is therefore referred to as a solvent: a substance capable of dissolving other polar molecules and ionic compounds. The charges associated with these molecules form hydrogen bonds with water, surrounding the particle with water molecules. This is referred to as a sphere of hydration, or a hydration shell, and serves to keep the particles separated or dispersed in the water. Compounds that dissociate into cations and anions.-When ionic compounds are added to water, individual ions interact with the polar regions of the water molecules during the dissociation process, disrupting their ionic bonds. Dissociation occurs when atoms or groups of atoms break off from molecules and form ions. Consider table salt (NaCl, or sodium chloride): when NaCl crystals are added to water, the molecules of NaCl dissociate into Na+ and Cl– ions, and spheres of hydration form around the ions. The positively-charged sodium ion is surrounded by the partially-negative charge of the water molecule\'s oxygen; the negatively-charged chloride ion is surrounded by the partially-positive charge of the hydrogen in the water molecule. Compounds that are polar and non-polar- -Since many biomolecules are either polar or charged, water readily dissolves these hydrophilic compounds. Water is a poor solvent, however, for hydrophobic molecules such as lipids. Nonpolar molecules experience hydrophobic interactions in water: the water changes its hydrogen bonding patterns around the hydrophobic molecules to produce a cage-like structure called a clathrate. This change in the hydrogen-bonding pattern of the water solvent causes the system\'s overall entropy to greatly decrease, as the molecules become more ordered than in liquid water. Thermodynamically, such a large decrease in entropy is not spontaneous, and the hydrophobic molecule will not dissolve. -Polar substances tend to dissolve well in other polar substances, but not nonpolar substances, whil.

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Several emergent properties of water contribute to the suitability of the environment for life. How does the ability of water to function as a versatile solvent arise from the structure of water molecule Select all that apply. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with atoms that are part of polar covalent bonds in other molecules. Water's versatility as a solvent arises from the polar covalent bonds of water molecules. The partially charged regions of water molecules are attracted to oppositely charged ions. The partial positive regions of water molecules are attracted to negatively charged ions, forming oxygen shells around ions that separate them from each other and dissolve them. Hydrogen has higher electronegativity, so the shared electrons are attracted more to the oxygen at the apex of this V-shaped molecule. X Incorrect; Try Again; 4 attempts remaining.

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5. When a phosphate group is found in water: a) The partially-negative oxygen atoms of the water molecules surround the oxygen atoms of the phosphate group. b) The partially-positive hydrogen atoms of the water molecules surround the oxygen atoms of the phosphate group. c) The partially-positive oxygen atoms of the water molecules surround the oxygen atoms of the phosphate group. d) Hydrophobic forces push the phosphate groups together to minimize their disruption on hydrogen bonding between water molecules. e) There is more than one correct answer above. Solution ANS: b) The partially-positive hydrogen atoms of the water molecules surround the oxygen atoms of the phosphate group. Explanation: In the water molecule two polar covalent bonds are present. Among this oxygen molecule had a partial negative charge and both hydrogen atoms partial positive charge. The positive and negative ends of the bond cause charge separation or a dipole. So water molecule had 2 polar covalent bonds and 2 bond dipoles. In phosphate group two oxygen molecules had partial negative charges, so the partially-positive hydrogen atoms of the water molecules surround the oxygen atoms of the phosphate group..

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1. What types of bonding is illustrated in sharing of electrons? a. Covalent bond b.Polar covalent bond c.Ionic bond d.Hydrogen bond e. a and b 2. What is the relationship between polar covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds? a.There is no relationship between these two types of bonds b.The formation of hydrogen bonds induces the formation of polar covalent bonds c.The formation of polar covalent bonds creates the centers of partial positive and partial negative charge that are required for the weak electrostatic interactions associated with hydrogen bonds d.Both types of bonds directly use pairs of shared electrons e.Both types of bonds are based on electrostatic interactions. 3. What is the physical nature of the hydrogen bond? a. There is a strong electrostatic attraction between a positive charge and a negative charge. b. There is a weak electrostatic attraction between a positive charge and a negative charge. c. Two electrons are equally shared in a bonding orbital between the oxygen and the hydrogen atom. d. Two electrons are unequally shared in a bonding orbital between the oxygen and the hydrogen atom, such that a polar covalent bond is formed. e. None of the above. 4. What type of bonding is illustrated when electrons are transferred? a.Covalent b.Polar covalent bond c.Ionic bond d.Hydrogen bond e.None of the above 5. What common feature is shared by the sodium and chloride ions? a.Both ions have unpaired electrons in their outermost energy levels. b.Both ions have electrons in the third energy levels. c.Both ions have eight electrons in their outermost energy levels. d.Both ions have complete outermost energy levels, resulting in great stability. e.Both c and d are correct 6. What type of bonding is illustrated when electrons are shared unequally? a.Covalent bond b.Polar covalent bond c.Ionic bond d.Hydrogen bond e.None of the above 7. What feature of the bond between hydrogen and oxygen is most important in explaining how water can act as a powerful solvent? a.The electrons b.The atomic nuclei c.Ionic bonds d.Covalent bonds e.The unequal electron distribution that produces the partial positive andpartial negative charges associated with the hydrogen bond 8. What type of bonding is illustrated when the oxygen of one water molecule bonds with the hydrogen of another? a.Covalent bond b.Polar covalent bond c.Ionic bond d.Hydrogen bond e.None of the above 9. An atom\'s orbital with one electron combines with another atom\'s orbital that also contains one electron. What is produced? a.A bonding orbital containing two electrons b.A covalent bond c.A molecule d.A hydrogen bond e.Responses a, b, and c 10. How many electrons are associated with a single covalent bond between two atoms? a.Zero electrons b.One electron c.Two electrons d.Four electrons e.eight electrons 1. What types of bonding is illustrated in sharing of electrons? a. Covalent bond b.Polar covalent bond c.Ionic bond d.Hydrogen bond e. a and b 2. What is the relationship between po.

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