The latter or final stages of an RNA based heriditary world were lik.pdf

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The latter or final stages of an RNA based heriditary world were likely dominated by a. cellularized RNA heredity systems using ribosomes for the syntheis of proteins b. DNA based cells with nuclei c. RNA oligonucleotides experimenting with self replication d. RNA based cells with ribosomes but without nuclei e. cellularized RNA heredity systems experimenting with additional ribozymes for the synthesis of proteins Solution Finak stages of RNA based hereditary world were likely dominated by e. cellularized RNA heredity systems experimenting with additional ribozymes for the synthesis of proteins. The synthesis of new protreins at the final stage will lead to the inheritance of new traits..

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Write the code segments to create a monitor that has the same behavior as a semaphore. Monitor semaphore { //initialization // synchronization condition variable // methods wait ( ) signal ( ) } Solution I assume the code is to be written in Java as no language is specified. The solution is below: public class Monitor_Semaphore { private int count; //initialize public Semaphore (int init) { count = init; } //signal synchronized public void S() { count++; notify(); } //wait synchronized public void W() throws InterruptedException { while (count == 0) wait(); count--; } public void Method1(){ W(); //critical section S(); } }.

Write the code segments to create a monitor that has the same behavi.pdf

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Which of the following is NOT a rationale for using mRNA intermediates in gene expression? to preserve its original, pristine copy of the gene DNA lacks the necessary information for protein production. to amplify the response to its changing needs to connect the information (DNA) with protein-producing organelles (ribosomes) Solution Answer b) DNA lacks the necessary information for protein production. Reason - This is not true because DNA contains all the necessary information required to code all the proteins. the same information is being transcribed on mRNA molecule during transcription process and the same information is translated into an amino acid sequence from mRNA into protein. in fact, DNA contains all the necessary information for protein production..

Which of the following is NOT a rationale for using mRNA intermed.pdf

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Which elements are in series and which are in parallel in Figure P1.3.pdf

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What domain is horizontal gene transfer most common within? Multiple choice Horizontal gene transfer is common to all domains. Archaea Bacteria Bacteria and Eukarya Eukarya Solution Horizontal gene transfer is a mechanism by which short DNA fragments are transferred between organisms by direct uptake from environment (not via reproduction). It is most common in prokaryotes, although it occurs in other domains also. Horizontal gene transfer is a mechanism by which short DNA fragments are transferred between organisms by direct uptake from environment (not via reproduction). It is most common in prokaryotes, although it occurs in other domains also.Ans: c- bacteria.

What domain is horizontal gene transfer most common within Multiple .pdf

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This problem is based on the \"B92\" method of quantum key distribution. See Physics World. May 1999. Photons are directed at a polaroid sheet held by Alice. The Transmission Axis (TA) of Alice\'s sheet is either vertical (V) or at 45degree. When Alice wants to send a \"1\" bit she uses the 45degree orientation and when she wants to send a \"0\" bit she uses the V orientation. Some distance away Bob has two polaroid sheets. His polaroid TA can be either horizontal (H) or at -45degree. When Bob uses his H sheet he assigns a \"1\" bit to any photon he observes. When Bob uses his -45degree sheet he assigns a \"0\" bit to any photon he observes. For each of the two types of photons that Alice can send make a table showing what Bob sees with each of his two polaroid orientations. For each case give the probability that Bob sees a photon. Bob and Alice keep the bits for which Bob saw a photon and they use these as the key. In this method they never discuss the polaroid orientations but just note the cases where Bob observed a photon. Show that for the kept subset of bits Bob and Alice agree on the bit values. Alice and Bob choose their polaroid sheets at random. What fraction of bits sent by Alice will be seen by Bob and therefore used? What happens if an evesdropper Eve, places a polaroid sheet (for example in the H direction) between Alice and Bob. What fraction of photons will Alice and Bob agree on now? Solution If Alice and Bob use the sheets at random, Bob would see 50% of bits sent by Alice on an average. if a polaroid with H direction is placed in between Alice and Bob, he would see a photon always. The phtons coming out of the intermdiate would be alinged along H, which can be consdiered as composed of +45 and -45. Thus Bob will always see a photon, whether he uses H sheet or -45 sheet.AliceAliceBobBobBob.Porb.V0H000-4511+451H111-4500.

This problem is based on the B92 method of quantum key distri.pdf

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The _ operator can be used to determine a variable address The variable declared inside a structure declaration are called _. The _ operator allows us to access structure members Multiple Choices - Select the best answer and write it In the blank. Functions prototype are terminated with a semicolon. False True Many functions may have local variables with the same name. False True the execution of this program segment and write the outputs accordingly. Solution 1) The address operator can be used to determine a variable\'s address 2) The variables declared inside a structure declaration are called members 3) The dot operator allows you to access structure members. 1) Functions prototype are terminated with a semicolon True 2) Many functions may have local variables with the same name True.

The _ operator can be used to determine a variable address The variab.pdf

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The main difference between passive and active transport is the specificity of the target molecule involved. the requirement for ATP. various gradient and osmotic pressures within the cell. the ability to maintain voltage across the membrane. diffusion versus membrane protein mediated transport. Co-transport occurs when active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of another solute. 2 ions are transported in opposite directions across the membrane. a proton pump makes ATP. the voltage across the membrane suddenly changes. only during photosynthesis in plants. Match the following terms Phagocytosis Cell pooping. (_____) Pinocytosis Ingesting big particles. (_____) Exocytosis Cell sipping. (_____) Solution Answers : Question number 6 : The correct answer is B ( The requirement of ATP) Explanation : Passive transport is a type of transport in which ions or molecule move across a membrane down the concentration gradient. It doesnot uses any metabolic energy for this purpose. There are three types of passive transport which includes osmosis, simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion. In contrast to passive transport, active transport uses metabolic energy such as ATP to move an ion or a molecule against their concentration gradient (from a region of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration). Example of active transporter : Na+ K+ ATPase pump..

The main difference between passive and active transport is the spec.pdf

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The opposite movement of supination is ___. Pronation flexion extension opposition circumduction The lateral malleolus is part of which bone? Fibula Humerus Femur Patella Tibia The glenoid cavity is part of which bone? Humerus ulna scapule ilium clavicle Solution Ans. 1) Pronation (it is the opposite movement of supination). 2.) Fibula (Lateral malleolus is part of fibula). 3.) Humerus (Glenoid cavity is part of humerous)..

The opposite movement of supination is ___. Pronation flexion exte.pdf

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The following table is a summary of randomly chosen student evaluations of faculty at a university over a three-year period. The researcher is interested in whether the distribution of evaluations differs by faculty rank. Rank Evaluation Assistant Professor Associate Professor Professor Total Above Average 44 36 34 114 Below Average 31 29 51 111 Total 75 65 85 225 Which of the following correctly characterizes the p-value? a. p-value < .01 b. .01 < p-value < .025 c. .025 < p-value < .05 d. .05 < p-value < .10 e. p-value > .10 Do the above data provide evidence at the .025 level that evaluation and faculty rank are dependent? a. yes b. no c. cannot be determined d. maybe? e. Pie Rank Evaluation Assistant Professor Associate Professor Professor Total Above Average 44 36 34 114 Below Average 31 29 51 111 Total 75 65 85 225 Solution The following table is a summary of randomly chosen student evaluations of faculty at a university over a three-year period. The researcher is interested in whether the distribution of evaluations differs by faculty rank. Rank Evaluation Assistant Professor Associate Professor Professor Total Above Average 44 36 34 114 Below Average 31 29 51 111 Total 75 65 85 225 Chi-Square Test Observed Frequencies Column variable Calculations Row variable Assistant Professor Associate Professor Professor Total fo-fe Above Average 44 36 34 114 6 3.0667 -9.0667 Below Average 31 29 51 111 -6 -3.0667 9.0667 Total 75 65 85 225 Expected Frequencies Column variable Row variable Assistant Professor Associate Professor Professor Total (fo-fe)^2/fe Above Average 38 32.9333 43.0667 114 0.9474 0.2856 1.9088 Below Average 37 32.0667 41.9333 111 0.9730 0.2933 1.9604 Total 75 65 85 225 Data Level of Significance 0.025 Number of Rows 2 Number of Columns 3 Degrees of Freedom 2 Results Critical Value 7.3778 Chi-Square Test Statistic 6.3683 p-Value 0.0414 Do not Reject the null hypothesis Which of the following correctly characterizes the p-value? a. p-value < .01 b. .01 < p-value < .025 c. .025 < p-value < .05 d. .05 < p-value < .10 e. p-value > .10 Do the above data provide evidence at the .025 level that evaluation and faculty rank are dependent? a. yes b. no c. cannot be determined d. maybe? e. Pie Rank Evaluation Assistant Professor Associate Professor Professor Total Above Average 44 36 34 114 Below Average 31 29 51 111 Total 75 65 85 225.

The following table is a summary of randomly chosen student evaluati.pdf

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A female carrier of Tay-Sachs wants to have a child with a male carrier for Tay-Sachs. Tay- Sachs is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Using the letters \"T\" and T fill out the following table. Solution Autosomal recessive conditions are associated with non sex chromosomes and the disease allele must be present in homozygous condition to inflict the disease. Tay-Sachs is a sphingolipidoses associated with mutation in the HEXA gene situated on the chromosome 15. A defective copy of both the allele for HEXA gene will lead to Tay sachs. Lets say that the wild type HEXA gene is T and defective gene is t. genotype of Mother - Tt; phenotype of mother- carrier genotype of father-Tt; phenotype of father- carrier Cross between the two: Parents: Tt X Tt offsprings: TT; Tt; Tt; ttFemaleMaleGenotypeTT; Tt; Tt; ttTT; Tt; Tt; ttPhenotypeNormal; carrier; carrier; affectedNormal; carrier; carrier; affectedGenotypes of sperm/ovaSame as the individualsame as the individual.

A female carrier of Tay-Sachs wants to have a child with a male carri.pdf

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So I don\'t understand explicit equations. Whats the formula and how are they different than recursive? Solution in explicit formula we just need to know the term number to find any term of the sequence whereas in recursive formula each term is defined by its preceding term.so to find any term of the sequence we must know the preceding term lets understand by an example let a sequence be 1, 4 , 7 , 10 ... a1 = 1 , difference between 2 terms = 3 for explicit formula an = a1 + (n-1)*3 we just need to plug the value of n to get any term of the sequence for recursive formula an+1 = an + 3 to get any term of the sequence we need to know the preceding term for eaxample to find a3 we plug n = 2 a2+1 = a2 + 3 a3 = a2+ 3 tehrefore we need to know a2 term to get a3 term.

So I dont understand explicit equations. Whats the formula and how.pdf

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Sapling Learning Select the statements that explain why duplication is a driving force for evolution and the generation of genes. variations can occur when random fixed mutations are introduced into a new chromosomal Duplication of a gene segment always results in novel phenotypes. Duplicated genes provide extra copies of DNA that are not constrained by an essential function. Genes duplicate then diverge from the original sequence to create novel genes and Solution Statement No. 1, 3 and 4 justify the fact that Gene duplication driving force behind Evolution. 1) Occurence of fixed mutation in new genotypic environment result may result into deletion of another gene function or enhancement of gene responsible for a particular phenotype. this enhancement (example curvature of spine and straightening of posture) or deletion (example disappearance of tail) can be beneficial to the organism and is passed to future generations thus leading to evolution of new species. 2) Duplicate copies of DNA, after a period of time, are often rendered redundant and are no longer constrained by any essential function. These redundant copies often result in acquiring new function and lead to evolution. 3) Gene duplication, followed by their divergence leads to formation of novel genes and take part in evolution. 4) Novel gene generation result may from interaction between two different genes. However, it is not always that duplication of a gene will always result in new phenotypes. Thus, Statement 1,3 and 4 are true to the statement that gene duplication result into evolution and generation of new genes..

Sapling Learning Select the statements that explain why duplication i.pdf

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Question 1 Humans have affected different organism populations in which of the following ways? (Select all that apply) overfishing agriculture poaching habitat destruction An explanation supported by a large body of observations and experimentation is referred to as a(n): hypothesis. investigation. prediction. supposition. theory. Interactions between organisms lead to the evolution of particular traits in populations of those organisms over time. False True Mutations always result in death of the organism that acquires them. False True Variation among individuals in a species is usually caused by: environmental variation. Solution 1. Human activities, in its extreme form have adversely affected different population of organisms. The important activities that contributed to the negative impacts include overfishing, poaching, agriculture, and habitat destruction. Overfishing happens when large volumes of fish are caught than its population is capable of replacing through natural reproduction. This activity adversely affects the balance of life in the oceans and also the social and economic well-being of the coastal communities\' dependant on fishing as their livelihood. Eg: The population of Atlantic bluefin tuna has declined and is facing near extinction. Targeted fishing of predators, such as tuna and groupers, led to over population of smaller marine species, such as sardines and anchovies, thus changing the marine ecosystem. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA) by United Nations has published a two yearly report in 2006 giving the statistical data on the effects of overfishing. Poaching is the activity of illegal or unauthorized hunting of a specific animal species for sport or profit. The excessive and unregulated hunting of African elephants for their tusk has lead to the drastic reduction in their population. The poaching of wolves, which is the natural predator of elk, lead to an unsustainable population level of the later resulting in scarcity of food sources and their mass extinction. The unsustainable agricultural practices pose the greatest instant threat to species and ecosystems around the world. The adverse environmental impacts include habitat loss of species (due to land conversion), environment pollution, soil erosion, climate change and genetic erosion. Habitat destruction occurs when irreversible change has happened to an area that is incapable of supporting the natural wildlife. This change can be destruction, fragmentation, or degradation. Eg: Clearing a wooded area using bull dozer, filling of wetlands, construction of roads and dams etc..

Question 1 Humans have affected different organism populations in wh.pdf

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Problem 4. The ancient Romans employed a volcanic ash called pozzolana to make a material somewhat similar to the modern Portland cement concrete. Consult sources bevond the textbook and write two or three paragraphs about how this material differed from modern concrete, and how it was similar, and the Roman\'s degree of success in using it as a building material Solution solution A pozzolanic material is essentially a silicious or aluminous material which in itself possess no cementitious properties, which in finely divided form and in the presence of water reacts with calcium hydroxide, liberated in the hydration process at ordinary temperature to produce compounds possessing cementitious properties. This is differed from modern concrete as pozzola portland cement produces less heat of hydration and offers great resistance to the attack of impurities in water than OPC. It evolves less heat and its initial strength is less but final strength is equal to OPC.It has lower rate of development of strength than OPC.

Problem 4. The ancient Romans employed a volcanic ash called pozzolan.pdf

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presence of protected, multicellular embryoshaploid (n) gametophytes a.pdf

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Plants and Chromatography Separation of Photosynthetic Pigments by Paper Chromatography Paper Chromatography and Leaf Pigments Why do some pigments move further than the others? (What happens if the solvent is rubbing alchohol?) Solution Answer: The speed at which a particular pigment moves depends on its relative affinities for the two solvent phases-Mobile phase (solvent) and stationary phase (water) If the pigment has no affinity whatever for the water phase, it will travel at maximum speed. On the other hand, if the pigment has no affinity whatever for the non-polar phase, it will remain stuck at the origin of application..

Plants and ChromatographySeparation of Photosynthetic Pigments by .pdf

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On saturday morning, Pam walked for 2 hours and then ran for 30 minu.pdf

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1)Why have concerns over pollution become so important for management and directors? 2)How can corporations ensure that their employees behave ethically? Solution 1) Stakeholders increasingly expect that a company\'s activities are in the best interest of the society and the people. Stakeholders want their companies to work not just to increase their wealth but also their standard of living by keeping the pollution to a level which is well below the environmental guidelines and which is not harmful to the people (ie: responsible for smog, polluted water, acid rain). Also, now it has become the corporate social responsibilty to keep the pollution level well below the guidelines and rules. This helps to increase the goodwill of the company which in turn increase the faith of investors in the company. 2) Corporations can ensure the same by taking various steps and incentives. Following are certain ways by which corporations can esure the same:- There should be a proper code of conduct within the company which says that employees should behave in a certain way. Employees must be motivated and trained and be given incentives to work hard in the interests of stockholders. Their behavior must be observed to ensure they do not behave illegally or unethically that threaten the trust of stockholders and public in the compny. In many companies employees focus on maximizing their own wealth. In an effort to prevent scandals the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), continues to increase regulations that increase transparencies and eliminate conflicts of interest. The SEC’s goal after each major crisis is to prevent the unethical behavior and illegal behavior. Corporations can ensure that their employees behave ethically by creating segregation of duties where appropriate, creating an incentive program that doesn’t encourage unethical behavior, having control systems in place, a proper hiring process, and athorough training process. There should be proper system in place to ensure that such unethical behaviour will be caught. Corporations need to ensure that their employees understand their responsibilities in carrying out their duties and responsibilities..

1)Why have concerns over pollution become so important for managemen.pdf

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history adaptaion of gorials. what is their parental care, please cite any refrences or sources if possible Solution Parental care is a kind of behavior in which parent show care ,nurture and rear offspring that is biologically inherited. In most the higher mammals like gorillas such behavior is common .Gorilla shows parental care .Adult male gorilla after becoming father shows parental care by cuddling holding babies .While mother breast feed their children and remain protective..

history adaptaion of gorials. what is their parental care, please ci.pdf

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How are devices called that were on the market before FDA started regulating medical devices in 1976? Predicate devices Pre-amendment devices Pre-approved devices None of the above What elements are part of the usual process of establishing safety and effectiveness for a PMA device? Human testing Bench testing Animal testing All of the above Solution Please find the answers below: Part 3: Choice b (Before the guidelines of FDA on 28th May 1976, the devices used to pateints were called as pre-amendment devices. A pre-amendment device is analysed by FDA for its safety, distribution and usability by patients by various means and at various levels of quarantine such as claims, technical, administrative and literature) Part 4: Choice d (FDA checks all the products for their safety of utilization by pateints. This includes all, the laboratory testing or bench testing, tests conducted in vitro and in vivo using cellular and animal models along with any data from human clinical trial data. This ensures the safety of utilization of any device by the patients.).

How are devices called that were on the market before FDA started reg.pdf

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