APNIC Senior Advisor - Policy and Community Development, Sunny Chendi, gives an overview of the Internet and how it works, and introduces the APNIC PDP at inSIG 2021, held online from 19 to 21 November 2021.
inSIG 2021: Introduction to core Internet technologies and the APNIC PDP
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Introduction to Core Internet
Technologies and APNIC PDP
Srinivas (Sunny) Chendi
Senior Advisor - Policy and Community Development
inSIG 2021 - Virtual Edition
14 & 19 - 21 November 2021
2. Overview
• History of the Internet
• How the Internet works
• Core Technologies
• Activity
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3. 3
HISTORY OF THE INTERNET
Introduction to Core Internet Technologies
4. ARPANET
• US DoD research project
• First Internet Message
– between two computers, 29 Oct 1969
• ULCA to SRI
• Lo(gin)
• First Internet backbone
– Between four computers
• ULCA, SRI, UTAH, UCSB
• Early Internet
– Telnet
– File Transfer
– Email
– Usenet (Newsgroups)
Source: https://sites.austincc.edu/caddis/postwar-america/
5. Birth of TCP/IP
• First protocols developed
– 1822 protocol
– Network Control Protocol (NCP), 1970
• Interconnecting computers
• 15+ sites were interconnected by end of 1972
• TCP/IP
– Designed in 1981 by Robert Kahn and Vint Cerf
– Standardized in 1982
– Prepared to switch from NCP to TCP/IP
– First TCP/IP packet sent on 1st January 1983
ARPANET Map 1972
Source: https://sites.austincc.edu/caddis/postwar-america/
12. Internet Protocol (IP)
• Designed by Vint Cerf and Bob
Kahn in 1981
• A well-known set of rules and
standards
• Devices on the internet are
identified by numbers.
• A unique number like a telephone
number
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13. Internet Protocol
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Packets are sent from ‘source’ to ‘destination’
Data is sent over the Internet in discrete packets
Every source and destination in the Internet must have an IP address
14. Internet Protocol (IP)
IP Version 4 (IPv4) IP Version 6 (IPv6)
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4.3 billion possible addresses 340 undecillion possible addresses
15. Internet Protocol (IP)
2-byte ASN 4-byte ASN
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65,536 possible numbers 4,294,967,296 possible numbers
Autonomous System Numbers (ASN)
• 32-bit number
• 0 – 4, 294, 967, 295
• Notation: Dotted number (6.6)
• 16-bit number
• 0 – 65,545
• Notation: plain number (4546)
16. Where do IP Addresses come from?
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Internet Engineering Task Force
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
Regional Internet Registry
Internet Service Provider
22. What is Routing?
• Routing refers to the process of taking a “packet” from one
device and sending it to another device.
• Routing process is usually performed by devices called
“Routers”.
• Routing enables a user to access content stored on a
remote device.
• Packet travels between several Internet service providers
(ISP) or autonomous systems (AS) before reaching the
destination.
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24. Routing Packets
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Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
Standardized exterior gateway protocol designed to exchange routing and reachability information between
autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet
25. Internet Exchange Point (IXP)
• Keep local content local
• Saves international bandwidth
cost for ISPs
• Lower Internet access cost to
users
• Share international content locally
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26. Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI)
• RPKI is a cryptographic
method of signing records
(ROA) that associate a BGP
route advertisement with
the intended originating AS
number.
• Secures the Internet routing
table, reduces the risk of
accidental BGP routing
incidents and prevents
hijacks.
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