The document discusses stealth technology, how it works to reduce detection by radar through shaping of aircraft and use of radar absorbing materials, and provides examples of stealth aircraft like the B-2 bomber which uses curved shapes and composite radar absorbing materials to deflect radar waves and has its engines and exhaust designed to reduce heat signatures. It also discusses the history and development of stealth technology as well as potential future applications.

1. GUIDED BY: P MOHAPATRA
R.R SWAIN
B.K SATPATHY

2. • INTRODUCTION
• STEALTH TECHNOLOGY
• HOW STEALTH WORKS?
• HISTORY OF STEALTH
• PLASMA STEALTH
• WHAT IS RADAR?
• RADAR CROSSECTION DESIGNS
• RADAR ABSORBING MATERIAL(RAM)
• B-2 SPIRIT BOMBER
• ADVANTAGES OF STEALTH TECHNOLOGY
• DISADVANTAGES OF STEALTH TECHNOLOGY
• FUTURE OF STEALTH
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
• QUERIES

3. • Stealth technology referred as “VLO” i.e “VERY LOW OBSERVABLE
TECHNOLOGY”
•Fighter planes are so made that they are harder to be detected by the
radar and other devices
•The first combat use of stealth aircraft was in December 1989 during
Operation Just Cause in Panama
•Well known examples include the United States' F-117 Nighthawk
(1980s-2008), the B-2 Spirit "Stealth Bomber," and the F-22 Raptor

4. Stealth Technology
Scientifically know as
LOW OBSERVABLE.
Used in military aviation
Reduces detection range
of an aircraft
 Partial indivisibility to
radar and other detection

5. • The goal of stealth technology is to
make an airplane invisible to radar.
There are two different ways to
create invisibility:
 The airplane can be shaped so that
any radar signals it reflects are
reflected away from the radar
equipment.
 The airplane can be covered in
materials that absorb radar signals.
• Most conventional aircraft have a
rounded shape. This shape makes
them aerodynamic, but it also
creates a very efficient radar
reflector.
• The round shape means that no
matter where the radar signal hits
the plane, some of the signal gets
reflected back

6. The first “STEALTH” aircraft
have been developed in Germany
during the last years of WWII.
This technique has also been used
in ships.
Later Americans worked on
stealth technology and succeeded.

7. In this stealth the aircraft injects a
stream of ionized gas

8. Plasma stealth is a proposed process to use ionized gas (plasma) to
reduce the radar cross section (RCS) of an aircraft. Interactions between
electromagnetic radiation and ionized gas have been extensively studied
for many purposes, including concealing aircraft from radar as stealth
technology. Various methods might plausibly be able to form a layer or
cloud of plasma around a vehicle to deflect or absorb radar, from
simpler electrostatic or radio frequency (RF) discharges to more complex
laser discharges. It is theoretically possible to reduce RCS in this way.

10. What Is RADAR ?

11. Almost since the invention of radar, various techniques have
been tried to minimize detection
Some of the techniques used for this purpose are:
1.Vehicle shape
2.Radar absorbing material

12. Radar Absorbing Materials
Design of NOSE
Stealth aircraft must bury the
engines within the wings

13. Date

14. Normal fighter plane
showing the engine
Engines of the stealth aircraft
are covered

15. Exhaust PLUME of a
normal plane
Stealth Aircraft without
Exhaust

16. Nanostructural composite material,
absorbing without reflecting radar
wave.
Magnetic ferrite-based substance
RAM reduces the radar cross
selection making the object appear
smaller.

18. The B-2 bomber has a completely different design:
It's one big wing, like a boomerang.
This flying wing design is much more efficient than
a conventional plane. Instead of separate wings
supporting all the weight of the fuselage, the entire
craft works to generate lift. Eliminating the tail and
fuselage also reduces drag -- the total force of air
resistance acting on the plane.
Greater efficiency helps the B-2 travel long
distances in a short period of time. It's not the
fastest craft around – It’s high subsonic, meaning its
top speed is just under the speed of sound (around
1,000 ft/sec or 305 m/s) -- but it can go 6,900
miles (11,000 km) without refueling and 11,500
miles (18,500 km) with one in-flight refueling.

19. The B-2's flat, narrow shape and black coloration help it fade into the
night. Even in the daytime, when the B-2 stands out against blue sky, it
can be hard to figure out which way the plane is going. The B-2 emits
minimal exhaust, so it doesn't leave a visible trail behind it.
The B-2's engines are buried inside the plane. This helps muffle the
noise. The efficient aerodynamic design helps keep the B-2 quiet as well,
because the engines can operate at lower power settings.
The engine system also works to minimize the plane's infrared (heat)
signature. Infrared sensors, including those on heat-seeking missiles,
typically pick up on hot engine exhaust. In the B-2, all of the exhaust
passes through cooling vents before flowing out of the rear ports.
Putting the exhaust ports on the top of the plane further reduces the
infrared signature

20. The stealth bomber's peculiar shape deflects radio beams in both
ways. The large flat areas on the top and bottom of the plane are like
tilted mirrors. These flat areas deflect most radio beams away from
the station, presuming the station isn't directly beneath the plane.
The plane itself also works like a curved mirror, particularly in the
front section. The entire plane has no sharp, angled edges -- every
surface is curved in order to deflect radio waves. The curves are
designed to bounce almost all radio waves away at an angle.
 The B-2's body is mainly composed of composite material --
combinations of various lightweight substances. The composite
material used in the B-2 bomber is specifically designed to absorb
radio energy with optimum efficiency. Parts of the B-2, such as the
leading edge, are also covered in advanced radio-absorbent paint
and tape.

21. General characteristics
Crew: 2: pilot and commander (co-pilot)
Length: 69 ft (21.0 m)
Wingspan: 172 ft (52.4 m)
Height: 17 ft (5.18 m)
Wing area: 5,140 ft² (478 m²)
Empty weight: 158,000 lb (71,700 kg)
Loaded weight: 336,500 lb (152,200 kg)
Max. takeoff weight: 376,000 lb (170,600 kg)
Powerplant: 4 × General Electric F118-GE-100 non-afterburning turbofans, 17,300 lbf
(77 kN) each
Fuel Capacity: 167,000 pounds (75,750 kg)
Performance
Maximum speed: Mach 0.95 (550 knots, 630 mph, 1,010 km/h) at 40,000 ft altitude /
Mach 0.95 at sea level
Cruise speed: Mach 0.85 (487 knots, 560 mph, 900 km/h) at 40,000 ft altitude
Range: 6,000 nmi (11,100 km (6,900 mi))
Role Strategic stealth bomber
National origin United States
Manufacturer
Northrop Corporation
Northrop Grumman
First flight 17 July 1989
Introduction April 1997
Status In service
Primary user United States Air Force
Produced 1988–2000
Number built 21
Program cost US$44.75 billion (through 2004)
Unit cost
$737 million (1997 approx. flyaway
cost)

22. Reduces the causality rates
during war
Saving military budget.
Develop the military secretes
Bluff the anti-detective device
Stealth aircraft are invisible to
radar

23. .

24. Future Of The STEALTH

25.  Stealth technology developed a lot.
 Investment needed is very high.
 High chance of low cost gain.
 A lot learned about signature reduction and
absorption.
 Success yet to be proved extensively.
 Useful for other projects.

26. Date
References:
1. http://www.totalairdominance.50megs.com/stealth.htm
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_ship
5. http://www.resonancepub.com/images/stealth_ship.gif
6. http://images.google.co.in/images
7. http://www.airplanedesign.info/51.htm
8. http://www.military-heat.com/43/russian-
plasma-stealth-fighters/