Spiritual Life Vs Religion

Spiritual Life Vs Religion
How people get involve in society is one of the issue that is interesting to observe, because there are
multiple factors that influence this kind of behavior. One important aspect of society is political
participation and which are the variables that make a person to get involve in political decision. One
of this influences might be spiritual life or how the people relate with a superior force and how that
impact in political participation. It is important to have present that when we talk regarding spiritual
life is a concept broad than religion, because spiritual life focuses on the belief in a superior force,
instead religion focuses on follow a series of norms. Spiritual life might be a factor for political
participation for the identification of humans being as a part of a big group of equal people and the
knowledge of a common path here in hearth. To explore if there is any relationship between this
factor the dependent variable will be political participation and the independent variable, spiritual
life. The hypothesis in this research report is that when one citizen has a profound spiritual life this
impact in the political participation, increasing it. With the data available from the code book, the
operationalization of the dependent variable is made with the variable regarding the signature of
petitions in the year 2000 which is measure between an average from 0 to 1, which 0 means no
petitions and 1 means that the country has people who sign petitions.
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Jv & Company Case Study
1. Determining whether JV is a variable interest entity.
According to the ASC 810–10–15–14, an entity shall be determined as a VIE if the following
condition exists:
"The total equity investment (equity investments in a legal entity are interests that are required to be
reported as equity in that entity's financial statements) at risk is not sufficient to permit the legal
entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support provided by any
parties, including equity holders."
The equity investment at risk in this case doesn't include the equity from ElectricCo because it is
financed by AutoCo, a party related to the entity. In addition, the 70% debt financing is guaranteed
by AutoCo. The bank is not willing to provide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE's economic
performance
b. The obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the
right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The
quantitative approach described in the definitions of the terms expected losses, expected residual
returns, and expected variability is not required and shall not be the sole determinant as to whether a
reporting entity has these obligations or rights."
Since the decision–making authority of JV is equally shared between AutoCo and ElectricCo,
neither one of them would hold a controlling financial interest. Then we should consider which
entity directs the activities that most significant impact the economic performance of JV.
"Only one reporting entity, if any, is expected to be identified as the primary beneficiary of a VIE.
Although more than one reporting entity could have the characteristic in (b) of this paragraph, only
one reporting entity if any, will have the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most
significantly impact the VIE's economic

The California Student Tobacco Survey
The 2011–2012 California Student Tobacco Survey (CSTS) provides an opportunity to explore this
relationship as this will be the first investigation into this relationship with this particular data set.
The 2011–2012 CSTS is a large–scale in–school student survey that asks questions about smoking
behaviors, SHS smoke exposure, attitudes about school and local smoking policies, and depressive
symptoms.
Hypotheses & Specific Aims
This study was a secondary data analysis of the 2011–2012 CSTS. The purpose of this study was to
explore the relationship between SHS exposure in cars and homes and depressive symptoms in
children via the following research questions:
RQ1: Is SHS exposure in homes associated with depressive symptoms among ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Participants
Participants included in this study were those who self–identified as never–smokers. Approximately,
77.4% survey respondents were nonsmokers; this sample included 51.7% females, and 48.3%
males. Majority of the participants in this study self–identified as "Hispanic/Latino" (45.1%).
Almost a quarter of respondents self–identified as "White" (24.8%), while 14.1% were
"Asian/Pacific Islander", 5.5% were "African American", 0.5% were "American Indian/Alaska
Native" and 6% of respondents identified as "other" being two or more races.
Measures
This study was limited to students who self–identified themselves as never–smokers. Never–
smokers were those who answered "I've never smoked cigarettes" to the question "Now think about
12 months ago. At this time last year, about how much were you smoking?" Independent variables
being used in this study included age, gender, and SHS Exposure in cars and homes as probed by the
survey questions as presented in the 2011–2012 CSTS:
1. "During the past 7 days, on how many days did you ride in a car with someone who was smoking
cigarettes?"
2. "During the past 7 days, on how many days were you in the same room AT HOME with someone
who was smoking cigarettes?"
The answer choices to these two questions ranged from 0 days to 7 days. These two

Mediation Definition
In this journal, they analyzed parental media mediation and its connection between media violence
and adolescents' ADHD–related behaviors. Attention–deficit/hyperactivity disorder also known as
ADHD is a behavioral disorder that is usually found in children and can be distinguished by
inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. There are many definitions for the term "Mediation",
Therefore it depends on how you use it. In this case, the media mediation is referring to a strategy
that parents use to advise their children about the media. There are two parental strategies that they
can use to advise, they are restrictive or active mediation. Restrictive mediation is based on rules
that prohibit media use and active mediation is when the parents ... Show more content on
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supported their overall belief that parental oversight impacts the use of violent media and behaviors
related to ADHD. However, not every hypothesis they put forth was upheld by the data they
received through testing. For example, according to the first hypothesis "controlling restrictive
mediation" should demonstrate a positive correlation with use of violent media and ADHD behavior.
In fact, that proved to be the opposite. The researcher's go on to state that a more detailed study
involving differing age groups and conducted over a larger span of time will be necessary to uphold
or contradict these findings. Hypothesis four and five also proved incorrect in that the active
mediation did not show a correlation between ADHD behaviors and violent media use. Once again,
the researchers expressed a desire to continue their research with more variables, including
aggression and prosocial behavior. In line with their hypotheses autonomy–supportive mediation
shows a negative correlation between violent media use and inconsistent rules by parents shows a
positive

Relationship Between Gender And Math
Research Question & Hypotheses
Research Question
What is the relationship between genders and math comfortability when controlling for class type?
Hypotheses
Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no statistically significant relationship between gender and math
comfortability when controlling for class type.
Alternative Hypothesis (HA): There is a statistically significant relationship between gender and
math comfortability when controlling for class type.
Variables
Independent Variables (IV): Gender coded 0 = Male, 1= Female
Dependent Variables (DV): Math comfortability coded (values) in your dataset.
Covariate: Class type (experimental, flipped, traditional)
Methodology
The quantitative study was conducted looking at preservice ... Show more content on
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I am able to determine if the independent variable is statistically significant. The main result of the
one–way ANCOVA is determined in the test between–subject effects table. Looking at the data,
overall, I want to know if there are statistically significant differences in the intervention once the
means were adjusted between groups. I want to know whether gender and math comfortability are
statistically significant when controlling for different teaching styles. When there are statistically
significant differences between the independent variable Bonferroni post hoc tests was used to
determine where the difference lies in the Pairwise Comparison table. The following are the results
of my study.
Analysis/Results
An ANCOVA was run to determine the effect of math comfortability for preservice teachers, when
they completed their courses, across gender, while controlling for the types of classes they were
involved. There was homogeneity of regression slopes as the interaction term was not statistically
significant, F(1, 332) = .691, p = .406. After adjustment the main effect of gender was statistically
significant F(1, 332) = 1.216, p < .0005, partial η2 = .004. Post hoc analysis was performed with a
Bonferroni adjustment. Post–intervention of class type were statistically significant for gender, the
males (mean differences of 75.9623 (95% CI, 73.992 to 77.891; females (mean

Essay on Case 12-1 Unlikely Alliance Memo
TO: Dr. Wilks
FROM: Russell Gardner (Section 1 / Group 4)
DATE: October 10, 2012
SUBJECT: Trueblood Case 2 Individual, Unlikely Alliance
Background
Florabama is an energy venture classified as a variable interest entity (VIE) of its two investors –
Meyer Inc. and Saban Company. Meyer and Saban own 60 percent and 40 percent of Florabama
respectively and the profit and losses are split according to ownership percentage. According to the
terms of the venture arrangement, Saban is permitted, but not required, to purchase up to 20 percent
of the power produced by Florabama at cost plus. The cost–plus arrangement between Saban and
Florabama represents a variable interest in that Saban absorbs variability in Florabama through the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the following two alternatives, Meyer and Saban will be analyzed for evidence of meeting the
two characteristics to be appointed the primary beneficiary and consolidator of Florabama.
US GAAP Alternative A: Meyer Inc. meets both of the characteristics of the primary beneficiary
requirements as stated in ASC 810–10–25–38A and thus Florabama's financials are consolidated up
to Meyer Inc's financial statements. In determining the power to direct the activities of a VIE that
most significantly impacts the entity's economic performance, the purpose and design of a legal
entity must be evaluated (ASC 810–10–25–25). Through analysis of the business risks incurred in
ASC 810–10–25–24, the most significant risk is the operations risk, commodity price risk, and also
environmental risk. These risks are directly related to the strategic decisions regarding the
operations of Florabama, such as operating and capital budgets, pricing of the power produced.
These are the most significant activities regarding the economic performance of Florabama.
According to the case information, these decisions are presented to the board and implemented by a
simple majority vote among the ten members of the board of

Regression Analysis For A Dependence Method
Regarding the testing of the hypotheses of this research, regression analysis or structural equation
modelling techniques is best suited for a dependence method (Hair et al., 2014). We employed
regression analysis to specify the extent to which the independent variables predicted the dependent
variable. The analysis conducted in this study was therefore intended to test the hypotheses of the
study. The regression output provided some measures which allow assessment of the hypotheses.
Following from the hypotheses, Brand Engagement was used as the dependent variable while the
independent variables consisted of Monetary Savings, Exploration, Entertainment, Recognition, and
Social Benefit. Results from the model assessment are presented in the Table VI. Insert table VI
Results from the model assessment indicate strong and significant reliabilities among the constructs
used in the study (F = 87.362, Prob.F–stats < 0.001). This was followed by Exploration (β = 0.102, t
= 2.271, P = 0.024 < 0.05), as well as Entertainment (β = 0.081, t = 1.712, P = 0.068 < 0.10).
Although Recognition was positively related to Brand Engagement, it was not statistically
significant (β = 0.051, t = 1.084, P = 0.279 > 0.05). It was however discovered that Monetary
savings was inversely related to Brand Engagement (β = –.009, t = –0.194) as well as statistically
not significant in the current study (P = 0.846 > 0.05). In consequence, hypotheses one and four (H1
and H4) were rejected in our study

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1. Visit the Web site of The Weather Channel (www.weather.com) Write a report about the type of
information available at this site.
2. Identify other potential sources of information about the weather.
3. Discuss the role of qualitative research in identifying consumer's needs for weather–related
information. Which qualitative research techniques should be used?
4. If a survey were to be conducted to determine consumer preferences for weather–related
information, which interviewing method would you recommend? Why?
5. Can observation methods be used to determine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Run two variables cross tabulations of preference with each independent variable. Run the following
three–variable cross–tabulations: preference with count per box, controlling for price, preference
with unisex, controlling for style, and preference with comfort, controlling for taping. Interpret these
results for management.
3. Regression: Run a regression equation for brand preference that includes all independent
variables in the model, and describe how meaningful the model is. Interpret the results for
management.
4. One–way analysis of variance: Group all independent variables into low, medium and high groups
as you did for cross–tabulations. Run a one–way analysis of variance on each independent variable
with brand preference. Explain the results to management.
5. Discriminate analysis: Group brand preference into two relatively equal groups based on its

distribution. Run discriminate analysis on the grouped data and interpret the results for management.
Repeat this analysis by grouping brand preference into three relatively equal groups.
6. Factor analysis: Determine any underlying factors inherent in the data by running a factor analysis
using principle components extraction with varimax rotation. Print all available statistics. Save the
factor scores and regress these on brand preference.

The Risk Of Cybercrime Victimization Essay
Cybercrimes are one of the significant types of crimes that make various individuals vulnerable to
victimization. Numerous types of cybercrimes exist throughout the world, including identity theft,
spam, phishing, and online consumer fraud that relies on computer–based technology to facilitate
criminal activities. The risk of cybercrime victimization influences individuals who differ in age,
gender, ethnicity, and social class. This conveys that certain individuals are more likely to face
cybercrime victimization than others. It's also important to understand that certain countries are at a
higher risk of cybercrime victimization due to the level of access towards technology and the
effectiveness of different approaches to target these crimes. In this paper, I will discuss
demographics such as age, gender, and level of education to predict the risk of cybercrime
victimization and emphasize on different approaches that reduce the likelihood of cybercrime
victimization. Demographic variables such as age, gender, ethnicity, level of education, and social
class are immensely helpful in understanding the influence of cybercrimes because these variables
predict various types of cybercrimes to a greater extent. The age of a cybercrime victim is
significant because certain aged individuals are at a greater risk to be victims of cybercrimes. For
example, 17% of individuals aged 18 to 24 years "were more at risk of being bullied, including
younger adults" compared to older aged

Determining The Predictor Variables Of A Predictor...
QUESTION 1 Answer (a): According to this problem, the p value is very small for the F test. Hence,
the null hypothesis needs to be rejected (Conclusion). This basically means that at least 1 of the
predictor variables seems to have a linear relationship with the outcome variable. We don't know
which outcome variable it is. The null hypothesis for this F test says that all slopes of each and every
predictor variable in the regression model equal to 0 – this basically means that each of the predictor
variable has no linear relationship with the outcome variable. Answer (b): The t tests tell us if the
predictor variable has a significant linear association with the outcome variable or not. The alpha
value of 0.05 is used; if the value of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Model 2, we can see that it has a better F test but it's RSE and adjusted R2 value is the same. The
regular R2 value and the adjusted R2 value is different because it depends on the number of
variables we have in our model. As we know, an R2 value closer to 1 means that the values are good
– but that isn't the case here. Here, the R2 value will definitely increase with an increase in the
number of variables, but that does not qualify for the variables to be good (more model parameters
 better fit, higher R2). Adjusted R2 formula punishes us for having many numbers (i.e. if we have
added more numbers unnecessarily). It shows us the variation in y axis and level of efficiency (with
regard to using less variables). Answer (d): The slope in Model 2 (multiple linear regression) shows
us the consequences of changing a unit on y axis, while keeping all the x variables constant. For
example, if the weight is increased by 1 point, the pemax also increases by 1.64. The bmp remains
constant. If the bmp is increased by 1 point, the pemax decreases by 1.005 (weight remains
constant). Answer (e): I think that Models 3 and 4 are in consistent with Model 2. According to me,
the difference lies in the way we interpret them. There is only 1 variable in Model 3 as well as in
Model 4, hence, the interpreted answer misses out on the control of the other variable. Model 3
shows us the consequence of

Stanford Prison Experiment By Dr. Philip Zimbardo
The Stanford prison experiment overview and the variables involved
The Stanford prison experiment was a research experiment conducted by Dr. Philip Zimbardo in
1971 at Stanford University. The experiment involved male college students and the goal was to be
able to understand the behaviour between prisoners and guards within a prison setting. The mock
prison was set up in the basement of Stanford University and an ad was created with information on
the experiment offering the college students fifteen dollars a day to participate in the study. A total
of seventy–five male applicants applied to be a part of the study but after conducting numerous
psychological tests on the applicants only twenty–four proved to be successful. Once the
participants ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before starting the experiment he thoroughly examined the applicants ensuring that they were both
physically and mentally healthy. Philip Zimbardo also ensured that the male who got selected were
middle class, college males. He wanted to make sure that all the individuals involved were similar in
order to make sure that no one had an advantage over another. The extraneous variable was
accounted for by taking away participants individuality, stripping the prisoners of their identities
calling them by a number and giving them new clothing to wear. Furthermore, the prisoners got to
write letters home, but the guards told them what to write. Also before the parents came to visit their
children the prison was transformed to look more friendly and caring and a visitation time was set.
In the end, the dependent variable was exhibited as the resulting behaviour of both the guards and
prisoners (Zimbardo, 1971). This showed that the brain can be manipulated when a person is given
power and that when someone has no authority or power they will act in that manner. People act
according to the roles that they

Religion And Teen Views Of Gay Marriage
People who attend church regularly will be more likely to be opposed to homosexual relations, all
else being equal. Religion and views on homosexuality are closely linked. As Amy Adamczyk and
Cassady Pitt note in their research, "Shaping attitudes about homosexuality: The role of religion and
cultural context," "religion is often seen as an important predictor of attitudes about homosexuality."
The reason for this is because some people believe views on homosexuality are written into the
Bible, and that this provides evidence with which to justify discrimination against homosexuals.
Therefore, regularly attending church not only implies a strong affiliation and deeply held beliefs,
but constant exposure to these views. Not all religions profess the same views on homosexuality, but
the most popular one, the Catholic Church, tends to hold negative views on the subject. Albert L.
Winseman's paper "Religion Colors Teen Views of Gay Marriage" has also looked into this
relationship, except this focuses explicitly on youth views.
Research Design In order to retest this hypothesis, I will be using data from the GSS (General Social
Survey) 2012 dataset. The unit of analysis will be individual people. Specifically, there will be an
examination of people's church attendance, while controlling for educational status and political
views to see how church attendance may be correlated with views on homosexual sex. There will be
1,163 units that will be studied. I will be

Sceptical On Vaughan's Statement: Function Of Sales And...
Sceptical on Vaughan's statement: Function of Sales and Production Volumes.
The district manager Owen stated that if sales boost, profits will escalate but if sales decline then
profits will decrease. Vaughan, the management accountant, argued that august profit statement did
not reflect the economic circumstances for July and August: 'surely if there is a significant increase
in sales this should be reflected in an increase in profits'. Vaughan remembered in his accountancy
studies that an alternative costing system to the current absorption costing system used by the
company for accumulating costs for inventory valuation and profit measurement. This alternative
system was called variable costing because only variable production costs were ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
All product costs should be expensed as cost of goods sold, including all manufacturing costs to
products and non–manufacturing overheads, and according to matching principle, the expense
should be matched against revenues when products are sold. Therefore, product costs can be
incurred in one, when goods are manufactured, and recognized in another period, when goods are
sold. The absorption costing method identifies the importance of fixed costs involved in production,
which is accepted by Inland Revenue as stock is not undervalued. It also shows less fluctuation in
net profits in case of constant production but fluctuating sales. However, treating fixed
manufacturing overhead as variable cost may lead to faulty pricing decisions and keep–or–drop
decisions, and it may produces positive net operating income even when the number of units sold is
less than the breakeven point. For internal reporting purposes, absorption or variable costing
approaches can be used. Absorption costing can be used to save additional costs of preparing reports
since absorption costing must be used for external reporting purposes. For short–term planning, it is
more appropriate to use variable costing approach because fixed costs do not change within a
relevant range as a result of short–term

Using A Bipolar Consolidation Model
Control IFRS 10 An investor determines whether it is a parent by assessing whether it controls one
or more investees. An investor considers all relevant facts and circumstances when assessing
whether it controls an investee. An investor controls an investee when it is exposed, or has rights, to
variable returns from its involvement with the investee and has the ability to affect those returns
through its power over the investee. [IFRS 10:5–6; IFRS 10:8]. Power arises from rights e.g. voting
rights or those rooted in contractual arrangements. An investor that holds only protective rights
cannot have power over an investee (IFRS 10:11, IFRS 10:14). U.S GAAP ASC 810–10 Uses a
bipolar consolidation model. All consolidation decisions are ... Show more content on
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Under this model a reporting entity has a controlling financial interest in VIE if it has power to
direct the activities of the VIE's economic performance or the rights to receive profits or obligation
to absorb losses that could be significant to the VIE. 2. Voting interest model–Here controlling
financial interest usually exists if a reporting entity has majority voting interest in the other entity.
Here the basis for consolidation focuses on control, irrespective of the form of investee. An investor
has control over investee when it has rights to variable returns from its involvement with investee
and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee. Two firms planning to
consolidate their operations must both use one of the two accounting standards i.e. either U.S.GAAP
or IFRS in the execution of consolidation. B) The concept of effective control exists in relation with
contracts. B) Here the concept of de facto control is recognized by the existence of situations in
which a parent company may have control over another entity despite; (a) holding less than 50%
voting interest and (b) lacking legal and/or contractual rights to control voting power. An attempt to
consolidate two firm using the different standards will lead to several misunderstandings and
difficulties to CPAs and other stakeholders Valuation of Non–controlling interest Under US GAAP
Under ASC 810, the

Sjaq
.‫الفرا‬ ‫ماجد‬ :‫‫الدكتور‬
‬
‫أبودية‬ ‫محمد‬ ‫إياد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫‫اسم‬
‬
202240021 :‫الجامعي‬ ‫‫الرقم‬
‬
The controlling : ‫‫الموضوع‬
‬
What is Controlling
Controlling consists of verifying whether everything occurs in conformities with the plans adopted,
instructions issued and principles established. Controlling ensures that there is effective and efficient
utilization of organizational resources so as to achieve the planned goals.
Controlling measures the deviation of actual performance from the standard performance, discovers
the causes of such deviations and helps in taking corrective actions.
Process of Controlling
:
Process control is extensively used in industry and enables mass production of consistent products
from continuously ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Financial Controls: Financial controls focus on income, expenditures, cash flow, asset mix, and
acquisition of funds and investment of funds.
Informational control: This control helps managers and others get the information they need to make
lamely and intelligent decisions. It focuses on collection processing, storage, security and
dissemination of data at the right time and place, in suitable quantity quality and format.
Operational Controls: This monitors production, marketing finance, and staff process; inventory
control; effectiveness of planning abilities and method used to meet customer needs.
Different Internal Controls:
Generally speaking there are two types: preventive and detective controls. Both types of controls are
essential to an effective internal control system. From a quality standpoint, preventive controls are
essential because they are proactive and emphasize quality. However, detective controls play a
critical role by providing evidence that the preventive controls are functioning as intended:
Preventive Controls are designed to discourage errors or irregularities

Analysis Of The Association Of Obesity And Overweight With...
Multivariate analysis is tested using logistic regression analysis to investigate the association of
obesity/overweight with frequent mental distress (FMD) and other covariates such as age, sex, race,
employment status, regular exercise, cigarette smoking, general health, physical health, unable to do
activities, depressive disorder and diabetes. Each of the independent variables was separately used
to predict FMD. This was followed by a multivariable model, where all the variables were
simultaneously introduced. Finally, separate multivariable analyses were performed after stratifying
for the significant covariates and interaction variables to get parsimonious model. All the
independent variables were binary or categorical with two or three categories.
Full Model Logistic Interpretation: The logistic regression of full model indicates that after
controlling for covariates, such as age, sex, race, employment status, regular exercise, cigarette
smoking, general health, physical health, unable to do activities, depressive disorder and diabetes
the odds of obesity among participants having FMD is 0.99 times the odds of obesity among those
who do not have FMD interval (95%CI: 0.43, 2.29).Race, regular exercise, cigarette smoking,
physical activities, unable to do activities, depressive disorder are not significantly associated with
BMI. Covariates such age, sex, employment status, general health and diabetes are statistically
significant in the model with p0.005 or p>0.05, thus

Acc501 Week 1 Comparative Managerial Accounting And Cost...
ACC501 MOD1Accounting Cost Systems and Cost Behavior
Name
Course
Instructor
Date Memo
To:
From:
Date:
Subject: SEGMENTED VARIABLE COSTING INCOME STATEMENT
Introduction
This memo highlights segmented reporting and the variable approach to preparing income
statements. Segmental reporting is necessary since there is a need to understand the cost data for
each section. Proper cost allocation is critical to preparing the income statements, while it is also
easier to identify the costs that are common and not attributable to any specific segment. Typically,
the management analyzes the cost behavior by making the assumption that the total costs change
occur because of change in level of a single activity (Slideshare, n.d.). The variable costing ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The management then uses information about cost behavior to understand how future costs might
change and affect profitability as operations changes (Scott & Demand Media, n.d). In any case,
when reviewing and reporting, understanding variable costing supports decision–making since cost
behavior affects profitability. The management also reports about the operating income to help
determine the best alternative. Product pricing and budgeting are elements of decision making that
impact sales revenue, net income and hence profitability. Preparing different income statements
captures information in diverse ways to facilitate decision making on internal matters. The
management needs to understand cost behavior in order to control the costs. Besides the production
costs, changing sales patterns affects profitability and there is a need to achieve better sales accuracy
after understanding cost behavior. Variable costing also captures information about the impact of
changing operation on profitability and the management is better placed to make pricing decisions to
maximize

Teenage Pregnancy And Low Birth Weight Rates
Teenage pregnancies have been a critical issue that affects young women all over the world. In some
cultures it is normal for teenagers to have children, whereas in America it is looked down on. In
"Teenage Pregnancy in the United States" by James Trussell, a professor at Princeton University, he
states "one out of every 10 women aged 15–19 in the United States becomes pregnant each year...
there will be about 837,000 pregnancies among women aged 15–19, and another 23,000 among
those aged 14 and younger" (Trussell 262). There are many reasons why teenage pregnancies may
occur, but there are many consequences that come with young mothers bearing children. Many
scholars discuss low birth weight rates as a problem related to teenage mothers, which leads to the
research question if the percentage of teenage pregnancies increased in 2014 in the United States
then the low birth weight rates increased as well. Some of the scholars that focus on the idea that
teenage pregnancy has an influence on low birth weight rates are Jeffrey Roth, a research assistant
professor at the University of Florida, Jo Hendrickson, a professor at the University of Iowa, Max
Schilling, the Program Director at Florida Network on Adolescent Pregnancy, Parenting, and
Prevention and Daniel W. Stowell, the Associate Publications Editor at the University of Illinois. In
their article "The Risk of Teen Mothers having Low Birth Weight Babies: Implications of Recent
Medical Research for School Health Personnel"

Importance Of Perioperative Glycemic Control : A Report...
Importance of Perioperative Glycemic Control in General Surgery: A Report from the Surgical Care
and Outcomes Assessment Program Summary: There is an evidence to show that poor preoperative
and postoperative glycemic control is associated with poor surgical outcomes. Controlling the
patient glucose levels to an acceptable range is liable to reduce the risk of developing complications.
The clinical goal is to optimize metabolic control through close monitoring of patient, appropriate
fluid intake and caloric repletion, and judicious utilization of insulin. Patients with diabetic require
surgical procedures at a higher rate and have longer hospital stays than those no diabetics. The
presence of diabetic and/or hyperglycemia in surgical patients also leads to increased morbidity and
mortality, with perioperative mortality rates higher than the non– diabetic population. Reasons for
these adverse outcomes are included failure to identify patients with diabetic and/or hyperglycemia;
insulin prescribing errors; incremented preoperative and postoperative infections; incremented
morbidity and mortality and include incremented wound infection rates. Blood glucose should be
monitored regularly during the preoperative and postoperative procedure to sanction early detection
of any alterations in metabolic control. All patients receiving insulin before admission require
insulin during the perioperative period. Box 9.1 1. This was a quasi–experimental study. The
purpose of the study was

M1 Unit 6 Journal
Unit 6 Journal
For this week's reflection, please describe the components of an operating budget and how the
different components contribute to the overall budget.
The operating budget is a short–term budget used for planning and controlling operations. And it has
the following components: Sales Budget, Production Budget (Direct Materials Purchases, Direct
Labor, Manufacturing Overhead), Selling and Administrative Budget, and Capital Expenditure.
Sales Budget – refers to the units of product the business expects to sell times the sales price per
unit. In order to plan the sales budget, most businesses use the information provided by the sales
people and forecast the future sales.
Production Budget is an estimate of units to be produced

Essay on Accounting Case 09-3
CASE 09–3: Venturing into Consolidation
Provided Case 09–3, we, Group 7 have dutifully researched the topic, using resources at our
disposal to formulate a consistent, clear and legal response. The following submission outlines the
case, our conclusions with supporting evidence and the accounting issues present in the subject.
FACTS:
Case 09–3: Venturing into Consolidation details the ongoings and pertinent information of the joint
venture of DeviceCo, and Pharmador branded LeaseMed. The joint venture LeaseMed has been
created to operate as a medical equipment leasing entity. The joint venture is overseen by a board of
directors composed of six members with three representatives from both parent companies. The
joint ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Variable Interest Entities (VIEs) are addressed in ASC 810–10–15 with a subtopic addressing VIEs.
ASC 810–15–17(d) states the criteria to be considered in determining if a VIE qualifies for the
business scope exception [1]. These criteria are paraphrased in the latter of this analysis.
Per the guidance in ASC 810–15–17(d), in order for DeviceCo or Pharmador to qualify for the
business scope exception, LeaseMed must be first deemed a business. ASC 805–10–20 defines a
business as "an integrated set of activities and assets that is capable of being conducted and
managed for the purpose of providing a return... directly to investors or other owners, members, or
participants." LeaseMed fits this definition in reference to its investors, DeviceCo and Pharmador.
ASC 810–15–17(d) also gives four criteria, which the involved parties must not meet, in order to
qualify for the business scope exception. The criteria and the analysis corresponding analysis are
below:
1. The reporting entity participates in the design or redesign of the VIE. Except in the case of a joint
venture in the joint control of the reporting entity and at least one other party.
Analysis: Both DeviceCo and Pharmador do not meet this criterion since LeaseMed is a joint
venture and is therefore exempt.
2. The VIE conducts business on behalf

National Retirement Survey
Methodology:
The data were extracted from the national longitudinal survey, Health and Retirement Study (HRS),
which was started from 1992 by studying the population of age range 51–61 and their spouses
through re–interviews every two years. Later, the study population was extended to the population
above 51 years, resulting to 11 waves at present which was collected in RAND HRS file. The
purpose of the health and retirement study was to serve as an affluent resource for the information
related health, social well–being and economics of the middle aged population who were followed
over the years. Furthermore, HRS included stratified multistage area probability which incorporates
stratification, clustering and differential selection probabilities. HRS used mixed–mode for data
collection: telephone and in–person interviews. The sample size of HRS for ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Data were recoded and standard errors were adjusted for the complex survey design and data. List–
wise deletion was done to adjust missing respondent data which resulted that the valid number of
respondents in this study was 4190. The sample descriptions were obtained by using a univariate
statistics; gender (M=1646, F=2553), with at least one disability in one of the activities mentioned
above (n=2582, M=896, F=1686), having at least one of the disease condition (n=693, M=281,
F=412) and retired (n=1631, M=630, F= 1001). The correlation was calculated for the dependent
variable and predictors to indicate the strength of each predictors. A multi–regression model fitted
for the predictors while controlling others was used to examine the effects of predictors on alcohol
consumption. The possible problem of multicollinearity with the model was tested by variation
inflation factors (VIFs). The residual plots could not be examined in this analysis for the
independent variable is a count variable and would have been explained better using Poisson's

Annotated Bibliography Apa Format
Annotated Bibliography in APA Format
Brittany D. Stewart
Finance and Accounting for Decision Making
Dr. Larmar Z. Cunningham
Herzing University
. Abstract
The following annotated bibliography includes a list of references that address cost measures, direct
and indirect costs and pricing systems. Cost accounting systems are well–developed for tangible
goods. Accounting principles are applied to businesses for financial reporting to analyze the
profitability of the business. Direct and indirect costs is the basis to setting regulated prices on
products. Annotated Bibliography in APA Format
Hasan, M. S. (2016). VARIABLE COSTING AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN MANUFACTURING
COMPANY. International Journal of Information, Business and Management, 8(2), 145–157.
Retrieved from http://prx–herzing.lirn.net/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.prx–
herzing.lirn.net/docview/1778467564?accountid=167104 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This article discussed variable costing, what is primarily used for and applicability in manufacturing
situations. Cost accounting supplies management with the necessary information for decision
making (Hasan, 2016). The appropriate costing of a product is essential in taking appropriate
managerial decisions (Hasan, 2016).
The author was able to provide a detailed aspect of variable costing with clear emphasis on the
importance of variable costing. According to the author, differentiating between fixed and variable
costs is the first step in controlling costs. The article is helpful in understanding cost relationship and
its correlation to cost absorption in manufacturing

The Financing Of Hospitality Industry
1.0. Introduction Financing in hospitality industry, like in many other industries is of utmost
importance and should be handled with extreme caution as it represents success or failure of the
business. The following paper focuses on the most important aspects in financing in hospitality. 1.1.
Available options for finances in hospitality Options Advantages Disadvantages Banks Relatively
low interests rates. With adequate collateral loans from banks can be used as capital. Require a long
list of qualifications before a loan s granted. Risk of losing property used as collateral in case default
in payment of the loan occurs. Personal funds. No monthly payments of loans Complete control of
the business' finances. Difficult to expand if all the funds were used a s capital. No benefits of
financial analysis offered by banks or other financial institutions. Alternative methods Best suited
for financial emergencies in a business. Used for any expansion that would be required in a
business. Does not require collateral Relatively high interest rates. Best suited for already
established businesses. No risks of losing property as there is no need for collateral Just like in any
other industry, businesses in hospitality industry require finances for capital and especially for
expansion. In a bid to seek for finances the first option that most people turn to is the banks;
however due to the numerous qualifications that banks require

Research on early fathers and mothers involvement and...
In 2004, the British Journal of Educational Psychology releases a report on a research that was
conducted by Eirini Flouri and Ann Buchanan dealing with the correlation of early interaction of
parents and the future assessment of their children in school. Previous to this article, little research
was given to the individual long–term contribution that early parent involvement had in a child's
success in school. Flouri and Buchanan had three particular goals in mind while completing this
research: (1) To explore the role of early father involvement in children's later educational
attainment independently of the role of early mother involvement and other confounds, (2) to
investigate whether gender and family structure moderate the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Of those, 3,303 were included in the final analysis (www.ingentaselect.com). The participation of
the of the mother/ father was conveyed as an independent variable; were as child factors such as:
emotional/ behavioral problems, cognitive ability and academic motivation are labeled as being the
dependant variable. The study mainly monitored the interaction between fathers and children at the
ages of 7, 11, 16, and 33. Being considered an involved father is describe as a father who reads to
his child, takes outings with his child, is interested in his child's education and takes a role equal to
mother's in managing his child. He may or may not live with the child's mother, and he may or may
not be the biological father to the child (www.literacytrust.org.uk). They presented their findings in a
qualitative manner. The results were as followed:
1. Father involvement in childhood is associated with both good father–child relations in
adolescence and later marital satisfaction in adult life, even after controlling for mother
involvement, mother–child relations and known confounds.
2. Father involvement in childhood was negatively associated with adolescent delinquency in boys,
even after controlling for mother involvement and known confounds.
3. Father involvement in childhood

Evaluating The Risk Of Cybercrime
Evaluating the Risk of Cybercrime Victimizations
Cybercrimes are one of the significant types of crimes that make various individuals vulnerable to
victimization. Numerous types of cybercrimes exist throughout the world, including identity theft,
spam, phishing, and online consumer fraud that relies on computer–based technology to facilitate
criminal activities. The risk of cybercrime victimization influences individuals who differ in age,
gender, ethnicity, and social class. This conveys that certain individuals are more likely to face
cybercrime victimization than others. It's also important to understand that certain countries are at
higher risk of cybercrime victimization due to the level of access towards technology and the
effectiveness of different approaches to target these crimes. In this paper, I will discuss
demographics such as age, gender, and level of education to predict the risk of cybercrime
victimization and emphasize on different approaches that reduces the likelihood of cybercrime
victimization. Demographic variables such as age, gender, ethnicity, level of education, and social
class are immensely helpful in understanding the influence of cybercrimes because these variables
predict various types of cybercrimes to a greater extent. The age of a cybercrime victim is
significant because certain aged individuals are at greater risk to be victims of cybercrimes. For
example, 17% of individuals aged 18 to 24 years "were more at risk of being bullied,

Analysis of Variance vs. Analysis of Covariance
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and ANCOVA (Analysis of Covariance) are both types of statistical
tests that are used to determine the relationship between datasets typically obtained from
experiments. ANOVA is used when the available dataset consists of interval or scale variables while
ANCOVA is used in the case where the available dataset consists of categorical or continuous
variables. At least two types of variables (independent and dependent) are required for ANOVA but
there can only be one dependent variable. For ANCOVA, at least three types of variables
(independent, dependent and covariate(s)) are required. ANOVA investigates whether or not data
from different groups have the same mean. The procedure is efficient and more powerful compared
to simple t–tests as it gives better results. The ANCOVA test basically is an ANOVA test that
includes the controlling effect of other available variables on the relationship between a dependent
and independent variables. It is a combination of an ANOVA test and reg ression. However, there
can be only one dependent variable, but multiple covariates and independent variables when using
ANCOVA. ANCOVA uses the covariate to control extraneous variables and thus minimizes error
compared to ANOVA. As a result, ANCOVA is considered to be relatively more efficient and more
powerful than ANOVA. It should be noted that no covariates are

Artificial Pancreases Research
Madison Miller Revised Background Research The topic is artificial pancreases and how they help
people with diabetes. But how does a pump work to help regulate ones blood sugar if diabetic? The
independent variable is the acidic solution, distilled white vinegar (1L) that represents the inulin.
The dependent variable is the ending variable after the acidic solution has been mixed with the
beginning solution, baking powder (90g). The constant variable is the equipment being used for the
artificial pancreases. The controlled variable is the basic solution (baking powder) at the beginning
of each experiment. (Science Buddies) The scientist Hypothesis when the beginning solution is
more acidic the pump will work to naturalize

Correlational Theory
Results
For this correlational study, we will be testing to determine whether individuals who have
experienced a traumatic event are more likely to experience effects associated with PTG if they
choose to pursue education further than a high school diploma. Some problems we anticipate seeing
during this experiment include the multitude of third variables that must be controlled for to
establish a true causal relationship between higher education and PTG. While the careful selection
process for choosing participants aids in decreasing the impact of confounds, a regression analysis is
necessary in order to control for both family income and access to counseling. We anticipate that the
relationship between the presence of higher education and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
These values also prove to be statistically significant, based on the p–values that accompany them.
Discussion These results support our hypothesis that individuals who partake in higher education
have a greater chance of experiencing posttraumatic growth, leading to better quality of life. These
findings are exceptionally important because they allow us to aid in the treatment of individuals who
have been through trauma. Not much research has been done to find ways to enhance the likelihood
of growth after suffering, however this study has such promising results that it opens up a variety of
options for future experiments. The better we understand PTG and the aspects that increase the
chances of it occurring, the more success we can have in diagnosing and improving trauma
survivor's lives.
Limitations that may have had an affect on this study are the type and size of college – which could
have an affect on the resources and extracurricular activities offered for the student body. Through
our research, there was no one extracurricular that stood out as being even remotely correlated with
PTG, however we believe that certain outlets for the right individuals could help him/her cope with
trauma. Furthermore, these findings make it difficult to determine the type of person that will benefit
from higher education versus an alternative route. Both of these discussed ideas will be examined in
our

Authoritative Parenting Styles
more likely to get into trouble. It is commonly believed that with no supervision or control of a high
school student, there is a higher risk of getting into substance abuse. Children innately crave some
attention from their parents and sometimes acting out is their form of reaching out. When nobody is
paying attention to a child, they will act out in order to get the attention. Negative attention is still
attention. How do parents decide how much attention to give, or how to parent their child? Is there a
form to fill out in the hospital when a child is born with a box they must check under authoritative,
authoritarian, or permissive? Obviously not. Parents may parent their child in the way that they were
raised. They also might blend how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To best try and eliminate confounding variables such as SES, ethnicity, and gender, the researcher
will use five schools in Maryland with different SES and cultures that are widely diverse in both of
those areas. From each school, ten males and ten females will be chosen at random from each grade
level. The subjects of the study will take two surveys. One survey will assess their level of substance
abuse and the other survey will group them into the three categories of parenting styles. This design
was chosen to group the high schoolers based on parenting styles and then look at the rates of
substance abuse within each group. The schools were chosen based on SES and ethnicity diversity
to try and eliminate those variables. The genders and ages of the students, based on grade levels,
were split for the same reason. With the hope of controlling some intervening variables, the
researcher hopes the results will generalize to the larger population of high school

Student Leadership And The Student Association For Chinese...
Students attending universities, with the emphasis switching from only focusing on academic
experience to combining academic and social performance together. This study is an investigation of
the GPA, family background and demographic predictors of being leaders in the student association
for Chinese university students in elite universities. Questionnaires data were collected from 1661
students in four elite universities in 2013 to 2015. The GPA was identified as the most significant
predictor of being a leader in the student association. Integration into the family background, family
income was also predictive of students ' leadership. Identifying the factors that influence students '
leadership can improve the support services for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Meanwhile, it is hard to deny that family background has a crucial impact on students' leadership.
Due to the household registration policy, the unequally distributed resources between rural and
urban area lead to the gaps in cultural, social and economic capitals between rural and urban
residents. Li (2013) explains that inadequacy in the capitals in family constraints alienate students
from disadvantaged groups to the 'consecrated ' university activities. Gao et al. (2011) find that
students from high–income family have bigger odds of receiving awards and participating in
activities in the school. Therefore, it is necessary to analysis the impact of family background on
students' leadership.
Research Problem:
Does an increase in students' GPA predict an increase in the changes of being a leader of student
association at elite universities when controlling for students' family background?
Methods:
The data of this paper are coming from a longitudinal study on a group of undergraduate students at
four large, research–intensive, elite public universities in China. Designed and conducted by a team
at the University of Hong Kong, the study used a multi–stage, proportionate stratified sampling
method to draw a random sample of college students based on the student enrollment record. All
questionnaires were distributed by the researchers and self–administered by respondents. 2,000
survey questionnaires were distributed in 2013, and the

Auditing And Accounting Standards Board
Abstract
Regulators and Accounting Standards Board have long struggled with the developing
comprehensive reporting standards that will improve transparency, reliability, completeness, and
comparability of the financial statements prepared by the company. The need to promote investor
confidence in the market makes it important to improve the financial reporting standards so that
investors are able to obtain accurate, reliable and complete information in order to make informed
judgments. This paper reviews recent attempts by SEC and FASB to improve the reporting of off–
balance sheet transactions, variable interest entity, and non–controlling interest.
The SEC as cited by Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati (2003) defines ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If the management is of the view that the known event, trend, demand or uncertainty is not
reasonably likely to occur, there is no need for a disclosure of the arrangement in the MD&A.
However, if the management cannot pass judgment, the company must assume that the event, trend,
demand or the event will occur and determine objectively whether it will have a material impact on
the financial position of the firm. The company will have to disclose if the materiality is determined.
Companies must disclose their contractual obligations in a tabular format that include:
Long term debt obligations
Capital leases and obligations
Operating leases and obligations
Other long–term liabilities reported in the company's balance sheet GAAP
As at the reporting date, the company is required to disclose; the sum of the obligations, payments
due with one year, payments due between one and three years, payments due between three years
and five years, and payments due in more than five years. FASB Interpreatation46, Consolidation of
variable interest entities (2003) defines a variable interest as a contractual ownership or other
financial interest of an entity that changes with changes in the entity's net assets. Thus a variable
interest entity represents an investment that will absorb a portion of entity losses if they occur, or
receive a portion of the entity residual returns if they occur (Find Law, 2016). The

Lumbar Discectomy Lab Report
Abstract
Object
Lumbar spine surgery can be performed using a variety of anesthetic modalities, most notably
general or spinal anesthesia. The aim of this study was to determine if either anesthetic modality is
more cost–effective in cases of lumbar discectomy or laminectomy spine surgery.
Methods
542 patients who underwent elective lumbar spine surgery at the University of Pennsylvania
between 2007–2011 performed by a single faculty surgeon were retrospectively identified, with 364
having received spinal anesthesia and 178 having received general anesthesia. Demographic,
physiological, and cost data were collected retrospectively. Mean direct operating cost, indirect cost,
and total cost were compared among patients who received general and ... Show more content on
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This may partly be a consequence of the fact that the standard technique for general anesthesia is
endotracheal intubation. 6 Since prone positioning increases the risk of airway compromise,
anesthesiologists may prefer secure airway establishment with endotracheal intubation. 5 Another
reason could be that surgeons are able to perform longer operations using general anesthesia or that
there is greater patient acceptance and comfort. 15 Though these considerations should definitely be
taken into account, the health, efficiency, and cost benefits of spinal anesthesia cannot be ignored.
As with any retrospective study, the strength of the conclusions presented in this study are limited
by the potential for selection bias. We did employ a multivariate regression analysis to control for
possible cofounding variables, but recognize that we could not identify and account for all factors
that may have influenced cost. It should also be emphasized that regional variations in surgical care
and cost exist, which implies that our conclusions may not be applicable to other institutions. 19
These limitations would be overcome with future prospective randomized controlled studies at
various

The 60-Questions From The Latino Leadership Survey Instrument
Research Design
The research design included the null hypotheses, data collection, discriminate function analysis,
chi–square, and the ethical consideration related to this study. The 60 – questions from The Latino
Leadership Survey instrument were presented as derived from the original survey used by Latino
adults. Only those questions correlated to 8 dependent variables were used when surveying minority
at–risk middle school students. Questions from the Children's Leadership Questionnaire Survey
instrument used were particular questions which asked for students' definition of leadership. The
main purposes of a discriminant function analysis were used with the variables to predict group
membership. The chi–square statistics were used to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
7. There is no relationship between minority students and women make better leaders than men
when controlling for a school district, gender, grade level, grades, ethnicity, and with whom they
live.
Data Collection and Analysis The Middle School Leadership Questionnaire was administered. The
most current district data were collected from the Public Education Information Management
System (PEIMS) database. The researcher requested district permission and approval for student
information from the PEIMS database, only for students with approval from the "Parental Approval
Form" to participate in this study. The "Parental Approval Form" was written in both the English and
Spanish. The parents' informed consent and permission forms were collected prior to accessing the
student's participation in this study. Electronic data, from the La Joya Independent School district
PEIMS office, included student demographic information, enrollment, attendance data, limited
English proficient, Title 1, class level, ethnicity, age, at–risk, and economically disadvantage.
Surveys were coded by a numbering system developed by the researcher, to protect the
confidentiality of the participants. For student records any identifier for each person were deleted
ensuring privacy and anonymity to the researcher
Data Collection Process The researcher obtained permission and approval from the Institutional
Review Board (IRB) from Our Lady of the Lake University,

Factors that Affect Job Status
Factors that affect job status Factors that affect job status There are many factors that play
significant role in occupational mobility. Prior studies have focused more on the structural
opportunity in order to understand the inequality to acquire higher job status in the labor market.
Through self–report, participants compared their job status with their fathers when they were 16 in
this study. Focusing on the different factors that facilitate or impede people in occupational mobility
is the goal of this study. Education and Socio–demographic characteristics (gender, age, marital
status, and class position are taken as independent variables in order to understand whether people
with different characteristics have a different job status. What this study found is that education does
not affect people to have higher job status. Also, age, marital status, class position, and gender
predict job status. Introduction: Occupational mobility refers to the movement of individuals from
one position of occupation to another. This movement may be assessed by comparing individual's
current position with the position occupied by their parents when they were the same age (Saunders
2010: 1). Most researchers who have been interested in social mobility focus on the life chance of
individuals and groups. The correlation between opportunity and mobility is positive, it means that
the greater chances for individuals to improve their socioeconomic positions, the greater amount of

Basic Cost Concepts
Basic Cost Concepts
Meaning of Cost Accounting – Cost accounting is concerned with ➢ recording, classifying and
summarizing costs for determination of costs of products or services, ➢ planning, controlling and
reducing such costs and ➢ furnishing of information to management for decision–making.
Cost accounting, thus, provides information to the management for decision of all sorts. It serves
multiple purposes on account of which it is generally indistinguishable from management
accounting.
Objectives of Cost Accounting 1. Determining selling price 2. Determining and controlling
efficiency 3. Facilitates the preparation of financial and other statements 4. Providing basis for
operating policy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
➢ Only direct costs are controllable for various responsibility centers. Indirect costs are not
controllable. 4. Relevant and irrelevant costs – ➢ Relevant cost is cost which would be changed or
influenced by a decision; hence it is important for decision makers. ➢ Irrelevant cost is cost which
is not affected by a decision, i.e. it will be the same regardless of the choice that is made. 5.
Shutdown and sunk costs – ➢ Shutdown costs – costs of idle plant during the period of temporary
suspension of operations. ➢ Sunk costs – historical or past costs, which have been created by a
decision that was made in the past that cannot be changed by any decision that will be made in the
future 6. Controllable and uncontrollable costs – ➢ Controllable costs – costs the amount of which
is significantly influenced by the action of the manager of the responsibility centre. ➢
Uncontrollable costs – costs which can not be so influenced. ➢ Thus, the difference between
controllable and uncontrollable costs is only in relation to a particular individual or level of
management. ➢ An expenditure which is controllable by one individual may be uncontrollable so
far as another individual is concerned. 7. Imputed or hypothetical costs –

Humanistic And Scientific Approaches To Psychology
The psychologists all over the world uses different approaches for developing the desired
methodologies for analysing their research. These different methodological approaches are
humanistic and scientific approaches. It is said by different researchers that humanistic approach
used for understanding the psychology focuses on the acceptance of free–will for reaching towards
unique development of understandings that can be used for studying and controlling the psychology
of human (Gerrig, et al., 2015).
Still, there are different researchers who had opposed the use of humanistic approach for
understanding the psychology of the living beings. They had offered another interesting and more
practical approach for understanding the psychology, referred as scientific approach (Jex, &, Britt.
2014). Further it was said by Jex, & Britt that the scientific approach towards understanding
psychology provides a systematic way to the psychologists around the world for developing the
desired hypothesis that can help them in developing new theories related to psychology and gaining
more information about the functions of human mind (Jex, &, Britt. 2014). ... Show more content on
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This was because the scientific approach for understanding psychology help the researchers in
developing and implementing their findings in most effective manner. There are many concepts in
which the researchers can develop the answers for their psychological research (Lakatos, 2014). The
basic idea behind scientific approach to be used in psychological research is to idealize the fact that
the information must be gained through experience. That gained experience is then transformed into
an empirical inquiry that requires a careful observation of events and other experiments for
gathering the required data (Mackey, and Gass,

The Role Of Church Staff Members ' Job Satisfaction And...
In this week's discussion, I will assess and recommend a quantitative research design that will be
appropriate for an upcoming final paper. In chapter five of the course text, the classic experimental
design, according to Frankfort–Nachmias and Nachmias (2009), is the strongest for inferring causal
relations. The classic experimental design has two comparable groups: experimental and control. In
chapter six of the course text, cross–sectional, quasi–experimental and pre–experimental designs
were discussed. The relevant selection of design choices of my final paper will be the classic
experimental design that will be explained further in this paper.
Quantitative research is one of three globally recognized research methods aligned with positivist
and post–positivist knowledge claims; as a result, of empirical observations and measurements,
quantitative research develops generalizations enable the researcher to predict, explain, and
understand a phenomenon (Greene, 2014).
The quantitative methodology for my final paper will examine "the relationship between church
staff members' job satisfaction and their perception of pastoral transformational leadership
practices" (Greene, 2014). The unit of analysis in the research will include administrative
secretaries, directors, and associate pastors of five diverse churches in Savannah, Georgia (Greene,
2014). First, I will discuss transformational leadership theory developed by Burns (1978) and
enhanced by "Bass 1985, 1998; Avolio &

A Research Study Uses A Pretest / Posttest Quasi...
Methodology
Research Design
The research study uses a pretest/posttest quasi–experimental design to determine if anger
management group work with court–mandated Domestic Violence Offenders (DVO) decreases
aggressive symptoms and domestic violence recidivism rates. This data is collected from the Center
of Children and Family Services in Hampton, Virginia using the Domestic Violence Inventory
(DVI). The offenders will complete a DVI pretest, receive the group intervention, and then complete
a DVI posttest. The dependent variables are standardized behaviors that are included in the
Domestic Violence Inventory (DVI) pretests and posttests. The DVI is an evidence–based self report
test that is used to evaluate males and females accused or convicted of domestic violence. The DVI
evaluates an offender's predisposition for violence based on adjunctive factors such as offender
truthfulness, substance abuse, controlling tendencies, and stress coping skills. The researcher will
use the data that was previously collected from January 2014 to December 2014 from participants
who completed the domestic violence intervention. The data collected through the DVI, pre and post
group intervention, will be compared. The dependent variables include domestic violence arrest,
alcohol arrest, assault arrest, drug–related arrest, controlling/demanding, yelling, temper, property
damage, arguments/fights, threatening, verbally abusive, and homicidal. The independent variable
was not

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