Монголын боловсролын системийн талаар дэлгэрэнгүй /Англи хэл дээр/

1. /X0010016/
EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Issues of
educational
development
in Mongolia
Hideo IKEDA
/M141509/ ALTANGEREL ANKHTUYA

2. 1
Educational Development in Mongolia
In Mongolia, education system is followed the Soviet and Eastern European model and
compulsory at the primary, secondary and tertiary level. Since the early 1990s, it has been
undergoing many changes as the country shifts from a centralized economy. Under the current
reforms, school curricula have been revised, and the supply of textbooks has increased at the
primary and secondary levels. The number of students at all levels of education has also increased
and each educational level is through a system of exams. There is also an extensive pre-school
education system, where children may enroll from age 3. For instance: the garden for the teaching
of foreign languages. Because young children able to learn language quickly. Primary school
begins at age 8 and lasts for 4 years. The next 4 years are spent middle school where a general
academic curriculum is followed.
Primary Education
Primary education is compulsory and lasts four years. Schools for the primary, lower secondary
and upper secondary levels generally do not exist separately. There are only 79 schools offering
just primary education in Mongolia (mostly in remote rural areas), and 232 eight-year schools
offering both primary and lower secondary education. More than 20 percent of primary school
children drop out of school due to high travel or meal costs, lack of interest in study, poor living
standards and health problems.
Secondary Education
Secondary education is divided into two cycles: lower secondary and upper secondary. Lower
secondary education is the final stage of compulsory schooling and lasts four years (ages 12-16),
followed by two years of upper secondary education (ages 17-18). Graduates from grades eight
through 10 are eligible to enter technical and vocational training schools. Upper secondary school
(not compulsory) is divided into general education and vocational/technical education. Primary
and secondary school together comprises basic education which is compulsory. After completing
their 8 years of compulsory education students may stay on for 2 to 3 years of higher secondary
education then to enroll the university. At the end of primary, lower secondary and upper
secondary education, and students are required to take state examinations.
In rural area, there are not enough primary school in there, also the children that lived in
out-settlement, may have to travel some distance to attend them. Also some of them is moving to
central area and some are do not attend school. In 2003, the number of school-drop study is
approximately ten thousands. This is very large number of children who do not go on to attend
school. But nowadays this number is increasing because of there are a lot of special programs to
offered to children drop out of school in rural area. Students who do not attend a general school
for 2 years may go on to vocational school instead.
Higher Education
Higher education in Mongolia is provided by universities, colleges and institutes. Colleges offer
mainly undergraduate programs, while universities focus more on research and graduate study.
Higher education was fully subsidized by the state until 1993, when fees for students were
introduced for the first time. However, the government continues to provide financial assistance
in the form of grants and loans to students from low-income families and to those who demonstrate
outstanding achievement.

3. 2
In 1990, private institutions began offering higher education in Mongolia, and a new law,
ratified in 1992, officially permitted the establishment of privately funded schools that met specific
pre-conditions set by the government. There are currently more than 100 private institutions of
higher education offering programs mainly in the fields of economics, management, law, computer
science, languages and performing and fine arts. These institutions are approved by the MOSTEC,
which also sets standards for private higher education. Students enrolled in accredited private
higher-education institutions are eligible for various aid programs granted by the government.
University Higher Education
Most of Mongolia’s institutions of higher education are based in the capital, Ulaanbaatar city.
Since the early 1990s, a number of new schools focusing on information technology, business
administration and medicine have cropped up there. In 2003, there are 178 colleges and
universities, even though only 48 of those were public. Most of them are private universities which
are does not have any accreditation. Increasing number of private universities has seen one of the
reasons for the lack of quality education. So since 2012, The governors of authority to issue
executive orders which to close down those poor quality of private universities, to reflect to
upgrade education and training program in public universities. Also there are few prominent public
universities in Ulaanbaatar city, including the Institutes of Medicine, Agriculture, Economics,
Science and Technology, Pedagogic, Polytechnics. Many students go abroad to pursue higher-
education studies, especially to the countries of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. There
has also been a recent shift away from the study of Russian to include more English, Japanese and
Chinese.
Programs and Degrees
New Degree Structure
Formerly, higher-education institutions used to mainly offer undergraduate programs leading to
the award of a higher-education diploma with the title of “specialist.” In 1992, a more Western
model, consisting of the B.A., M.A. and Ph.D., was introduced. The Doctor of Science degree
(similar to the German habilitation doctorate) is awarded as an advanced degree, requiring two-
and-a half to three years of study beyond the Ph.D. Some institutions, such as the Mongolian
Technical University, award a “diploma” (associate degree) that is equivalent to the first two years
of a bachelor’s degree.
Stage I: The first stage of higher education requires three-to-five years of full-time study leading
to a Bachelor’s degree. A student must complete a minimum of 120 credit hours to earn this
qualification. Professional degrees in dentistry, pharmacy and veterinary medicine require five
years, and degrees in medicine are conferred after six years.
Stage II: The Master’s degree is awarded after one and a -half to two years of study beyond the
bachelor’s degree. This degree requires a total of at least 150 credit hours.
Stage III: The Doctor of Philosophy requires several years of advanced study beyond the
master’s degree in addition to a dissertation and public defense. A total of not less than 210 credit
hours needed for the Ph.D.