How many paths are there in a tree with n nodesHow many paths a.pdf

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How many paths are there in a tree with n nodes? How many paths are there in a tree with n nodes? Solution Path - A walk(open) in which no vertex comes more than 1. Also in a tree threre is no parallel path and self loop.So there is unique path between each pair of vertices .So total number of path is form by selecting any two vertex from given number of nodes or vertex. Total number of path =nC2=n(n-1)/2..

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FTP and TFTP are primarily file transfer protocols. What is the main difference between both. Solution FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. It is used to send/receive file from the remote computer. It is defined in RFC959. FTP establishes two connections between client system and server system, one for control information and the other for data to be transfered. Control information carry commands/response. Authentication need to be done initially by way of validating username and password. Once it is done files can be transferred between two systems. FTP handles both binary and text format files. When a FTP client requests to connect to the FTP server, a TCP connection is being established to the FTP server\'s port 21 reserved for FTP. After authentication is done, another TCP connection is being established for the actual data transfer on port number 20. TFTP stands for Trivial File Transfer Protocol. It is defined in RFC783. It is simpler than FTP, does file transfer between client and server process but does not provide user authentication and other useful features supported by FTP. TFTP uses UDP while FTP uses TCP. As TFTP is unreliable protocol due to UDP, it uses application layer recovery supported by UDP. This is done by embedding a small header between the UDP header and the data. This header incorporates codes for example read,write and acknowledgement along with numbering scheme which numbers 512 bytes of data. These block numbers provided are used to acknowledge the receipt and re-send the data in case of checksum failures. TFTP sends one block and waits on acknowledgement before sending another block. Key Differences Between FTP and TFTP:-.

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Given Starter File: import java.util.Arrays; /** * Encapsulates an integr array and provides methods * to manipulate it */ public class NumberArray { private int[] data; @Override public String toString() { return Arrays.toString(data); } } Tester File: NumberArrayTester.java Solve Using JAVA for an intro to java class Solution NumberArray.java import java.util.Arrays; /** * Encapsulates an integr array and provides methods * to manipulate it */ public class NumberArray { private int[] data; public NumberArray(int a[]){ data = a; } public void swap(int a, int b){ if(a >= 0 && b >= 0 && a<8 && b < 8){ int temp = data[a]; data[a] = data[b]; data[b] = temp; } } public int getLast(){ return data[data.length-1]; } public int product(){ int product = 0; if(data.length > 0){ product =1; } for(int i=0; i.

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DOES NOT NEED TO BE ANSWERED UNTIL NOV 13th Words Assignment Robert Glen Martin School for the Talented and Gifted, Dallas, TX Based on the Lab16c assignment from Stacey Armstrong © A+ Computer Science - www.apluscompsci.com Introduction The purpose of this assignment is to give students practice with Strings, arrays, and ArrayLists. It also provides the opportunity to work with several interacting classes. Overview This project utilizes three new classes: - Word- an immutable class representing a word - Words - a class representing a list of Word objects - WordTester- a class used to test the Word and Words classes. Starter Code The folder Words Student contains a JCreator project with starter code for the three classes. WordTester (the application) is complete and only requires uncommenting to test the Word and Words classes as they are completed. The needed imports, class headings, method headings, and block comments are provided for the remaining classes. Javadocs are also provided for the Word and Words classes. Word – This part of the lab has been done for you.Look at the main WordTester to see how it uses a Word object. Run the main to see the results of the tester code. The Word class represents a single word. It is immutable. You have been provided a skeleton for this class. Complete the Word class using the block comments, Javadocs, and the following instructions. 1. Add a String instance variable named word which will contain the word. 2. Complete the one parameter constructor to initialize the word instance variable. 3. Complete the getLength method to return the number of characters in the word. 4. Complete the getNumVowels method to return the number of vowels in the word. It should use the VOWELS class constant and String’s length, substring, and indexOf methods. Do not use more than one loop. Do not use any String methods that are not in the AP Subset. 5. Complete the getReverse method to return a Word with the letters of this reversed. 6. Complete the toString method to return the String word. 7. Uncomment the Word test code in WordTester and make sure that Word works correctly. Words The Words class represents a list of words. You have been provided a skeleton for this class. Complete the Words class using the block comments, Javadocs, and the following instructions. Step has been done for you. 1. Add a List instance variable named words which will contain the list of words. Be sure to specify the type of objects that will be stored in the List. Be sure that the instance variable is private. 2. Complete the one parameter constructor to initialize the words instance variable. You will need to create the ArrayList and add each word to it. Be sure to create a new Word object with each String in the parameter array wordList and then add it to the ArrayList words. This would be a great place to use a for-each loop. Your code should not generate any warnings. 3. Complete the countWordsWithNumChars method to return the number of wo.

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Discuss in detail how two different Progressive reformers tackled the social, political, or economic problems they felt most threatened America’s democracy and social order. What was their main object of reform? What actions did they take to implement that reform? How successful were they in their work? (Be sure to place each Progressive reformer’s work in the context of the industrial or urban problem with which he or she was most concerned, i.e. discuss/describe in some detail the social ill the reformer hoped to change and then also discuss, at length, the nature of that Progressive’s plan for reform). Solution Between 1890 and 1910 more than 12 million European people immigrated to the United states. They came from Ireland,Russia,Italy and other European countries and provided cheap Factory labour, a demand that was created with the country\'s expansion into the west following the Civil War. Many immigrants lived in Crowded and disease ridden tenments, Worked long Hours and lived in Poverty. Children often worked to help support the family. Jacob riis wrote How the other Half lives about the lives of immigrants on NewYork City\'s Lower East side to bring greater awareness of the immigrant\'s living conditions. The most famous settlement house in the United States in Chicago\'s Hull house founded by John Addams and Ellen gates starr in 1889 after Addams visited tonybee hall with in previous two years. Hull house though was not religious based organization. It focussed on providing Education and recretational fecilities for European immigrant woman and children. Lenox Hill neighbourhood house founded in 1894 Friendly inn settlement house founded in 1874 Henry Street settlement founded in 1893 Hirram house founded in 1896 and University settlement house founded in 1886 and the oldest in United States, were like Hull House important sites for social reform. United neighbourhood houses of NewYork is the federation of 35 settlement houses in NewYork city. These and other settlement houses inspired the establishment of settlement schools to serve isolated rural communities in Appalachia. By 1913 there were 413 settlements in 32 States. By the 1920\'s there were almost 500 settlement houses in the country. The Settlement house concept was continued by Dorodhy Day\'s Catholic worker Hospitality houses in 1930\'s. American settlement houses functioned on philosophy of scientific philanthropy a belief that instead of giving direct relief, charities should give resources to the poor so they could break out of the circle of poverty. American Charity workers feared that the deeply entrenched social class system in Europe would develop in United states..

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Describe the major parts of the nervous system and their functions. Solution Nervous system consists of two parts a. Central nervous system ( CNS) and b Peripheral nervous system. Central nervous system consists of Brain and spinal cord. while peripheral nervous system consisted of long nerve fiber which connect various organ to brain via spinal cord. CNS has Grey matter consists nerve bodies while white matter consists of axon Major part of brain 1. Medulla oblangata : It control center for involuntary function such as breathing 2.Pond relay information between from brain to cerebellum 3. Mid brain responsible for eye movement 4. Above mid brain is dicephalon which composed of two part Thalamus and hypothalamus which maintain homeostasis Function Brain sends message through spinal cord to nerve to the body to control movement of muscle and functions of internal organ.

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DEFINE: gene enhancer and gene promoter (3-4 sentences each). Solution Answer : Enhancers : An enhancer is a segment of DNA that lies either upstream, within, or downstream of a structural gene that serves to increase transcription initiation from that gene. enhancers are found thousands of basepairs away from the genes. They interacts with the activators and coactivators which in turn recruits RNA polymerase to the site of transcription. Promoters are the specific sites on the DNA in which RNA polymerase enzyme binds and intiates the trancription/RNA synthesis process..

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Cisco Systems, Inc. offers a switching technology known as Multi-Layer Switching (MLS).In what ways does MLS differ from MPLS? Solution Multi-Layer Switching has turn into a extremely desired method of accelerating routing performance through the utilize of dedicated ASIC. Traditional routing is completed through a central CPU and software. MLS offloads a significant part of routing to hardware, and thus has also been termed switching. MLS and Layer 3 switching are equivalent terms. Multi Protocol Label Switching is a standards-supported technology for increasing up network traffic flow and making it simpler to manage. MPLS involves setting up a specific path for a given sequence of packets, recognized by a label put in every packet, thus saving the time needed for a router to look up the address to the next node to promoted the packet to. MPLS is called multiprotocol because it efforts with the Internet Protocol , and asynchronous transport mode and frame relay network protocols. MPLS permits most packets to be forwarded at the layer 2 level rather than at the layer 3 level. It is used to moving traffic faster overall, MPLS makes it easy to manage a network for quality of service.

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C# Programing How a derived class that inherits attributes and behaviors from a base class? Problems with Protected access modifier. Solution A derived class can override a base class member only if base class member is declared as virtual or abstract. The derived member must use override keyword to explicitly indicate that the method is intended to participate in virtual invocation. Protected variables should be avoided because of the following reasons: 1)They tend to lead to some issues. Protected variables generally have some intrinsic invariance associated with them or else they would be public Inheritors then need to maintain those properties, which people can violate. 2)If the base class makes too many assumptions about the protected member, or the inheritor is too flexible with the behavior of the class, it can lead to the base class behavior being modified by that extension which leads to inheritance for extension rather than composition. Infact tends to lead to tighter coupling, more violations..

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Briefly define cyberterrorism. Define hacktivism. Illustrate examples of each in current events within the last decade. What is the fundamental difference between these two? How has technology helped to advance these groups? How do you think our government’s response to such groups has changed our attitudes towards our own freedoms? In your opinion, do you think Hacktivism is justified or is it just a subset of cyberterrorism? Give some examples to support your stance. Solution According to the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, cyberterrorism is any \"premeditated, politically motivated attack against information, computer systems, computer programs, and data which results in violence against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents.\"Unlike a nuisance virus or computer attack that results in a denial of service, a cyberterrorist attack is designed to cause physical violence or extreme financial harm. According to the U.S. Commission of Critical Infrastructure Protection, possible cyberterrorist targets include the banking industry, military installations, power plants, air traffic control centers, and water systems. Cyberterrorism is sometimes referred to as electronic terrorism or information war. Hacktivism is “the use of computers and computer networks to promote political ends, chiefly free speech, human rights, and information ethics”. As with any technology, “hacking” and therefore hacktivism can be a force for good or evil. Hacking versus Cyberterrorism ‘Hacking’ is the term used to describe unauthorised access to or use of a computer system. The term ‘hacktivism’ is composed of the words ‘hacking’ and ‘activism’ and is the handle used to describe politically motivated hacking. ‘Cracking’ refers to hacking with a criminal intent; the term is composed of the words ‘criminal’ and ‘hacking.’ In a majority of both media reports and academic analyses of cyberterrorism, one or other of these terms – hacking, hacktivism, cracking - or the activities associated with them are equated with or identified as variants of cyberterrorism. Hackers have many different motives. Many hackers work on gaining entry to systems for the challenge it poses. Others are seeking to educate themselves about systems. Some state that they search for security holes to notify system administrators while others perform intrusions to gain recognition from their peers. Hacktivists are politically motivated; they use their knowledge of computer systems to engage in disruptive activities on the Internet in the hopes of drawing attention to some political cause. These disruptions take many different forms, from ‘denial of service’ (DoS) attacks that tie up Web sites and other servers, to posting ‘electronic graffiti’ on the home pages of government and corporate Web sites, to the theft and publication of private information on the Internet. Crackers hack with the intent of stealing, altering data, or engaging in other malicious damage.41 A sig.

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Although not an assignment, for consideration: In human experience, there is perception of pain, and perception of sound. Which is exponential? Which is logarithmic? Name something else that is best described as exponential or logarithmic (as opposed to polynomial or trigonometric). Solution Perception of sound is probably logarithmic. In western classical music the semitone scale has logarithmic frequency. In a research it is shown that the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices activity and stimulus intensity resembles as an exponenetial function. The function matches closely with the pain rating of the paitent. Therefore it seems perception of pain is exponential in nature. Population growth, Compound Interest are exponential, where as the Logistic model is logarithmic...

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15. The myxoviruses such as influenza viruses are so named because they have __________ that bind mucins present on the respiratory epithelium. A. an envelope B. glycolipids C. glycoproteins D. an ssRNA genome E. the capacity to aerosolize Solution C. glycoproteins The influenza virus binds to the cell surface by fixing the outer top of the haemagglutininglycoproteins to the sialic acid of a cells glycoproteins and glycolipids.

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which of the following statements is an example of a phenocopy? A. Phenylketonuria results from a recessive mutation that causes light skin as well as metal retardation. B. Human height is influenced by genes at many different loci. C. Dwarf plants and motted leaves in tomatoes are caused by seperate genes that are linked. D. Vestigial wings in Drosophila are prodcued by a recessive mutation. This trait is also produced by high temperature during development E. Intelligence in humans is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Solution Answer is (D). D. Vestigial wings in Drosophila are prodcued by a recessive mutation. This trait is also produced by high temperature during development.

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what is a natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow? would two small, geographically isolated populations in very different environments be likely to evolve in a similar way? explain. Solution natural selection is a process, by which organisam get better adaptation to enviroment for survival and produce more offespring . another defination is process by which the forms of organism in a population that are the best adapted to environment increase in frequency relatively to less adapted forms over a number of generations. this theory was given by Charles Darwin,natural selection is a comosite of all the force that cause differential survival & diffrential reproduction among the genetic variant.natural selection is nonrandom process by which biological traits become more or less common in population, there genetic drift-the random change in allele frequencies caused by sampling error across generations in final population is called genetic drift, drift can be major driving force for changing alleles frequencies in small population , however the key element of genetic drift is that which individuals survive and reproduce is random( unrelated to their phenotype and genotype). drift cause fixation of alleles in population. genetic drift is a random, directionaless process, it act to eliminate genetic variation over a time.drift lead in increase homozygosity for diploid organism and cause increase in inbreeding coefficient, and resulting in facilitate speciation(creating new species) Gene flow-gene flow is transfer of allele and genes from one population to another.through reproduction in same species.gene flow is also non as gene migration, geographically isolated populations in very different environments be likely to evolve in a similar way- speciation is a lineage splitting evolutionary process that produce two or more species, means creation of new and distinct biological species by branching off form ancestral population. occure when gene flow is reduce sufficiently between sister population, and this play critical role in speciation. mode of speciation are often classified as allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation allopatric speciation-geographical isolation between population, and increase genetic divergen by either genetic drift or selection, selection for increase reproduction isolation, and speciation completed. sympatric speciation-does not require geographical isoloation, this reproductive isolation depend on number of factor- like, competition for resources,disruptive selection,sexual selection.

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What is the difference between Type I and Type II errors in hypothesis testing? How do and relate to Type I and Type II errors? Solution A type I error can only occur when you reject Ho. A type II error can only occur when you fail to reject Ho. Alpha is the probability of committing a type I error when you reject Ho. Beta is the probability of committing a type II error when you fail to reject Ho..

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