The document provides an overview of Autonomous System Numbers (ASNs) including how they are distributed and used for interconnection in Indonesia. It notes that Indonesia currently has 530 advertised ASNs and discusses challenges around the adoption of 4-byte ASNs in the country. The document also visualizes Indonesia's position within the global routing ecosystem and provides recommendations around routing security, resource registration, and route aggregation.
Tuan Nguyen presented an update on the IPv4 address pool, IPv4 transfers and new features in MyAPNIC at btNOG 3 in Thimpu, Bhutan from 14 to 18 November 2016.
Tuan Nguyen presented an update on the IPv4 address pool, IPv4 transfers and new features in MyAPNIC at btNOG 3 in Thimpu, Bhutan from 14 to 18 November 2016.
Presented by Paul Wilson, Director General of APNIC and Chair of APrIGF Multistakeholder Steering Group at the Asia Pacific Internet Leadership Program as part of 2016 APrIGF Taipei
Community Engagement Specialist, Sunny Chendi, provides an update of APNIC's service initiatives and activities at the second Nepal Network Operators Group meeting in Kathmandu.
CNNIC OPM: Global IP address allocation updateAPNIC
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Presented by Paul Wilson, Director General of APNIC and Chair of APrIGF Multistakeholder Steering Group at the Asia Pacific Internet Leadership Program as part of 2016 APrIGF Taipei
Community Engagement Specialist, Sunny Chendi, provides an update of APNIC's service initiatives and activities at the second Nepal Network Operators Group meeting in Kathmandu.
CNNIC OPM: Global IP address allocation updateAPNIC
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Sub sea cables carry 99% of the world data/voice traffic. This presentation will covers the components in a typical sub sea cable system: dry segment and wet segment. Including the O&M of a sub sea cable and what happen in the event of a cable cut / shunt fault.
A review of Autonomous System Numbers: what is it, how to get it, and why it’s important. It highlights the challenges of the 2-byte ASN run-out and adoption of 4-byte ASN, and how Indonesia fare compared to other economies. It then looks at the distribution of ASNs in Indonesia, and more importantly how the ASNs are interconnected locally and internationally. The presentation ends with how ASN usage may change in the future, and what role network operators can play in building a robust Internet by adopting best current practice in deploying and managing ASNs.
Presented by Elly Tawhai, APNIC Senior Hostmaster, at the 2017 New Zealand Network Operators Group (NZNOG) meeting was held in Tauranga, New Zealand from 26 to 27 January.
As enterprises move to the cloud, robust connectivity is often an early consideration. AWS Direct Connect provides a more consistent network experience for accessing your AWS resources, typically with greater bandwidth and reduced network costs. This session dives deep into the features of AWS Direct Connect and VPNs. We discuss deployment architectures and demonstrate the process from start to finish. We’ll show you how to configure public and private virtual interfaces, configure routers, use VPN backup, and provide secure communication between sites by using the AWS VPN CloudHub.
Cloud Architectures with AWS Direct Connect (ARC304) | AWS re:Invent 2013Amazon Web Services
Modern IT is embracing hybrid cloud as part of their overall IT strategy. AWS Direct Connect provides a critical tool for ingesting web scale data or leveraging custom appliances and legacy applications. This talk discusses the unique benefits of using Direct Connect to reduce cost, increase bandwidth, and provide a more consistent network experience between on-premises resources and the cloud. It details the components, requirements, and configuration options.
LkNOG 3: Strengthening the Internet infrastructure in Sri LankaAPNIC
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32nd TWNIC IP OPM: ROA+ROV deployment & industry developmentAPNIC
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Internet Resource Analyst Pubudu Jayasinghe presents on securing the BGP through RPKI at the second Lanka Network Operators Group meeting in Colombo, Sri Lanka from 1 to 2 November 2018.
TechWiseTV Workshop: Segment Routing for the DatacenterRobb Boyd
(This was a Live Webinar on July 21, 2016 at 10:00 am Pacific Time / 1:00 pm Eastern Time)
Watch the Replay at: bit.ly/29Mw58Q
Catch the original TV episode or any other topics at www.techwisetv.com
Description:
Networks are moving toward simplification, increased operational efficiency, and programmability using technologies such as software-defined networking. Cisco continues to demonstrate innovation by introducing the concept of segment routing in the data center, making the network more intelligent and adaptive to the applications running on top of it. Segment routing delivers application-optimized network transport. Encoding the path information directly at the source (that is, either at the virtual switch or at the top of rack) and using per-app policies, segment routing puts control in the hands of the network operators by empowering them to create secure, adaptive, and optimal paths based on the requirements of the application itself.
Please join us in the session to learn how Cisco is helping organizations increase network efficiency by allocating resources on demand and optimizing the network to better support business-critical applications, all while preserving security.
Agenda
Topics to discuss include:
- Introducing segment routing
- Why the need for application-optimized transport
- Features and benefits of segment routing
- Differences between segment routing and MPLS transport
- Relevance of segment routing in the data center
- Use cases and applicability of segment routing
- Summary and conclusion
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1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and GuidelinesSanjeev Rampal
Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024.
Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics.
1) Key patterns for Multi-cluster architectures
2) Architectural comparison of several OSS/ CNCF projects to address these patterns
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# Internet Security: Safeguarding Your Digital World
In the contemporary digital age, the internet is a cornerstone of our daily lives. It connects us to vast amounts of information, provides platforms for communication, enables commerce, and offers endless entertainment. However, with these conveniences come significant security challenges. Internet security is essential to protect our digital identities, sensitive data, and overall online experience. This comprehensive guide explores the multifaceted world of internet security, providing insights into its importance, common threats, and effective strategies to safeguard your digital world.
## Understanding Internet Security
Internet security encompasses the measures and protocols used to protect information, devices, and networks from unauthorized access, attacks, and damage. It involves a wide range of practices designed to safeguard data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Effective internet security is crucial for individuals, businesses, and governments alike, as cyber threats continue to evolve in complexity and scale.
### Key Components of Internet Security
1. **Confidentiality**: Ensuring that information is accessible only to those authorized to access it.
2. **Integrity**: Protecting information from being altered or tampered with by unauthorized parties.
3. **Availability**: Ensuring that authorized users have reliable access to information and resources when needed.
## Common Internet Security Threats
Cyber threats are numerous and constantly evolving. Understanding these threats is the first step in protecting against them. Some of the most common internet security threats include:
### Malware
Malware, or malicious software, is designed to harm, exploit, or otherwise compromise a device, network, or service. Common types of malware include:
- **Viruses**: Programs that attach themselves to legitimate software and replicate, spreading to other programs and files.
- **Worms**: Standalone malware that replicates itself to spread to other computers.
- **Trojan Horses**: Malicious software disguised as legitimate software.
- **Ransomware**: Malware that encrypts a user's files and demands a ransom for the decryption key.
- **Spyware**: Software that secretly monitors and collects user information.
### Phishing
Phishing is a social engineering attack that aims to steal sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details. Attackers often masquerade as trusted entities in email or other communication channels, tricking victims into providing their information.
### Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks
MitM attacks occur when an attacker intercepts and potentially alters communication between two parties without their knowledge. This can lead to the unauthorized acquisition of sensitive information.
### Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attacks
Bridging the Digital Gap Brad Spiegel Macon, GA Initiative.pptxBrad Spiegel Macon GA
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This 7-second Brain Wave Ritual Attracts Money To You.!nirahealhty
Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
2. Overview
Introduction to ASN: What is it, how to
get it, and why is it important?
2-byte and 4-byte ASN
ASNs in Indonesia: Distribution and
Interconnection
AS interconnection: It’s about cost,
resiliency and performance
Looking ahead
4. Routing the Internet
• Every Internet router needs to know the relative location of
every destination address on the Internet
• Location information is distributed across the Internet using
routing architecture
• The Internet is divided into “clouds” of interconnection
called “networks”
– Interior routing protocols (OSPF, IS-IS, etc) maintain the internal
connectedness with a network
– Exterior routing protocols (BGP) maintain a map of how each of
these networks connect to each other
– BGP uses the concept of an Autonomous System Number to
uniquely identify each component network
5. Routing and ASN
• RFC 1930:
– An AS (Autonomous System) is a connected group of one or more IP
prefixes run by one or more network operators that has a SINGLE
and CLEARLY DEFINED routing policy.
– An AS has a globally unique number (sometimes referred to as an
ASN, or Autonomous System Number) associated with it. This
number is used in both the exchange of exterior routing information
(between neighbouring AS’s), and as an identifier of the AS itself.
8. 2-byte ASN status
199 remain at IANA (as of 8 June 2015)
http://www.potaroo.net/tools/asn16/
9. 4-byte ASN deployment
• A few issues due to
old equipment &
network operating
systems
– Better acceptance now
in all regions
• Can not be used in
BGP community
attribute
– BGP community attribute
is a 32-bit value, the
lower 16-bit specifies the
ASN
• Otherwise it WORKS JUST
FINE
11. The Internet
11
• Networks worldwide
interconnect to form the
Internet. They include ISPs,
Internet Exchange Points,
Universities, Corporate
networks, etc.
• Each dot represents an AS
• There are 47,000+ ASNs
currently active in the
Internet
peer1.com
13. Why multihome with BGP and use a
public ASN?
Good interconnection strategy can lower cost of
operation by directing traffic through the most cost
effective connections wherever possible
Understanding where your network traffic goes and
when possible shortening the path to your main
customers/suppliers/partners could result in better
overall network experience
Looking further than next hop path diversification allows
you to better evaluate interconnection options, which in
turn could result in better network resiliency
Cost
Performance
Resilience
16. Data source
• Routeviews.org
– RIBs from routers located in various locations (mostly Internet
Exchanges) around the world (US, Japan, Korea, UK, Australia,
Brazil, Singapore, Serbia)
• First week of April 2015 data
• RIBs collected every two hours
– This is a snapshot, not live data
• This visualisation tool is a work in progress
– APNIC values your feedback
30. Measurements by the Atlas project
RIPE Atlas employs a global
network of probes that
measure Internet
connectivity and
reachability, providing an
unprecedented
understanding of the state of
the Internet in real time
https://atlas.ripe.net/
Need more probes
in Indonesia
34. Transit & peering view
• Visibility of private peerings, which can not be seen on the
global routing table
35. Need your help
• More Atlas probes on different ASNs, cities, transit paths,
exchanges, etc.
36. Looking ahead
• As more organisations interconnect with upstreams,
downstreams and peers, the number of advertised ASNs
will continue to grow
• Opportunities to reduce cost, improve resiliency and
performance will be available to those with awareness of
this rich network ecosystem
• New technologies such as SDN and network virtualisation
will drive innovations and change the way networks are
interconnected, so expect to see a more dynamic
ecosystem in the future
37. Things to consider if you operate an
ASN
Routing Security
Registration
Aggregation
38. Routing security
• As more networks interconnect, security and stability risks
such as route hijacking, accidental route leakage and other
issues can escalate
• Register and maintain your ‘route’ and ‘route6’ objects in
the APNIC Whois database
– Ensure the import and export attributes accurately reflect your actual
routing policy
• Create your ROA
– A ROA or Route Origin Authorization is an attestation of a BGP route
announcement. It attests that the origin AS number is authorized to
announce the prefix(es). The attestation can be verified
cryptographically using RPKI
39. ROA
• Create your ROA now in MyAPNIC (or ask IDNIC)
• Benefits
– Verify whether an AS is authorized to announce a specific IP prefix
– Minimize common routing errors
– Prevent most accidental hijacks
• What's contained in a ROA
– The AS number you authorize
– The prefix that is being originated from it
– The most specific prefix (maximum length) that the AS may announce
• Example of what a ROA says in plain language:
– "ISP 4 permits AS 65000 to originate a route for the prefix
192.2.200.0/24"
http://www.apnic.net/roa
40. Registration
• With IPv4 address space nearing exhaustion and transfers
taking place, it’s really important that everyone keeps the
resource registry updated
• Protect your Internet resource registration information
– Keep your APNIC Whois data up to date
• IPv4 range (inetnum)
• IPv6 range (inet6num)
• ASN (autnum)
• Admin contact (admin-c)
• Technical contact (tech-c)
• Incident Response Team contact (irt)
• Help everyone resolve operational issues quickly
– Report invalid contacts
41. Aggregation
• As more routing information entries get added to the global
routing table, it’s important that prefix announcements are
aggregated whenever possible
• The algorithm used in the report (see next slide) proposes
aggregation only when there is a precise match using AS
path so as to preserve traffic transit policies. Aggregation is
also proposed across non-advertised address space
('holes').
http://www.cidr-report.org