The Colonization Of The West

The Colonization Of The West
It was a surprise for Christopher Columbus who initially decided to visit India to discover a whole
new land already filled with people called the Indios, the Indien, the Indianer, the Indian, the Peaux–
rouges, or the redskins. There were so many words to describe these tribes, occupying the New
World. Indeed, the natives are the original inhabitants of the American continent and their
descendants. Since the sixteenth century, the Europeans had been involved in the exploration and
colonization of North America. In addition to that, they had been establishing more or less
conflictual relations with the natives, above all because the context of colonial competition told
them to do so. Sometimes they even used the rivalries between the different tribes looking for them
to stand against each other. In this paper, we shall study the expansion of those former colonies to
the West in the nineteenth century. This conquest of the West was the process of colonization of the
huge territory stretching in North America between the Mississippi river and Pacific Ocean by
people who mainly came from Europe and the United States government. Therefore the Frontier –
the line marking the boundary area of the establishment of populations who came from Europe –
moved continuously to the West until the end of the nineteenth century. Even if all of this started at
the end of the sixteenth century, a special event happened in 1803 and intensified the American
migration to the West that
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Imperialism And War : American Foreign Affairs
Imperialism and War: American Foreign Affairs 1865–1920 After the Civil War Americans got busy
expanding internally. With the frontier to conquer and virtually unlimited resources, they had little
reason to look elsewhere. Americans generally had a high level of disdain for Europe, although
wealthy Americans were often educated there and respected European cultural achievements in art,
music and literature. Americans also felt secure from external threat because of their geographic
isolation between two oceans, which gave them a sense of invulnerability. Until very late in the 19th
century Americans remained essentially indifferent to foreign policy and world affairs. What
interests America did have overseas were generally focused in the ... Show more content on
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America had always been driven by the idea of "manifest destiny," which was at first the idea that
the U.S. was to expand over the whole continent of North America, "from the Isthmus of Panama to
the Arctic Circle." While Canada and Mexico seemed impervious to further expansion by
Americans, at least there had been the rest of the mainland to fill up. With the ending of the frontier
and the completion of the settlement of the West the impulse to further expansion spilled out over
America's borders. Shortly after the end of the Civil War the U.S. purchased Alaska and began to
develop commercial interests in the Caribbean and the Pacific in places like Cuba, Hawaii, Midway,
Samoa, the Virgin Islands and the Dominican Republic. A great part of the impetus for expansion
came from a rather unlikely source, naval officer Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan. Founder of the
Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, Captain Mahan began to write widely read and
applauded books and articles that called for America to develop its strength on the basis of sea
power, which he found to have been a decisive force throughout history in making nations and
empires great and long lasting. Mahan wrote a number of books based on the theme of the
"Influence of Sea Power Upon History." Mahan's basic idea was that to remain great and strong in
an ever more competitive world, America needed a powerful maritime force, both naval and
commercial, and an overseas infrastructure

War Of 1812 Dbq Outline
In the eyes of the American people, the War of 1812 was another fight for independence from the
British Empire, a negative influence on American politics and livelihood throughout its first
generation as a nation. By achieving victory in their Revolution, they gained independence from the
British Empire and established sovereignty over themselves. Americans hoped to prosper in their
new country free of negative European influence, especially British. However, within two decades
Britain began to impress American citizens once again in over 6,000 instances, which were
presented to Congress by president Thomas Jefferson (Nevins). In addition to ship impressment,
British citizens in Canada aligned with Native American tribes and aided them with ... Show more
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In 1836 the Republic of Texas declared independence from Mexico which is believed to be the
reason for the Mexican–American War because the American government approved the annexation
of Texas in 1845 ("Mexican–American War"). Mexico had failed to pay recomposition to American
citizens who suffered losses during the Mexican War of Independence ("Mexican–American War").
Through this, President James K. Polk saw a perfect opportunity to gain Mexican territories to act as
a way of reimbursement ("Mexican–American War"). Signed on February 2, 1848, the Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo concluded the war giving the United States parts of present day New Mexico,
Arizona, Nevada, California, Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado ("Mexican–American War"). The war
technologically and economically devastated Mexico and created a rocky relationship between the
two countries that is still present today ("Treaty of Guadalupe

Example Of Westward Expansion
The story of the United States has always been one of westward expansion, beginning along the East
Coast and continuing, often by leaps and bounds, until it reached the Pacific, what Theodore
Roosevelt described as "the great leap westward." The acquisition of Hawaii and Alaska, though not
usually included in discussions of Americans expanding their nation westward, continued the
practices established under the principle of Manifest Destiny. Even before the American colonies
won their independence from Britain in the Revolutionary War, settlers were migrating westward
into what are now the states of Kentucky and Tennessee, as well as parts of the Ohio Valley and the
Deep South. Westward expansion was greatly aided in the early 19th century in the year of 1803 by
the Louisiana Purchase , which was followed by the Corps of Discovery Expedition that is generally
called the Lewis and Clark Expedition; the War of 1812, which secured existing U.S. boundaries
and defeated native tribes of the Old Northwest, the region of the Ohio and Upper Mississippi
valleys, and the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which forcibly moved virtually all Indians from the
Southeast to the present states of Arkansas and Oklahoma, a journey known as the Trail of Tears. In
1845, a journalist by the name of John O'Sullivan created the term "Manifest Destiny," a belief that
Americans and American institutions are morally superior and therefore Americans are morally
obligated to spread those institutions in order to free people in the Western Hemisphere from
European monarchies and to uplift "less civilized" societies, such as the Native American tribes and
the people of Mexico. The Monroe Doctrine, adopted in 1823, was the closest America ever came to
making Manifest Destiny official policy; it put European nations on notice that the U.S. would
defend other nations of the Western Hemisphere from further colonization. The debate over whether
the U.S. would continue slavery and expand the area in which it existed or abolish it altogether
became increasingly contentious throughout the first half of the 19th century. When the Dred Scott
case prevented Congress from passing laws prohibiting slavery and the Kansas–Nebraska act gave
citizens of new

Essay On Native American Identity
Who are these Native American's who roamed the Great Plains? They were once a proud and large
nation of people, who honor the land, each other, and traditions that were passed down from father
to son and mother to daughter. The years were not kind to them when the white man descended upon
their great world. There were hundreds of different nations of Indians who lived in the America's; all
had similar goals in life. They wanted a family, provide for that family, and live accordance to the
laws that were passed down. The historical trauma delivered to this great people was only equal to
the holocaust according to several writers. The American Indians are not classified as a race, but a
sovereign nation with the federal government (Warrior, 1995, p. 95). The sovereign nation of Indian
cultures still struggles to keep the tribes together. Sovereign identity is a struggle to which scholars
acknowledge "dynamic and ongoing process, demanding constant self–assessment and evaluation"
(Warrior, 1995). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
94). The European culture dominated the Indians when they became oppressed with owning the
land. The United States government agencies along with churches and organization main goals were
to change the culture of the ALs to fall more in line with the civilized culture being presented. These
organizations required complete assimilation them to the white culture and dismiss their father's
teachings. They took children from their families at an age of 4–5 to change their thinking and
beliefs (Brave Heart, 2003). This plan began the destruction of tribes to the great assimilation that
failed the American Indian culture. The culture now is lost to drugs, alcohol and

Alaska Native Argumentative Essay
There exists a moral conflict between the worldview of Alaska Natives and mainstream U.S. culture,
in general. This moral conflict was expressed during the 1970's by 'Naugga Ciunerput', a fictional
character co–created by Inupiat educator, Fred Bigjim of Nome, Alaska, who wrote three letters to
'Howard' at the Tundra Times (Nabokov 393–396). Those letters gave voice to issues of importance
to Alaskan 'Eskimos' (people of the arctic region) in relation to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement
Act (ANCSA), the largest land settlement claim in American history. ANCSA was designed to
benefit Alaska Natives by indirectly conveying title to forty million acres of federal public land; and
to benefit the United States, in general, by removing all other native claims to land, water, hunting,
and fishing rights in Alaska, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The impact of ANCSA, it was feared, would be much like other federal policy that benefitted the
dominant culture while Alaska Natives received little benefit. Yet, by the use of creative (and
humorous) dialog and successful collaboration efforts when ANCSA was designed and
implemented, Alaska Natives ensured that provisions were included for the integration of Native
Alaskan values. Those values acknowledge interdependence as opposed to independence. The
content of many ANC websites feature stories of Alaska Native scholarships, mission statements
that declare their purpose 'to enhance the lives of our shareholders' or to be "responsible to [the]
social, cultural, and environmental needs and concerns of the Alaska Native Community' are
frequent (as cited by Allison). An especially important provision of ANCSA that keeps in line with
Native values, requires that ANCs share seventy percent of their natural resource revenues, by this
protecting those who do not have significant resources of their own (Taking

A Never Ending Cycle
A Never Ending Cycle. Arguably, no other group in United States history has been as oppressed as
the American Indians. The United States Government has allowed unsettled tensions, poverty,
conflicting cultures, disease, and the inaction of the Bureau of Indian Affairs to affect the
educational opportunities of American Indians. There is no answer that will appease every group
involved in this problem. However, the United States Government can do significantly more than
they are doing to help remediate the problems of the educational system and fix some current issues
on the American Indian reservations in the United States. It is statistically proven from the Bureau
of Labor that the average person over the age of twenty–five with a high school diploma makes
much more than the average person without a diploma. Further supporting this fact, the Bureau of
Labor's website shows that every level of higher education achieved gradually increases the person
's annual income ("Earnings and Unemployment"). Education allows people to expand their thought
and accept new ideas. Greater vocabulary teaches people new and more effective ways of expressing
their thoughts and emotions.Education teaches people how to think critically in this modern world.
Education is important as long as the audience receiving the education has the ability and motivation
to learn the materials. If American Indians achieve education, and it is received completely
voluntarily by them, they will be better

Roles Of Governor In Federations
Introduction:
A governor (from French gouverneur) is a governing official, usually the executive of a non–
sovereign level of government, ranking under the head of state. In federations, a governor may be
the title of each appointed or elected politician who governs a constituent state.
In countries the heads of the constitutive states, provinces, communities and regions may be titled
Governor, although this is less common in parliamentary systems such as in some European nations
and many of their former colonies, which use titles such as President of the Regional Council in
France and Minister–President in Germany, where in some states there are governorates (German:
Regierungsbezirke) as sub–state administrative regions. Other countries ... Show more content on
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The role of the Governor is primarily ceremonial in nature.
ii. The functioning of Governor in British Dominions is guided wholly and solely by the British
Crown.
iii. The Governor is an integral part of determination of a Federation.
Methodology adopted:
The given study is purely Doctrinal in nature. The different Statutes relating to action of the
executive at the State level have been referred to extensively. The Journals as well as the Articles
have been referred. Apart from that, internet has been utilised at a vast level in order to understand
the nuances and the concepts involved in the research.
Role of Governor – India
This Paper deals with the appointment and functioning of the institution of Governor as well as the
anomalies and problems surrounding the powers vested in them in the matter of granting assent to
the Bills passed by the State Legislatures. Article 153 of the Constitution requires that there shall be
a Governor for each State. One person can be appointed as Governor for two or more States. Article
154 vests the executive power of the State in the Governor. Article 155 says that "The Governor of a
State shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal". Article 156 provides
that "The Governor shall hold office during the pleasure of the President". The term of the Governor
is prescribed as five

Native American Research Paper
Should settlers take into consideration the heritage and cultural ties to geographic areas of native
people when instituting policies? The past has shown that native people have been mistreated. But
we still see hatred towards them currently. History shows that Native Americans should have every
right to decide what happens on their land in the United States. Not only is this true for Native
Americans, but it is also true for the First Nation in Canada, Indigenous Australians, and Amazon
Natives.
The Native Americans/Indians are known as the first people to reach America. People believe that
they came in through Alaska and moved down towards South America, unlike the English who later
came by boat across the Atlantic. The Native Americans migrated ... Show more content on
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The settling of prime land by colonists and the spread of European livestock over vast areas made a
traditional indigenous lifestyle less workable, but also provided a ready alternative supply of fresh
meat for those prepared to welcome the settlers' anger by hunting livestock. With the exception of a
few in the remote interior, all surviving indigenous communities gradually became dependent on the
settler population for their livelihood. In south–eastern Australia, during the 1850s, large numbers of
white farm workers deserted employment on ranches for the Australian gold rushes. Indigenous
women, men and children became a significant source of labor. Most indigenous labor was like
slavery; instead of receiving money, indigenous workers received rations in the form of food,
clothing, and other basic necessities. Stolen wages cases have been raised against state governments,
with limited success (newworldencyclopedia.org).
By the early twentieth century the indigenous population declined to between 50,000 and 90,000,
and the belief that the indigenous Australians would be still around quickly diminished
(newworldencyclopedia.org). Even Australians were sympathetic to their situation. But by about
1930, those indigenous people who had survived had acquired better resistance to imported diseases
and birthrates began to rise again as communities were able to adapt to changed

The Treaty Of Cession And Indigenous People Of Alaska Essay
In the mid to late 1800's brought about the "Treaty of Cession referred to indigenous people of
Alaska as "uncivilized tribes." Such designation in legislation and other agreements caused Alaska
Natives to be subject to the same regulations and policies as American Indians in the United States"
(Benson, 2015). This was also followed up the 1884 First Organic Act, disputing Alaskan Natives
any claims for the land they occupied, and the Major Crimes Act of 1885 that would not allow
natives to process any criminal acts. This prompted the start of the Alaska Native Brotherhood
(ANB), this organization united all the different tribes/clans of Southeast Alaska to bond together to
press the US government for equality for all Native Alaskans (Benson, 2015). For several years, the
Tlingit people fought politically against the US government for control and rights to the land they
inhabited for centuries. Though the Tlingits won small advantages in the battle for ownership, such
as the 1935 congressional ruling that allowed both the Tlingits and the Hiada Indians the right to sue
the Federal Government for a land dispute. It wasn't until 1971, when President Nixon signed in
action the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, becoming the largest land claims settlement in
United States History. According to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act,
Public Law 92–203, approved December 18, 1971 (85 Stat. 688), and repeatedly amended,
authorized Alaska Natives to select and receive title to

The Indigenous People of Alaska
Alaska is different. When compared to the contiguous United States of America the differences are
pronounced and occur in almost all aspects of life. The differences even extend to the original
inhabitants, to the way they survived, treaties with the United States government, current way of
life, and education. An overview of the historical approach to education as well as the current
changes will hopefully provide insight into what works and what does not work in educational
settings in rural Alaska. Alaska is large. With a land mass of one third the side of the rest of the
United States it dwarfs Texas, the second largest state, by over two and half times. The twenty six
smallest states combined are still smaller than Alaska. Alaska's coastline is over 33,000 miles, many
times longer than the coastline of the remaining United States. Alaska is the most northern, western
and eastern state. It is filled with natural resources. People around the world identify Alaska with the
midnight sun, oil fields, Denali, Salmon and the mighty Yukon. Yet with plenty of resources and all
of that room, in 2000, the population of Alaska was only 710,321 (Alaska, 2014). Combined with
Alaska's size this results in a population density of 1.2 persons per square mile, the least dense of
any state. 565,077 of those 710,321 persons residing in Alaska live in one of the four population
centers of Anchorage, Fairbanks, Kenai Peninsula, or Juneau. This leaves less than 150,000 people
spread out

The Marine Mammal Protection Act Of 1972 Essay
Introduction Blood quantum is an inhuman way to calculate indigenous authenticity. Similar to
Ellinghaus (2008), I believe blood quantum is a manufactured, artificial estimate of an individual's
Native ancestry. Sanctioned in the United States to define membership in an Alaska Native tribe,
blood quantum refers to describing the degree of how much an individual is Alaska Indian, Aleut
and/or Eskimo. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) issue Certificates of Indian Blood (CIB) for a
person to carry that describes this degree; "the BIA sets no minimum blood quantum requirements
for acknowledgement purposes, but does require proof of descent from a historic Tribe" (NEBI n.d).
Blood quantum is still used today by many tribes to specify requirements for legal citizenship; but is
"not required by the acknowledgement regulations" (NEBI n.d, n.p.). The Marine Mammal
Protection Act of 1972 is another way the government is deteriorating Native communities. This Act
states that if you are one–quarter or higher of Alaska Indian, Aleut and/or Eskimo blood and coastal
dwelling you are able to take marine mammals for subsistence or handicraft purposes. I was raised
in Cordova, Alaska the home of my family, the Eyak people, for thousands of years. Brought up in a
lifestyle of skin sewing traditional garments made of sea otter, seal and sea lion fur. This tradition
has been kept alive in my family as well as many other families for thousands of years. I would like
to pass this skill on when

The Arctic Archipelago And The Highest Apical Peak Of Nunavut
and the " Arctic Archipelago" and the highest apical peak of Nunavut is "Barbeau Peak".
This territory has rich plants variety and many different types of animals and has average
temperature of Nunavut in winters is very low, near about "–30C" and in summers, average
temperature is about " 10C " to "5C".
Yukon = It is the other territory of Canada, which contains rough high peaks and is
surrounded by provinces and territories of Canada as "Northwest territory to the east, by
British Columbia to the south and by the US state Alaska to the west", where average
temperature in summer season is about " 35C" whereas in winters is very low "–50C".
The Northwest Territories = The another territory of Canada is the northwest ... Show more content
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3. What are five historically important industries in British Columbia?
Farming, coal mining, fishing, "sawmills" and "British naval base" are five historically
important industries in British Columbia.
4. Name five cities in British Columbia?
Five cities in British Columbia are Vancouver, Burnaby, Richmond, Langley and Abbotsford.
5. Name the three most important "gold rushes" that affected British Columbia and the
Yukon?
"Fraser River Gold Rush", "The Klondike Gold Rush" and the "Cariboo Gold Rush" are the
three most important gold rushes.

Part (D.) Native History
1. What are "Native Land Claims?"
The native people of Canada were no given equal rights, respect and even importance as that
was given to other people or to the foreigners. The aboriginals of Canada were not liked by
"white settlers" and it was decided to take their land without showering blood or any type's
riots. The target of Canadian government not only native people but also the immigrants
from India were included, as result of which "Frank Oliver" made changes in "Indian Act" in
1991. According to new changes, Indians were removed from their land for constructing
public infrastructure and even some land was taken for making schools for the children.
As a result of this, people protested and demanded for their land back, consequently the
"McKenna–McBride

The American Indian Movement
"We are poor...but we are free. No white man controls our footsteps. If we must die... we die
defending our rights" – (Tatanka Yotanka aka Sitting Bull, 1831). That quote was said by Sitting
Bull, a Sioux Chief. He talks about the Native Americans having to stay together at this difficult
time of being controlled by men who discovered a land they already owned. All the Indians who are
fed up with the white men were able to come together to create, The American Indian Movement,
also known as AIM. It began in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in the summer of 1968 but it was around
longer than we knew but it didn't have a name to it. 200 people from the Indian community turned
out for a meeting called by a group of Native American community activists. ... Show more content
They were also realizing that their greatest strengths were their spiritual heritage and their
connection with the land. A major cause of the American Indian Movement, was the Dawes Act of
1887 or also known as the General Allotment Act, this act was named after Senator Henry Dawes.
This act came about when they replaced the old Federal Indian policy with a new one. The new
policy was based off of giving sections of land to certain Native Americans. It is said that certain
Native Americans who follow the white–man's ways would be welcomed into the American
population. They believed that if they did this to the Native Americans, then they wouldn't have
been stuck in the situation they are in now, which is poor and ignored. The Dawes Act, created on
February 8, 1887, comes into play. The act gave President Grover Cleveland the opportunity to
divide up reservation land and, gave it to certain Native Americans. An example of this division was
like "To the head of each family; one–quarter of a section" (Dawes Act, 1887). Problems arose when
the Act didn't allow certain tribes to be noticed in the Act. Tribes such as the Cherokees, Seminoles
and many more. Although President Cleveland was able to negotiate with five tribes and called them
the Five Civilized Tribes. These tribes were the Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws and
Seminoles. The

America 's Hunger For Land And Power
In the 1860s and early 1870s, the U.S. focused primarily on domestic issues, such as settlement of
the American West. Apart from acquiring Alaska from Russia in 1867, the U.S. achieved little in the
area of foreign expansion at this time. However, by the late nineteenth century and the early
twentieth century, United States expansionism looked abroad with new interest, because, as a rising
industrial power, the U.S. needed to find foreign markets in which to sell its manufactured products
and from which to acquire raw goods. This new age of United States expansionism was a
continuation of past expansionism. America 's hunger for land and power led it to depart from its
original foreign policies and expand worldwide, such as large parts of South America and the
Caribbean. American imperialism of the late 1800s and early 1900s demonstrated the same cultural
and social justification of previous expansionism. The original doctrine of Manifest Destiny, which
emerged in the 1840s to accompany westward continental expansion, advocated a belief that
America was destined by God to expand its borders across the continent. For the most part, the
United States' need for more land was primarily to keep other nations (mainly European powers) out
of the western hemisphere. The United States continued to expand westward and gain land. After a
war with Mexico over the rights to Texas, the country gained much of the southwest including the
land of California. They also gained the Oregon

The Land Occupancy Laws And The Impacts Of Traditional...
TRADITIONAL USE STUDIES Chapter 1 1.1. The Traditional Use study Traditional Use Studies
have been developed in research to study mainly the land occupancy laws and the impacts of
Traditional Land Use on the aboriginal community in Canada. The primary purpose of Traditional
Use Studies is to examine the Canadian First National and indigenous people around the world, and
used in gathering knowledge about the contemporary and traditional land uses of the communities.
For the last quarter of the century, Canada?s Aboriginal peoples have long documented the extent in
which they have used traditional resources and lands both since and before the settlement of
Europeans. For the aboriginal people of Canada, they have documented this data ... Show more
Interest in better forest management, consultation requirements, the protection of Aboriginal and
treaty rights, forest certification, and government policies requirements all contribute to the
expanding interest in traditional land use. However, collecting knowledge and information about
Aboriginal peoples land use, and forest management?s integration has not been straightforward.
While recognizing the benefits of this process of information collection, the Aboriginal peoples have
been increasingly concerned about the ways in which their knowledge is being utilized. Financers,
supporters, and forestry companies are increasingly concerned about guaranteeing access to this data
and efficient methods of integrating it into forest planning and management. Traditional land use is a
means for governments to protect the interests of land for the Aboriginal peoples but have been
apprehensive about their probable impact on their capability of using and controlling access to
Crown lands. All parties involved recognized that Traditional Land Use studies have become a vital
instrument for Aboriginal peoples striving to declare priori claims to the lands the Aboriginal
peoples have variably occupied, and to generate avenues in which the Aboriginal peoples can
negotiate roles in the management of the land. In spite of the numerous studies to be developed,
there has yet to be a

Letter Regarding The Navajo Hopi Relocation Dispute
Dear Mr. Bavasi, I am writing this letter regarding the Navajo–Hopi relocation dispute. As executive
directive of The Office of Navajo and Hopi Indian Relocation (ONHIR), I think there are a few
concerns for this dispute. Although it seems like a simple boundary issue between two Native
American tirbes, it is more of a subtle reflection of the history of the United States and its removal
and extermination policies against the Indigenous people. Therefore, before you jump to any
solutions you need to understand the history of what has led both tribes to the current territorial
dispute ; who are all the participants, what are the problems resulting from this situation, either
sociologically, geographically or politicalitcally . And finally, what are some possible solutions? I
want to start off briefing the history of both tribes. Long before the arrival of any pioneers from the
United States, prior to the rancheros of Mexico, previous to the conquistadors searching for El
Dorado, long ahead of the the Hopi tribe, were the Anasazi. Archeological estimates place the
Anasazi 's presence in the American Southwest around 500 BCE. The Anasazi are important at this
point, to establish the fact that all the other peoples in the region appeared subsequently. Any
predecessors to the Anasazi territory are unknown to history; making all subsequent comers
intruders onto someone else 's home turf. The Hopi, among other tribes, claim descendancy from the
Anasazi.Their pueblo on the Black

Wilderness: History and Value Essay
Wilderness: History and Value
History
From the very beginning of this nation's history, wilderness has been a fundamental ingredient. The
first European settlers found and battled against it upon their arrival. The western explorers and
wagon trains sought to wrestle farmland from the wilderness's grip to build cities, farms and homes.
It was not until the reality of its finite availability, that it was viewed as anything other than an
opponent and menace. These changing attitudes began a new battle for preservation and protection
of the wilderness that remained. The nation's attitude transformation was testimony to a new focus
and value for wilderness. This new disposition declared that the preservation and maintenance of ...
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They viewed the situation as a threat to development, further verifying their beliefs.
As the country aged, the lands west of the original colonies drew more curiosity and became the
new focus of national development. With initiative similar to that which condemned the
undeveloped land and the Indians, explorers set forth, fueled by a perceived blessing from God and
a notion called Manifest Destiny (Kropf,1997). This ideal claimed that the Christian dominance of
the nation was God ordained, therefore giving them license to do as they saw fit. Their mission was
to settle and subdue the wilderness in the West. During the western settlement, incidents like the
discovery of gold in California and small pox plagues which killed thousands of Indians propagated
the ideals of Manifest Destiny. Throughout the nineteenth century, Manifest Destiny was the driving
force of westward expansion and the war on wilderness.
Wilderness Act of 1964
While all of the exploration and expansion continued, different areas gained recognition for their
remarkable wild and scenic beauty. In the 1850's Yosemite state reserve was recognized, and in
1872, Yellowstone was declared the first national park (Nash,1984). This area was preserved as a
"public park or pleasuring ground," to be kept "in the natural condition." Another significant step in
national history and land preservation was the

A Vision For Unity : Bristol Bay
A vision for unity: Proactivity in Bristol Bay
Organization Summary
The longstanding history of indigenous land claims disputes in the United States stimulated a series
of land ownership transformations that did not, by any means, bypass Alaska. The formation of
thirteen, regional, for–profit Alaska Native Corporations (ANCs) were the eventual result of those
transformations. The ANCs were charged with the task of building successful businesses while
assuming the role of landlord over their respective land region. The for–profit businesses, however,
left much to be desired in terms of meeting the collective needs for Alaska Native peoples. Bristol
Bay Native Association was incorporated as the regional non–profit corporation in 1973 ... Show
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Core values do not respond to external variables such as fluctuating market trends or product
diversifications. They remain constant and are a large component of the organization's identity.
Core values within Bristol Bay Native Association are immediately recognizable. The first is unity.
Unity is mentioned in BBNA's Our Story: 50 Years of service (2016), "the secret to our success has
been the same for 50 years: unity" (p. 12). Unity is also observed in the culture of the organization.
The employees share it as a common value because they clearly understand that unity was a
founding principle of the organization's inception. Native leaders gathered (and still do) to improve
the quality of life for the several thousand residents of Bristol Bay. They continually work together
to ensure a promising future for the generations to come.
Another core value identifiable within the organization is cultural identity. This is a guiding
principle held with significant regard. Alaska Natives feel strongly about their culture as it defines
who they are as a people. It encapsulates traditions, language, and ways of viewing the world around
them. Several of BBNA's programs reflect an urgency to promote and sustain their cultural identity.
One such program is the Marine Mammal Program discussed in their 2016 Annual Report.
"Program goals are inspired by our traditional and cultural values to continue protecting our lands
and

Decline Of Alaskan Society Essay
With its direct connection with the land removed, Native Alaskan society began to fragment
alarmingly quickly. The regional corporations' failure to provide dividends that were adequate
enough to allow people to remain comfortably in their local villages, coupled with the influx of
Western Capitalistic Culture brought by the new corporations, led an increasing number of Native
Alaskans to begin moving from their traditional subsistence lifestyles in rural villages to the
comparatively urban cities of Alaska. Native populations in Anchorage alone doubled between 1970
and 1980. There, the newly urban Alaska Natives were forced to seek out work in a comparatively
individualistic society. The western corporate values of competition eroded ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, they had but two choices: partially assimilate with the hope that they'd retain some aspects of
their culture, or resist until the bitter end and fade into obscurity, being remembered only in
textbooks.
Therefore, taken all–in–all, the ANCSA was not a success; rather, it was a resounding failure. In all
but a few cases, it failed to economically provide for the Alaska Natives, and failed to protect their
vibrant cultures from quietly fading and assimilating into mainstream society, while the rest of
America celebrated the "The 'Me' Decade." That's not to say that it didn't accomplish anything–the
ASRC and a few other corporations have continued to thrive, and the younger AFN leaders that
negotiated the ANCSA were right in believing that in order to keep their culture alive at all, they had
to partially assimilate, or be lost completely. But what makes the ANCSA such a disappointment is
not that it was, as some people would claim, simply a repackaged Dawes Act meant to
paternalistically decide the fate of Native Tribes, but rather that its very achievable goals were
crippled for years by failure in but a few key junctures. In comparison with previous Federal
interactions

Apush Notes: Conquering a Continent 1861-1877 Essay
Cheyanne Ervin
APUSH, Period: 2
Ms. Check
14 January 2013
Chapter 16: Conquering a Continent, 1861–1877:
* Essential Question: What factors helped advance the integration of the national economy after the
Civil War?
Section 1: The Republican Vision: * Integrating the National Economy: * Reshaping the former
Confederacy after the Civil War supplemented a Republican drive to strengthen the national
economy to overcome limitations of market variations that took place under previous Democratic
commands. * Failure to fund internal improvements left different regions of the country
disconnected, producing the Civil War, Republicans argued. * During the Civil War and after, the
Republican–dominated Congress made strong use ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Union victory also increased trade with Latin America. Mexico freed itself from French rule in
1867, but risked economic manipulation by its larger northern neighbor, the United States. *
International trade became a new model for asserting power in Latin America and Asia. Under the
leadership of Secretary of State William Steward (1861–1869), the United States embraced China
and Japan, forcing the Japanese to remain open to trade.
* Seward also advocated the purchase of strategic locations for naval bases and refueling stations,
such as land in Nicaragua for a canal, Hawaii, and the Philippines. * In 1868, Seward achieved a
significant victory with congressional approval of the Burlingame Treaty with China, regulating
immigration. The same year, Seward also purchased Alaska from Russia, further establishing the
United States as a global power.
Summary:
* Essential Question: What factors drew homesteaders to the Great Plains, and what role did they
play in the Republicans' vision for the post–Civil War nation? Section 2: Incorporating the West: *
Cattlemen and Miners: * Conquest and development of the American West became the domestic
foundation for national supremacy in the late 1800s. Farm development was as vital as factory
development to Republican policymakers. * Republicans sought to bring families to the West by
offering 160 acres of land through the Homestead

The Pros And Cons Of The Indian Removal Act
"To save (Native Americans) from this alternative, or perhaps utter annihilation, the General
Government kindly offers him a new home, and proposes to pay the whole expense of his removal
and settlement" (Jackson). Andrew Jackson didn't fail to sugar coat the Indian Removal Act that
removed Native Americans. This marked the origin of a long voyage for Native Americans where
they'd be coerced to move and thrive in poverty for generations to come. The Indian Removal Act
was a critical law, enforced by the government, that forced the dismissal of Native Americans, and a
start of further and further colonization of Native lands for decades. Although Native Americans
have been given reservations by the federal government, "by 2010, almost 80 ... Show more content
The IHS, which is part of the Affordable Care Act, issues some health care benefits to assist Native
Americans on reservations ("Health Coverage For"). But people fail to identify loopholes in the
ACA that prevent Native Americans from gaining proper access health care. For example, health
care provided by the IHS only applies to federally recognized tribes. Although there are 567
federally recognized tribes today, there are also 460 tribes that still lack government recognition
(Olife). This means that those who are not federally recognized are ineligible for Medicare needs
that could be available to them if they were government recognized. In addition to that, medicaid
has not expanded to at least 20 states (Norris). So even if Native tribes are government recognized,
medicaid is not available to those who live in those states. In other words, Natives will have to find
other means for helping themselves until more states expand on Medicaid. But do medical
emergencies have time to wait? So in the case of Native Americans on reservations, even if they are
entitled to health insurance under the ACA, if they are not federally recognized or live in a state that
accepts medicaid, Natives will be forced to support

Dear North Executive Summary
The snack food industry is expanding rapidly and many businesses want in. With the millennial
generation leading the health food revolution, there has been an increase in the demand for natural,
healthy snacks such as jerky. According to The Washington Post, the jerky market is valued at $1.5
billion and has increased steadily every year since 2005. A company called Dear North, is the
newest on the jerky scene, launching their Alaskan smoked salmon jerky this month. Bloomberg
Businessweek reports on Huna Totem, a corporation based out of Alaska that was formed in the
1970s as part of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. The company gets it business mainly
through tourism, their land, and marketable securities. Alaska sees most of its tourists during the ...
She said she already had a target market in mind and knew a product embodying a sensory
experience of Alaska would be popular with people who value health, love nature, and can detect
quality. This lifestyle is very prevalent on the west coast especially California so teaming up with
this Bay Area brand ensured that French could create a company with people who understood her
mission. The team took a very untraditional approach to their marketing research. They actually
traveled to Alaska to ensure that their product embodied the sensory experience that they had in
mind. They decided that the salmon jerky bites and jarred smoked salmon would be a utility that
was differentiated from any other kind of snack on the market. The company Dear North, was born.
The company strives to do their business as a form of a love letter to Alaska (fastcodesign). The
bites come in a 2–ounce silver package with white labels and a high quality photo of the jerky. The
simple packaging reflects the products quality, simplicity and roots. A bag of the salmon bites go for
$12, a price higher than most jerkys currently on the

Native Americans- Minority Role
Thesis Since the arrival of the Europeans in 1492 the Native American has systematically been
dehumanized, decivilized and redefined into terms that typify a subordinate or minority role,
restricted life opportunities persist today as a result. I. Introduction–Majority/Minority group
relations– the role of power II. Historical Overview A. Native American life before contact with the
White man. B. Early contact, efforts at peaceful co–existence. C. Conflict and its consequences for
Native Americans III. The continuing role of power A. Control techniques used by the majority
group B. Native American life today, SES, housing, education, etc. Power and Minority Group
Position: The Case of Native Americans Majority/Minority group ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
"Their bows and arrows were no match for the Europeans' firearms, and their bodies could not
defend against the foreign diseases" (DiBacco, 1995). As the encroachment of settlers on Indian
lands continued, so did the inevitable conflicts. "To the Indians, the arriving Europeans seemed
attuned to another world; they appeared oblivious to the rhythms and spirits of nature" (Jordan,
1991). Nature to the Europeans was something of an obstacle, even an enemy, and these
disrespectful attitudes were quite apparent to the Indians. The wilderness was also a commodity
however: "a forest was so many board feet of timber, a beaver colony so many pelts, a herd of
buffalo so many hides" (Jordan, 1991). The Europeans' cultural arrogance and ethnocentrism, and
their materialistic view of the land and its inhabitants were repulsive to the Indians. "Europeans,
overall, were regarded as something mechanical – soulless creatures wielding diabolically ingenious
tools and weapons to accomplish selfish ends" (Jordan, 1991). Initial European impressions of the
Native American population were formed by the descriptions of Columbus and other explorers.
Although Columbus initially praised the Taino, crediting them with "...a very acute intelligence...",
he also provided an unfavorable view of Native Americans when he discussed the Carib Indians,
who were said to be very fierce cannibals. This description set the stage for the

C228-Community Health Nursing-Task 1 Essay
C228–Community Health Nursing–Task 1
Western Governors University
Identification of Community
Along the northern–end of Utah's Wasatch Front is a scenic region of land known as Weber County.
This county ranges from the peaks of the Wasatch Mountains into a portion of the Great Salt Lake of
the lower valley. The Weber and Ogden rivers and their tributaries run through its valleys (Weber
County, 2015). Weber County is the second smallest county in land mass and has the fourth largest
population in the state. County population in 2012 was 236,000 (94% urban, 6% rural), comprised
of the communities of Ogden, Farr West, Harrisville, Hooper, Huntsville, Marriot–Slaterville, North
Ogden, Plain City, Pleasant View, Riverdale, Roy, South ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Poverty level for Weber County 12.5% (Weber County, Utah, 2015) with Ogden City at 23.4%
(Ogden City, Utah, 2015). According to the Weber–Morgan Health Department the top five causes
of Mortality in this county are heart disease, cancer, stroke, accidents and chronic respiratory
disease. Due to Weber counties documented higher than Utah states rates of obesity, drinking and
smoking, which are leading contributors of heart disease, cancer and stroke deaths, Weber County's
life expectancy reflects the national average versus Utah's rate (Weber–Morgan Health Annual
report, 2010). The Weber–Morgan Health Department annotates that suicide is the leading cause of
preventable diseases in Utah and Weber County with 180.7 per 1,000,000 which is higher than even
the state average (Weber County, Utah, 2015). There are many concerns in Weber County, but the
health concerns which are unfavorably affecting the quality of life in Weber County are obesity,
adolescent pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases and air quality. In 2009, 64.65% of adults in
Weber and Morgan counties were considered overweight or obese (Weber–Morgan Health
Department, 2014). The teen pregnancy rate in downtown Ogden has consistently ranked among the
highest in the nation which brings Weber County's rates up far above Utah's average (Weber–
Morgan

Population: The Growing Problem Essay
Population: The Growing Problem
History of Earth's Population
From the beginning of time until 1850, the world population had been steadily growing until it
finally reached the point of one billion people. Hurray for our species, we are successful and have
been able to make adaptations in order to survive! Then, only 80 years later, the world population
doubled to a whopping 2 billion citizens. After that, the doubling time was sliced once again. By
1960, just thirty years later, three billion people called Earth "home." Seventeen year later, in 1977,
the world population hit four billion people. In 1986, nine short years later, we reached a population
of 5 billion inhabitants. Sometime in the next few years, we are looking at ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Malthus' predictions and preaching about famine were a bit of foreshadowing of the tragic Irish
Famine in the 1840s. When failure of the potato crop occurred for several successive years, this
produced a devastating famine. "Between 1841 and 1851, Ireland's population fell from 8.2 million
to 6.6 million through starvation [and] disease..." (Grolier Electronic Dictionary 1996). Also, an
even more explicit example of Malthus' warnings happened in China between 1850 and 1890 when
50 million to 70 million people died as a result of a successive string of famines. Granted, the
Taiping Rebellion added to the carnage, but the bottom line is that people were hungry and did not
have adequate food to survive (Scanlon 1997).
In 1955, Karl Sax was Professor of botany at Harvard University and published a public warning
about the implications of overpopulation in the book Standing Room Only. In this book, Sax warns
the human race about the grave danger with which we are faced. When describing the current
situation, then a population of 2.4 billion, and the speed at which humans are reproducing, he
cautions the reader by predicting that "...at these current rates, the world population could reach
4,000 million by the end of the century" (Sax 1955). This milestone of 4 billion people was reached
only twenty–two years after publication of this prediction (Davidson 1995).
Current Understanding of the

Hawaii History
Discovery and settlementMain article: Ancient Hawaiʻi
The earliest settlements in the Hawaiian Islands were made by Polynesians who traveled to Hawaii
using large double–hulled canoes. They brought with them pigs, dogs, chickens, taro, sweet
potatoes, coconut, banana, and sugarcane.
There are several theories regarding migration to Hawaii. The "one–migration" theory suggests a
single settlement. A variation on the one–migration theory instead suggests a single, continuous
settlement period. A "multiple migration" theory suggests that there was a first settlement by a group
called Menehune (settlers from the Marquesas Islands), and then a second settlement by the
Tahitians.
On January 18, 1778 Captain James Cook and his crew, while ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
After a second warning was made to the civilians, French troops overwhelmed the skeleton force
and captured Honolulu Fort, spiked the coastal guns and destroyed all other weapons they found
(mainly muskets and ammunition). They raided government buildings and general property in
Honolulu, causing $100,000 in damages. After the raids the invasion force withdrew to the fort. De
Tromelin eventually recalled his men and left Hawaii on September 5.
[edit] BritishMain article: Paulet Affair (1843)
On February 10, 1843, Lord George Paulet on the Royal Navy warship HMS Carysfort entered
Honolulu Harbor and demanded that King Kamehameha III cede the Hawaiian Islands to the British
Crown. Under the guns of the frigate, Kamehameha stepped down under protest.[3] Kamehameha
III surrendered to Paulet on February 25, writing:
Where are you, chiefs, people, and commons from my ancestors, and people from foreign lands? '
Hear ye! I make known to you that I am in perplexity by reason of difficulties into which I have
been brought without cause, therefore I have given away the life of our land. Hear ye! but my rule
over you, my people, and your privileges will continue, for I have hope that the life of the land will
be restored when my conduct is justified.
Done at Honolulu, Oahu, this 25th day of February, 1843.
Kamehameha III.
Kekauluohi.[4]
Gerrit P. Judd, a missionary who had become the Minister of Finance, secretly sent envoys to

Federal And State Policies : California Native Americans
Due to the long history of discriminatory federal and state policies, California Native Americans
have been ranked in the lowest income, education, housing quality, and health brackets of any
population group in the state (CITATION). The status of Native Americans converted from virtually
invisible to being the most powerful political lobby in the 6th largest economy in the world
(CITATION). This was not a process that had occurred over a few short years, with Native
Americans in California going from being the poorest people in the United States to becoming
among the richest.
This is considering that some tribes have been highly successful with building gambling casinos on
their reservation land, and their economic conditions have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
LITURATURE REVIEW
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, my grandmother, like thousands of other Native
children, was forced into boarding school. Those boarding schools were established in the United
States as a way to educate Native children according to Euro–American standards (CITATION). It is
without a doubt that the assimilation of Native American children led to the loss of their culture and
tradition, as they were required to change their appearance, forbidden to speak their native tongue,
and forced to replace their traditional names with European–American names (CITATION).
In 1492, Christopher Columbus "discovered" what is known today as North America. Mistakenly,
Columbus thought that he had landed in the Indies, and therefore the native peoples were called
"Indians." The New World soon became flooded with Europeans from a number of countries, and
the Indians allowed them to settle on their land. Treaties and agreements were made between the
settlers and the neighboring tribes in which European goods were exchanged for Indian land and
assistance. The survival of these settlements could not have survived without the active support and
protection of the Native Americans. However

19th Century American Imperialism
During the late 19th century, the United States competed with other industrialized nations to claim
territory. This period of time was known as the Imperial Age. Imperialism is when one country
extends its influence over other lands. This scramble for territory was fueled by the prospect of new
markets and military advantages. Moral obligations such as civilizing "backward" nations, and
moral obligations such as spreading Christianity, also led Americans to seek lands to conquer.
In 1867, America acquired its first non–continental territory; Alaska. Many American politicians
showed interest in gaining Alaska for economic reasons. The territory's resources were said to be
plentiful by American traders and whalers. Alaska was settled by Russian ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Hawaiian Islands were first bought to the attention of the world when British explorer James
Cook voyaged there in 1778. Missionaries and traders began visiting the islands regularly in 1820,
and many eventually settled there. As the number of Americans in Hawaii increased, American
investors gained more and more control of the sugar industry. By the time Kalakaua became king in
1874, Americans had taken control a major role in Hawaii's economy. Kalakaua hated the fact that
Americans had power over his country's government and vowed to put native Hawaiians back into
power. The Hawaiian League, a secret society of plantation owners, traders, and American business
leaders, was soon formed to overthrow the king. The League also wanted to create Hawaii into a
democracy controlled by United States. They forced king Kalakaua to sign a constitution at gunpoint
in July of 1887, which became known as the bayonet constitution. This constitution gave Pearl
Harbor and political control over Hawaii to the US. More conflicts arose in US– Hawaiian relations
when the McKinley Tariff was passed by Congress in 1890. This raised taxes on foreign sugar, and
caused an economic depression across Hawaii. American sugar growers knew that the only way to
protect their business from the tariff was to be annexed to the United States. After King Kalakaua
died, Liliuokalani, his sister, became queen. Rebel sugar planters wanted to overthrow her and
become a territory of the US. The American minister to Hawaii, John L. Stevens, ordered four
boatloads of marines to go ashore and help the rebel sugar planters without Presidential approval.
The Marines surrounded the royal palace and directed guns and cannon at it. Queen Liliuokalani
was forced to surrender on January 17, 1893. President Grover Cleveland was troubled by the events
in Hawaii, and felt that Americans had acted dishonorably there. He proposed to reinstate Queen

Native Americans- Minority Role Essay
Thesis
Since the arrival of the Europeans in 1492 the Native American has systematically been
dehumanized, decivilized and redefined into terms that typify a subordinate or minority role,
restricted life opportunities persist today as a result.
I. Introduction–Majority/Minority group relations– the role of power
II. Historical Overview
A. Native American life before contact with the White man.
B. Early contact, efforts at peaceful co–existence.
C. Conflict and its consequences for Native Americans
III. The continuing role of power
A. Control techniques used by the majority group
B. Native American life today, SES, housing, education, etc.
Power ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In most cases, the early explorers found the Native American peoples to be friendly and generous.
Columbus was immediately struck by the peaceful, generous nature of the Taino. The Taino society
was highly organized around a patriarchal hierarchy and distinguished by happiness and
friendliness. Columbus frankly stated how surprised he had been to make friends with the Indians.
He wrote, "They are gentle and comely people. They are so naive and free with their
possessions that no one who has not witnessed them would never believe it. When you ask for
something they have, they never say no. To the contrary, they offer to share with anyone... They
willingly traded everything they owned..." (DiBacco, 1995)
When the Europeans settlers started to arrive in the 16th– and 17th–centurys they too were met by
Native Americans. "The Natives regarded their white–complexioned visitors as something of a
marvel, not only for their outlandish dress and beards and winged ships, but even more for their
wonderful technology – steel knives and swords, fire–belching arquebus and cannons, mirrors,

hawkbells and earrings, copper and brass kettles, etc." (Jordan, 1991). Increased interaction led to
the Indians becoming less self–sufficient and economically dependent on the whites. As the years
went on,

Christopher Columbus And The American Revolution Essay
Prior to America's independence from the British, America started out as colonies of the British
Empire. Being under subjugation, yet there were events that took place prior the occupation of the
British Empire. Prior to the occupation, Christopher Columbus set sail to the New World, the
Vikings were the first Europeans that had arrived before Christopher Columbus. The history prior to
the American Revolution is quite an excellent topic for it gives the people more insight what
America was like prior to the British ruling. It is also crucial to understand what society was like at
the time of Pre–America. There is much depth in this part of American history to be understood.
Then came during the time of America's early economy where they had the issue of taxation without
representation, meaning that due to the fact the colonies were a tiny minority the British legislatures
did not consider the colonies to recognize as represented. During this colonial era, colonist decided
that they wanted to be separated from the British and be their own independent nation.
At the height of the Ice Age, between 34,000 and 30,000 B.C., much of the world 's water was
contained in vast continental ice sheets. As a result, the Bering Sea was hundreds of meters below its
current level, and a land bridge, known as thought to have been some 1,500 kilometers wide. A
moist and treeless tundra, it was covered with grasses and plant life, attracting the large animals that
early human hunters hunted

The Navajo People and Their Environmental Concerns Essay
The Navajo People and Their Environmental Concerns
Introduction
This nation was built on the foundation that "All Men are Created Equal." Under the eyes of God,
no man is better than another. This has held our nation together and forced us to exist
interdependently. We are fortunate to live in a nation that possesses such a wealth of diversity. It
makes our nation unique and gives people the opportunity to learn about the beauty of culture.
However, history has shown us that not all have embraced diversity. For this reason, civil rights
movements have long been a part of our history. Citizens of this country recognize key figures in
Civil Rights movements such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Cesar Chavez who have promoted ...
census, 37% of Navajos live under the poverty line.
 The Navajo Indian Reservation is the largest reservation in the nation.
 Native Americans and Alaskan Natives account for only 1.5% of the entire nation's
population, most of which reside in the western and southwestern states of the United States ().
 In total, American Indians own approximately 55 millions acres.
 This land amount is less than 3% of what they originally owned.
 About 250 different tribal languages are spoken.
 Indians are the only U.S. minority that must legally prove its minority status.
These numbers represent the struggle the Native American faces. First, 97% of their land was taken
away from them over the last 500 years. The land belonged to their ancestors. No land titles or
claims existed before the arrival of the Spanish and English. Their lands were communal and they
existed with unwritten boundaries. Cases of such cultural displacement exist amongst indigenous
people around the globe. For instance, the Mapuche Indians in Chile were victims of the Spanish
conquest. Before 1866, the Mapuche lived on over 100,000 square kilometers of land. Between
1866 and 1927, they were forced to then live on 5,000

Native Americans And Western Culture
Native Americans have an intimate relationship with the Earth that is very unusual to western
culture. For centuries before the arrival of Europeans, Native Americans lived off the land in North
America, without claiming ownership or creating massive environmental destruction. They have
both a deep love and fear for the power of nature, and try to live as one with the environment.
Because of this common value among tribes, Native Americans are often stereotyped as being the
first environmentalists, which is not entirely true. Native Americans do value and treasure the
environment, but not always in the way western environmentalists imagen. Modern
environmentalists grew up in a different culture, one that embraces development and progress ...
Positives between Environmentalists and Native Americans There is good reason why
environmentalists so often associate themselves with Native Americans. Indigenous culture has a
deep reverence for the environment that is not prevalent in western culture. Using nature for
hunting, gathering, and planting required religious procedures and ceremonies in order for Native
Americans to receive permission to use resources (Cornell, 1985). Because of this cautious respect,
environmentalists and Native Americans often agree with each other on environmental issues,
including fracking, mining, and land exploitation. Modern native american activists more frequently
are from western tribes, including Crow, Lakota, and Cheyenne, because they were in contact with
European capitalist culture later than eastern tribes, so they have held on to their old traditions
(Cornell, 1985). Environmentalists and Native Americans also overlap in their concern for "the
people" and future generations. When these two groups are separate, they have weaker political
power, but when they join forces they can have a much stronger impact. One survey compared the
beliefs of Native American hunters and majority–culture (western) hunters, to see if Native
Americans truly respect the environment more. The first part of the survey asked multiple Native
American hunters and western hunters to rank multiple plant and animal species in importance. Of
the 17 Native

Pan Indianism: The Misunderstanding Of Native Americans
Unfortunately, for Native Americans their experience since initial contact with White Europeans has
been a constant struggle. The very existence of Native American's culture, religion, language, and
land, and their form of political organizations have been threatened since the White Europeans
began colonization in the regions indigenous to the Native Americans. Evidently, the White
European's misunderstanding of the American Indian has been a motivating factor in the poor
treatment administered towards them. Not to mention, the various tribes had warfare amongst
themselves, which perhaps gave the Europeans a reason to believe they were violent people and
ignore any feeling of guilt for partaking in warfare with them as well. Upon arrival, ... Show more
These groups express a common identity which is most often seen in cultural efforts and political
protests of government policies. Consequently, the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI),
the first national organization to represent Native Americans, and the American Indian Movement
(AIM), a radical but more visible pan–Indian group, were founded. The NCAI is still the most
important civil rights organization for Native Americans while on the other hand the AIM is
nationally recognized for its aggressive confrontations with the BIA and law enforcement agencies
(pg. 150). Notably, both groups were effective in bringing attention to the Native American's causes
and in some cases they were successful in implementing change. Some of the protests and efforts
carried out in an attempt to bring awareness to their causes included the fish–ins, seizure of Alcatraz
Island, and the Battle of Wounded Knee II. Additionally, Indian Americans litigated many cases in
efforts to gain sovereignty, many of which have been at the supreme court level. For example,
United States v. Lara, a case tried before the Unites States Supreme Court, ultimately gave tribes the
right to prosecute all American Indians, regardless of affiliation, for crimes that occur on
reservations (pg. 154). Another major step towards resolving the issues of sovereignty was made
with the passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, which resulted in 62.5 million dollars,
44 million acres of land, and the establishment of new for–profit corporations owned by Alaska
Natives, consisting of large expanses of land with 12 regional associations and over 200 villages in
exchange for their dismissal of collective

Oil in Alaska
When oil was discovered on the north slope of Alaska, congress was faced with another "Indian
problem." Just how was it going to send an 800–mile pipeline right through the middle of
Indigenous lands successfully without completely ignoring Native rights? ANCSA was the answer
to that question. In 1971, due to ANCSA, 100 shares were given to every Alaska Native that could
prove they had a quarter–blood of Alaska Native heritage and lived in a local traditional Alaskan
native village. These shares were considered payment for the pipeline. However they did not take on
the form of money like most lands do. These land shares could not be traded or sold. They could
only be handed down through inheritance. The federal government also put a requirement on the
ANCSA formed corporations which were to turn a profit. This was a way for the federal government
to ensure economic advance. The way the federal government would ensure this is, if the ANCSA
formed corporation could not turn a profit, the federal government could go in and seize the land
and dismantle the corporation for breaching their duty to profit the land. Not only was this a way of
ensuring economic advance but it was another way the federal government could gain land. Because
of these steep requirements some native lands have been seized by the federal government, and
those who have not already been lost have either gone bankrupt or merged with other ANCSA
corporations to keep their land. Other native corporations have

Educational Welfare Of The Alaskan Student
Each person or group shares an interest in the educational welfare of the Alaskan student. Through
policy making decisions are made to achieve the common goal of "preparing college, career, and
culture ready graduates" (EED, n.d.) " which requires a personal investment by people and groups.
The Alaska State Department of Education & Early Development (DEED), School Boards, School
Districts, Native Corporations and local business and universities have a vested interest in the
development and success of all students in Alaska. Each has a pivotal role in the shaping of students
to meet the educational standards. Also to make them productive citizens in the college and career
objectives.
According to the U.S. Department of Education website, "Education is primarily a State and local
responsibility in the United States ("Federal Role in Education" 2012). Therefore the state has the
responsibility to incorporate federal and state policies while establishing statewide education
standards. Set student assessment criteria and teacher certification and evaluation processes and
approved and implemented by the Alaska State educational Department. All the while they remain
open and transparent in educational policies that will affect the community and impact teachers,
parents, and students.
The school boards are composed of elected officials who institute policies with the students' best
interest as their primary focus. As policy makers they priorities school programs,

The Argument Against Drilling In Alaska’s Arctic National...
Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), the crowned jewel of the nation's 544 refuges is
in danger of destruction (Lamar and Markey 12). ANWR has been in existence since 1960 and has
slowly become one of the most controversial topics to hit Congress. ANWR is composed of 19
million acres on the northeast coast of Alaska. Although the government has been provided with this
immense land they are fighting to gain more land. Why? ANWR is the second biggest oil field that
is owned by the U.S. Now the government wants more land to construct oil reserves. The refuge is
home to many endangered species such as migratory birds, polar bears, and wolves (Lynne and
Roberts 1). Most of ANWR's designated oil area is owned by indigenous Alaskan ... Show more
Calf survival rates have been extremely low in areas or mountain range and without their discrete
areas caribous are threaten more by predators (Whitten 2004). The reserves will also constrain
caribou from moving about because of all the traffic that would be created and the pipe crossings.
That's no way a precious creature should live. That's why Alaskan natives oppose drilling.
Another reason against drilling much research has shown that all the oil that will be produced will
only last for about six months. The fact that the British Petroleum has greater potential to produce
more oil and natural gasses (Markey 2004) than ANWR so why bother with it , supporting the case
that drilling is pointless. Then there is the percentage that after oil production of ANWR, the foreign
oil dependency will only drop from 56% to 50% (Markey 2004).Then the oil produced would reach
the market ten years later after it was produced, leaving the gas price decrease to one percent(Lamar
and Markey 12). There was also the reality of natural gases. ANWR does not confirm any sign of
them, when President Bush ordered exploration for natural gasses (Klyza and Ford–Martin 1).Again
proving drilling pointless.
In addition to concern about changes, was if drilling were to happen the negatives it would create to
the tundra. Drilling on any form of earth is harmful in general. But because of how beloved the
terrain is to the native, it only creates more conflicts.

Alaska Non Market Environment Essay
This report is in response to your request to conduct an analysis of the non–market environment
issues affecting both the State of Alaska and the Alaska Native Corporations to create an awareness
of the broad range of ways by which the non–market environment, especially the government
policies affects business. Specifically, this study aims to discuss:
1. The dimensions of a non–market environmental issues, stages through which it moves, and the
company's response to changes across various stages;
2. The revenue structure of the State of Alaska and its significance to the current budget shortfall;
and
3. What the economic impact is of Alaska Native Corporations to the state's current economy and
how it contrast to the past.
The current economy is highly dependent on the production of North Slope crude oil. It has been the
backbone of much of Alaska's economic growth, that the drop in oil price from $107.28 the same
month five years ago to $45.69 this month, coupled by the declining oil production has caused the a
deficit in the state budget and a corresponding ripple effect to the economy.
Non–Market Environmental Issues and Life Cycle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To successfully develop a non–market strategy as well as predict whether business decisions will
have an undesired consequence to the non–market actors, managers must be able to comprehend the
dimensions of a non–market environmental issues and how it relates to a firm's national, regional, or
global positioning. The dimensions referred to above

The Life and Contribution to the Development of the...
The Life and Contribution to the Development of the British Empire of James Cook
I) Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to describe the life and the contribution to the development of the
British Empire of one of the most important English explorers. It was in the second half of the 18th
century when James Cook, originally a poor farm boy, explored and mapped vast uncharted areas of
the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean. However, James Cook was not 'only' an explorer. He can also be
called a scientist – he managed to introduce new principles into seafaring and cartography.
For better understanding, the paper is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction,
which throws light on the purpose and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such a structure of commerce enabled the immense growth of wealth of the country.
An imperial enthusiasm – the British found out that they could grow rich from the trade with their
colonies. As a result it led to a constant, unending search for new markets for British products, new
trading centres and eventually, new lands to settle their surplus criminals and poor, unemployed
citizens.
New inventions in navigation – these inventions had a profound influence, not only upon Britain,
but even upon much of the rest of the world. John Hadley's invention of the reflecting quadrant
made it possible to determine the latitude at noon or by night. Extremely accurate, it was quickly
adopted by the admiralty (1730). John Harrison's ship chronometer was to revolutionise the world's
shipping (1736). A new method of combating scurvy was found – James Lind recommended to use
citrus juice (1747) and finally, John Campbell introduced the new sextant to the Royal Navy (1757).
All of these inventions helped to create Britain's naval supremacy.
A new philosophical approach – the 18th century in Western Europe is the beginning of the Age of
Reason, the philosophers and scientists stressed the value of global discovery, of learning more
about the earth and of collecting unusual flora and fauna from around the globe.
Thus Great Britain established (or

The Colonization Of The West

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