Internal morphology of permanent teeth

© Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
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Faculty of Dental Sciences
Internal Morphology Of
Permanent Teeth
Seminar :1
Module :1
By: Dr. Arbiya Anjum S

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CONTENTS
o INTRODUCTION
o TERMINOLOGIES
o CLASSIFICATION
o MAXILLARY TEETH ANATOMY
o MANDIBULAR TEETH ANATOMY
o CONCLUSION
o REFERENCES

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INTRODUCTION
• “Of all the phases of anatomic study in the human system,
one of the most complex is the pulp cavity morphology” –
M.T.BARRETT
The knowledge of root canal architecture will help us in
• Effective debridement
• To know the apical termination of instrumentation
• 3d obturation of canal

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ROOT CANAL ANATOMY
Root canal system It is the space
within the tooth that contains
pulp tissue.
Roof of pulp chamber - Dentin covering the pulp
chamber occlusally or incisally.
Pulp horn -Accentuation of the roof of the pulp
chamber directly under a cusp or developmental
lobe.
Floor of pulp chamber- Runs parallel to the roof
and consists of dentin bounding the pulp
chamber near the cervical area of the tooth.
Canal orifices- Openings in the floor of pulp
chamber leading in to root canals

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A = Root apex
B = Apical constriction
C = Root canal
D = Cementum
E = Dentine
F = Apical foramen
Major apical foramen:
• It is the exit of the root canal onto the external root surface, located
within 3 mm of the root apex.
Minor apical foramen/Apical constriction:
• Apical part of the root canal with the narrowest diameter.
• 0.5–1 mm from the major apical foramen (Vertucci 2005).
• Often used as the reference point of apical termination of canal
instrumentation and filling procedures.

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• Space between major and minor apical diameter - FUNNEL
SHAPED, HYPERBOLIC or having the shape of a MORNING GLORY
THE CEMENTODENTINAL JUNCTION –
o The region where the dentin and cementum are united.
oCDJ does not always coincide with the apical constriction.
o The location of the CDJ ranges from 0.5 to 3.0 mm short of the
anatomic apex.

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LATERAL AND ACCESSORY
CANALS

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WEINE’S
CLASSIFICATION
Vertucci’s
classification

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Faculty of Dental Sciences©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
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Int Endod J. 2017 Aug;50(8):761-770. doi: 10.1111/iej.12685. Epub 2016 Oct 17.
A new system for classifying root and root canal morphology.
Ahmed HMA1, Versiani MA2, De-Deus G3, Dummer PMH4.

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ISTHMUS
An isthmus is a narrow, ribbon-shaped communication
between two root canals that contains pulp or pulpally
derived tissue.

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INDIVIDUAL ROOT CANAL
ANATOMY

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Root canal
morphology
shows presence
of one canal per
root except the
lower incisors ,
upper
premolars, mb
root of upper 1st
molar, mesial
root of lower
molars (2 root
canals).

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MAXILLARY CENTRAL INCISOR
Average Tooth Length- 22.8mm
Root chamber-
• Location - center of the crown equidistant from
the dentinal walls.
• Broad and ovoid - mesiodistally
• Broadest -incisally
• 3 pulp horns(mamelons)
Root and root canal- 1
.
• Centrally located, Conical in shape
• In c.s: Ovoid mesiodistally- cervical 3rd
Ovoid to round – middle 3rd
Round-apical 3rd

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MAXILLARY LATERAL INCISOR
Average Tooth Length-22.5mm
Root chamber-
• same as central incisor but smaller
• 2 pulp horns (mamellons)
• Conical, Finer diameter than central
incisor
• In c.s,
• Ovoid labiopalatally- cervical 3rd
• Ovoid -middle 3rd
• Round -apical 3rd

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MAXILLARY CANINE
Average Tooth Length-26mm
Root chamber-
labiopalatally - triangular in shape with
apex towards the single cusp and base in
cervical 3rd of the crown.
Mesiodistally – narrow as a flame
One pulp horn (one cusp)
Wider labiopalatally than mesiodistally &
on reaching middle 3rd tapers gradually at
apical constriction.

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MAXILLARY FIRST PREMOLAR
Root chamber-
• narrow mesiodistally
• pulp horn under each cusp (buccal
higher level)
• 2 orifices (B&P)
• 2 roots – 54.6%(21.9% separated &
32.7% partially fused)

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The roots of upper first premolars are very
delicate and may curve quite sharply buccally,
palatally, mesially or distally, so instrumentation
needs to be carried out with great care.
Cross-sections taken at
different levels in a maxillary
first premolar showing the
division of the buccal canal.
Examples of upper
premolars with three
roots.

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MAXILLARY SECOND PREMOLAR
Root chamber-
narrow mesiodistally wider buccopalatally
2 pulp horns (B&P)
Root and root canal-
90.3% 1 root , 2% 2 well developed ,
7.7% partially fused 2 roots.
.

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MAXILLARY FIRST MOLAR
Root chamber- largest in the arch.
Roof– rhomboidal , pulp horns –mb,db,mp & dp.
Roots
P-largest(22mm), flat ribbon like
DB-(21mm) small, narrow
MB –(21mm) narrowest
Orifice
P-largest , round
MB-under the mesiobuccal cusp, broad buccolingually
DB- distal and to palatal mesiobucal orifice, ovoid

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Locating MB2 orifice – • Difficult as its buried under
dentine bridge formed as a result of aging

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MAXILLARY SECOND MOLAR
Root chamber-
Similar to maxillary 1st molar, except narrower
mesiodistally
MB Root
• Broad buccolingually
• 1 or 2 canals
DB Root
• Rounded / ovoid, single canal
• Orifice appears on same line joining mesiobuccal
& palatal canals
Palatal root
• Broad mesiodistally
• Ovoid, Single canal

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MAXILLARY THIRD MOLAR
• Average Tooth Length- 17.1mm
• Root chamber- similar to second molar
with 3 orifices
• It may also have oddly shaped chamber
with 4/5 rc orifices or conical shape
with 1 orifice
• Root and root canal-
• 3 well developed roots closely placed
• Fused roots or conical or 4/5
independent
• Root – curved , straight dilacerated
• C shaped canal may be seen

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MANDIBULAR CENTRAL INCISOR
Root chamber-
• smallest tooth in the arch
• Small & flat – mesiodistally
• Wide labiolingually
• Tapers incisally
• Straight - 60%

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MANDIBULAR LATERAL INCISOR
Root chamber-
Similar to central incisor but slightly larger
dimension
• Small & flat – mesiodistally
• Wide labiolingually
• Tapers incisally
Root and root canal-1
• Straight - 60%

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MANDIBULAR CANINE
Average Tooth Length- 25 mm
Root chamber-
Resembles maxillary canine but smaller
• Narrow mesiodistally
• One pulp horn
Root and root canal-1
• Straight - 68%

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Lower canines may occasionally be found with two separate roots.

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MANDIBULAR FIRST PREMOLAR
Root chamber-
Narrow mesiodistally, wider buccopalatally
• Pulp horn under each cusp, buccal pulp horn more
prominent
• 2 canal orifices (lies deep in coronal third of root below
cervical line)
Root and root canal- 1 (70%)
• 1 canal bifurcates into 2 and ends in 2 foramina – 24%
• 2 -2– 1.5%
• 1-2-1 – 4%
• 3-3– 0.5%

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MANDIBULAR SECOND PREMOLAR
Root chamber-
• Narrow mesiodistally
• Wider buccolingually
• Prominent Lingual pulp horn
• Single canal – 97.5%
• Some roots bifurcates exiting in 2 foraminas – 2.5%

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A lower second premolar with a severe distal curve at the apex.

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MANDIBULAR FIRST MOLAR
Root chamber-
• 4 pulp horns : MB, ML, DB, DL
• 3 distinct orifices : MB, ML & distal
• Roof – Rectangular in shape
Root and root canal- Normally 2 m
and 1 d canal
.

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Lower first molars may occasionally be found with two separate distal roots.

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MANDIBULAR SECOND MOLAR
Root chamber- Similar to 1st molar but
smaller in size
• Mesial root – higher incidence of 1 canal – 14%
• Higher incidence of root fusion
• C-shaped canals are frequent Mandibular 2nd
Molar
• In a mandibular second molar with two canals,
both orifices are in the mesiodistal midline.

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MANDIBULAR THIRD MOLAR
• Average Tooth Length-18.5mm
• Root chamber-
• Similar to 1st & 2nd molar but smaller in
size.
• Large
• c-shaped canal
• Root and root canal-
• canal 2 root and 2 canal
• Ocasionally, 1 root & canal or3 roots& 3
canals

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The developmental anatomy of lower third molars may be quite bizarre.

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CONCLUSION
• Root canal system is extraordinarily complex with
numerous intricacies , including accessory canals and
isthami.
• Therefore ,The endodontist should have the basic
knowledge of root canal system while appreciating the
complexity and its variations for the successful treatment
outcome.

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REFERENCES
• GROSSMAN -13TH EDITION
• COHEN- 9TH EDITION
• INGLE’S – 6TH EDITION
• MORPHOLOGY OF ROOT CANAL SYSTEM BRITISH
DENTAL JOURANL VOLUME 197.
• Int Endod J. 2017 Aug;50(8):761-770 A new
system for classifying root and root canal
morphology.

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Internal morphology of permanent teeth

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