Constructed Treatment Wetland Treatment Wetlands Essay

Constructed Treatment Wetland Treatment Wetlands Essay
Constructed Treatment Wetlands Below is some valuable information that we believe you should
know about constructed treatment wetlands (CTWs). This will include the value of CTWs, how they
work, the different types of CTWs, and some examples of CTWs in use today.
Value of Constructed Treatment Wetlands Engineers and scientist have designed constructed
treatment wetlands for the sole purpose of improving water quality that was polluted from point and
nonpoint sources of water pollution. Including storm water runoff, domestic wastewater, agricultural
wastewater, and mine drainage. They're many benefits for CTWs that you should know about.
Natural wetlands are some of the most biologically diverse and productive natural ecosystems in the
world, therefore most CTWs can provide the same benefits that natural ones provide. First, CTWs
are generally less expensive compared to traditional wastewater treatment options. This is an
important detail because CTWs can cut the cost of water treatment over time by a large amount due
to low maintenance cost. In addition to cutting cost, CTWs are self sufficient, with proper
construction/maintenance. If a large storm comes in or unexpected level of wastewater is
experienced, a CTW would be able to handle the extra load with little problem if constructed
correctly, while traditional water treatment options can have a negative impact due to excess
wastewater. Another benefit of CTWs is the ability to reduce or completely eliminate odors
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Texas Bottomland Wetlands
Bottomland hardwoods are wetlands found along rivers and streams which sometimes flood beyond
their channels into hardwood forested floodplains. These wetlands, which include forests, swamps,
ponds, and water channels, are considered some of the most important habitats in Texas wildlife.
Soil type and adaptation of that soil. What is different about wetland soil? How can we recognize it?
The Texas bottomland hardwood soil is highly fertile due to the nearby water resources. These
wetlands are able to control the soil erosion in order to prevent flood damage and maintain water
quality. The soil is often a deep brown or brownish–red color.
Yearly amount of rainfall.
In the Texas bottomlands and areas are it, the amount of rainfall varies throughout ... Show more
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When this occurs, water from the wetland buildup can seep into the ground and be stored as ground
for aquifers.
Human impacts in habitat, pollution, chemicals, etc...; Why should we protect wetlands? How can
we protect wetlands?
These wetlands can be protected if humans reduce pollution amounts. Many wetlands are affected
by pesticides and fertilizers, among other pollutants, clogging up the waters. Another thing which is
harming wetlands is when people drain them or get rid of them to make way for open land. People
can help by either joining a cause which preserves wetlands or by making sure rivers and streams
become pollution–free zones so that the organisms living there can continue to survive.
Any Background or History on the Texas Wetland of that particular region
Since the European settlement, Texas has lost over seven million acres of wetlands throughout the
state. Wetlands are some of the most diverse ecosystems, and East Texas contains most of Texas'
bottomland hardwood wetlands. In the East Texas bottomlands, the climate is humid and hot. This
region has some of the highest amounts of rainfall in

Floating Wetlands
Floating treatment wetlands are a manmade ecosystem that mimic natural wetlands (David J.
Sample, 2013) and are used to increase the water quality of lakes (SWCD, 2017). These floating
wetlands can serve many task such as creating habitat for a variety of organisms, such as birds, can
add to the aesthetic of the lake, recharge aquifers and can reduce large hydrologic loads from storm
events (Lubnow, 2014). The main focus of the floating wetland and this project will be to act as a
filter to remove certain pollutants primarily phosphorus and nitrogen which for Mattatall Lake has
been over–run by excess phosphorus entering and settling within the lake. From these increased
levels of total phosphorus as well as other factors has fuelled the growth ... Show more content on
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They then move or float to the surface where they will then be able to out compete any other algae
or organisms for light (Lubnow, 2014). In addition to this and the toxins they produce the
cyanobacteria that has inhabited Mattatall Lake are also known to have heterocysts, which are
specialized nitrogen fixing cells that are within the bacteria (Lubnow, 2014). This means that they
can produce their own nitrogen from the atmosphere and are not reliant on just the inorganic sources
of nitrogen from the lake (UniProt, 2018). However, for that process to occur the algae needs a great
deal of energy, which is where the vast amount of phosphorus is also needed (Lubnow, 2014).
Therefore, the perfect environment for this algae to grow would be one that has increased levels of
phosphorus, high water temperatures, and low flushing rates / recharge rates (Lubnow, 2014). Which
is exactly what Mattatall lake has been experiencing in the past few years (2014, 2015,

Wetlands In Louisiana
Over the last few decades, the loss of Louisiana's coastal wetlands has become a point of concern
because of the vital roles the wetlands play in the environment. They have been destroyed over time
because of natural causes such as hurricanes and weather as well as from the construction of man–
made flood–control levees. Wetlands serve many purposes within the environment. Not only do the
wetlands effect the residents of southern Louisiana, but they effect the animals that call the wetlands
home as well as the industries that thrive off the wetlands. Since the wetlands have begun to
disappear, steps have been taken in order to prevent Louisiana's wetlands from disappearing.
Restoration acts have been put in to place by the government to help ... Show more content on
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The annual budget for CWPPRA has differed throughout the years from $30 million to $80 million
per year. This money funds the projects to be able to provide for long–term conservation of the
wetlands and their inhabitants. In these funded projects, a variety of techniques are used including
marsh creation and restoration, shoreline protection, hydraulic restoration, beneficial use of dredged
material, terracing, sediment trapping, vegetative planting, barrier island restoration, and bank
stabilization. Every restoration project can use one or more of the techniques to help repair the
wetlands depending on how (About CWPPRA, 2016). CWPPRA has been very successful with the
help of the United States Environmental Protection Agency in helping restore and protect
Louisiana's coastal

Thi Turtles In Wetlands
Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil
all year or for varying periods of time during the year. The amount of water saturation plays a
tremendous role in determining soil development and the wildlife communities interacting with it,
both terrestrial and aquatic. Abiotic and biotic factors such as topography, climate, vegetation, and
human disturbance give way to a wide variety of wetlands, but for the most part can be generalized
into two main categories. Tidal wetlands are those found close to an ocean and are linked with
estuaries, providing an environment with fluctuating salinities. The combination of salt water and
differing water levels from tides create a harsh habitat for most plants. However, some species are
able to thrive in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mating typically occurs in the spring, then females search for terrestrial nesting sites in June or July.
After laying their eggs, the female turtles will leave them, forcing the newborn turtles to survive on
their own. The hatchlings grow rapidly until maturity, then growth rate significantly decreases. The
Testudines order is a contradiction to the r/K selection theory, as it does not conform solely to one
strategy. K–strategists are defined as long–lived individuals with a low reproductive and growth
rate. Offspring are produced in low numbers with high survival rates, and typically require parental
care in their juvenile years. Alternatively, r–strategists are short–lived and give birth to many
offspring at a time with low survival rates. Minimal parental care is required, as caring for so many
would over–exert the parents. Each of these strategies can be applied to turtles because they produce
large numbers of un–nurtured offspring, yet have high survival rates, slow growth–rate past
maturity, and a long lifespan. Gravid turtles are also typically older, which is another trait of K–
selective

Biomes Of South Afric The Human Influences On Biomes And...
This pie chart is proof that almost a quarter of the flora in South Africa falls into the category of
"threatened" or "of conservation concern". This project's main aim is to investigate the different
biomes in South Africa, the human influences on biomes and the meaning of biodiversity.
Question 1:
The biodiversity of a biome refers to the variety of living organisms, like plants, animals, fungi etc.,
found in this particular biome.
Question 2:
I live in Gauteng, South Africa which is classified as the grassland biome. Plants found in the
grassland biome are also adapted to survive fire as grasslands often burn.
Figure 2: sample of the grassland biome.
Task 1:
We as a group have chosen the savanna (terrestrial) and the wetland (aquatic) biomes of South
Africa to investigate:
Savannas
1.1) The Savannas are found around the northern parts and Lowvelds of Southern Africa, in the
provinces: Mpumalanga, Limpopo, the North West province and parts of the Northern Cape,
Gauteng, Kwazulu Natal and the Eastern Cape. The largest biome that makes up 46% of South
Africa is the savanna biome.
1.2) Savannas are split into two layers: the upper layer which is called the 'shrubveld' and the lower
layer called the 'woolands', or more commonly known as the 'bushveld'. Savannas are generally
warm and humid in the rainy seasons but cool down during the dry seasons (for more than seven
months a year).Savannas have a wetdry climate and

Parker Wetlands Argument Analysis
In his presentation, Cal Dueck of the Parker Wetlands conservation committee, argued that the
wetlands should not be destroyed, because the ecosystem contributes to the overall health of the city
and its inhabitants. His first point, to support his view, is the fact that the land serves as a natural
water management system. The wetlands help regulate floods by absorbing excess water. If the land
is developed, and covered in concrete, flooding may become a bigger problem in the city, and thus
decrease the overall health of the city. In addition to flood control, the wetlands also help purify the
ground water. The vegetation in the wetlands, per Ducks Unlimited Canada, "traps sediment and
pollutants, and wetlands microorganisms break down the contaminants." This means, that the people
of Winnipeg, would have their rights to better ground water taken from them, if the land gets
developed. Cal therefore argues, that when wetlands are destroyed, the well being of the cities
inhabitants is also destroyed. This argument is in line with the arguments of William Blackstone, as
presented by Joseph Desjardins in his book "Environmental Ethics: An introduction to
environmental philosophy". Blackstone argues that there is a need to recognize a new human right,
which is the "right to a livable environment" . Furthermore, Blackstone also argues the right to a
livable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Joseph R. Desjardins says, that in the Kantian view of ethics, rights have a higher standing than
wants, even if the wants provide the maximum amount of good. Therefore, the desire to develop the
wetlands, which could provide more tax revenues to the city of Winnipeg, is in conflict with the
right to a livable environment for the people of Winnipeg. In this case, the right to a livable
environment trumps the desire to develop the land in order to get higher tax

Human Impact On Wetlands Essay
Human Impact
Humans have had a huge impact on wetlands in multiple ways. From construction of homes to
pollution to altering chemical composition of the wetland, we have had a negative impact on our
precious wetlands. Without even noticing, our daily actions have greatly affected the ecosystem.
Statistics
In the 1600's, there were approximately 220 million acres of wetlands in the forty–eight states (Dahl
1990). Since then, the numbers have been dropping drastically. In 1980, an estimated number of
103.3 million acres of wetlands were left (Dahl and Johnson 1991). That's a 53% decrease! (See
Figure 3.5) Most states have lost around 50% of their wetlands, but others such as Illinois, Indiana,
Missouri, Kentucky, and Ohio have lost about 80%. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wetlands are extremely important to the environment, but many don't know this. The term, "swamp"
is the word that most people would think of when wetlands are discussed. Because of this, public
support of wetland conservation is low and therefore conservation efforts aren't at their full
potential. If we can raise awareness through public gatherings at local forums such as the library or
town center, we can create a much bigger

Restoring Tidal Wetlands : Restoration Of Natural Habitats
Restoring Tidal Wetlands Ivan Torrenegra
Tropical Landscapes Professor. Juan Bueno April 9, 2015 Restoring Tidal Wetlands
The proper process in restoring wetlands is fundamental to recover some of the lost habitats and
biodiversity from our lifestyle. Ensuring this recovery could change our lives. Meanwhile, it is the
mentality and innocence about the importance of this topic what doesn't lead to more restoration of
natural habitats. However, changing out the mentality towards nature through education will ensure
quality of life for us and the generations yet to come. Throughout this paper we will discover the
importance of the tidal wetlands, restorations processes, functions and results from these
restorations.
The Tidal marsh is one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
the hydrology of the tidal swamp form intertidal and supratidal cays shores and rivers, as well as
sites along coastlines with low–energy waves. also tidal flood and ebb of brackish water. there is
very slow percolation even at low water table in which tidal import nutrients upland runoff nutrients.
The most significant part of the tidal marsh is its ecology which posses a dense uniform grass, rush,
sedge prairies, smooth cordgrasses at deep sites and black rush
at shallow sites. This community has an extremely high biological productivity it is the habitat for
numerous fish, shellfish and birds. The tidal marsh is in charge of the stabilization and protection of
shore and the soil formation. Unfortunately there has been a lot of human impact not only in this
community but in the overall picture. In the case of the tidal marsh apparently secure from natural
community in Florida and on earth may be rare in some regions, the offshore pollution, inland
pollutant runoff, dredging and filling erosion of unvegetated marsh are still affecting this
community.
However, there has been a large number of interventions trying to restore the natural habitats.
projects like the Bandon marsh national refuge located near the mouth of the Coquille River, in
Oregon has become an oasis for migrating birds and many other species, this project was the largest
tidal marsh restoration ever constructed in
Oregon, according to Stan Van De Wetering, fisheries biologist

Coastal Erosion And Informative Essay Outline: Coastal...
I. Introduction
A. Attention Getter– Louisiana has lost over 1900 square miles of wetlands, and continues to lose
25–35 square miles of wetlands each year. That equals out to a football field of land lost each hour. 2
B. Credibility statement– Louisiana has the greatest amount of land loss due to coastal erosion.3
According to S. Jeffress Williams, "The swamps and marshes of coastal Louisiana are among the
Nation's most fragile and valuable wetlands, vital not only to recreational and agricultural interests
but also the State's more than $1 billion per year seafood industry."4
C. Relevance statement– As the coastline vanishes so do its benefits.3
D. Thesis statement– Coastal erosion in the Gulf South region has and continues to be an
environmental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is coastal erosion and why does it happen?
A. Coastal Erosion is a natural process that takes place along the nation's coast causing a loss of
sediments in some places and deposits in others.3
B. This total erosion is a result of a number of factors caused by both natural and human activity.1
C. The levee system has disrupted the natural deposits that are left from the overflow of the river.2
D. Oil and gas exploration, pipeline canals, and navigation channels have allowed saltwater to
intrude into freshwater areas.2
E. The natural rise in sea level and sinking sediments also contribute to coastal erosion.2
F. Transitional statement– As our wetland begins to disappear so do the plants and wildlife.
III. What kind of effect does coastal erosion have on the environment?
A. Native bird species will be forced to fly further north during migrating season, causing problems
with repopulating.3
B. The wetlands are a natural environment for native fish and shellfish population shellfish that
make up Louisiana's seafood and fisheries. Without these habitats the region's fisheries will find it
difficult to cultivate and live on.3
C. As the land disappears, so do the essential nutrients needed for the native plants to

Louisiana Wetlands Research Paper
A wetland is an area of land that retains it water on it surface as in swamps, marshes, and bogs.
Although we would prefer to keep the wetlands they are being destroyed very rapidly. Louisiana
loses about 25– 35 square miles of wetlands each year. By 2050 it's estimated that the annual loss of
fishing income due to coastal wetland erosion will be around $550 million dollars of revenue. The
wetlands are valuable in many ways. They provide fish for commercial fishing and eating. The
wetlands also act as a sponge for floodwater during storms and heavy rains. Also retaining its water
during dry spells as a flash flood preventer. When it comes to the culture of Louisiana, the wetlands
play a very large role in it, mainly in seafood. In Louisiana we are the first to harvest seafood such
as: Shrimp, crabs, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A swamp is a wetland that has a very high concentration of woody plants. The soil has a very
lackluster drainage system and retains the majority of its water that it soaks up. Swamps are deeper
than marshes (another type of wetland) which can be about 3 feet deep. You can find a swamp on
slow moving streams, rivers, or low isolated areas. An example of an area that low and isolated
would be the Everglades in Florida, which are a massive system of wetlands. Although you may
think of a swamps as having mainly trees, some swamps are completely dominated by shrubs. Those
are the two categories of a swamp: Shrubs and Trees. Swamps are a wetland, and wetlands are
known for having an abundance of animals, some of those are: Alligators, beavers, otters, snakes,
insect, bobcats, and very large amounts of birds. Swamps have rich soils for sustaining plant life as
in the cypress tree. Cypress trees have a reputation of being able to sustain being submerged in
water and not dying from it. This is most stems from the fact that the cypress tree grows with its
roots and part of its base

Shortland Wetlands Research Paper
The Shortland Wetlands have became one of the most popular and well–known attractions in
Newcastle for its extensive wildlife, many activities and intensive research on conservation of many
topics. (Wetlands.org.au) There are many biotic features of the wetlands and these include the
Pampas grass, the elm (both of these are seriously terrestrial weed species). There are also other
varying biotic factors such as the diversity and quantity of the plants and animals found there.
(Tpwd.texas.gov) Abiotic factors in the wetlands are mainly the soil texture, water quality and
topography. Examples of this do include the soil in the wetlands. There are also many various
animals located inside the wetlands. These include 217 bird species with examples ... Show more
Egrets are another addition to the wetlands family, 14 types of them at the wetlands. As far as plants
go, the rainforest located in the wetlands holds 71 species of plants from 42 families of native plants
and introduced species. These include lantara camara, a type of weed, the Moth Vine and the
Purpletop. (Wetlands.org.au) Humans impact the wetlands in very many ways. Many people like to
pollute the environment of the wetlands with rubbish, smoking and eating. Yes, there are designated
smoking areas, however many people disregard these signs and continue to smoke around the
wetlands, thus putting smoke into the air, affecting the plants and animals around them. This also
goes for rubbish as many people do not use bins provided to disperse their rubbish. This makes the
surroundings not clean and could potentially injure some of the animals if the rubbish is consumed.
(Own thoughts) The distribution and abundance of the wetlands is a very vague topic, however as
there are very limited species, there should not be any worry of distributing the animals and plants,
however there are various weeds etc that could potentially harm the plants and animals and there are
more and more being found in the wetlands themselves. This is also a serious issue and if not treated
soon, could affect more and

Melting Glaciers are Devastating for Wetlands Essay
Melting Glaciers: Great News for Titanic, Devastating for Wetlands Overview This essay is
dedicated to the importance of wetlands and the impending danger of rising sea levels due to global
warming. Historically we humans have taken for granted the numerous vital roles played by
wetlands in our ecosystem and viewed them only as unpleasant and undesirable. So we have
destroyed much of our wetlands, and now that we finally see how important they are we are going to
lose what little wetlands remain to rising sea levels. What are wetlands? Wetlands are, quite simply
wet lands. The word "wetlands" is the collective term for marshes, swamps, bogs, and similar areas.
Here in Florida, wetlands are quite abundant. They can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, continued use of navigation channels, canals, and flood control levees continue to convert
significant amounts of wetlands to open water by blocking the ability of the wetlands to keep up
with rising sea levels. Back to Contents Why are wetlands important? Wetlands play a vital role in
our intricate Earth system, having a strong effect on all of the different components, especially the
hydrosphere and biosphere. Often, runoff water from uplands is intercepted by wetlands where
pollutants are removed or transformed before reaching the water resources. Wetlands are also
important reservoirs for the watershed, which is the region or area drained by a river, stream, etc.
Wetlands are also useful as a natural protection from flooding, from shore line and stream bank
erosion, and storm damage. The wetlands hold the soil in place with their roots, reduce the velocity
of streams and river currents, and absorb wave energy thus buffering the shorelines against strong
waves from heavy, even tropical storms. More strongly felt, however, is the importance of . Many
diverse species of plants and animals, particularly amphibians, fish and birds depend on wetlands for
food and/or habitat. More than one–third of the United States' threatened and endangered species
depend solely on wetlands for habitat, while another twenty percent use or inhabit them at

Guidelines For Fences Within The Wetlands Conservation...
Guidelines for Fences within the Wetlands Conservation District
(Adopted MM/DD/YY)
The detailed plan and application shall address the following items:
1. Provide a statement on the type of materials to be used to construct the fence.
2. Identify the location and height of the proposed fence.
3. No fence post shall be placed in a wetland or surface water body.
4. The fence must be at least 6 inches off the ground to allow natural drainage flow, prevent the
blocking or damming of surface water and to allow the passage of small animals.
5. Fence construction shall be done using hand held tools without the operation of heavy equipment
(i.e. excavators, bobcats, backhoe, etc.).
6. Fence constriction shall not result in any vegetation clearing, ... Show more content on
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An up–to–date survey of the entire property which shows the existing improvements and the
location of all wetlands and poorly and very poorly drained soils (including wetland flag numbers),
wetland buffer, and 12' primary structure setback from the buffer edge. The survey should be
prepared by a licensed surveyor. For properties where the wetland delineation is older than 3 years,
the professional who did the original delineation should reconfirm the accuracy of the boundaries in
writing as part of the application. The Conservation Commission reserves the right to request
documentation/notes for any wetlands delineation.
2. Clear identification of the location of construction and areas proposed to be disturbed and their
relation to property lines, buildings, roads, and waterbodies within one hundred (100) feet.
3. New improvements should be distinguished from existing improvements by hatching, cross
hatching, shading, or other clear designation.
4. Distance of the nearest point of the improvements to the buffer edge and to the 12–ft. primary
structure setback.
5. Clear identification of the square footages of the improvements and the square footage increase in
disturbance.
6. The percentage of existing and proposed impervious cover on the parcel.
7. The limits of disturbance (building envelope) and construction ingress/egress should be identified
with care given to restrict disturbance, to the fullest extent practicable, to areas outside of the

The Restoration Of Wetland And Wetlands
According to Elizabeth Willott, wetland and mosquitoes have generally gone hand in hand. One
reason that many wetlands have been drained is to get rid of mosquitoes. In the process, valuable
ecosystems were destroyed. Now many people want to restore wetlands. It may be possible to
restore some wetlands while controlling mosquitoes, but it would require planning and frequented
intervention on the part of humans. Should people have to be concerned with what is going too
happened to the mosquitoes and wetland, or they have to be thinking about how to protect the
ecosystems? On a higher understanding should we give priority to people's lives or priority to the
ecosystem and wetland? I will try to show that the restoration of wetland, it ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It is clear that for developing countries wetland are very important ecologically, because the serves
as habitat for a variety of animals. The truth is that the elimination of the insect shows the arguments
for and against. Negative factors are obvious. Infected people die each year of malaria, dengue,
yellow fever, encephalitis, West Nile virus and other diseases of which is carried by the mosquito.
Not counting the permanent fumbling for people. In many places they make strangling swarms
covering areas such as caribou in Alaska. But on the other hand, they live all over the planet,
fulfilling the function of feeding species of different ecosystems. Some scientists argue that kill
them would turn to other predators without plants without pollinators. In relation to the Arctic,
where they form a compact biomass floating on the tundra, eradication could cause the number of
migratory birds whose power supply are reduced mosquitoes. There are also many fish, spiders,
frogs, salamanders, lizards, who like to eat their larvae, as they are tasty to their palates and easy to
catch. Radically, it affects their diet and do not know what they could do to survive. In turn, the loss
of these fish would affect the chain from bottom to top (World Health Organization, 2016) General
consensus is that, while it is true that are necessary for many species, are not essential. Most

Analysis Of Tidal Wetlands
In the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's 130 year assessment of Status and Trends of Wetlands in the
Long Island Sound Area, the results indicated that there was a 48% loss of Tidal Wetlands from the
1880s to 2000s in New York. Even after protective legislation was passed in the 1970s, wetland
decline increased by 19% decrease in New York from 1970 to present day. (Basso, 6)
This decline in wetlands should be of concern to ____ as wetlands provide a variety of ecosystem
services to the general populace. They provide provisioning services by the providing habitats to
different marine organisms such as shellfish, finfish, and waterfowl, some of which provide humans
eat They provide supporting services, such as nutrient cycling (Teal 1986, ... Show more content on
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However, too much nitrogen is leading to the wetland's demise. While the main concern for the loss
of wetlands up until the 1970s was draining and filling, and while the laws created then focused on
reducing wetland destruction through urbanization, wetlands are still being deteriorated. Today, the
main concern is wetland loss created by increased amounts of open water on the marsh surface. The
literature suggests that on average, healthy New England marshes have 9% permanent open water
on their surface. However, an open water assessment indicates an average of 47% permanent open
water on the marshes studied (Kirwan 2013).
In Long Island, the marshes are wetter and vegetated areas are shifting from high marsh to low
marsh or to mud flat, which are far less productive and give fewer services than the salt marshes and
other high marshes that are supposed to be there. (Kirwan 2013
Warren and Niering 1993, Muschacke 2007, Tiner 2006, Field 2014, Rozsa 1995, Watson et al.
2014, Smith 2009, USFWS 2011)
While there are plenty of human–created stressors that are creating this conversion, such as invasive
species, sediment deprivation, hydraulic modification, pollution and climate change (Smith 2009,
Gedan 2009, Wigand 2014, Watson 2014, Silliman 2009, Kirwan 2013). (Silliman 2009, Lotze
2006), one major stressor is that of urban runoff, specifically, the high nutrient levels of fertilizer
runoff. In a nine–year study, researcher Linda Deegan added

Louisiana Is A Place Of Beautiful Wildlife And Landscape
Louisiana is a place of beautiful wildlife and landscape. With about forty percent of the state being
marshes and wetlands. It is very important for us to preserve these wetlands and keep them from
disappearing like they have been for the past fifty years. Almost eighty percent of wetland loss in the
nation has happened in Louisiana. Just in the past ten years the state has seen a thirty percent
deduction in the wetlands. The bad thing about these wetlands disappearing is that they are just
being converted into open water. While other wetlands in other states are being used for many
things. The destruction of these wetlands in the coast of Louisiana can be prevented by funding
restoration acts and stopping pollution.
If this rate of Louisiana's wetlands being lost, the state will lose another fifteen percent by the year
2050. With these numbers being said, Mark stated "Louisiana's coastline has been losing wetlands at
a rate of 16.57 square miles a year during the past 25 years, equal to the loss of a football field of
coast every hour, according to a study released today by the U.S. Geologicial Survey" (Mark).This
loss of wetlands is five square miles a year faster than a study showed between 1985 and 2004.
The explanation for these outrageous numbers are the amount of pollution and hurricanes that hit
Louisiana almost every year. Due to devastating hurricanes such as Katrina, Rita, Gustav and Ike.
With all these hurricanes, Louisiana has almost lost about 1,883 square

Taking a Look at Wetlands
What is it? Where is it?
Wetlands are an eco–system that is home to both native and foreign species, especially waterbirds
and are wet some of the time. The inter–tidal wetlands of Bicentennial Park may be threatened by
the quality of the fresh and salt water that flushes them as a result of the human activities in the
catchment and Waterways. In this report, we will explore the mangrove wetlands in Bicentennial
Park, Olympic Park, Homebush. The sixty–five hectare Badu Mangroves are listed in the Directory
of Important Wetlands in Australia and is an ecologically significant estuarine wetland system. The
wetland was created because of a series of land reclamation over several decades, including
extensive mangrove stands, open water waterbird refuge and an estuarine creek system. The park
offers a variety of pathways and boardwalks for spectacular viewing opportunities, allowing the
animals to live peacefully while the wetland system can be enjoyed and studied. The Waterbird
Refuge is rich in bird life, and provides habitat for large numbers and species of birds, including
migratory species protected under international agreements.
What's polluting the mangroves and how is it being solved?
From anecdotal evidence taking a tour on the Kadu boardwalks you will find that there are a
numerous of items being litter on the mangroves including:
Plastic
Take–away packaging
Glass
Bicentennial Park has a sustainable process to water conservation based on stormwater

Impact Of New Orleans On The Orleans
Robert Mayhue
Geography
Mr. Sullivan
October 5, 2014
Katrina
New Orleans as time has progressed has become more susceptible than most cities when it comes to
the detrimental power of hurricane force and storm surges. There are two reasons for this. The first
is that New Orleans has a very low elevation relative to the surrounding sea level, the second is the
lack of Louisiana's natural defense against storm surges; that is the coastal wetlands and its barrier
islands.
The location of the city has always been very low in relation to the sea level, but the amount of
human growth and expansion has caused the city to sink deeper into the landscape. When New
Orleans was originally being laid out they were in short supply of good, usable ... Show more
There were many storms that hit the gulf coast, but Katrina was a wakeup call.
As Katrina grew stronger and stronger, the warnings were crystal clear. As said by National
Hurricane Center Director Max Mayfield Aug. 28 as the storm approached;
"All signs point to it becoming one of the strongest hurricanes ever to hit the United States."
One Weather Service meteorologist even voiced a very prophetic Katrina announcement, stating
that: "Most of the area will be uninhabitable for weeks."
Even though the warnings were dire many people it believed as if very few in government had heard
their calls for help. Below is a partial transcript of an interview with a resident of New Orleans after
the flooding happened;
"I can 't know I cant get out. How am I [sigh] expected to get out?".
"I 'm scared, I 'm so scared. I don 't know what is going to happen,"
The main big failure was the levee system. Three hundred fifty miles of levees and floodwalls that
were created to protect the city of New Orleans failed and the flooding allowed the entire Ninth
Ward and much more to be swept away. A field reporter described it as this after a few days of the
flooding;
"Over 80 percent of the area is under water, the residents are dealing with some of the worst of
human conditions in the world, definitely in the United States."

In the beginning, the Army Corps of Engineers insisted it was not at fault for the failure of the
levees. As stated by Gen.

A Brief Note On Wetlands And Agriculture : A Complicated...
Ella Weaver
ENR 5250.01
17 November 2016
Wetlands and Agriculture: A Complicated Relationship Wetlands and traditional agriculture have
experienced a complex relationship as a growing population has mandated an increase in food
production, leading in turn to the conversion of wetlands. While previously these ecosystems
prevailed in areas around the world, generating wildlife habitat, clean water, and performing
ecosystem services vital to the survival of specific communities, they are now disappearing from the
landscape and reappearing as row crops. This transformation is specifically evident in areas of the
country, such as Northwest Ohio where the Great Black Swamp once sat. While the ability to
produce food and fiber for new and expanded generations is vital, so are many of the resources that
these wetland areas furnish, such as access to water for developing countries. The amount of
agricultural land is increasing, and wildlife is more often finding their home ranges now
encompassed in this crop production. This competing relationship between agriculture and wetlands
may be present in some regions of the world, but not all. There exists a balance between agricultural
production and wetland ecosystems, which is essential for the sustainability of future societies.
Investigation of this balance would allow for more sustainable agricultural systems and an improved
method of preserving wetlands. Wetlands have not always held the positive stigma that they do
today. They

Drought In The Mississippi River Delta Wetlands
Wetlands are extremely valuable to society. Wetlands can decrease flooding, remove pollutants from
water, recharge groundwater, protect shorelines, provide habitat for wildlife, and serve important
recreational and cultural functions. The Mississippi River Delta ecosystems alone provide at least
$12 – 47 billion in benefits to people every year. If wetlands are lost, the cost of replacing them can
be extremely expensive, if at all possible. Lost wetlands can result in a city having to invest more
money in drinking water treatment or higher costs to citizens for flood insurance. Wetlands act as
natural sponges that trap and slowly release surface water over time. This ability to store water in
times of heavy rainfall means that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the Gulf of Mexico region, some of the species of birds that live in wetlands include white egrets,
ibises, anhingas, blue herons, and roseate spoonbills. In fact, wetlands are some of the most
productive ecosystems in world. Wetlands provide a habitat for more aquatic and terrestrial species
on an area basis than any other habitat type, making them among the most ecologically important
ecosystems on earth (Comer et al., 2005). In the Gulf, wetlands are also home to many endangered
species such as the Louisiana black bear, wood stork, snail kite, and Bachman's warbler. In fact,
more than one–third of the United States' threatened and endangered species live only in

The Degradation Of Coastal Wetlands
Introduction
There is rapid destruction of salt marshes and wetlands due to dredging operations and filling. In
Boston, almost eighty–one percent of the salt marshes have been lost. For the Canadian Maritimes,
almost sixty–four percent of the coastal wetlands have disappeared due to agricultural reclamation.
Approximately, ninety–three percent coastal marshes have been lost along the Pacific coast in the
United States. In addition, there is a degradation of coastal wetland due to invasive species, nutrient
enrichment, and storm water discharge. It is critical to preserve and restore coastal salt marshes so
that carbon can be sequestered, and fish and bird populations can be preserved (Roman et. al. 2012).
It is estimated that coastal wetlands are being lost at the rate of two times the rate at which they are
being restored. Salt marshes are found amid human developments and coastal areas and play an
important role in protecting these communities from the threats posed by being close to the coast.
Depending on the density of vegetation, production of biomass, and the size of the marsh, salt
marshes provide many critical ecosystem services, such as, stabilization of the shoreline, weakening
of the waves, and reduction of floodwater (Shepard et. al. 2011). Wetlands include boreal peatlands
and tropical mangroves. They provide critical ecosystem services by acting as reserves for carbon,
conserving biodiversity, purifying water, enhancing fish production, and

Analysis Of Silver Creek Wetland Complex
Silver Creek Wetland Complex is a rare coastal wetland found along the eastern side of the
Nottawasaga Bay Shoreline. It falls within the town boundary of the Town of Collingwood, which
was formally a part of the Town of Blue Mountains. Because the area is a part of the greater Silver
Creek Watershed, the marshy land is classified as a Schedule B Category 1 land under
Environmental Protection as per the Official Plan of the Town of Collingwood. Blue Mountain Trust
Watershed Practice monitors the watershed and the significant wetland is protected and maintained
by Nottawasaga Valley Conservation Authority. The 2700 Ha watershed flows through the "Lake of
Clouds" by Castle Glen, down the Niagara Escarpment, where the 160 Ha complex at the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By the end of this report you should have a better perception on the geological landscape of Silver
Creek Wetland Complex, and further in–depth knowledge on what stewardship responsibilities fall
on you and your relationship with the land you use.
1.2 Public Land Management – Conservation Qualifications
In 1985, the Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) evaluated the Silver Creek Wetland, and
qualified it for environmental protection. A re–evaluation was done in 1995, and a decision was
made to combine three areas into one complex. The provincially significant wetland is listed as
"unimpaired" and protection was recommended in 2000 by Nottawasaga Valley Conservation
Authority's watershed health monitoring summary. As the area provides vital biological, social, and
hydro geological functions, protection is crucial. Not only does the area act as flood control, water
purification, and sediment containment, it is a prime fishing location for locals as it provides a cold–
water habitat and spawning grounds for several varieties of game fish such as brook trout
(Salvelinus fontinalis), Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss). Numerous species of birds, such as the Caspian terns (Hydroprogne
caspia), the great egret (Ardea alba), the black–crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), and
other waterfowl also favour the staging and feeding grounds that the

Impact of Global Warming on Coastal Wetlands Essay
Impact of Global Warming on Coastal Wetlands
Professor's comment: Jane wrote this research paper for my Advanced Composition course. The
assignment asks the students to read and understand six to ten articles within a research area of their
choice, then synthesize the information so that a reader can quickly understand the present state of
research in that area. Jane chose to look at how increased flooding and salinity might affect coastal
wetland soils and species, and she organized the material clearly and effectively. What I liked
particularly about this review was that it moved logically from the effects of flooding and salinity on
wetland soils to the effects on the plants growing there to the overall effects on the wetland, both ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, Ehhas been shown to decrease even further when soils are flooded with increased
salinity levels (Baldwin and Mendelssohn, 1998; Flynn et al., 1995). Under these conditions, the soil
medium becomes highly reducing and can affect wetland vegetation in two ways. First, and
probably most significant, is the reduction of sulfate (present in seawater) to hydrogen sulfide, a
known phytotoxin that has been shown to reduce wetland vegetation growth and/or survival at
higher concentrations (Flynn et al., 1995). Secondly, highly reducing conditions can interfere with a
plant's ability to uptake nitrogen by altering its form and availability in the soil (Webb et al., 1995).
Other problems created by high salinity soil conditions include the change in water potential
necessary for the plant to overcome the elevated salt concentration in the soil, and the possibility of
toxicity due to uptake of Na+ and Cl– ions (Flynn et al., 1995).
Physiological Responses of Wetland Plants due to Increased Flooding and Salinity
Although tolerance to increased flooding and salinity conditions varies somewhat by species,
wetland species that survive these heightened conditions demonstrate either some or all of the
following characteristics: lowered photosynthetic activity,

Shoreline Front Wetlands Research Paper
In southern California, there are various challenges facing the recovery of shoreline front wetlands
and salt swamps. For a few times people have ignored the contrary points of view, that would
achieve the environment some mischief in perspective of urbanization.
What is the verifiable setting of wetlands? Wetlands are areas where water covers the earth, near the
surface of the soil all through the whole year or in the midst of drawn out extends of time. Wetlands
are secured by plants, running from lowland grasses to trees. These plants must have the ability to
live in soil without oxygen in the midst of parts of the creating season. A couple of wetlands are far
from immeasurable water. These are molded where water accumulates or where groundwater raises
to the surface. Wetlands can be depicted as swamps, tidal lowlands, shoreline wetlands, and
estuaries. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some are undermined or endangered species make their home in wetlands and half, use wetlands in
the midst of a couple areas of their lives. Various sorts of fish like bungle and sea trout depend on
upon wetlands for sustenance, safe house and duplicating zones. Shell edge also depend on upon a
wetland regular environment; various flying animals use shoreline front inland wetlands. These
flying animals use wetlands as resting, supporting, raising, and settling grounds in the midst of
particular times of the year. The wetlands in Malibu Lagoon is the place the Malibu Creek meets the
Pacific Ocean.
Malibu Lagoon State Beach is the prime spot for surfers in Southern California. The land highlights
incorporate 42 sections of land of wetlands, neighborhood plants, and sandy shoreline. Travelers
value searching for the 200 bird species among the saltwater marsh. Pelicans, gulls, and sandpiper
and many organisms; that these species would look for. The Adamson House is a prominent piece of
Spanish Revival that was built in the mid 1900's on the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Wetlands
One resource that can be both classified into two totally different categories make the management
of wetlands more difficult. The public want to protect the wetlands for their valueable functions
while privates want to use the wetlands for their direct economic profits. Kohn (1994) suggested that
policymakers and society need to balance private rights to convert land with public benefits from
keeping wetlands inact by compensating wetland owners or society can regulate conversion of
wetlands. However, the facts that about 82 percent of wetlands are privately owned in US and there
is no clear agreement between private owners and public (Heimlich, et al. 1998) make wetland
protection more complicated and controversy. Valueing wetlands can help visualizing the benefits of
wetlands, however difficult to implement, since values of wetlands are affected by historical events,
technological development and social views. In addition, even when wetlands'values are determined,
these values will vary temporaly and spatially, for examples not all wetlands have the flooding
protection values or the recreational values can seasonally change. It is therefore the problem of
institutional arrangement to balance the public benefits (positive externalities of wetlands) and
private interests.
Policy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Protecting or conversing wetlands are the decisions made by balancing those two benefits. In case of
wetlands conversion the private benefits are bigger than public benefits, in contrast if wetlands are
protected, the public get more benefits than owners. Putting in the historical context, wetland
policies can be divided into two periods: emphasizing private good benefits (1600s– mid–1900s),
considering public good benefits (1970 – now). Wetlands policies in the US are quite diversity, this
paper only discuss some most impacted policies on wetlands

Wetland Research Paper
When most people think of wetlands the first thing that will pop into their mind will be visions of
swamps and flooded plains. These marshy lands would seem to have no purpose, while in reality
they are the most precious form of ecosystem that we have in America. Wetlands contribute to
biodiversity, clean water, flood control, and provide a habitat for millions of species of plants and
animals. Even with all this wetlands still face mass destruction, much like the rain forests they are
just as productive and face similar rates of devastation (Mitchell, J. (1992, October). "Our
Disappearing Wetlands" National Geographic, Pg 15).
 
 It really is hard to get someone passionate about a mosquito–infested piece of swamp that
seems just to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, appearances may be deceiving. The unique environment of vernal pools provides habitat
for numerous rare plants and animals that are able to survive these harsh conditions. Many of these
plants and animals spend the dry season as seeds, eggs, or cysts, and then grow and reproduce when
the ponds are flooded again. In addition, birds such as egrets, ducks, and hawks use vernal pools as a
seasonal source of food and water (Marshall, 1978).
 
 Prairie potholes are a very beneficial wetland that is home to dozens of migratory waterfowl.
They are found primarily in the Upper Midwest, especially North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin,
and Minnesota. This formerly glaciated landscape is covered with a vast number of potholes, which
fill with snowmelt and rain in the spring. Some prairie pothole marshes are temporary, while others
may be virtually permanent. Here, as in other marshes, submerged and floating aquatic plants take
over the deeper water; while bulrushes and cattails grow closer to shore, and wet marshes lie next to
the upland. These wetlands are a sort of cousin to vernal pools, sharing the same location, and
seasonal waters. (Marshall, 1978).
 
 Another infamous type of wetland is the bog. These wetlands have for centuries have been
shrouded with mystery. Bogs are known for their ability to produce peat, which is just as valuable as
coal. They also have the ability to preserve things, one such incident in 1987 where a

Essay on Wetland Restoration
Wetland Restoration
Most people think they know a wetland when they see one, but the delineation of wetlands for the
purpose of granting permits has proven enormously controversial. According to the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), an area is defined as a wetland when a combination of three technical
criteria are met: Wetland hydrology (land that is saturated within 18 inches of the surface for more
than seven days per year), Hydrophytic vegetation (a list of plants that will thrive in wet areas), and
Hydric soil (mucky and peat–based soil). The continual destruction of these valuable lands is due
mainly to farmers, oil and mining interests, and development groups (Russel, p.36). It is estimated
that 30–40% of the original ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wetland restoration is more complex that it may appear on the surface. Random transplantation of
plants will not qualify as restoration. Wetland restoration and creation proposals must be viewed
with great care, particularly where promises are made to restore or recreate a natural system in
exchange for a permit to destroy or degrade an existing more or less natural system (Abalone, p.15).
Expertise in planning and careful project supervision at all project phases is essential. Careful
attention to wetland hydrology is needed in design because different sites will require specific
alterations, that is to say, there is no "cook–book" approach to wetland restoration. Wetlands should
be designed to be self–sustaining systems. There should be no need for continued water level
manipulation after establishment. Restoration should be favored over creation, as it is extremely
difficult to create a natural habitat, and there is a much greater success rate in restoring wetlands
(MacDonald, p. 29). This factor is extremely important because creating and restoring wetlands can
be costly. The combination of these factors is crucial for the long term success of a restoration
project (Kusler, pp. 5–12).
In coastal Louisiana, backfilling canals is used as a technique for wetland restoration. Thousands of
canals have been dredged in Louisiana

Restoring The Physical Integrity Of The Tidal Wetland...
Across all projects, the first step in tidal wetland restoration is almost always to create a "restoration
site template" that will form the basis of the entire project. Experts believe that "restoring the
physical integrity of the tidal wetland offers the best opportunity of restoring ecologic integrity"
(Faber "Design" 17). How the template is formed will ultimately dictate what the final wetland will
look like. Construction of the wetland base may require either excavation or fill depending on the
site conditions. Some sites, like the Ballona Wetlands, have been filled with a massive layer of dirt,
and in these cases, the site will need to be excavated back down to the bottom of the root zone so
that natural sedimentation processes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the consideration of which method is appropriate, one must also evaluate the site's natural
sedimentation load and its effect on the site's own capacity for self–restoration. For example, at the
Sears Point Wetlands, no additional fill was placed on the project site even though the land had
significantly subsided because of the "high local suspended sediment concentrations in the San
Pablo Bay promoting rapid natural sedimentation" (Wetlands and Water 65). Another element to the
template design of a restoration site is the decision to excavate tidal channels and a drainage system.
Oftentimes, project managers can choose to "rejuvenate pre–existing tidal drainage system by
redirecting tidal flows into the area." If the natural drainage system has become too shallow over
time, one may choose to excavate channels that follow the original drainage network of the wetland.
This decision can contribute significantly to the success of the wetland because the natural processes
will be restored much more quickly than if the wetland was allowed to re–develop those channels on
its own (Faber "Design" 47). Because the drainage systems function as valuable wildlife habitat, the
Sears Point project took special care to establish the "antecedent channel configuration" by

The Us Constitution
Provide the class with the details of the project (location, acres restored, methods used, species
benefited if available, etc.). Be sure to integrate what you find with what you are learning in your
text and other readings and supplement it with additional research.
ALSO, as September 17th is Constitution Day, I want you to reflect on this and comment on it in
your forums for this week. The preamble of the US Constitution directs the Federal Government to
"promote the general welfare"...."secure the blessings of liberty". ..and protect "ourselves and our
posterity". When thinking about our obligation to protect the environment (e.g., plants, animals,
habitat, ecosystem services), can a case be made that we are constitutionally bound to do so based
on the quotes I gave you? What do you think? If so, how does that play into our responsibility to
conserve and restore the environment? If not, why not?"
For this week's forum, after searching for "wetlands restoration," I found a local wetlands restoration
project that was completed in November 2011 and encompassed an area of 150 acres. The San
Dieguito Wetland Restoration Project included the coastal area of San Dieguito Lagoon and the San
Dieguito River Park – estuarine and riverine wetland systems, respectively – which serve an
important role in the local ecology. They provide a stop for birds along the Pacific Flyway, nesting
and foraging areas for endangered species and serve as a fish hatchery.
The basis for this

Essay on Wetlands
Wetlands
A clear and widely accepted definition of a wetland has yet to be established. Wetlands are of
various types and function, and occur in diverse locations, and climates which in part make them
difficult to define. Many definitions of a wetland have been posed by different groups and
individuals, some of the definitions include: "An area of land that has hydric soil and hydrophytic
vegetation, typically flooded for part of the year, and forming a transition zone between aquatic and
terrestrial systems (Brady and Weil, 1999)." A wetland is an ecosystem that depends on constant or
recurrent, shallow inundation or saturation at or near the surface of the substrate (soil). The
minimum essential characteristics of a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
96–01, NCDENR, Div. of Envir. Mngt. Water quality section.
Wetlands are defined for classification purposes as areas that under natural conditions posses three
factors including: hydric soil, wetland hydrogeology, and hydrophytic vegetation. Hydric soils are
soils that are anaerobic (without oxygen gas) for at least one week during the growing season (Lilly,
1993). Specific criteria to identify hydric soils are not easy to develop, but indicators have been
developed by scientist to aid in their delineation. Hydric soil indicators are listed in "Field Indicators
of Hydric Soils in the United States: A guide for identifying and delineating hydric soils" which was
printed by the United States Department of Agriculture in March of 1993. A publication written by
Vepraskas in 1993 entitled "Redoximorphic Features for Identifying Aquic Conditions" is also
available through the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. Wetland hydrology criteria are
based on depth of the water table from the soil surface and the length of time the water table is at
any specified depth (Lilly 1993). Wetland hydrology is difficult to define due to its dynamic nature.
Wetland hydrology is subject to rapid changes due to rainfall and flooding and may occur only
during wet periods or seasons. Hydrophytic vegetation is defined as plants that prefer or require wet
soils. For a site

Enviro Development And Development Guidelines
Enviro Development guidelines to follow:
Aspects Requirements to follow Notes
Energy One of the following
1. Photovoltaic System to be installed of at least (minimum) 1.0 kw
2. Gas boosted solar hot water system (2,600 kwh) along with insulation in ceiling and wall (1,500
kwh) and make a minimum total of 4,100 kwh Gas boosted solar – minimum 5 star rated
Energy efficient lights
Water use 1. Specification for grey water recycling system
2. Rain water harvesting system with 3000 L tank and 100 Sqm roof catchment area Dual flush
toilet, taps – minimum 4 star rated
Shower head – minimum 3 star rated
Passive environment Unit orientation towards north light to access daylight into living areas
Outdoor living area – as per the R codes
Good ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Proponent commitments:
During the process, there are certain commitments made by Proponent for Environmental
management, in which 3rd commitment is particularly related to the wetland management which
ensures to focus on the minimisation of impacts on the wetland and make sure that there is no harm
to environment. The commitments are as under:
1. Identification of existing wetland area to be retained;
2. Avoiding direct and minimising indirect impacts on the wetland;
3. Ensuring no net loss of wetland values and functions;
4. Rehabilitation techniques to be employed;
5. Selection of appropriate local wetland and dry land species to maintain and enhance existing
habitats;
6. Mitigation strategies for loss of any vegetation will be investigated, including both on–
subdivision area and off–subdivision area options;
7. Creation of a new wetland area to be located adjacent to the retained wetland and the river
foreshore suitable for Black Swan breeding habitat;
8. Adopt existing mosquito and midge management protocols currently utilised by the City of South
Perth;
9. Monitoring criteria to determine success of the plan;
10. Progress and compliance reporting; and

11. Timing and implementation schedule.
As per the wetland management:
Tasks Description
Objectives to be followed All the objective for the wetland management

Boondall Wetlands
Boondall Wetlands is currently managed by the local State Government, Brisbane City Council and
also has many volunteers that educate the public and help to maintain the atmosphere of the
ecosystem. The Council acquired this land in the 1960s and then in the 1970s/80s the wetlands were
planned for development. Concern of the public resulted in the creation of Boondall Wetlands in
1990 and the Environment Centre was then opened in 1996.
Moreton Bay is one of the largest Ramsar sites in Australia, covering more than 110,000 hectares. A
Ramsar site is a wetland designated of international importance under the Ramsar Convention. The
Ramsar Convention is an intergovernmental environmental treaty which came into force in 1975.
Wetlands are highly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These limitations wouldn't have affected the overall results to a great extent because they are so
minor.
Some secondary data was also found using websites and print outs from the internet. All of this data
provided relevant information for the report and were from reliable/official Government and
Boondall Wetland sites.
2. Findings
2.1 Location
Boondall Wetlands lies at the edge of Moreton Bay between Nudgee Beach, Boondall and
Shorncliffe and includes approximately 1500 hectares of tidal flats, mangroves, saltmarshes,
melaleuca wetlands, grasslands and open forest.
The location of the two different sites selected to be assessed are provided in the map below (figure
1). Site 1 is located at the marina with a major mangrove ecosystem and a surrounding recreational
land area that may affect the overall quality of the site. Site 2 is located beside the Gateway
Motorway, the Brisbane Entertainment Centre, a nearby airport and a waste disposal yard. Both sites
were assessed at high tide which leads to a large range of possibilities in data accuracy. Site 1 is
managed all year round whilst site 2 is currently

Preservation Of Wetland Conservation Protection Laws,...
Introduction Wetlands are one of the most biologically diverse and productive ecosystems on the
earth. While they only occupy a very small percentage of land area, wetlands can be located all over
the planet, ranging from near the northern and southern poles all the way to the tropics. Many
biological, chemical and physical properties of wetlands allow them to provide various functions to
surrounding ecosystems, and humans have found personal value from several of these ecological
functions. Unfortunately, a history of exploitation of wetland services has led to their destruction
and degradation. The loss of wetland area has consequences for many aspects of the environment
that are tied closely with the functions of wetlands. However, the values of wetlands are now being
recognized worldwide, and have led to the installment and enforcement of wetland conservation,
protection laws, regulations, and management plans [Mitsch and Gosselink, 2007].
Definitions In order to appreciate the many functions and values of wetlands, it is essential to
understand what a wetland actually is. Wetlands can be found in all climate zones, ranging from the
tropics to the tundra, while only occupying 4–6 percent of the earth's land area [Mitra et al., 2005].
Wetlands, as ecotones between terrestrial and aquatic systems, have many unique features that set
them apart from other natural ecosystems, including the presence of standing water for extended
periods of time, particular soil

Wondrous Wetlands Ecology Summary
Wondrous Wetlands Ecology Summary
SUMMARY
Wondrous Wetlands is an article about the conservation department of Missouri finding ways to save
wetlands for future generations. Those who are directly impacted by wetlands are those who enjoy
things such as hunting and wildlife watching, but can affect everyone, because wetlands contribute
to the clean water that we drink and even cycling nutrients in our environment. When wetlands
began to diminish in the 1980's, conservationists realized there was a problem when they saw
waterfowl populations' diminishing. The department then developed a plan to develop more
wetlands to try and save the populations, which was known as the 1989 Wetland Plan. The wetland
plan developed an additional 12,500 acres ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I really enjoyed how the article talked about the plans that the state of Missouri is working on to
keep waterfowl populations around as well as all other organisms that live in a wetland
environment. I think that it is so true that so many are forgetting about how important ecosystems
such as this one is to the survival of many. We as a human species have gotten so wrapped up in our
smart phones and computers that many of us forget the beauty that the outside world holds.
One piece of information that really stood out to me in this article was that since the advance of
technology used to study wetlands has grown, we now can determine what kinds of plants will grow
in just a few inches of water and who will benefit from it. Since contour maps were replaced with
computer mapping software they can now also determine small changes in elevation that also affect
organisms and where they can be found. Even though it will take time to fix many of the populations
that were affected by the decline of wetlands, I am glad to see that there is a plan in place to try and
preserve these areas for future generations as well as needing them for our

Louisiana Coastal Land Essay
The loss of Louisiana coastal land is one of the most, major factors in our environment today.
Louisiana has already lost 1,880 square miles of land in the past eight decades. This problem is
effecting the state funding to help solve the problem before the state lose more coastal land. In order
to stop this situation, the state needs to have a stronger structural protection for the coastline
(Wilson, 2013). Louisiana's wetlands today represent about 40 percent of the wetlands of the
continental United States. (Wilson, 2013) The threat of more land and communities being lost is a
much greater concern now, as scientist and coastal specialists predict that Louisiana can lose an
additional 1,750 square miles of land in the next ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The natural processes of coastal land formation are based on the sedimentary load delivered by the
Mississippi River. Natural disturbances that contribute to coastal land loss are form hurricanes
eroding marshes and putting excessive saltwater into the system. Another disturbance is from
humans, which has a massive impact on the balance of wetland growth and decline. (Wilson, 2013).
Over half of the wetlands have been lost since the colonization of America. The main forms of
human disturbance are the river–control structures such as dams and levees, the dredging of canals,
and draining and filling. (Davis–Wheeler,

Conservation banking was modeled after the U.S. wetland...
Conservation banking was modeled after the U.S. wetland mitigation banking system and the two
programs share many similarities. However, unlike the wetland mitigation system, conservation
offsets do not have a stated 'no net loss' goal, but instead have a species recovery goal. Both
conservation and wetlands mitigation banks are privately or publicly owned lands which are
protected and managed for its ecological value. By doing this, the bank sponsor generates habitat or
wetland or stream credits to sell to developers or transportation departments who need to offset their
impacts and comply with the legal requirements for the permitting of development or roadway
projects. Both types of banks offer benefits to both the landowner that owns ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Plus studies have shown that on–site mitigation often failed to produce compensatory wetland
resource values (Ruhl et al., 2005). Wetland mitigation seeks to replace functions that are damaged
or lost at the impact site by creating, restoring, or enhancing wetlands nearby, generally in the same
watershed or eco–region. When wetland mitigation banks are not available, the alternative is on–site
or off–site mitigation performed by the permit applicant. These project specific mitigation sites led
to small, isolated wetlands being restored that provided minimal ecological uplift to the watershed.
Wetland mitigation banking can be used to combine the smaller wetland restorations sites into larger
restored habitats that can better replace the lost functions from the impacts. Regulatory agencies
express a preference for wetland credits generated from restoration, creation, or enhancement
instead of preservation. This is in line with the no net loss policy, which seeks to maintain the
wetland acreage or even increase the acreage in the United States.
Conservation banking took the idea of wetland banking and transformed it into threatened and
endangered species conservation with a few alterations. The primary objective of wetland mitigation
is to meet the no net loss goal by replacing the acreage and function of the wetland areas that will be
impacted by a proposed project. The goal of

The Everglades Analysis
'OOOO, AHHH' is the sound the crowd at Florida's very own National park the Everglades, but why
should Floridian's and other people value the Everglades so much ? The Everglades has brought
many opportunities for work and play, without this wetland bad consequences will occur.
The everglades has given the people who live around it and the other humans who come to visit this
marsh many wonders and smiles. This wetland has provided many opportunities for work and play.
According to the article "Are the Everglades Forever ?" In paragraph 11 it states, "Why should
humans worry about the Everglades? The loss of the area's biodiversity doesn't just hurt the plants
and animals that originally made their homes there. Humans have benefited from the ... Show more
"In addition to endangering the wildlife and economic prosperity of an area, the loss of wetlands
also puts humans at risk. Wetlands serve as a natural buffer zone against storms and hurricanes,
slowing down the storms and reducing their force before they move inland. However, as the
wetlands disappear, some cities are becoming more exposed. The city of New Orleans, Louisiana,
has already suffered the consequences of this gradual depletion of wetland buffer zones. In 2005,
Hurricane Katrina, one of the deadliest and most destructive hurricanes in the entire history of the
United States, hit the Gulf Coast. There were more than 1,800 casualties, with the greatest number
of them concentrated in New Orleans. Eighty percent of the city was flooded, and there were more
than 700 dead. Many blamed the destruction of New Orleans on the failure of the levees, which are
manmade barriers that prevent water from flooding into a city. However, scientists and researchers
believe that the hurricane would have done far less damage to the city if the surrounding wetlands
had been intact. Since the storm, there has been a greater national focus on preserving and restoring
the wetlands on the Gulf Coast. Preserving our wetlands and maintaining a buffer zone against
storms will only become more crucial in the future, as climate change may increase both the
frequency and the severity of extreme weather events such as hurricanes. " There are so many

Comprehensive Assessment Of Wetlands
Society views about wetlands have changed considerably since the continent was settled by the
colonists, and especially since the mid–20th century when interest in wetland preservation and
protection for the functions and values they serve emerged (Dahl & Allord, 1996). In the 1700's,
there were approximately 90 million hectares of wetlands in what is now the conterminous forty–
eight states, with a significant proportion of those associated with the nation's river systems (Dahl,
Johnson, & Frayer, 1991). Two hundred years later, over half of this area has been lost or
significantly modified by some form of conversion or by alteration of the hydrologic regime (Dahl
& Allord, 1996; Hauer & Smith, 1998).
Interest in wetland protection and efforts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2006, EPA issued "The Elements of a State Wetlands Monitoring and Assessment Program", and
since that time EPA regional divisions have actively worked with states and tribes to advance
wetland monitoring and the use of assessment data to better manage wetland resources (USEPA,
2013).
In 2008, EPA developed the core element framework (CEF) approach to guide states and tribes with
wetland program development. The CEF was designed so states and tribes could focus wetland
management and program goals into one or all of four common objectives. These four common
objectives are: 1) Monitoring and assessment; 2) Regulatory activities, including 401 certification;
3) Voluntary restoration and protection; and 4) Water quality standards for wetlands (USEPA,

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