Networking involves connecting devices together in a network to share resources and communicate. The ARPANET was an early network developed in the 1960s to connect computers at universities and research organizations. It helped pioneer networking technology and led to the development of the Internet. A computer network allows devices to exchange information and data through various connection types and network devices. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh configurations. IP addressing using IPv4 or IPv6 assigns logical addresses to devices to identify them on the network. Private and public IP ranges are used to connect devices locally or publicly on the Internet.

1. NETWORKING
by Ankit Dhanjode
WWW.PSKITSERVICES.COM

2. 1.NETWORK IS A GROUP OF CONNECTED DEVICES SUCH AS COMPUTER ,
DESKTOP OR LAPTOP, NETWORK SWITCH, ROUTER, MODEM. PRINTERS
NIC-CARD ETC.
2. NETWORKING MEANS COMMUNICATION BETWEEN CONNECTED
DEVICES. EXCHANGE DATA INFORMATION.
History of Network & Networking

3. DOD & ARPA (Advance Research Projects Agency )
IN THE MID OF 1960S MAINFRAME COMPUTERS IN RESEARCH ORGANIZATION WERE
STAND ALONE DEVICES .
COMPUTER FROM DIFFERENT MANUFACTURER WERE UNABLE TO COMMUNICATE
WITH EACH OTHERS.
THE ARPA WAS INTERESTED TO FIND WAY TO CONNECT COMPUTERS TOGETHER .
SO COMPANIES AND SOME ORGANIZATIONS FUNDED TO ARPA.
IN 1967 ARPA GIVE THE PRESENTATION ABOUT THE NETWORK CALLED ARPANET IN
FRONT OF ASSOCIATION FOR COMPUTING MACHINERY
A SMALL NETWORK OF CONNECTED COMPUTER
THE IDEA WAS THAT EACH HOST COMPUTER WOULD BE ATTACH A SPECIALIZE
COMPUTER CALLED IMP (INTERFACE MESSAGE PROCESSOR)
IN 1969 ARPANET WAS IN REALITY.
UCLA AND SRI (CONNECTED FIRST TIME)
FOUR UNIVERSITY COMPUTER WERE CONNECTED
1) UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOSS ANGELUS (UCLA)
2) THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT SANTA BARBRA (UCSB)
3) STAND FORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE (SRI)
4) UNIVERSITY OF UTAH
NOTE : FIRST MESSAGE WAS LOGIN (CRASHED)
E-MAIL WAS CREATED BY RAY TOMLINSON IN 1972 (BBN)
BBN ALSO CONNECTED WITH ARPANET

4. Network Concept
Interconnection of two or more devices is called network.

5. Networking Concept
THE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN TWO OR MORE INTERCONNECTED DEVICES IS CALLED NETWORKING.

6. Internetwork & Internetworking
INTERNETWORK MEANS CONNECTIONS OF TWO OR MORE DEFERENT NETWORKS.
INTERNETWORKING MEANS COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN TWO OR MORE CONNECTED NETWORKS.

7. WHAT IS NETWORK ?
A COMPUTER NETWORK IS A GROUP OF COMPUTERS LINKED TO EACH
OTHER THAT ENABLES THE COMPUTER TO COMMUNICATE WITH
ANOTHER COMPUTER AND SHARE THEIR RESOURCES, DATA, AND
APPLICATIONS.
A COMPUTER NETWORK CAN BE CATEGORIZED BY THEIR SIZE.
* A COMPUTER NETWORK IS MAINLY OF THREE TYPES:
A) LAN
B) MAN
C) WAN

8. 1)LOCAL AREA NETWORK IS A GROUP OF COMPUTERS CONNECTED TO EACH OTHER
IN A SMALL AREA SUCH AS BUILDING, OFFICE , HOME ETC..
2) LAN IS USED FOR CONNECTING TWO OR MORE PERSONAL COMPUTERS THROUGH A
COMMUNICATION MEDIUM SUCH AS TWISTED PAIR, COAXIAL CABLE, OFC ETC.
3) IT IS LESS COSTLY AS IT IS BUILT WITH INEXPENSIVE HARDWARE SUCH AS HUBS,
SWITCH , NETWORK ADAPTERS, AND ETHERNET CABLES.
4) THE DATA IS TRANSFERRED AT AN EXTREMELY FASTER RATE IN LOCAL AREA
NETWORK.
5) LOCAL AREA NETWORK PROVIDES HIGHER SECURITY.
LAN

9. 1)A METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK IS A NETWORK THAT COVERS A LARGER
GEOGRAPHIC AREA BY INTERCONNECTING A DIFFERENT LAN TO FORM A LARGER
NETWORK.
2) GOVERNMENT AGENCIES USE MAN TO CONNECT TO THE CITIZENS AND PRIVATE
INDUSTRIES.
IN MAN, VARIOUS LANS ARE CONNECTED TO EACH OTHER THROUGH A TELEPHONE
EXCHANGE LINE.
THE MOST WIDELY USED PROTOCOLS IN MAN ARE RS-232, FRAME RELAY, ATM, ISDN,
OC-3, ADSL, ETC.
3) IT HAS A HIGHER RANGE THAN LOCAL AREA NETWORK(LAN).
MAN

10. WAN
1)A WIDE AREA NETWORK IS A NETWORK THAT EXTENDS OVER A LARGE
GEOGRAPHICAL AREA SUCH AS CITY TO CITY , STATES OR COUNTRIES.
2) A WIDE AREA NETWORK IS QUITE BIGGER NETWORK THAN THE LAN.
3) A WIDE AREA NETWORK IS NOT LIMITED TO A SINGLE LOCATION, BUT IT
SPANS OVER A LARGE GEOGRAPHICAL AREA THROUGH A TELEPHONE LINE,
FIBRE OPTIC CABLE OR SATELLITE LINKS.
4) THE INTERNET IS ONE OF THE BIGGEST WAN IN THE WORLD.
5) A WIDE AREA NETWORK IS WIDELY USED IN THE FIELD OF BUSINESS,
GOVERNMENT, AND EDUCATION.

11. Basic Requirement to form a Network
1)TWO OR MORE COMPUTERS WITH LAN CARD ENABLED
2) MEDIA (WIRED OR WIRELESS )
3) NETWORKING DEVICES (HUB, SWITCH, ROUTER, MODEM, CRIMPING TOOL, PUNCHING TOOL, RACK, ETC..
4)LOGICAL ADDRESS (IP ADDRESS)
5) PROTOCOLS

12. Network / Networking Devices

13. NETWORK OR NETWORKING DEVICES ARE CALLED NODE THEY ARE
USED
TO CONFIGURE ,CONNECT NETWORK
EXAMPLE :
HUB
SWITCH
ROUTER
MODEM
CRIMPING TOOL
PUNCHING TOOL
CABLE TESTER
RACK
PATCH PANEL
IO BOX
NIC LAN-CARD

14. COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
CONNECTIONS
COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS ARE AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF EVERY COMMUNICATION SYSTEM.
THESE CHANNELS ACTUALLY CARRY THE DATA FROM ONE COMPUTER TO ANOTHER.
THERE ARE TWO CATEGORIES OF COMMUNICATION CHANNELS.
ONE CATEGORY CONNECTS SENDING & RECEIVING DEVICES BY PROVIDING A PHYSICAL
CONNECTION SUCH AS WIRED AND SECOND IS WIRELESS

15. Guided Media
PHYSICAL CONNECTIONS USED A SOLID MEDIUM TO CONNECT SENDING & RECEIVING DEVICES
THESE CONNECTIONS INCLUDE TELEPHONE LINES
TWISTED PAIR CABLE , COAXIAL CABLE & FIBER OPTIC CABLE .
Twisted pair cable
TWISTED PAIR CABLE CONSIST OF PAIRS OF COPPER WIRE THAT ARE TWISTED TOGETHER BOTH
STANDARD TELEPHONE LINES & ETHERNET CABLES
ETHERNET CABLES COMMONLY USED IN NETWORKS & TO CONNECT A VARIOUS COMPONENTS.

16. AN UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR IS WIDELY USED IN TELECOMMUNICATION. FOLLOWING ARE
THE CATEGORIES OF THE UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR CABLE:
CATEGORY 1: CATEGORY 1 IS USED FOR TELEPHONE LINES THAT HAVE LOW-SPEED DATA.
CATEGORY 2: IT CAN SUPPORT UPTO 4MBPS.
CATEGORY 3: IT CAN SUPPORT UPTO 16MBPS.
CATEGORY 4: IT CAN SUPPORT UPTO 20MBPS. THEREFORE, IT CAN BE USED FOR LONG-
DISTANCE COMMUNICATION.
CATEGORY 5: IT CAN SUPPORT UPTO 100, 200MBPS.
CATEGORY 6: IT CAN SUPPORT UPTO 100, 200 MBPS / GBPS
CATEGORY 7: IT CAN SUPPORT UPTO 1 GBPS OR MORE
Unshielded & Shielded Twisted Pair:
1) UTP CABLE
2) STP CABLE

17. Coaxial Cable
A HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION CABLE REPLACES THE MULTIPLE WIRES OF
TELEPHONE LINES WITH SINGLE COPPER CORE IN TERMS OF THE NUMBER OF
TELEPHONE CONNECTION.
A COAXIAL CABLE HAS OVER 80 TIMES THE TRANSMISSION CAPACITY OF TWISTED PAIR
CABLE.
COAXIAL CABLE IS USED TO TELEVISION CONNECTION.
COAXIAL CABLES WERE TWO TYPES 1. THIN NET CO-AXIAL CABLE 1. THICK NET CO-AXIAL
CABLE
BNC LAN CARD & BNC CONNECTOR WERE USED

18. Fiber Optic Cable
A FIBER OPTIC CABLE TRANSMITS DATA AS PULSES OF LIGHT THROUGH GLASS.
IN TERMS OF NO. OF TELEPHONE CONNECTION.
IT HAS OVER 26000 TIMES THE TRANSMISSION CAPACITY OF TWISTED PAIR CABLE.
COMPARE TO CO-AXIAL CABLE THEN ARE LIGHTER AND MORE RELIABLE AT TRANSMITTING
DATA.
FIBER OPTIC CABLE TRANSMITS DATA USING LIGHT.
FIBER OPTIC CABLE ARE OF TWO TYPES O SINGLE MODE – USE TO INTERNET CONNECTIVITY. O
MULTI-MODE – USED TO LEASE LINE & OTHERS.
OFC LAN CARD ARE USED.
SC/ST (SUBSCRIBER CONNECTOR).

19. UTP & STP CABLE COLOR CODE

20. What is Topology?

21. TOPOLOGY IS THE PHYSICAL LAYOUT OF THE SYSTEM CONNECTED IN NETWORK.
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF TOPOLOGIES
1) PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY

22. BUS
A BUS TOPOLOGY IS A TOPOLOGY FOR A LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) IN WHICH ALL THE NODES
ARE CONNECTED TO A SINGLE CABLE. THE CABLE TO WHICH THE NODES CONNECT IS CALLED A
"BACKBONE". IF THE BACKBONE IS BROKEN, THE ENTIRE SEGMENT FAILS.

23. RING
A RING TOPOLOGY IS A NETWORK CONFIGURATION IN WHICH DEVICE CONNECTIONS CREATE A
CIRCULAR DATA PATH. EACH NETWORKED DEVICE IS CONNECTED TO TWO OTHERS, LIKE POINTS
ON A CIRCLE. TOGETHER, DEVICES IN A RING TOPOLOGY ARE REFERRED TO AS A RING NETWORK.

24. MESH TOPOLOGY
MESH TOPOLOGY IS A TYPE OF NETWORKING WHERE ALL NODES COOPERATE TO DISTRIBUTE
DATA AMONGST EACH OTHER. THIS TOPOLOGY WAS ORIGINALLY DEVELOPED 30+ YEARS AGO
FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS, BUT TODAY, THEY ARE TYPICALLY USED FOR THINGS LIKE HOME
AUTOMATION, SMART HVAC CONTROL, AND SMART BUILDINGS.

25. STAR TOPOLOGY
A STAR TOPOLOGY IS A TOPOLOGY FOR A LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) IN WHICH ALL
NODES ARE INDIVIDUALLY CONNECTED TO A CENTRAL CONNECTION POINT, LIKE A HUB OR
A SWITCH. A STAR TAKES MORE CABLE THAN E.G. A BUS, BUT THE BENEFIT IS THAT IF A
CABLE FAILS, ONLY ONE NODE WILL BE BROUGHT DOWN.

26. Logical Topology
SERVER TO CLIENT (DOMAIN)
CLIENT TO CLIENT WORKGROUP

27. IP Addressing
IP ADDRESS IS A LOGICAL ADDRESS.
IT IS USE TO IDENTIFY COMPUTER AND DEVICES IN NETWORK.
IT IS NETWORK LAYER ADDRESS (OSI LAYER 3RD IS A NETWORK LAYER)

28. USA
IANA
THE IP ADDRESS SPACE IS MANAGED GLOBALLY BY THE INTERNET ASSIGNED NUMBERS
AUTHORITY (IANA), AND BY FIVE REGIONAL INTERNET REGISTRIES (RIRS) RESPONSIBLE IN THEIR
DESIGNATED TERRITORIES FOR ASSIGNMENT TO LOCAL INTERNET REGISTRIES, SUCH AS
INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS, AND OTHER END USERS
https://www.iana.org

29. TYPES OF IP ADDRESS
1)IP V4
2)IP V6
IP V4
BIT IS REPRESENTED BY 0 & 1 BINARY
IP ADDRESS IN BINARY FORM (010101010101010101010101010010101)
32 BITS ARE DIVIDED IN 4 OCTETS
01010101 . 01010101 . 010101010 . 01010101
IP ADDRESS IS IN DECIMAL FORM (192.168.10.1)
IP V4 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 (1 ZERO REPRESENT 8 BITS 8 ZEROS )
IP V4 255.255.255.255 (ACTUAL DECIMAL VALUE )
32 BITS ADDRESS IN THE FORM OF BINARY 0 ,1
128 BITS ADDRESS IN THE FORM OF HEXADECIMAL 0 TO 9 & A TO F

30. IP ADDRESS RANGE
IP ADDRESS DIVIDED IN TO 5 CLASS
CLASS A 0 TO 127 (1 TO 126 ) VALID
CLASS B 128 TO 191
CLASS C 192 TO 223
CLASS D 224 TO 239
CLASS E 240 TO 255
NOTE : 127 .0.0.1 TO 127.255.255.255
RESERVE FOR LOOPBACK (LOCAL HOST IP )
THESE CLASS USE IN LAN & WAN
USE FOR MULTICASTING (ROUTER)
R & D (RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

31. PRIVATE IP ADDRESS
A PRIVATE IP ADDRESS IS THE ADDRESS OF YOUR DEVICE CONNECTED ON THE HOME OR
BUSINESS NETWORK. IF YOU HAVE A FEW DIFFERENT DEVICES CONNECTED TO ONE ISP
(INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER), THEN ALL YOUR DEVICES WILL HAVE A UNIQUE PRIVATE
IP ADDRESS. THIS IP ADDRESS CANNOT BE ACCESSED FROM DEVICES OUTSIDE YOUR
HOME OR BUSINESS NETWORK.
FOR EXAMPLE: 192.168.1.1
PRIVATE IP ADDRESSES ARE NOT UNIQUE BECAUSE THERE ARE LIMITED NUMBER OF
DEVICES ON YOUR NETWORK.
YOU CAN FIND OUT THE PRIVATE IP ADDRESS OF YOUR DEVICE USING A FEW
TECHNIQUES. IF YOU ARE A WINDOWS USER, THEN SIMPLY GO TO THE COMMAND
PROMPT AND ENTER THE COMMAND IPCONFIG
PRIVATE IP ADDRESS RANGE (CLASSESWISE )
CLASS A 10.0.0.1 TO 10.255.255.254
CLASS B 172.16.0.1 TO 172.31.255.254
CLASS C 192.168.0.1 TO 192.168.255.254
NOTE : THESE IP ADDRESSES ARE TOTALLY FREE

32. PUBLIC IP ADDRESS
YOUR PUBLIC IP ADDRESS IS THE MAIN IP ADDRESS TO WHICH YOUR HOME OR
BUSINESS NETWORK IS CONNECTED. THIS IP ADDRESS CONNECTS YOU TO THE
WORLD, AND IT’S UNIQUE FOR ALL USERS.
TO FIND OUT YOUR PUBLIC IP ADDRESS, SIMPLY GO TO SUPPORTALLY SITE IN
YOUR BROWSER, AND IT WILL DISPLAY THE PUBLIC IP, AND OTHER BROWSER
INFORMATION.
PUBLIC IP ADDRESS RANGE
CLASS A 1.0.0.1 TO 9.255.255.254 AND 11.0.0.1 TO 126.255.255.254
CLASS B 128.0.0.1 172.15.255.254 AND 172.32.0.1 TO 191.255.255.254
CLASS C 192.0.0.1 TO 192.167.255.254 AND 192.169.0.1 TO 223.255.255.254
NOTE : THESE IP ADDRESSES WE HAVE TO BUY FROM ISPS

33. APIPA RANGE
AUTOMATIC PRIVATE IP ADDRESSING (APIPA) IS A FEATURE IN OPERATING SYSTEMS (SUCH
AS WINDOWS) THAT ENABLES COMPUTERS TO AUTOMATICALLY SELF-CONFIGURE AN IP
ADDRESS AND SUBNET MASK WHEN THEIR DHCP SERVER ISN'T REACHABLE. THE IP
ADDRESS
RANGE FOR APIPA
169.254. 0.1-169.254. 255.254, OF 255.255. 0.0
1.
2.
3.

34. Thank You
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