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Total Body Irradiation 
By 
Aparna P 
M.Sc.Radiation Physics 
University of Calicut
Contents 
* Definition 
* Technical aspects of TBI 
* Clinical TBI categories 
* Beam energy 
* Tissue lateral effect 
* Normal tissue shielding 
* Patient positioning methods 
* Port films for TBI 
* In vivo dosimetry 
* Side effects of TBI
T B I 
Total Body Irradiation (TBI) is given 
to prepare (condition) the patient’s body for 
bone marrow or stem cell transplant. 
It is given to the entire body of the patient.
Which is used in the treatment of 
diseases such as; 
* Leukemia 
* Aplastic anemia 
* Lymphoma 
* Multiple myeloma etc….
Purpose of TBI Before Transplant 
To destroy cancer cells in areas not easily 
reached by chemotherapy. 
These are the nervous system, bones, skin, and 
testes in men.
To decrease the response of immune system. 
If a patient is getting bone marrow or 
Stem cells from a donor, his/her body may 
see these as foreign and hence try to destroy. 
To prevent this destruction TBI is given. 
 To create space for the new marrow 
to grow (engraft).
Technical aspects of TBI 
TBI is a special radio therapeutic technique 
that delivers to a patient’s whole body, a 
uniform dose within (+/-)10% of the 
prescribed dose. 
Megavoltage photon beams , either Co-60 
Gamma rays or Megavoltage X-rays are 
used for this purpose.
The beams are either stationary, with field 
sizes of the order of (70 × 200) cm^2 encompass- 
-ing the whole patient. 
or 
Moving, with smaller field sizes, in some sort of 
translational or rotational motion to cover the 
whole patient within the radiation beam.
Clinical TBI categories 
Depending on the specific clinical situation , 
TBI techniques are divided into the following 
four categories: 
1:High dose TBI, with dose delivery in a single 
session or in up to six fractions of 200 cGy 
each in three days (total dose 1200 cGy); 
2: Low dose TBI, with dose delivery in 10–15 
fractions of 10–15 cGy each;
3: Half-body irradiation, with a dose of 8 Gy 
delivered to the upper or lower half body in a 
single session; 
4:Total nodal irradiation, with a typical nodal 
dose of 40 Gy delivered in 20 fractions.
BEAM ENERGY 
 The choice of photon beam energy is dictated 
by patient thickness and the Specification of 
dose homogeneity. 
 In addition to the thickness variation along the 
axis of the patient, the patient diameter along 
the path of beam also affects dose uniformity 
depending upon beam energy.
The thicker the patient, the higher is the 
beam energy required to produce acceptable 
dose uniformity for parallel-opposed fields.
Tissue Lateral Effect 
A term tissue lateral effect has been used 
to describe the situation in which lower 
energy or a thicker patient is treated with 
parallel-opposed beams can give rise to an 
excessively higher dose to the subcutaneous 
tissues compared with the midpoint dose.
For patients of thickness greater than 35 
cm, energies higher than 6 MV should be 
used to minimize the tissue lateral effect.
Dose prescription point 
The TBI dose is prescribed to a point inside the 
body, referred to as the dose prescription point 
(usually at the midpoint at the level of the 
umbilicus).
The TBI procedure must deliver the prescribed 
dose to this point and should maintain the 
dose throughout the body within ±10% of the 
prescribed dose. 
Uniformity of dose is achieved with the use of 
bolus or compensators.
Normal Tissue Shielding 
Shielding of normal tissues must be carefully 
Considered in TBI because shielding may 
potentially reduce the dose to the target 
volume (ie;bone marrow cells, leukemic cells, and 
circulating stem cells). 
Despite this concern, there are situations in 
which partial shielding of critical tissues, 
including the lungs, kidneys, eyes (lens), and 
brain, is considered.
During TBI care should be taken to reduce dose to 
the underlying normal lung tissue. 
This is done with the use of customized lung 
blocks fabricated with low melting point alloy 
known as Cerrobend. 
These are carefully placed over the lungs at the 
time of treatment. 
Lung Blocks used to reduce dose 
to lung
Patient Positioning methods 
1 : AP/PA 
2 : Bilateral 
3 : Translational couch
AP/PA Technique 
This technique consist of irradiating 
antereo-posteriorly by parallel opposed fields 
with patient in standing position. 
The TBI Stand facilitates treatments of 
patients in a standing position.
Standing allows shielding of certain critical 
organs (eg:lungs) from photons and boosting 
{giving extra dose of radiation to specific areas of 
body} of superficial tissues with electrons in the 
shadow of the blocks. 
eg:Dose to the lungs can be reduced using lung 
blocks of about 1HVT and the chest wall under 
the blocks can be boosted with electrons of 
appropriate energy.
This technique requires an SSD in excess 
of 3m to encompass the patient within 
the large beams. 
Distances from source to patient
Disadvantage 
The sickness and fatigue associated 
with chemo therapy makes it difficult 
for many patients to hold a standing 
position resulting in poor 
reproducibility set up.
Bilateral 
technique 
This technique involves left and right lateral 
opposing fields with the patient treated in a 
semi seated position (fig.).
This positioning helps to overcome the 
limitations of treatment room dimensions to 
an extent and is more comfortable to patient. 
Arms are positioned laterally such that arms 
shadow the lungs.
The patient set-up is recorded in terms of 
distances measured b/n external body land 
mark as shown in fig.
Sagital laser light installed in the ceiling 
measures the source-to-body axis distance. 
Laser light also helps to position the patient’s 
sagital axis at right angles to the beam’s 
central axis.
Lateral body thickness along the patient axis 
varies considerably in the bilateral TBI. 
To achieve the dose uniformity with ~+10% 
along the sagital axis, compensators are 
designed for head and neck, lungs and legs.
Disadvantage: 
This technique suffers from poor 
dose uniformity and does not allow 
for effective shielding of lungs and 
kidneys.
Comparison
Translational Couch Technique 
A translational couch technique (Fig.) is utilized 
in which patient rests on a couch in supine 
position and is transported horizontally through a 
vertical beam. 
This technique presents a special challenge 
regarding dosimetry due to the moving beam 
dose delivery .
Port films for TBI 
 Port films for TBI can be obtained by attaching 
a channel to the wall of treatment room ,so that 
a series of films could be mounted for obtaining 
3 portal image as a single exposure. 
 Standard radiation therapy cassettes 
(lead screens) were used for the filming.
Port films are commonly used to check the 
positioning of a lung compensator ,and are 
essential for guaranteeing that adequate 
margin is achieved at all points around 
the patient’s body.
In Vivo Patient 
Dosimetry 
Treatment planning for TBI can stress 
the capabilities of any Treatment Planning 
System. 
This is because the sizes and depths of the 
fields used for TBI often exceed the limits 
employed in TPS.
Therefore Point measurements for verifying the 
dose prescription and distribution should be 
done. 
This is called In Vivo dosimetry. 
For these measurements, TLDs and diodes(eg.Si) 
are used.
Method: 
The TLD capsule or chips surrounded by 
suitable build up bolus, may be placed on the 
patient skin at different locations and measure 
the dose. 
TLD results are then compared with expected 
doses calculated by summing entrance and exit 
doses at the location of the TLDs. 
 An overall dose uniformity of (+/-)10% is 
acceptable.
Diode is taped in place over the umbilicus 
calculation point. Blocks are Suspended on bar in 
front of patient and knee gate is used to help 
patient Maintain posture.
Side effects of TBI: 
Most common side effects are; 
Head ache 
Nausea and Vomiting 
Fatigue 
Hair loss 
Bone marrow suppression(low blood counts ) etc. 
These will go away over time.
TBI can cause long term side effects, which 
occur months or years after transplant; 
Clouding of lungs and eye(cataracts) 
A small risk of developing a second cancer 
Underactive thyroid 
Inflammation of lungs etc.
Reference 
F.M Khan-Physics of radiation therapy 
Hand book-theory and practice 
ICRU Report 17 
Wikipedia
THANK YOU……

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TBI

  • 1. Total Body Irradiation By Aparna P M.Sc.Radiation Physics University of Calicut
  • 2. Contents * Definition * Technical aspects of TBI * Clinical TBI categories * Beam energy * Tissue lateral effect * Normal tissue shielding * Patient positioning methods * Port films for TBI * In vivo dosimetry * Side effects of TBI
  • 3. T B I Total Body Irradiation (TBI) is given to prepare (condition) the patient’s body for bone marrow or stem cell transplant. It is given to the entire body of the patient.
  • 4. Which is used in the treatment of diseases such as; * Leukemia * Aplastic anemia * Lymphoma * Multiple myeloma etc….
  • 5.
  • 6. Purpose of TBI Before Transplant To destroy cancer cells in areas not easily reached by chemotherapy. These are the nervous system, bones, skin, and testes in men.
  • 7. To decrease the response of immune system. If a patient is getting bone marrow or Stem cells from a donor, his/her body may see these as foreign and hence try to destroy. To prevent this destruction TBI is given.  To create space for the new marrow to grow (engraft).
  • 8. Technical aspects of TBI TBI is a special radio therapeutic technique that delivers to a patient’s whole body, a uniform dose within (+/-)10% of the prescribed dose. Megavoltage photon beams , either Co-60 Gamma rays or Megavoltage X-rays are used for this purpose.
  • 9. The beams are either stationary, with field sizes of the order of (70 × 200) cm^2 encompass- -ing the whole patient. or Moving, with smaller field sizes, in some sort of translational or rotational motion to cover the whole patient within the radiation beam.
  • 10. Clinical TBI categories Depending on the specific clinical situation , TBI techniques are divided into the following four categories: 1:High dose TBI, with dose delivery in a single session or in up to six fractions of 200 cGy each in three days (total dose 1200 cGy); 2: Low dose TBI, with dose delivery in 10–15 fractions of 10–15 cGy each;
  • 11. 3: Half-body irradiation, with a dose of 8 Gy delivered to the upper or lower half body in a single session; 4:Total nodal irradiation, with a typical nodal dose of 40 Gy delivered in 20 fractions.
  • 12. BEAM ENERGY  The choice of photon beam energy is dictated by patient thickness and the Specification of dose homogeneity.  In addition to the thickness variation along the axis of the patient, the patient diameter along the path of beam also affects dose uniformity depending upon beam energy.
  • 13. The thicker the patient, the higher is the beam energy required to produce acceptable dose uniformity for parallel-opposed fields.
  • 14. Tissue Lateral Effect A term tissue lateral effect has been used to describe the situation in which lower energy or a thicker patient is treated with parallel-opposed beams can give rise to an excessively higher dose to the subcutaneous tissues compared with the midpoint dose.
  • 15. For patients of thickness greater than 35 cm, energies higher than 6 MV should be used to minimize the tissue lateral effect.
  • 16. Dose prescription point The TBI dose is prescribed to a point inside the body, referred to as the dose prescription point (usually at the midpoint at the level of the umbilicus).
  • 17. The TBI procedure must deliver the prescribed dose to this point and should maintain the dose throughout the body within ±10% of the prescribed dose. Uniformity of dose is achieved with the use of bolus or compensators.
  • 18. Normal Tissue Shielding Shielding of normal tissues must be carefully Considered in TBI because shielding may potentially reduce the dose to the target volume (ie;bone marrow cells, leukemic cells, and circulating stem cells). Despite this concern, there are situations in which partial shielding of critical tissues, including the lungs, kidneys, eyes (lens), and brain, is considered.
  • 19. During TBI care should be taken to reduce dose to the underlying normal lung tissue. This is done with the use of customized lung blocks fabricated with low melting point alloy known as Cerrobend. These are carefully placed over the lungs at the time of treatment. Lung Blocks used to reduce dose to lung
  • 20. Patient Positioning methods 1 : AP/PA 2 : Bilateral 3 : Translational couch
  • 21. AP/PA Technique This technique consist of irradiating antereo-posteriorly by parallel opposed fields with patient in standing position. The TBI Stand facilitates treatments of patients in a standing position.
  • 22. Standing allows shielding of certain critical organs (eg:lungs) from photons and boosting {giving extra dose of radiation to specific areas of body} of superficial tissues with electrons in the shadow of the blocks. eg:Dose to the lungs can be reduced using lung blocks of about 1HVT and the chest wall under the blocks can be boosted with electrons of appropriate energy.
  • 23. This technique requires an SSD in excess of 3m to encompass the patient within the large beams. Distances from source to patient
  • 24. Disadvantage The sickness and fatigue associated with chemo therapy makes it difficult for many patients to hold a standing position resulting in poor reproducibility set up.
  • 25. Bilateral technique This technique involves left and right lateral opposing fields with the patient treated in a semi seated position (fig.).
  • 26. This positioning helps to overcome the limitations of treatment room dimensions to an extent and is more comfortable to patient. Arms are positioned laterally such that arms shadow the lungs.
  • 27. The patient set-up is recorded in terms of distances measured b/n external body land mark as shown in fig.
  • 28. Sagital laser light installed in the ceiling measures the source-to-body axis distance. Laser light also helps to position the patient’s sagital axis at right angles to the beam’s central axis.
  • 29.
  • 30. Lateral body thickness along the patient axis varies considerably in the bilateral TBI. To achieve the dose uniformity with ~+10% along the sagital axis, compensators are designed for head and neck, lungs and legs.
  • 31. Disadvantage: This technique suffers from poor dose uniformity and does not allow for effective shielding of lungs and kidneys.
  • 33. Translational Couch Technique A translational couch technique (Fig.) is utilized in which patient rests on a couch in supine position and is transported horizontally through a vertical beam. This technique presents a special challenge regarding dosimetry due to the moving beam dose delivery .
  • 34. Port films for TBI  Port films for TBI can be obtained by attaching a channel to the wall of treatment room ,so that a series of films could be mounted for obtaining 3 portal image as a single exposure.  Standard radiation therapy cassettes (lead screens) were used for the filming.
  • 35. Port films are commonly used to check the positioning of a lung compensator ,and are essential for guaranteeing that adequate margin is achieved at all points around the patient’s body.
  • 36. In Vivo Patient Dosimetry Treatment planning for TBI can stress the capabilities of any Treatment Planning System. This is because the sizes and depths of the fields used for TBI often exceed the limits employed in TPS.
  • 37. Therefore Point measurements for verifying the dose prescription and distribution should be done. This is called In Vivo dosimetry. For these measurements, TLDs and diodes(eg.Si) are used.
  • 38. Method: The TLD capsule or chips surrounded by suitable build up bolus, may be placed on the patient skin at different locations and measure the dose. TLD results are then compared with expected doses calculated by summing entrance and exit doses at the location of the TLDs.  An overall dose uniformity of (+/-)10% is acceptable.
  • 39. Diode is taped in place over the umbilicus calculation point. Blocks are Suspended on bar in front of patient and knee gate is used to help patient Maintain posture.
  • 40. Side effects of TBI: Most common side effects are; Head ache Nausea and Vomiting Fatigue Hair loss Bone marrow suppression(low blood counts ) etc. These will go away over time.
  • 41. TBI can cause long term side effects, which occur months or years after transplant; Clouding of lungs and eye(cataracts) A small risk of developing a second cancer Underactive thyroid Inflammation of lungs etc.
  • 42. Reference F.M Khan-Physics of radiation therapy Hand book-theory and practice ICRU Report 17 Wikipedia

Editor's Notes

  1. Tt volumes
  2. In vitro: (Latin: within the glass) refers to the technique of performing a given experiment in a controlled environment outside of a living organism; for example in a test tube. In vivo (Latin: within the living) means that which takes place inside an organism. In science, in vivo refers to experimentation done in or on the living tissue of a whole, living organism as opposed to a partial or dead one or a controlled environment. Animal testing and clinical trials are forms of in vivo research.