Compare and contrast the properties of a centralized and a distribut.pdf

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Compare and contrast the properties of a centralized and a distributed routing algorithm. Give an example of a routing protocol that takes a centralized and a decentralized approach. Solution Centralized: Central node in the network gets entire information about the network topology, about the traffic and about other nodes. This then transmits this information to the respective routers. The advantage of this is that only one node is required to keep the information. The disadvantage is that if the central node goes down the entire network is down, i.e. single point of failure. Distributed: Node receives information from its neighbouring nodes and then takes the decision about which way to send the packet. The disadvantage is that if in between the the interval it receives information and sends the paket something changes then the packet may be delayed. LinkState takes Centralzied approach Distance Vector takes Decentralzied approach.

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Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) consist of a collection of wireless mobile nodes which dynamically exchange data among themselves without the reliance on a fixed base station or a wired backbone network and it the makes the routing a crucial issue to the design of the MANET. Multiple path routing protocols are shown to be performance-effective alternatives over single-path routing for ad hoc networks and it represents a promising routing method for wireless mobile ad hoc networks. Multi-path routing achieves load balancing and is more resilient to route failures..In this paper we propose an energy efficient multipath fault tolerant routing protocol to improve the reliability of data routing in Mobile ad hoc networks. The proposed RFTA is a multi objective routing protocol that meets diverse application requirements by considering the changing conditions of the network. The efficiency of the proposed protocol has been evaluated on different scenarios and there has been a noticeable improvement in the packet delivery ratio and also in the reduction of end-to-end delay comparing to SMR,SMS and MDSR.

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Ad hoc networks are a collection of mobile nodes communicating via wireless channels without any fixed infrastructure. Because of their ease and low cost of building, ad hoc networks have a lot of attractive applications in different fields. The topology of ad hoc networks changes dynamically, and each node in the network can act as a host or router. With the increase in the number of wireless devices and large amount of traffic to be exchanged, the demand for scalable routing protocols has increased. This paper presents a scalable routing protocol, based on AODV protocol, called the Extended Clustering Ad Hoc Routing Protocol (ECRP). This is a hybrid protocol, which combines reactive and proactive approaches in routing. The protocol uses the Global Positioning System to determine the position of certain nodes in the network. The evaluation methodology and simulation results obtained show that the protocol is efficient and scales well in large networks

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Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are attractive as a new communication paradigm. Ad hoc routing protocols for WMNs are classified into: (1) proactive, (2) reactive, and (3) hybrid approaches. In general, proactive routing is more suitable for a stationary network, while reactive routing is better for a mobile network with a high mobility. In many applications, a node in WMN is mobile but it can fluctuate between being mobile. Wireless mesh networks is an emergent research area, which is becoming important due to the growing amount of nodes in a network.

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The growth in wireless communication technologies has resulted in a considerable amount of attention given to mobile adhoc networks. All mobile hosts in an adhoc network are embedded with packet forwarding capabilities. It is decentralized and is independent of infrastructure. Since mobile hosts in an adhoc network usually move freely, the topology of the network changes dynamically and disconnection occurs frequently. These characteristics require the routing protocols to find an alternative path towards the destination for data transfer. The existing on-demand routing protocols does the alternative path establishment only after the disconnection of links in the existing path. The data sent by the source during alternate path establishment period will be lost leading to incomplete data transfer. The network traffic will therefore increase considerably. This problem can be overcome by establishing an alternative path when the existing path is more likely to be broken, by sending a warning message to the source indicating the likelihood of disconnection. In this paper an attempt has been made to analyze a protocol that improves the network connectivity by preempting the alternative path before the existing link gets failed by monitoring the signal strength and ‘age of the path’.

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Mobile Ad-hoc network (MANET) is infrastructure less network in which nodes are mobile, self reconfigurable, battery powered. As nodes in MANET are battery powered, energy saving is an important issue. We are using routing protocol to save energy so as to extend network lifetime. We have extended original Optimized Linked State Routing (OLSR) protocol by using two algorithms and named it as Enhancement in OLSR using Residual Energy approach (EOLSRRE) and Enhancement in OLSR using Energy Consumption approach (EOLSR-EC). To analyze relative performance of modified protocol EOLSR-RE and EOLSR-EC over OLSR, we performed various trials using Qualnet simulator. The performance of these routing protocols is analyzed in terms of energy consumption, control overheads, end to end delay, packet delivery ratio. The modified OLSR protocol improves energy efficiency of network by reducing 20 % energy consumption and 50% control overheads.

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