Automatic Street Light System

Automatic Street Light System
Automatic Street Light Control System Using LDR and IC555 Timer
Hafiz Saad Khaliq(11TC03)1, Mohammad Hunain Khan(11TC41)2, Syed Zulfiqar Haider Bukhari(11TC51)3, Syed Noor–ul–Hassan
Bukhari(11TC63)4, Ahmad Faheem Alam(11TC10)5,Javed Iqbal(11TC20)6
Department of Telecommunication Engineering, University College of Engineering & Technology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
engr.sadi03@gmail.com1, engr.hunain@gmail.com2 , szhb92@gmail.com3, syednoorulhassanbukhari@gmail.com4, Faheemalam2012@gmail.com5,
engr.shahid333@gmail.com6
Abstract– This project Automatic Street Light Control System aims at designing and executing the advanced development in embedded systems for
energy saving of street lights by using light dependent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Here, we will implement this project by using 555 timers IC. Other basic components which we used are power supply, Light Dependent Resistor
(LDR), Relay and Light emitting diodes (LEDs) which we are using in place of a light bulb. A. 555 Timer IC The 555 timer IC is anintegrated circuit
(chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a
flip–flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package. The IC was designed in 1971 by Hans R. Camenzind under contract
to Signetics, which was later acquired by Philips. Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes 25 transistors, 2 diodes and 15
resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8–pin mini dual–inline package. Variants available include the 556 (a 14–pin DIP
I. INTRODUCTION treet lighting provides a safe night time environment for all road users including pedestrians. Research indicates that night–time
vehicular accidents are significantly reduced by provision of street lighting. It also helps to reduce the fear of crime, and encourages social inclusion
by providing an environment in which people feel they can walk in hours of
S
combining two 555s on one chip), and the two 558 & 559s (both a 16–pin DIP combining four slightly modified 555s with Discharge & Threshold
connected

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Different Components Of The Model Numbers For The...
This chapter introduces different components of the experimental apparatus, including the model numbers for the motherboard and power supply.
Based on previous research, three different Intel processors were selected and investigated in this study, including I5–4670K, Pentium G3258 and
I7–4770K. These processors are compatible with LGA 1150 socket on the motherboard after significant processor modifications described in this
section.
3.1 Equipment Used for the Experiments
This experimental setup was composed of a benchtop computer with a Gigabyte Z87X–OC motherboard and a Corsair HX 1050 ATX power supply, a
temperature acquisition system and the liquid cooling system. Three types of CPUs were researched in this study, including ... Show more content on
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There are several kinds of DC outputs, including +3.3V, +5V, +12V and–12V. This power supply provides over–current, over–voltage, over–power,
under–voltage and short circuit protection to ensure the safety of the computer system and is also very versatile.
3.1.2 Three Computer Processors Used in the Experiments
Intel Core I5–4670K, Pentium G3258 and Intel Core I7–4770K processors were selected for experiment study. The primary features of these CPUs are
listed in Table 3.1. All of the processors have a socket type of FCLGA1150 and a lithography of 22nm. Thermal Design Power (TDP) represents the
average power, accounting for the power dissipates when operating at Base Frequency with all cores active under an Intel–defined, high–complexity
workload. Another important property is the Tcase, which is the maximum temperature allowed at the Integrated Heat Spreader (IHS). These three
CPUs have a package size of 37.5 mm x 37.5 mm, which is compatible with the Gigabyte Z87X–OC motherboard.
3.2 Procedures for the Experiments
Procedures for these experiments describe CPUs preparations and experimental techniques. The CPUs preparations describe the process for cover
removal, modifications to exposed CPU surfaces and the development of transparent covers for surface observations.
3.2.1 CPU Preparations for Passive Cooling
CPU preparations include IHS removal, surface modifications and rebuilding CPU covers. The rebuilt covers

A Report On The Engineering Of Technology And Science
Ramya Eluri, ramyaeluri93@yahoo.com Sarada Institute of Technology and Science– Khammam
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University– Hyderabad
Statement of purpose
My engineering education challenged me to reach for the stars. And one day
I found myself standing on the moon...
Gene Cernan, Commander, Apollo XVII
From my early childhood I am interested to study in an environment that encourages creativity and fosters innovation. This juvenile attraction slowly
metamorphosed into a more mature respect for the subject of physics (mostly integrated circuits, digital signal processing, and electromagnetism).
Physics helped me to acquire physical intuition and visualization. Being very passionate about Electronic products from my childhood, I have ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Apart from my gamut of knowledge in the field of Electronics I am good at software skills – Verilog HDL, Embedded C, Xilinx, Keil, AutoCAD 2004
etc. My endeavor is to be best in my field. Towards achieving the same goal, I had done mini projects like pc encryption and decryption to make the
communication more secure also my self–driven enthusiasm made me to craft some working models of FM receiver/transmitter, and my efforts were
appreciated and gave me immense confidence to do something significant. Due to my growing interest on hardware concepts and software
programming skills, I chose the area of Embedded
Systems for my undergraduate project work .I worked on a real time project titled
"FINGER PRINTING BASED ATTENDENCE SYSTEM– A Real Time
Embedded System". This technology uses the recent developments used in the security (access) system. This system provides a high level security
using both the technologies combined at a single place. This security system is highly reliable and the durability of the system is high. This security
system uses concepts of embedded systems. As knowledge is a sea and I believe that what has been discovered is only a mugful. I would like to
acquaint myself with as much as possible of this mugful and make my own drop of contribution. It is needless to mention that the United States is the
world leader in this field and your academic institutions are

Low-Voltage Current-Tmode Realization of Digital Logic...
Low–Voltage Current–Mode Realization of Digital Logic Gates using CMOS
In this paper a new technique is introduced for implementing the basic logic function by using analog current–mode techniques. By expanding the logic
function in power series expression, and using adder and sub–tractor realization of the basic logic function is simplified. To illustrate the proposed
technique, a CMOS circuit for simultaneous realization of the logic function NOT, AND, OR, NAND and XOR is considered. PSPICE simulation
results, obtained with В±2V supply, are included.
Key Word: Current Mirror; CMOS analog multiplier; Current mode; Translinear principle; Digital logic circuits;
INTRODUCTION
The current–mode implementation of logic gates is a very ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In an attempt to answer this question, the translinear principle (Gilbert, 1990) has been used to realize a digital inverter circuit (Kemp, 1983, 1984) a
bistable element (Seevinck, 1978) and NOT/OR/NAND/XOR functions (M., 2003) . All the realizations of logic gates in current mode reported in
references (Kemp, 1983, 1984; Seevinck, 1978; M., 2003) use bipolar technology.
In this paper, we present such an approach, a low–Voltage CMOS analog digital circuit in current–mode where it works with a supply voltage of
VDD=–VSS=2V. The circuit is based on the four–quadrant CMOS analog multiplier (Ali et al., 2009).
POWER SERIES REPRESENTATION OF LOGIC FUNCTIONS
Using their truth tables, it is easy to show that the input–output relations of the basic digital logic function can be expressed as (Enab and Zaki, 1993):
Z= 1– Ix (1)
for the NOT operation,
Z= Ix*Iy (2)
for the AND operation,

Z= Ix + Iy – Ix*Iy (3)
for the OR operation,
Z= 1– Ix*Iy (4) for the NAND operation, and
Z= Ix + Iy – 2Ix*Iy(5)
for the XOR operation.
In equations

United Academy For Science, Technology And Maritime Transport
Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport College of Engineering and Technology Electronics and Communication Project:
Variable–Gain, Hi/Lo Response Audio Preamplifier Presented By: Mohamad Tarek El–Mistikawy 13107371 Amany Ayman Abdalla 13104214
Supervised By: Dr.Hanady Hussein Eng. Mostafa Guda Eng. Marwa Said ACKNOWLEDGMENT This project would not have been completed
before the deadline without the help of many individuals and our respected professors. We would like to thank them all from the bottom of our hearts.
We are grateful to our professor Dr. Hanady Hussein, whom enlightened us with all the information regarding amplifiers, in addition to supplying us
with examples that extended our understanding of the topic, and Dr. Saleh Eissa for his guidance and constant support throughout the previous
course. Also, we would like to extend our appreciation to our beloved teaching assistants Eng. Mostafa Gouda and Eng. Marwa Said for providing all
the necessary information regarding the topic and for their marvelous support in completing the task at hand. In addition, we would also like to express
our gratitude towards our parents and our amazing colleagues for their kind co–operation, tremendous support and encouragement throughout the
whole project which helped us in the completion of it. Finally, we would like to express our special gratitude and thanks to the laboratory technicians
and assistants for voluntarily allowing us to work in the lab

Statement Of Instrumentation Technology
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
The thirst for knowledge and the urge to make the world a better place to live is pushing mankind deeper into the unknown realms of technology and
science. There is a paradigm shift in health care that has resulted in a need to integrate information, technology and health care. This revolution has
brought about a wave of transformation in the way technology has influenced the health care sector. Electronics with its wide gamut of sub–disciplines
and extensive scope has enthralled me take up engineering. The theory courses like Microelectronics, VLSI, Biomedical Instrumentation along with
practical and seminar sessions during my undergraduate course in Instrumentation Technology at RV College of Engineering, ranked among the Top 20
Engineering Colleges in India, provided a highly stimulating academic environment along with world class faculty and facilities which helped me build
a solid foundation in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I was exposed to design of cutting–edge products which had to perform accurately under extreme field conditions. Here I was given an opportunity to
integrate various sensors and programming PLC's for a conveyor belt assembly.
There was an instance when my father had severe Hyperglycemia, which required constant monitoring by medical personnel and also required
administration of insulin at regular intervals. It was during this time I conceived the idea of automating the patient monitoring and infusion systems.
Having had the theoretical insights of subjects like microelectronics, biomedical instrumentation and micro–controllers, I was successful in
implementing a prototype which could control the rate of infusion on account of body temperature. This also ensured that I fulfilled the curriculum

Technology In VLSI Technology
Abstract– Advancement in the VLSI technology leads to the reduction in chip size and increase in chip density. As the chip density increases the
overall power consumption and the complexity also increases. As the performance of any system is measured mainly on power consumption, it is
recommended to use low power VLSI Design techniques. In this paper, we would discuss the GDI logic and its application in the modeling of
adders for Vedic Multiplier design. Adders are of prime importance, the design of reliable and efficient adder for a VLSI based embedded application
matters. This paper primarily deals with the design of Ripple Carry Adder, Kogge Stone Adder, and Brent Kung Adder using CMOS and GDI logic.
Urdhava Triyagbhayam sutra is used... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
II. GDI LOGIC Gate Diffusion Input (GDI) logic is a low power Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) design technique which was introduced as an
alternative to CMOS logic design. This technique is a two transistor implementation of complex logic functions; Logic functions can be designed
with fewer gates. GDI provides in cell swing restoration when operated in certain conditions and use of restoration buffers. Digital circuits
designed using GDI logic will have less power consumption occupy a minimum area, gate count and delay in the circuit is reduced. Because of
fewer gates, there is less design complexity.GDI cell is as shown in the below figure 2.1 GDI cell looks similar to the CMOS inverter but the major
difference is that the GDI cell has one PMOS and NMOS transistors connected in cascade resulting in three input terminals N, P, G. where N is the
input terminal of NMOS, P is input to the PMOS and G is connected to the common gate of NMOS and PMOS. These terminals could be given a
supply VDD or Grounded or input signal depending on the circuit design. In conventional CMOS inverter circuit, the PMOS and NMOS diffusion
inputs are always either VDD or Ground Figure –2.1 Basic logic functions of GDI cell are as shown in the table below. Using which basic logic gates
can be designed and implemented for the design of higher digital circuits like half adders, full adder, Ripple Carry Adder, Black cell, propagation and

High Demand For Computer Chips
Computer chips are widely used today in computers, phones, tablets, and other electronics. The high demand for computer chips requires a
manufacturing process that is accurate as well as efficient. In the past, chips have been manufactured out of many different materials including copper
oxide and germanium. Today, computer chips are manufactured usingsilicon due to its versatility as a semiconductor and how readily available it is in
the environment. This paper includes how silicon became an important semiconductor, a brief history on the process of integrated chip manufacturing,
an analysis of the shrinking of manufacturing process, and newer methods of three dimensional lithography. Silicon and germanium are used as
semiconductors ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Different combinations of n and p–type doping are used to create electronic components such as transistors, capacitors, and diodes. Silicon became the
top semiconductor in the 1960s due to the oxide layer it forms, its ability to perform at higher temperatures, and its availability in nature. When
exposed to air, silicon forms a silicon dioxide layer on its surface that serves as an excellent insulator allowing for small interference between
different components. Compared to germanium, silicon is able to perform at higher temperatures which becomes important when there are several
different components on a chip operating and generating heat. Silicon is also readily available in nature, as it is a main component in sand whereas
germanium is difficult to extract in large quantities making it more expensive. Computer processors and graphics processors have become
increasingly advanced over the past 15 years, and require a process that is able to lay billions of transistors in a short amount of time. This process
starts out with a silicon wafer, which is made from sand that it is melted down and extruded into a cylinder of perfect silicon lattices. This cylinder is
cut into several eighteen inch diameter disks that are close to one millimeter thick. The silicon wafer is then annealed to remove the internal stresses of
the lattice and then an

Cpu Is The Best For Your Requirements
The History of CPU's
CPU's have come a long way over the past years. They have developed special features to become more reliable, and faster. Normally we think of the
CPU as the brains of the computer, and that's true, but they are also much more than that. They provide the computer with the ability to perform many
special tasks, and contain many special features. They can range from very high end processors, to those who are lower end without all of the speed
and features. When choosing a CPU, it is always important to do research to determine which CPU is the best for your requirements. Without a CPU, the
computer would not be able to function.
History of CPU's
The first computer was the ENIAC, and it was a monstrous computer. It was the size of a whole room, and was very complicated. It contained over
17,000 vacuum tubes, it consumed over 150 kilowatts of power, and it also weighed as much as fifteen large cars. The ENIAC used punch cards to
store data. There was no sound output, video output, or long term memory. Even though this computer was huge and ugly, it was still extremely
advanced for its time. This computer was the thing that sparked the idea of a Central Processing Unit.
The first CPU ever created was the Intel 4004. It was introduced on November 15, 1971. It was created after Intel's Ted Hoff discovered that the new
technology of silicon–gated MOS could possibly create a single–chip CPU. Frederico Faggin, Ted Hoff, and Stanley Mazor worked together to create

History of the Development of Computers Essay
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS
As we are stepping towards the era of 2020, man have consistently been innovative and creative in developing and improving technology for various
sectors to make the world a better place for us to live in. If we look closely today, the development of IT and Computer sector and its application have
greatly influenced various other sectors like telecommunication, transport, agriculture, labour, finance, etc to be more efficient and effective at their
work.
Computers have created a drastic impact in our lives. In fact we are so dependent on computers that life without computers will certainly be incomplete.
In current times most of us own computer gadgets like Private Computer Dekstops Notebooks, Tabloids, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was designed to be used to perform basic arithmetic operations. Every computer supports some form of input, processing as well as output. In a
modern computer, these processing is done electronically hence enabling a vastly greater number of calculation to be performed in lesser time. Binary
codes which are representations of numerical numbers were used to process images, sounds, text and graphic. In digital computers, there are ones and
zeros that represents the electrical on and off states and endless combinations of those to process any input.
Moving on, the development of computer can be assessed from two perspectives. One perspective would be the invention of hardware components
over time like vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits and microprocessors that can be referred to as a generation of change. In the other hand,
another perspective would be how user friendly were the computers over a period of time. In the 1950s the computers were almost impossible to use
except by very patient geniuses. Next in the 1960s and 1970s, it could only be programmable by highly trained people. Lastly, from the 1980s till
present time the computers are now smaller cheaper and useable by just about anyone.
From the hardware development perspective, the first generation of computer was the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC). These
first electronic computers used vacuum tubes. They were huge and complex,

Statement Of Purpose For A Robot
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
"Motion Engaged", as it displayed, the robot turned around and moved towards the fourteen year old, whose fathomless curiosity waited for answers to
a thousand questions regarding the mysterious object. Just one thought kept coming back to me – which one of them was a miracle, the components
that made the robot alive, or the man who knew exactly what to do with them. Both, I finally concluded. If god has blessed us with semiconductors, it
is man, who in his conquest for progress has discovered in these materials the means of putting his dreams to shape.
My interest in VLSI is deep rooted. Even before I began studying it as a "Science" I remember reading about the gadgets in magazines. From the
invention of the first silicon transistor to the microchip invented by Texas Instruments, from the first vacuum tubes and integrated circuits, to the Intel
microprocessor and the present day C.P.U.– every event has been a milestone which I have not only read about but also savoured for how it has ...
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It was the time to water the seeds of VLSI that were sown earlier. In 2010, I completed my schooling from Ahlcon International School, Delhi. This
marked the culmination of a 12–year period of brilliant schooling and I must admit that much of what I have gone on to do and achieve is the result
of those years. In August 2011, I enrolled for a 4–year Bachelor's Program at Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida and opted for
Electronics and Communication as my Major. I have spent the past few years in an atmosphere of proactive and vibrant academics. Amidst students
drawn from every corner of India and a faculty of highly qualified and widely travelled mentors, I have flowered. I remember my teacher, Professor
Satyendra Kumar, walk into the first class of Basic Electronic Devices and Circuits and write on the board "The Next Big Thing Is Really Small."
And I knew I was in the right

Sop Statement Of Purpose For Electrical Engineering
ACADEMIC STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
M.S. in Electrical Engineering, Fall 2016 In 1965, Gordon Moore, the co–founder of Intel, predicted that the number of transistors on an integrated
circuit will double every two years. Today the electronics industry is at a critical junction where Moore's law may be slowing down due to scaling
limitations. Engineering innovation is required to fuel the next generation of computing from smart watches to virtual reality headsets. It is this
engineering challenge that compels me to apply for University of Michigan's Master's program in Electrical and Computer Engineering. My journey in
the field of electronics began when I joined Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology (NSIT, Delhi University) as an undergraduate in the Electronics &
Communication Engineering (ECE) division. Keen to have a strong engineering base, I focused on foundational courses such as Semiconductor
Physics, Digital Circuit Design & Computer Architecture. My budding interest in the field ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Given my interests, I look forward to work on research work pertaining to Integrated Verification and Built–In Self–Test being done under the
supervision of Prof. Peng Li. Also, research work in the field of Low Power Design and Clocking in VLSI Design carried out in Professor Sunil
Khatri's VLSI circuits and CAD Laboratory, perfectly aligns with my research interests. These research fields are immensely important to the
semiconductor industry as the present day promise of miniaturization is hampered by its economic constraints. The world needs state of the art
research in VLSI and related fields to drive the next generation of computing. I envision my graduate studies to focus on similar high impact projects. I
am confident with Texas A&M's advanced coursework and research opportunities I will be able to leave my mark in the semiconductor

WhatВґs Intellectual Propterty? Essay
Intellectual Property (IP) refers to the fabrication of human minds which perceive to be recognised for exclusive rights. Pioneers, maestros and
sole–proprietors are granted exclusive rights to a collection of intangible assets for a specified period.
There are various types of IP laws. In Singapore, they are protected by trademarks, copyrights, patent, geographical indications, registered designs, plant
varieties protection, layout–design of integrated circuits and miscellaneous amendments.
Even though intellectual property is an intangible asset to a company, they give business partners and financial institutions the assurance to partner with
and add capital with the chosen organisation, making them as valuable as a tangible asset. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lastly, the invention must be useful and have some form of practical application. It should be capable of being made or used in some form of industry.
However, if the invention of a method for the treatment of the human or animal body by surgery or therapy, or of a diagnosis practised on the human
or animal body, or an invention that could propagates offensive, immoral or anti–social behaviour, even if it satisfies the key criteria for patents it is
still not a patentable invention. Trademark is a distinct symbol of sign that you can use to separate your businesses or services from those of other
businesses. This helps to protect businesses by inhibiting other businesses from using its name or logo.
A design refers to the details of a shape, configuration, pattern or ornament carried out to an article by any industrial procedure.
Registering a designs will primarily help you to protect your designs for industrial use. By registering a design, you obtain a right to proprietorship
and the right to prevent others from using the design without your permission. You can make use of your design in many ways. You may use it to
save guard your market share by barring copying by others, license it to third parties for commercial returns or sell the design for a sum of money.
To be eligible for registered design, it must satisfy two criteria in general. Firstly, the

Applications Of Low Power Integrated Intelligent Sensors
Applications of low power integrated intelligent sensors [1–5] has been prolific in recent years, for instance in environmental observation [8–10],
security surveillance [11] and infrastructure communication [12], and biomedical and healthcare monitoring [6, 7]. In particular, as the baby
boomers enter retirement, medical cost becomes significant. For example, in 2014, health care accounted for 20% of federal spending in the U.S.
[]. A major problem in current healthcare systems is that sensing and processing medical data require significant resources. In order to alleviate this
problem, wearable medical devices are expected to provide automatic monitoring and processing of physiology signals, and more importantly,
identifying abnormal signals and contact medical systems for help if necessary, as shown in Fig. 1. Although such sensors usually have wireless data
communication capability through body area network, due to limited battery power supply, sending raw sensed data is usually not an option. This is
because that in a wireless sensor, usually radio communication power is much higher than signal processing power []. Thus, it is expected that the
sensors are capable of providing preprocessing of raw data based on DSP algorithms and just sending the processed results. Such sensors are called
"intelligent sensors" []. Besides the capability of signal processing and wireless communication, low power, high accuracy, high reliability, and small
footprint are also listed as

How Technology Has Broadened The Spectrum Of Applications
4.EMERGING DEVICES
The continuous scaling of CMOS technology has broadened the spectrum of applications. Complex architectures can be now realized on a single chip.
The integration of existing and new technologies with CMOS extends the scope of implementation.
Figure 3 : Relationship among More Moore, More–than–Moore, and Beyond CMOS
4.1More than Moore
The functional diversification of the semiconductor based devices by non–digital components is More than Moore implementation. These non–digital
functionalities may not scale at the same rate as the digital components. The non–digital components are capable of interacting with outside world
through sensors and actuators. This integration of functions like analog and mixed signal processing, addition of passive, power components and bio
chips increases the range of applications such as communications, automotive, biomedical and security. As integration grows so does the challenges, it
demands the need for multidisciplinary research programs to run in pace with growing scientific fields.
4.2More Moore
The expansion of the CMOS by conventional dimensional scaling to reduce the cost per function and improved performance is More Moore. This
also comes with resource scarcity such as power availability and reduced flexibility in interconnects. Power dissipation becomes a critical problem in
such devices due to large logic circuits. Since the battery capacity has not improved much but the amount of logic in SoC almost doubles

COMPUTERS have great importance in the world today. Since...
COMPUTERS have great importance in the world today. Since the beginning (first generation), computer was invented mainly to help human to
process complex computational/calculation. Type or classes of computer are also becoming more specific especially referring to its function, such as
mobile phones, multimedia player, video games, control system. They can also considered as computer because of its function. Any device capable of
processing information to produce a desire result can be considered as computer. No matter how large or small they are, computers typically perform
their work in three well–defined steps: (1) accepting input, (2) processing the input according to predefined rules (programs), and (3) producing output.
There are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The processor was a separate component with just a memory bus interface, and all peripherals were attached to this bus. As integration levels increase,
more and more logic is added to the processor die, creating families of application–specific service processors. The term system on chip (SOC) is often
used to describe these highly integrated processors. These SOCs include much of the logic and interfaces that are required for a range of specific
target applications. The silicon vendors that develop these SOC devices often create families of SOCs all using the same processor core, but with a
wide range of integrated capabilities or integrated devices such as general purpose input/output pins, network interfaces such as Ethernet, USB, PCIe,
serial ports, I2C (Inter–Integrated Circuit), expansion parallel buses, DSP and integrated display controllers. Many of these devices interface to
nonvolatile storage such as NOR Flash via Serial Peripheral Interconnect (SPI), and native bus interface types. As a general rule, these integrated items
are predominantly digital logic elements. Because we need to add analog capabilities, features such as flash memory and digital/analog converters are
common, but these capabilities require special features of the silicon manufacturing process.
There are several main advantages of an SoC. First, SoC is slightly larger than a CPU,

The First Programmable Computer Ever Created
The first programmable computer ever created, ENIAC made in 1946 sparked a promising advancement in technology. Each passing generation brought
a new groundbreaking advancement in computer technology. And with each advancement, the previous generation quickly became obsolete. A
computer made in 1985 would almost certainly be inferior to a computer made the next year. But a computer made in 2010 can still be widely used and
integrated into 2016 computing. This leads me to believe that improvements in computers are slowing down and furthermore, that computer technology
is plateauing.
Arguably the most important creation would be the integrated circuit which allowed cpus and the circuit board to pack more power into a smaller
design. But after this technology was created, there was a noticeable lack of any more groundbreaking advancements. "Each technology generation
alters circuit physics and requires new computer aided design software."(Markov). Markov makes a good point here. He says that for every stone we
pass in technology, circuit physics advances or changes and we must account for it. When this happens, we must also change the means in which we
manufacture, typically with computer–design software. Take for example when the integrated circuit was created, we could not use obsolete
technology in our chips and electronics, Small scale integration (SSI) of the integrated circuit began in 1964, seeing their first use in early aerospace
projects. The next level of

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of 3d Printing
Abstract–This paper discusses the upcoming trend of 3 –dimensional printing in the field of electronics. The use of 3–D printing technology has
resulted in rapid fabrication of circuits with accurate component placement and electrical interconnection. More sophisticated 3–D printing technology
can be used to manufacture parts with direct end use application resulting in easy replacement rapidly.3–Dimensional printing if employed could reduce
the development time of prototypes of complex electronic components. Keywords–3D printing,additive manufacturing, INTRODUCTION Electronics
like every other field of science follows the principle of "change is inevitable ".This motto has resulted in emerging trends in this field. Few emerging
trends like Internet of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
6.Rows of 3D printers in factory floors. 4.1. Advantages of 3–D printing over Normal Printing. Ability to customize products: With the desired raw
material, a 3D printer, and the required blueprint, one can "manufacture" any object one wants, with the specifications and design of one's choice.
Rapid production of prototypes: 3D printing enables quick production of prototypes or small–scale versions of the real object. The printing of some
products can be done within minutes. This helps researchers and engineers plan the actual object and catch any design flaws that may affect quality
and functionality. Low cost of production: Although the initial cost of setting up a 3D printing facility may be high, the cost of the 3D printer is
remunerated through the overall savings in the form of labour costs and time saved. Equal effort for small–scale and mass manufacturing ensures that
the cost of production is relatively low. No storage cost: Since 3D printers can "print" products as and when needed, there is no expense on storage
of goods is required. Also models for printing can be made using computer aided modeling (CAD) and there is no storage required for the models as

Nano Computer : A Nanotechnology
Nano Computer – A Nanotechnology in Computer Architecture Aayush Gupta Abstract
–According to Moore's Law, the number of transistors per
square inch on integrated circuit will double every year. So far it is possible, but due to difficulties like power consumption its pace get slow down.
To let the Moore's law, we need a new logical step: that is, to use microelectronics in nanotechnology or Nano Computers. Currently, Nanotechnology
is a huge area for study and research. Its wide scope makes it a good topic for research. It is included in several fields like physics, engineering,
chemistry, biology and computer science. The main moto of this paper is to give brief about Nano Computer and its architecture. Index Terms– Nano
computer, Nano computer Architecture, Computer Architecture, Nano electronic technology, device scaling. I.INTRODUCTION From a Long time,
scientists are researched to manufacture a smaller, reliable and a faster computer. Computer architecture growth has been stabilized after 2003 mainly
due to the difficulty in power consumption. The ability to shrink size of transistors will soon be in its limit and so there will be a need of something
which can overcome this problem. Recent growth in the field of Nanotechnology encourage to use it on Computer electronics. The objective of
creating smaller and faster computers can be achieved by using it. It can help in creating devices used in creating smaller and faster computers. The
third and fourth

Moore 's Law : Law
Moore 's Law What is Moore 's Law? I began my research journey trying to figure out what it means and why it is important to me. I pondered this
for some time before beginning my research on Moore's Law. I wasn't exactly sure even where to begin but the more I found out about Moore's Law
the more I became even more interested. Gordon Moore set me on this exploration ahead.
Gordon Moore said the following that was taken as Moore's Law: "The complexity for minimum component costs has increased at a rate of roughly
a factor of two per year" (see graph on next page). Certainly over the short term, this rate can be expected to continue, if not to increase. Over the
longer term, the rate of increase is a bit more uncertain, although there is no reason to believe it will not remain nearly constant for at least 10 years.
That means by 1975, "the number of components per integrated circuit for minimum cost will be 65,000." (Moore, 1965) The co–founder of Intel,
Gordon Moore, in 1965 noticed that every year the amount of transistors that could be placed on every square inch of integrated circuits had doubled
since their inception in 1959. Moore predicted that the growth would continue for ten years with doubling the amount of transistors on the board every
year. Over time the process continued, but the time it took was larger than Moore had predicted. In 1975, he adjusted his prediction to double within
two years. Scientific American states, "It is a prediction that the

Light Fidelity (Li-Fi)
INTRODUCTION For years, infrared LED has been merely a system for piping light around corners and into the inaccessible places to allow the
hidden to be lighted. But now, infrared LED has evolved into a system of significantly greater importance and use. Throughout the world, it is now
being used to transmit voice, television and data signals as light waves. Its advantages as compared with conventional coaxial cable or twisted wire
pairs are manifold. As a result, millions of dollars are being spent to put these light wave communication systems into operation. One of the most
interesting developments in recent years in the field of telecommunication is the use of laser light to carry information over large distances. It has been
proved in... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
RECEIVER SECTION:– This section is worked as a Flip–flop (Bistable). IC–3 is decade counter, its Pin No.14 is input and Pin No. 2 output. The
output of frequency detector stage is used, via a flip–flop, to switch 'ON' or switch 'OFF' a LED alternately. The receiver uses infrared modules
IR–signal from the transmitter is sensed by the sensor through and its output PIN 1 goes low and switched LED. IC–3 is worked on clock pulse which
receives to infrared modules at Pin No. 14. Its output at Pin No 2 throughes high. The output of IC–2 is also used for lighting LED–1 indicating
presence of signal. When no signal is available output of sensor module goes high and transistor LED is switched 'OFF'. When another signal arrives,
LED is switched 'ON' and through clock pulse at Pin No. 14 of IC–3. This makes the LED to switch 'ON' the appliance at first pulse and 'OFF' the
appliance at its Second pulse arrived at its sensor. Transmitter circuits works satisfactorily with 6–9V DC. Battery but receiver circuits needs 6V
regulated supply. The CAMD CM8870/70C provides full DTMF receiver capability by integrating both the band–split filter and digital decoder
functions into a single 18–pin DIP, SOIC,or 20–pin PLCC package. The CM8870/70C is manufactured using state–of–the–art CMOS process
technology for low power consumption (35mW, MAX) and precise data handling. The filter section uses a switched capacitor technique for both high
and low group filters and dial tone rejection. The

Universal Motors Aquires
SCMA 311
SPECIAL TOPICS IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
SYNDICATE ASSIGNMENT
DUE DATE: 14th SEPTEMBER 2012
Assignment Brief
In your study syndicates, you are expected to read, analyse and interpret the key underlying issues of the following case–study titled "The Universal
Motor Company Acquires Semiconductors". Six (6) questions have to be answered and these questions can be found at the end of the case study.
Your answers to the questions must relate to the issues in the case, however you are expected to support your responses with appropriate and relevant
literature from the prescribed text: Monczka et al, 2009. You may also reference internet... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It seemed likely that this growth would be replicated by the entire auto industry. However, this growth did not increase the market position of the auto
industry, as the semiconductor industry was growing faster than the automotive industry market component. Based on these observations, it became
clear that something had to change. The 1980 semiconductor supply situation was intolerable. Of equal or greater concern, projected growth in
electronics requirements appeared to be unsupportable.
Forward Planning In 1980, the concept of forward planning, business planning, or strategic planning was not commonly associated with the supply
function. Supply management was most often thought of as a reactive function organized to support manufacturing. Marketing, on the other hand, was
more often thought of as the proactive organization focused on the future of the firm. The failure of management to recognize the strategic and
futuristic implementation of supply management limited innovative actions when dealing with a firm's supply world. The 1980 situation demanded
new thinking and a new approach to the acquisition of semiconductors. The supply managers involved had little choice, given the circumstances.
Supply had no experience with strategic planning. There were no guidelines to follow. The responsible supply managers started with a clean piece of
paper, a mission, and a

The Development Of Computer Development
THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER FROM 1980 TO 2014
The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of figuring out/ calculating devices. A generation
refers to the state of improvement in the product development process. This term is also used in the different advancements of new computer
technology. With each new generation, the circuitry has gotten smaller and more advanced than the previous generation before it. As a result of the
making something much smaller, speed, power, and computer memory have proportionally increased. New discoveries are constantly being developed
that affect the way we live, work and play. Each generation of computers is seen as the major technological development that basically changed the
way computers operate, resulting in more and more smaller, cheaper, powerful, efficient and reliable devices
As for now, there are four generations of computer which is first generation, second generation, third generation, and fourth generation. The first
generation begins from year 1940 to 1956 using vacuum tube. For the second generation was from year 1956 to 1963 using transistor. Later integrated
circuit was produced in the year 1965 to 1971. By the year 1971 until present the microprocessors is being used.
Microprocessor is a miniature electronic device that contains math, logic and control circuitry needed to function as a digital computers CPU.
Microprocessors are integrated circuits (Ic) that can understand

Electrical Engineering And The Field Of Engineering
Electrical Engineering is a well–respected and growing field of engineering that centers on the practical application of electricity, electromagnetism and
electronics. The field is of considerable necessity to modern life and infrastructure, having applications in many diverse branches of modern life. Some
of these include telecommunications, energy and power distribution, transportation, manufacturing and consumer electronics. In this report we will go
over the education and coursework requirements, fields of the industry, the work environment, salary, tools of the trade, and professional organizations
of electrical engineers. According to Frederick Terman;Electrical Engineering as a discipline first appeared in the United States during the early
1880's as classes in physics and energy flows intended to prepare students to enter the new and fast growing electrical manufacture industry. As the
industry grew, EE education followed. Within ten years the discipline made a place for itself along the more classicalengineering departments. An
example of the industry's adaptability to change would be the industry before and after the First World War. Before WWI, work in the industry was
concentrated primarily on the distribution of power, building electric infrastructure using the properties of AC and DC circuits. Also before WWI,
many students did not opt to take on graduate work. Instead, students typically would obtain a Bachelor's of Science and learn practical skills in

How Technology Has Changed Today 's Society
Introduction In today's society, the computers we have now compared to the ones in the past, vary greatly. Back then, we could not do the many things
that we could today with our technology. Our technology has grown tremendously throughout the years and with this technology, we have been able to
accomplish a vast amount of things. With this exponential rate of our technology, it opens many opportunities for us. Also, it could possibly open up
to the 'Singularity'. In that case, there will be many outcomes of the singularity. Background Before the history of computers actually got started, the
word 'computer' was being used around the 1700's. It was defined as a human who was able to perform multiple calculations. The history of
computers dates back to the 1820's. A man by the name of Charles Babbage began developing a 'Difference Engine'. The difference engine was a
machine that was able to count multiple sets of numbers. In 1937 J.V. Atanasoff does an experiment in which he tries to create the first computer
without gears, cams, belts or shafts. Four years later, Atanasoff, with the help of his graduate student Clifford Berry, they are able create a computer
that is able to store and maintain information. This is the first digital computer. From this point on, many people help join in on the history of the
computer. In 1947/1948, the transistor was created. The transistor had a great impact and influenced the way of computers. John Bardeen, Walter
Brattain and William

Advantages And Components Of Avago
C.Features & Advantages
Some of the key features of these components are ultra–small size, low insertion loss and high rejection. These components also ensure reliability in
high power and temperature conditions. Advantages of these components are listed below:
1.The used of copper bumps dissipates heat better than traditional interconnects. This ensures less thermal radiations from the device.
2.The wafer level packaging ensures mechanical protection for the filters enhancing interference reducing.
3.The dual output power mode enhances the talk time even in portable conditions.
4.Use of FBAR filters (Low Insertion Loss) ensures long battery life and fewer dropped calls.
RF Power amplifier – Skyworks
Power amplifier from Skyworks has been identified with the product number SKY77356 and SKY77802. Avago is one of the leading companies in
PAD. As mentioned in table 1, this... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This figure is due to the inefficiency of power amplifiers. It also affects the performance of the device too. These chips in the smartphone wastes 65
percent of their energy due to their inefficiency [11]. Now a startup which is spinout from MIT, ETA devices say that they have found the design for
high efficiency. If the design works out properly then it would slash half of the power consumption on its implemented base stations.
Generally the power amplifier operated in 2 modes standby and output modes. To increase the efficiency lowest standby mode must be used. But the
sudden jump from standby to output mode might distort the signals. So the technologies stay at high standby level wasting a lot of electricity. This
company now proposes an idea of using a fast electronic gearbox which can choose among different voltages that can be sent to the transistor and they
claim it is capable of doing 20 million times per second. This technology is called as "Asymmetric Multilevel out phasing"

Moore's Law Essay
Zhichun Yao (zy328)
CS 101–D
Brian L Stuart
10/19/2016
Report on Moore's Law
Moore's Law was first predicted in 1965 and hence adjusted in 1975 by Gordon Moore; and, it was popularized by Carver Mead after the adjustment
in 1975. In Moore's first law, it state a hypothesis that that the number of transistor in a dense integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years.
The Moore's second law express which can be described as the economic side of Moore's Law expresses that the cost of production of
semiconductor fab would increase at a steady rate. In brief, both of the Moore's Laws express the idea that the transistors in the integrated circuit will
be doubled every two years while the cost of the production will be halved at the same rate of doubling.
The Moore's Law was not such accurate from 1965 to 1975. At that time, the time for doubling is about 12 months when the hypothesis was first in
1965. However, it decreased to about 18–24 months in the last ten years.Therefore, many people thought the hypothesis was wrong. Even after the
adjustment of Moore's law, the questions still exist. Many people believed that development of transistors would meet a physical limit leading to the
end of Moore's law. However this time, the fact prove that they were wrong. In that following 30 years, the Moore's Law was very accurate. As the
following diagram shows, the transistors in circuit was about 2300 in early 1970s. Then it increased to 29000 in the later 70s. Hence, the

How Did Bob Noyce Work At GE Unionized?
You know, a lot of us came from the East Coast and worked in conventional companies. You know, Bob Noyce worked at Philco
–very unionized. I
worked at GE–heavily unionized. We had experience in those environments where there was a restriction on your ability to be flexible. I worked for
a short time in the steam power plant of GE, a steam turbine plant rather, of GE, and the chief shop steward could walk in and turn the main power off
and just shut the whole place down and go into discussions. I mean it was an entirely different environment. Now, can you imagine somebody turning
the power off in a semiconductor wafer fab facility? ...
The problem, really, was that the bulk of our product was going into the military, and to a much lesser extent to computer business. But there was this
vast consumer market ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They even grew their own silicon that they used to make the wafers. There were at least 400 mechanical and electrical design engineers on board
designing not only product–integrated circuits–but the equipment to make the product, such as mask aligners, diffusing furnaces, all the assembly
equipment and the product testers. This group was always inventing new and better equipment... It wasn't long before we heard that some of these
designers were going out to start their own [integrated circuit] equipment business... It was strange to suddenly start buying equipment outside the
company from people we used to work with inside, but their equipment was better. Also, this was the beginning of Silicon Valley that we all know
about.
With all the new company start–ups happening, Milt Meyers and I were constantly getting calls from venture capital firms and the new company
founders to run their "would be" production process. We knew a lot of the founders because they either worked at Fairchild or were related somehow
to some of the Fairchild

Design Automation Of Integrated Circuits And Fpga
ECE 501 Home Work Assignment Instructor: Eric J. Balster. Student: Modukuri Sri Harsha
INTRODUCTION:
VHDL – VHSIC HARDWARE DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE is a hardware description language used in design automation to describe signals in
integrated circuits and FPGA's. This is used to write codes for the circuits and it is simulated. The test for the codes is done in the ALTERA. The
Simulation models are called as test bench. This Test bench is to verify the functionality of the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this we create a binary file that can program the DE2 board FPGA. Connect the power to board and board to laptop through USB Blaster port. Here
we finally test the design on FPGA.
Types of Execution: Here in this VHDL coding there are two types of executions that are used in it. Dataflow type and Behavioral type. The Dataflow
is executed using the Boolean expressions and the signals that are given as inputs and outputs. In Behavioral type processing of signals takes place
inside the statement. In this signals are simulated in sequential order.
Designs: For F3: 00011110
1
1
1
1111 11
00 01 11 10
From the above table we have 1 quad label and 4 pairs,
On solving the above K–Map we get an Boolean equation for the input A,B,C,D is given by F3: B'C+A'B'D'+BC'D+A'BD+ACD'

For F2: 00011110
1
1
1
11
1
1
1
1
00 01 11
10
From the above table we have 1 quad label and 1 pair and 4 singles,
On solving the above K–Map we get a Boolean

A Summary On Intel
Known as Intel Corporation (Intel) is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California. Intel's revenue base is
one of the world's largest and most valuable semiconductor chip makers. Intel chipsets also the motherboard, network interface controllers and
integrated circuits, flash memory, graphic chips, embedded processors and other devices related to communications and computing it. Semiconductor
pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore established it on July 18, 1968, and widely associated with the executive leadership and vision of Andrew
Grove, Intel's advanced chip design capability with a leading–edge manufacturing combines capacity.
Intel, in 1981, While the majority of this business represents Intel's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Apple has become public knowledge CEO Steve Jobs announced that the company provided by Free–scale in its Macintosh computers (formerly:
Motorola) and IBM would make a transition from PowerPC to Intel microprocessors use, designed and developed by a chief supplier of processors for
most of Apple's competitors.
пѓ SWOT ANALYSIS
1.Strengths
Intel, globally recognized brand name and strong brand loyalty.
Dominant Intel microprocessors for PCs and the pioneer supplier.
It is still dominated by various memory devices.
Intel–based AMD has about 17% of the time revenue.
Intel microprocessor market share is 80%.
Intel is a global technology company and the world's largest semiconductor chip producers.
Of world's 100 most influential brands published by MBO, Intel is listed at number 48 in 2010 standing.
In the 1990s, one of the largest and most successful companies in the world was Intel. For PC business, Intel was a significant and beneficial hardware
provider.
2.Weaknesses

Intel's strategy sometimes used to divide defend its market position against its

Photolithography Essay
Following exposure, a developer solution is utilized to remove regions that have (positive resist) or have not (negative resist) been exposed, leaving
the desired pattern on the sample. At this point, it is possible to deposit a patterned layer of new material on top of the sample, or to etch away
exposed regions of the sample. Both cases are followed by removal of remaining resist, usually through use of 1–Methyl–2–pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent.
Typically, a sample will undergo multiple cycles of photolithographic processing, complex integrated circuits typically require samples to undergo
photolithographic processing up to 50 times throughout the duration of the entire fabrication process. Without photolithographic processing, fabrication
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Micromolding in capillaries (MIMIC) and template–assisted spin–coating are two such methods. Micromolding in capillaries is capable of producing
line or stripe–like patterns in perovskite films.43 When solvated precursors are applied to a substrate with a capillary containing mold on top, the
solutions wick through the mold under the influence of capillary action. Upon removal of solvent(s) and mold, the resulting perovskite film will retain
the straight–line pattern design of the mold. This process results in comb–like features, with regions of patterned perovskite stripes, separated by void
areas where no perovskite is present. Stripes are connected to each other by a section of uniform perovskite film, where no mold was present during
film growth. A relatively straight–forward method for patterning perovskites, MIMIC is largely limited to simple line geometries. Template–assisted
spin coating is a similarly easy patterning technique, and, as such, has limitations in the associated geometries which it can produce. A recent effort
shows the ability to create an inverse–opal (IO) structure in perovskite films through template–assisted spin coating.44 In this procedure, a monolayer
of polystyrene microspheres was placed on top of the substrate during spin–coating of precursor solutions. Following perovskite film growth, the
polystyrene

System Description Of The System
CHAPTER 2
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
2.1.System Functions
The following functions are performed by the system circuit:
1.Signal the microprocessor when any module send data to it.
2.Convert analog inputs.
3.Process the input data.
4.Communicate with the Ethernet module to send and receive data
5.Convert to the data output
6.Send output signal to output modules.
2.2.System Block Diagram Design
Based on the design requirement and specifications, the system block diagram shown on Figure 2.1 is developed. This block diagram defines all the
function to be performed by the system. A modular approach to project design was taken. The system is designed around an Arduino Mega2560 which
is based on an Atmel2560 microprocessor.
In the following section, some of the basic concept of circuit that are used in the system design are explained. Figure 2.1 System Block Diagram
2.3.Microcomputer Organization
A microcomputer is a device that operates on binary information. A typical microcomputer consists of:
1)A Central Processor Unit (CPU)
2)A Memory (RAM and ROM)
3)Input/output (I/O) ports
All these units communicate to each other through a bus structured organization as shown in Figure 2.2.
1)The CPU bring the entire system together. The function implemented by the other elements is under CPU control. Also, all instructions from
memory will be fetched by CPU. Therefor all the binary substances will be decoded and become executive. A typical CPU contain of the following

Design Of An Integrated Circuit
CHAPTER 1
1.INTRODUCTION
1.1Overview
Nowadays it is impossible to imagine any device where microelectronics is not present, from personal computers through home appliances, modern
society relies on the performance of integrated circuits. It is so, that microelectronics advent has opened doors to new horizons where integrated
circuits have played an important role from the very beginning of their creation since the late 1950s, when Jack St. Clair Kilby, a Texas Instruments
Engineer, decided to change the future, conceiving the first integrated circuit, where the components, passive as well as active, were placed over a
piece of semi–conductive material (Germanium piece) that was half the size of a paper clip. The success of this element (called chip due to its small
size) containing a few transistors, resistors, and capacitors, led to the Physics Nobel Prize for its inventor in 2000.
The design of an integrated circuit involves a development plan, where its functional characteristics and performance will define the elaboration of the
logic circuit diagram. Once the diagram is finished, a series of simulations are executed to test the operation of the designed circuit; if no issues are
encountered, a massive production plan is implemented.
This manufacturing process has allowed the miniaturization of most of the devices used daily, translating to lower production costs. The typical
manufacturing process involves the interconnection of the integrated circuit chips to the

Ca3130 Unit 1 Case Study
2.8 CA3130 Op–Amp
CA3130A and CA3130 are op–amp that combine the advantage of both CMOS and bipolar transistors. Gate–protected P–channel MOSFET transistor
are used in the input circuit to provide very high–input impedance, very low input current and exceptional speed performance. The use of P,OS
transistor in the input stage results in common mode input voltage capability down to 0.5V below the negative supply terminal, an important attribute
in single–supply application.
The CA3130 series circuit operates at supply voltage ranging from 5V to 16V. They can be phase compensated with a single external capacitor, and
have terminals for adjustment of offset voltage for application requiring offset null capability
[Figure.2.8]
Controllable output power analysis of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Efficiency increases due to low energy consumption
3. It provide battery backup for about one hour
7.2 Application
1. To reduce cost, size and weight of a power supply
2. CCTV cameras, TV's, monitor, PC's, laptop and camcorder power packs, printers, fax machine, VCRs, portable CD players, microelectronics based
devices in automotive, computing, communication, consumer electronics and industrial applications use SMPS.
Controllable output power analysis of SMPS using PWM technique for DC appliances
Sigma, Matar Page XXXVII
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
Sigma, Matar Page XXXVIII
пѓ Suitable components were selected and tested for desired performance. Functional verification was performed on combined circuit of the selected
components for open loop network both in NI MULTISIM and on NI ELVIS. PWM based feedback network was successfully designed tested and

implemented both in NI MULTISIM and in Hardware using NI ELVIS Suite. The Design and implementation of desired
SMPS circuit was successfully completed.
Sigma,

Brief History of Library Automation: 1930-1996
Brief History of Library Automation: 1930–1996
An automated library is one where a computer system is used to manage one or several of the library's key functions such as acquisitions, serials
control, cataloging, circulation and the public access catalog. When exploring the history of library automation, it is possible to return to past centuries
when visionaries well before the computer age created devices to assist with their book lending systems. Even as far back as 1588, the invention of the
French "Book Wheel" allowed scholars to rotate between books by stepping on a pedal that turned a book table. Another interesting example was the
"Book
Indicator", developed by Albert Cotgreave in 1863. It housed miniature books to
represent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ARPANET, a network established by the Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency in 1969 brought into existence the use of e–mail, telnet and ftp.
By 1980, a sub–net of ARPANET made MELVYL, the University of CaliforniaГ
s on– line public access catalog, available on a national level.
ARPANET, would become the prototype for other networks such as CSNET, BITNET, and EDUCOM. These networks have almost disappeared with
the evolution of ARPANET to NSFNET which has become the present day Internet. During the 1970's the inventions of the integrated computer chip
and storage devices caused the use of minicomputers and microcomputers to grow substantially. The use of commercial systems for searching reference
databases
(such as DIALOG) began. BALLOTS (Bibliographical Automation of Large Library
Operations) in the late 1970's was one of the first and later became the foundation for RLIN (the Research Libraries Information Network). BALLOTS
was designed to integrate closely with the technical processing functions of the library and contained four main files: (1)MARC records from LOC;
(2) an in– process file containing information on items in the processing stage; (3) a catalog data file containing an on–line record for each item; and
(4) a reference file. Further, it contained a wide search retrieval capability with the ability to search on truncated words, keywords, and LC subject
headings, for

Essay on The Three Essential to Materials
A Great Paper.
Knowing Science
To Understand the
Quality of Life
Cody Seaton SCI101 IP 1 Kristina Jantz August 26, 2013
The three essential properties of every material are these:
1. What kind of atom makes up that material? 2. How are the atoms in the material arranged? 3. How are the atoms in the material bonded together?
(Trefil, p. 239)
Atoms make up everything we can see, therefore every material, and atoms have very different properties within themselves, as well as having
different ways of being arranged or of bonding together, all of which affect the physical and chemical properties ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Depending on the material used in the doping, a positive semiconductor (p–type) or a negative semiconductor (n–type) can be made. These types are
charged positively or negatively, and this property can be used in computers. A semiconductor made up of a sandwiched n–type layer between two
p–type layers forms two p to n interfaces, called p–n junctions, and these junctions allow semiconductors known as transistors to act like electrical
switches. This property is just what computers needed, and has been the reason behind the amazing leap in technical capabilities we have seen in the
past few decades in computers (Trefil, p. 243–50). These transistors are then made into extremely complex groupings and systems that number into the
hundreds of thousands, within what is called an integrated circuit. This means that all those various connections making up various electrical circuits
with multitudes of functions are integrated together. The integrated circuit is then put into a component that can be used in a computer, called a
microchip, which houses the integrated circuit. With the minute size of these devices that has been achieved today, the density of microchips has shot
up, making computers more and more complex, as well as faster by utilizing some parallel computing with the integrated circuits operating

simultaneously. These computing devices are found inside your car, making problem

The development of digital integrated circuits is...
The development of digital integrated circuits is challenged by higher power consumption. The combination of higher clock speed, greater functional
integration and smaller process geometries has marked their contribution to significant growth in power density. Scaling improvises the transistor in
65nm and below density and functionality on a chip. It helps to increase speed and frequency operation, hence giving a higher performance. As
voltage scales downward with geometries, threshold voltages must also decrease to gain the performance advantages of the new technology but
leakage technology increases exponentially. Thinner gate oxides have led to an increase in gate leakage current. Today, leakage power has become an
increasingly... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, the dynamic range is degraded by these strict limitations. Upwards, the dynamic range is lowered due to the reduced signal headroom as a result
of reduced supply voltage. Downwards, the dynamic range is limited by larger noise voltages due to curtailed supply currents. The only way to make the
operational amplifier survive the trend towards lower supply voltages without weakening its characteristics, is by developing very efficient
operational amplifier topologies that combine low voltage and low power operation and be as simple as possible to save die area, in its
contemporary sense. In this thesis, we design and analyses different design approach of operational amplifier circuits using power gating technique
and MTCMOS leakage reduction techniques. Both these techniques are very effective for reducing leakage power and group delay, increasing gain
margin in electronic devices. Here, power gating technique is used to reduce leakage power, group delay and increase gain and phase margin.
We reduce the leakage current in stand mode and ground bounce noise in sleep–to–active mode transition. In MTCMOS technique, high VTH devices
are used on non–critical paths to reduce static leakage power without incurring delay penalty. If we reduce the leakage current and delay, ground bounce
noise of circuit will increase circuit reliability. On the other hand, when a power gating technique works in standby mode, the switch transistor is turned
OFF, which disconnects the logic

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Near Threshold Voltage...
Near–Threshold Voltage (NTV) Circuits–Design, Future Opportunities and Challenges пЂ Abstract – Using Moore's law, we will continue to get
abundant transistors which only will be limited by the amount of energy consumed. Energy efficiency can be improved to many orders of magnitude
with the help of Near Threshold Voltage (NTV). There are various Design techniques required for reliable operation on a wide range of input voltage–
from very low to sub threshold region. Coming to the systems designed for NTVs, they can select their modes of operation dynamically from very
high performances, to high efficient energy modes and also to lowest power. Index Terms– Near Threshold Voltage (NTV), sub threshold, Design,
Reliability, energy, efficiency, and
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In case of many core systems where the number of core is large, the cores will exhibit various frequency of operation due to the variations. By
assigning the nearest value of operation to these cores, and due to the law of large numbers , the overall logic output would not be affected. Figure 2:
Frequency assignment in many–core system Sub threshold Leakage: The sub threshold leakage power will mainly have two bad effects. (1)
disproportionately large leakage in power , and (2) higher variability in the leakage of power. Active power reduces cubically, but leakage power
does not, and this is the main reason why, larger share of sub threshold leakage power are with NTV operations except leaving out the
disproportionality. Figure 3: Sub threshold leakage power The total power consumption is very much lower , but there will be substantial leakage
power. At low level logic activity, the active power is low, the leakage power dominates, reducing the NTV effectiveness for energy efficiency. Thus, in
combination with sleep transistors or power gating chips, fine grain power leakage management will be much more important. SRAM AND REGISTER

A High-Voltage Compliant Microelectrode Array Driver for...
2.5
High–voltage switching
A fundamental component of this microelectrode driver is a high–voltage switch and it is necessary to characterize the implemented switch for
different stimulation current levels. An analog CMOS switch can be an n–type or p–type MOSFET which is operated either in cut–off (OFF state) or
ohmic region
(ON state). The switch can be characterized by a fixed linear transconductance, gds , which is strongly signal–dependent and expressed according to Eq.
8 [37] where, Ојn and Ојp are electron and hole mobility respectively in two types of transistors, Cox is the gate–oxide capacitance, W n and W p are
the dimensions of transistors, VDD is the power supply
L
L voltage, and Vin is the input signal. The bulk of NMOS and PMOS transistors are connected to the highest potential, VDD and the lowest potential,
VSS respectively. The limitations are that the maximum voltage an NMOS and the minimum voltage a PMOS can pass are [VDD в€’ Vthn ] and
|Vthp | respectively.
This drawback can be overcome using CMOS transmission gate (TG) which exhibits lower overall transconductance. Another advantage of using TG
based switch is that it passes good '1' (or logic level high) and good '0' (logic level low) without any threshold voltage drop, or in other words, TG gate
switch allows rail–to–rail swings. The transconductance of TG gate switch is expressed by the following equation: The on resistance RsON of the
switch is the reciprocal of its transconductance, gdsON and given by

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