Pathogen And Biological Agent That Causes Disease

Pathogen And Biological Agent That Causes Disease
"There is no such thing as a perfect pathogen." Discuss
A pathogen can be defined as a microorganism or a biological agent that causes disease. Pathogen's sole aim is to replicate and produce progeny to
pass its genes on to; therefore the notion of a perfect pathogen would be an organism that has the capacity to carry out this task. The major classes of
infectious agents are bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungi and even prions (Albert B, 2002) . In order to be considered perfect a pathogen would have to
possess many characteristic such as being highly contagious, rapidly shed, evoking limited immunity, constantly evolving and only moderately virulent,
allowing most of the infect to recover, which means a larger pool of susceptible host (J.Hall, 2012). The host immune system protects us from most
infection. However pathogens must overcome this in order to survive, and they have developed many adaptations to achieve this.
The first ordeal that a pathogen must overcome biochemical and physical barriers that operates at the body surface such as the skin in order to gain
entry. The skin is normally impermeable to majority of the pathogen and the mucosal layer also provides a barrier (Richard V Goering, 2008). Virus
and bacteria can break through the first line defence in many ways such as through openings of the ears, mouth or nose. Wounds, abrasion are also sites
of entry as they are an opening in the barrier many virulent pathogens utilise this including streptococci, Leptospira
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Mobile Rapid PCR Diagnostic Device And Asay Card For...
The study evaluates a mobile rapid PCR diagnostic device and assay card for dengue virus (DENV), Plasmodium spp., Zika virus (ZIKV),
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Yersinia pestis, Leptospira spp., and the emerging infections Ebola virus, Lassa virus, and Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic
Fever (CCHF) virus to support a regulatory filing with the FDA. Because it functions in clinical and field settings, this novel device is uniquely suited
to reduce the burden of malaria and emerging infectious diseases among US military personnel by facilitating rapid diagnosis and treatment and
screening emergency blood donors or products.
The expansion of human populations and infrastructure in developing countries increases the likelihood that infectious diseases ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Deployment will have a significant impact on early identification and treatment of emerging and re–emerging infectious diseases in high–risk areas.
MAP performs multiplex reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) amplification of viral, bacterial and/or parasite ribonucleic acid
(RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and microarray analysis to identify pathogens from 100 ОјL blood or swab samples (Figure 2).2 MAP nucleic
acid–based assays are designed to complete analysis in approximately one hour without human intervention and use consumable cards with dried
reagents that can be stored without refrigeration. Sample lysis, nucleic acid isolation, and all biochemical steps of an assay are carried out within the
disposable card. No bench–top sample preparation operations are required for the MAP to complete and report the results, and the hands on time is
minimal; he operator is only required to load a low volume of specimen into the assay card, begin the assay, and read or transmit the result. The
device has been designed to operate at extremes in temperature (9oC to 49oC), stay calibrated even if dropped, and be used in regions or countries
lacking a wide–spread electrical infrastructure or with frequent power outages. The MAP is equipped with a set of subsystems to allow automatic
assay processing.
The device includes a barcode reader to input both specimen and microfluidic card serial numbers, a motorized system to crush

The Pros And Cons Of Vaccines For Animals
Administering vaccines to companion animals is a common practice intended to prevent the contraction of specific diseases by our pets. Like in
humans, animals can be protected from illness by staying up to date on their vaccinations, which can range from once every six months to once
every three years if kept current. However, there are those who choose not to vaccinate their pets and do not believe that vaccines are effective or
safe. Is this mindset acceptable, or can it be considered dangerous? Is it necessary to vaccinate our pets? Are there risks to getting regular vaccines,
and if so, what are they? Avaccine is, by definition, "a preparation of killed microorganisms, living attenuated organisms, or living fully virulent
organisms that is administered to produce or artificially increase immunity to a particular disease" (Merriam–Webster, n.d.). In other words, living or
killed viruses or bacteria are injected into the body and used to create antibodies for diseases caused by those viruses or bacteria. For example, the
disease leptospirosis is caused by coming into contact with Leptospira bacteria through ingestion, being bitten by an infected animal, or having an open
wound or mucous membrane that can allow the bacteria to enter the body. It is also a zoonotic disease, meaning that humans can contract it from their
dogs, although this is uncommon (AVMA, n.d.). However, getting a yearly leptospirosis vaccine can help protect dogs from getting infected by the
bacteria

World of Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis: It's Causes, Symptoms, Complications,
Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment.
I.Introduction
Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection affecting both humans and animals. It is acquired through direct contact with the urine of infected animals or by
contact with a urine–contaminated environment such as floodwater, soil, and plants. The bacteria enter the body through broken skins, eyes, nose or
mouth.
As of October 26, the Department of Health (DOH) has recorded a total of 2,158 cases including 167 deaths. Leptospirosis cases in Metro Manila have
increased by as much as 174 percent since last year. Leptospirosis cases reached its peak from October 14 to 19, with hospitals reporting up to 350
cases a day.
This term paper ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the Egyptian campaign, Napoleon's army suffered from what was probably infectious jaundice. Infectious jaundice occurred among troops
during the American Civil War.It was also reported among troops at Gallipoli and other battles of World War I, where the sodden conditions of trench
warfare favored infection. Terms used in early 20th century descriptions of leptospirosis include the pseudo–dengue of Java, seven–day fever, autumn
fever, Akiyama disease, and marsh or swamp fever. L icterohaemorrhagieae was identified as the causative agent in Pre
–World War II outbreaks in
Japan, which were characterized by jaundice and a high mortality rate.
In October 2010 British rower Andy Holmes died after contracting Weil's disease.
Causes
Leptospirosis is caused by a spirochaete bacterium called Leptospira spp. that has at least 5 serovars of importance in the United States and Canada
causing disease in dogs (Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Pomona, Grippotyphosa, and Bratislava).
There are other (less common) infectious strains. Genetically different leptospira organisms may be identical serologically and vice versa.

Detections With The Multiplex Potential Of The MAP System...
Currently, there are limited options available for point–of–care diagnostic testing, and none with the multiplex capability potential of the MAP device.
Rapid diagnostic tests – and thus efficient and near real–time surveillance and response – are essential for timely and comprehensive decision making.
For example, confirmatory testing of DENV requires virus isolation, often inaccessible, or multiple visits to a physician, which may be impractical for
a variety of reasons. As was seen in the recent Ebola outbreak, rapid segregation of malaria and viral hemorrhagic fever cases is essential for
containing the spread of the disease. The MAP device can provide lab results within the hour, enabling enhanced patient care and surveillance. In...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, non–steroidal anti–inflammatory drugs are recommended for managing pain and fever associated with chikungunya and leptospirosis, but
are contraindicated for dengue fever due to the risk of hemorrhage. Leptospirosis and malaria are treatable with antibiotic or antimalarial medication.
Without this treatment, patient prognosis declines. Rapid identification of malaria cases in an outbreak of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) will protect
those cases and can help build confidence in the healthcare system, and rapid identification of VHF cases can help prevent large–scale outbreaks.
While the MAP is useful in a clinical setting, it is designed to perform equally well in an austere or field setting. Because of its compact design, long
battery life, reagent stability, and user–controlled cloud connectivity, the MAP can allow field and forward operating units to diagnose and treat
personnel without a large infrastructure and communicate diagnoses for personnel returning to healthcare facilities. In an outbreak or other public health
emergency, it can facilitate rapidly screening military personnel as well as local populations. In these situations, cloud connectivity allows for rapid
data aggregation and analysis, improving situational awareness and a proactive approach to containment. The small volume of blood required and
protected lancet lowers the risk of infection for medical personnel from that of traditional venipuncture.
The ability to operate outside a

Type II Toxin Antitoxin ( Ta ) Systems
Type–II toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are a relatively ubiquitous feature of prokaryotic genomes (1), consisting of a ribonucleolytic toxin and a labile
antitoxin. Under normal conditions, the toxin is silenced by pairing with its cognate antitoxin, but can impact cell physiology in several ways when the
antitoxin is removed through proteolytic degradation. TA systems were first identified as assisting in plasmid maintenance via post–segregational
killing (2,3), as well as in phage exclusion, where expression of the toxin sacrifices some infected cells to preserve the larger population (4).
Subsequently, the identification of chromosomal TA systems led to a re
–evaluation of their physiological significance, including their potential role in
various stress response mechanisms (5) and stochastic persistence (particularly of pathogens) (6). Virulence–associated proteins (Vaps) are a particular
class of type–II TA systems characterized by a bi–cistronic locus encoding a proteolytically labile antitoxin (VapB), typically followed by a stable toxin
(VapC). These proteins were first identified in connection with virulence plasmids in human pathogens, such as Salmonella Dublin (7), but have since
been recognized as one of the most predominant forms of type–II toxins, particularly among the archaea (8). A central component of VapC toxin
activity is a PIN–domain, occurring within the approximately 100–amino acid sequence, that displays divalent cation–dependent ribonucleolytic

Syphilis Sexually Transmitted Disease
Syphilis is caused by a bacterium called Treponema pallidum, which is known to be a subspecies of the pallidum. This bacterium is very thin and
has a corkscrew shape. It is classified as the family of a spirochete. According to Lori, Edmund, and Tramont in an article tittled Treponema Pallidum
(Syphilis) " It is a member of the family Spirochaeticea and is related to other spirochete genera which have the capacity to infect man, namely
Borrelia and Leptospira." The length is about 6 – 20 Ојm and has a diameter of about 0.25 Ојm. The thin shape and it's motility aids the bacterium in
the penetration of it's host mucous membrane or where there is lession on the surface of the skin. This bacterium reproduce rapidly in great numbers as
soon as it creates the chancre in the host. With this it multiplies and spread aiming for the lymph nodes in the host body.
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease, which the symptoms mimic other diseases. According to the center for disease control and prevention it "has
been called the great imitator because it has so many possible symptoms, many of which look like symptoms from other diseases." Due to this
characteristic, it is hard for health professionals to diagnose at times and might be undetectable during regular health screening. The symptoms of
syphilis may vary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The only major component is that it prevalence varies widely among different hosts due to various risk factors. With age, syphilis is common
among youths mainly within the age rage of 20 to 29 years old. This is due to the fact that this is when most people are most sexually active.
Syphilis is most prevalent among African American men in the United States. The rate is "18.9 per 100,000 population." (CDC, 2014). The rate of
syphilis is much greater among men, and this according to center for disease and control is "11.7 cases per 100,000 males, compared to women which
is 1.1 cases per 100,000

Symptoms And Treatment Of An Immune Mediated Disease
An immune–mediated disease is a disease where the immune system damages its own body systems because of an inability to recognize normal
immune responses. Equine recurrent uveitis, also known as moon blindness, is an immune–mediated disease that causes ocular inflammation in horses.
The immune response of the horse's body overreacts to the inner tissue of the eye. In chronic conditions, cataracts, glaucoma, retinal degeneration and
lens luxation can occur resulting in blindness. Potential causes may include bacterial infections (leptospirosis, E coli), viral infections (equine influenza
virus), parasitic infections (neck threadworms), tooth root abscess, hoof abscess and blunt trauma. Equine recurrent uveitis is encountered in horses
only. Clinical signs of equine recurrent uveitis may be noticed if the horse appears as if it is holding the affected eye shut if it is painful or sensitive to
light. A blue or hazy appearance may be seen in the cornea and the sclera can appear bloodshot. Excessive tear production should be considered a
possible sign of equine recurrent uveitis. An ophthalmologic exam will rule out other causes of uveitis. Diagnostic tests performed include tonometry,
which measures the intraocular pressure and will rule out glaucoma. A flourescein stain is performed to detect corneal injury and will rule out
ulcerative keratitis. Treatment for equine recurrent uveitis focuses on pain management, reduction in inflammation and prevention of vision loss.

Pathogenic Leptospirosis: Zoonotic Disease
Leptospirosis is a globally distributed, but often neglected, zoonotic disease. Many mammalian species are carriers of pathogenic leptospires, although
rodents are by far the most common reservoir host (Picardeau, 2013). Pathogenic leptospires are shed in urine, and survive in the environment for a
prolonged period of time, especially in warm, humid climates. Accidental host infection occurs when the host directly contacts infected urine or
indirectly contacts leptospires shed into the environment. Leptospires enter the body via mucous membranes, compromised epithelial barriers, or
inhalation (Hartskeerl et al., 2011). Once inside the body, leptospires cause a transient bacteremia, then settle in the kidneys and liver. In animals,
resulting symptoms can range from mild to severe, and can include hemoglobinuria, icterus, uremia, abortion, infertility or death (Collins, 2015). In
humans, common symptoms of mild disease include fever, headache and occasionally jaundice. The disease in humans is particularly concerning
because of its high fatality rate in 5–15% of cases (Vieira et al., 2006, and Torgerson et al., 2015). Fortunately, antibiotic treatment for both humans and
animals is generally successful if... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, symptoms in people are variable and non–specific, and in animals, the disease is often subclinical (Hartskeerl et al., 2011). Furthermore, the
distribution of leptospirosis can be altered as a result of climactic and ecological changes, such as deforestation or global warming (Levett, 2001).
Different serovars of leptospirosis can adapt to new hosts, and serovar distribution within one species can even change as a result of vaccination
campaigns. Therefore, it is hard to estimate the global burden of disease, and accurately model infectivity and distribution patterns in people and
animals (Hartskeerl et al.,

Animal And Non Infectious Diseases
Until the last half of the 20th century, the emphasis of veterinary medicine had been on the treatment of individual animals with clearly identifiable
diseases or defects. Apart from immunization against rabies and prophylactic treatment of internal parasites, restricted attention had been given to
animal health and comprehensive preventive medicine, which give proper consideration to both infectious and non–infectious diseases.
Currently, the nature of traditional clinical practice is changing in all developing and developed countries. Thepet owners are better educated, and the
value of individual animals relative to veterinary fees has decreased. It is imperative to develop pet animal health programmes designed to prevent
infectious diseases, rather than just dispensing traditional treatment to clinically sick animals.
Due to the vast demographic changes in India, pet animal populations have increased above 10 millions within 2002–2012. Thus as a part of pet animal
welfare, preventive measures for infectious diseases like vaccination against parvoviral enteritis, canine distemper, leptospirosis, infectious canine
hepatitis, parainfluenza, kennel cough etc; deworming schedule for parasitic diseases like ancylostomiosis, toxocarosis etc; grooming practices to
avoid skin problems and ectoparasites for control of hemoprotozoan diseases like babesiosis, ehrlichiosis etc.; hygenic measures are to be carried out
which is now practiced up to an extend in cities but rare in rural

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Bio Warfare
1. INTRODUCTION Disasters are sudden, unpredictable, calamitous event, bringing great damage and devastation to life and property. Disasters can
be Natural like earth quake, land slide, tsunami, cyclones, flood or drought and major accidents. It can also be man–made like war and terrorism, both
in war and terrorism chemical, biological or radiological agent can be used. In any of these situations, significant social, environmental and
economical impact would occur. Casualties following disasters, and major accidents could escalate very rapidly if necessary preventive methods
are not followed. Infectious disease disasters consist of biological attack, emerging infectious disease outbreaks, and pandemics. There are a broad
range of potential biological agents, including bacteria, viruses, and toxins (of microbial, plant, or animal origin) used as bio warfare or
bioterrorism. Bio warfare has the potential to result in high morbidity and mortality, because aerosolized biological agents can infect or kill many
people in a short period of time. 1.1 Biological Warfare (BW) Biological warfare or bio warfare is the use of biological... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Pathogens are pervasive in nature and can be found everywhere. The possibility of synthesizing pathogens particularly viruses, using technologies are
inexpensive and globally available. The skills and equipment for making a biological weapon are largely the same as those required for progress in
medicine, agriculture, and other fields and are required for future economic prosperity for the nation, so they cannot be locked away. Public health,
medical, military, and law enforcement experts have met in a number of settings in efforts to identify the most threatening of the biological weapons,
specifically those weapons that merit priority concern in the development of public health and medical preparedness

Bacterial Infection Paper
The first step in any bacterial infection involves the attachment of bacteria to the host surface, which followed by colonisation, and infection.
Streptococcus pneumonia is a significant human pathogenic bacterium; organism causes invasive diseases such as sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia and
some more disease in human. In pneumonia it attaches to nasopharyngeal cells through interaction of bacterial surface adhesins. Tao Wang et al (47)
reported that Big Domain ( bacterial immunoglobulin like) of SP0498 a surface protein is a novel Ca2+–binding module, and suggested important role
of the Big domain in many essential calcium–dependent cellular processes. Such domain are also reported in Escherichia coli intimin, and Yersinia
pseudotuberculosis... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
and Tisa et al (3 and 4) Reported that the addition of a repellent resulted in E.coli cells tumbling and a transient increase in cytoplasmic free–Ca2+ and
addition of an attractant to wild–type cells caused running and produced a transient decrease in cytoplasmic free Ca2+ levels. How an increase in
cytoplasmic Ca2+ is associated with tumbling and a decrease is associated with running remains to be determined. Moreover In the same study (4) they
showed that mutant for sensory receptor were did not responded to chemical stimuli sensed by them, which remain unexplained?, though they
speculated/propose that increase and decrease in cytoplasmic ca level is linked with the phosphorylation state of cheY protein which in turn controls
tumbling and Running, there are no concrete evidences to support this hypothesis as of yet. Various Ca2+ antagonists (and Ca2+channel blockers) used
in animal research, are (now) known to inhibit bacterial chemotaxis which includes П‰–Conotoxin GVIA , Gallopamil , verapamil, diltiazem,
tiapamil, nifedipine, and nitrendipine to name some .E.coli Cell treated with (these) ca channel antagonist showed running bias i.e. that ca antagonist
running was predominant and tumbling was inhibited (2,). What is the reason behind this bias is not known yet and since animal–like Ca2+ channels
do not appear to be coded for by the E. coli genome , it is unexplained why Ca2+ antagonists

The Effects Of Icteric Leptospirosis With Renal Failure
Leptospira was isolated and identified as the cause of icteric leptospirosis with renal failure called Weil 's disease by Adolf Weil about 100 years ago,
almost simultaneously but independently it was identified as an occupational hazard of rice harvesting in china and japan, an identical syndrome was
identified in sewer works in Europe. Since that time leptospires have been isolated from almost all mammalian species on every continent except
Antarctica. leptospirosis is now recognized as the most widespread zoonosis disease worldwide and a major cause of disease in many domestic animal
species. (Levet).
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease, many animals can spread leptospirosis pets and farm animal, rodents, raccoons, opossums. There are two ways to
contact the disease, drinking contaminated water or by swimming, rafting or kayaking of by coming in contact with soil contaminated with urine or
bodily fluids of infected animals. The second way of contamination is by coming in direct contact with urine or bodily fluids of an infected animal for
example in a hospital setting. Individuals most at risk are farmers, mine worker?s slaughterhouse workers, veterinary and animal caretakers, fisherman
and people who work with fish, and military personnel and those involve in water outdoors activities (control). The disease if more prominent in areas
with inadequate sewage, and tropical regions, epidemics are usually seen in extreme weather patterns. (Lunn) Leptospirosis is

Persuasive Essay On Sea Turtles
"Sea turtles are antiquated creatures on the earth. They have lived on the earth over nearly 65 million years; they saw the dinosaurs survive, and they
saw them pass on." (Velasquez–Manoff, 2007) Despite the fact that sea turtles can get by for quite a while, they are stuck in an unfortunate situation in
the ebb and flow time. They have turned out to be one type of imperiled creatures. This resembles a major dive in their long presence on the earth. Be
that as it may, it is a fact we have to confront. A dangerous atmospheric deviation that individuals made have undermined sea turtles. The issue is
environmental change. "Temperature rising causes the sea turtle to be imperiled on the grounds that temperature is the essential key to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The nursery impact is the central point to make the earth be warm. Nursery gasses that contain water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
and ozone keep the warmth noticeable all around. Be that as it may, there are increasingly nursery gasses in the environment, particularly carbon
dioxide. People 's exercises make a great deal of carbon dioxide into the environment, similar to a wide range of air contamination from autos, planes,
and processing plants. An ideal approach to diminish an Earth–wide temperature boost is to cut CO2 outflow. There is excessively carbon dioxide in
the climate and it retains warmth, which makes our earth hotter and hotter. We need to prevent a worldwide temperature alteration from being more
regrettable. We should take mass travel, however much as could be expected on the grounds that autos influence fumes of gas noticeable all around.
Utilizing the new clean power ought to be an objective for each nation since warm power plants will deliver more waste gas noticeable all around.
The administration should assume a vital part in easing a worldwide temperature alteration since we have to keep up this wonderful earth for our
people to come. Suggesting another law that will save the sea turtles. People are additionally killers of murdering sea turtles. Consistently a ton of sea
turtles is murdered by business angling.

What Is Leptospirosis Infection?
What is Leptospirosis Infection in Cats?
Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases, infecting both domestic and wild animals. It is acquired through the bacteria burrowing
into the cat 's skin. The disease enters the skin and then reproduces in the kidneys, central nervous system, eyes, liver and reproductive system via the
bloodstream. Though many cat 's immune systems are able to quickly produce antibodies and fight off leptospirosis, the condition can cause severe
organ damage in the kidneys and liver.
Leptospirosis is a relatively rare bacterial infection in cats that can be fatal. The disease is zoonotic, meaning that it can spread from the cat to other
animals and humans. Children, elderly adults and those with weak immune systems are especially at risk for acquiring the parasitic bacteria from their
cat.
Symptoms of Leptospirosis Infection in Cats
Though the disease quickly spreads throughout the entire body, the extent of symptoms will depend on the overall health and immune system of the cat.
Shivering
Weakness
Sudden fever
Stiff gait
Reluctance to move
Refusal to eat
Vomiting that may contain traces of blood
Diarrhea that may contain blood
Increased thirst and urine output that may progressive to no urination due to kidney failure
Bloody vaginal discharge
Dehydration
Coughing

Breathing difficulty
Fast, irregular pulse
Depression
Mild lymph node swelling
Runny nose
Causes of Leptospirosis Infection in Cats
The disease comes from an

What Is Embryo Transfer In Equine
Thesis An analysis on embryo transfer in equine on what role the recipient mare plays versus the role the donor mare plays in the success rate of live
foals. While utilizing cryopreserved embryos and fresh embryos. Along with looking at the different variables that possible.
Pinna, A., Martins, G., Souza, G., & Lilenbaum, W. (2013). Influence of Seroreactivity to Leptospira and Reproductive Failures in Recipient Mares of
Equine Embryo Transfer Programmes. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 48(4). doi:10.1111/rda.12166 Summary Embryo transfer has widely been
utilized over the last two decades. Unfortunately, the recipient mares are generally forgotten about and neglected after they are in foal. This creates
problems where they do not accept ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2012). Cryopreservation of Equine Embryos: Current State–of–the–Art. Reproduction in Domestic Animals,47, 84–89. doi:10.1111
/j.1439–0531.2012.02030.x Summary Embryo transfer is rapidly growing and changing in the equine industry. They utilize fresh embryos more
frequently than frozen embryos. Freezing and storing embryos is a great advancement in the industry. It opens possibilities to obtain more embryos
throughout the year form on specific mare. Along with collecting embryos from a mare who hasn't proven herself in the show pen but they have
high hopes for her. There are two types of cryopreservation referred to in this article, and they are fast freezing and slow freezing. They are both
successful, but fast freezing is less time consuming and more economical. Assessment In this article, they talked about fast freezing and slow
freezing of the embryo after the flush. The size of the embryo effects the success rate during the freezing and thawing process. If the mare isn't
flushed between six and half days and seven they run the risk the embryo is going to be too big. The two types of cryopreservation bring their own
benefits and down falls to the table showing neither way is perfect, but maybe one is more

Should We Reduce The Amount Of Rattus On The Bay Of Plenty?
What Should We Do To Reduce The Amount Of Rattus In The Bay Of Plenty?
Rattus have been a problem in Bay Of Plenty for many years now. Something should happen to reduce the amount of Rattus to minimum. This report is
going to have some solutions to control the population of Rattus in the Bay Of Plenty. The Rattus can be controlled by the pest controllers and the Bay
Of Plenty Regional Council. The solutions include putting down a lot of rat traps and using 1080 poison.
Rattus?
Rattus also known as rats are in the Murids family and Rattus are nocturnal so that means the mostly come out at night. The most common rats in the
Bay Of Plenty are Roof rats also known as the Black rat and the Norway rat also known as the Brown rat. The Roof rat ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Salmonella infection is a common bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. Salmonella bacteria typically live in animal and human intestines
and are shed through feces. Humans become infected most frequently through contaminated water or food. The symptoms of this disease are
Depression, Dehydration and rough body coat, Distended/swollen abdomen, Diarrhea and weight loss, Spontaneous abortion (in pregnant rats),
Fatal (in most cases). The other disease is Leptospirosis. The definition of Leptospirosis is an infectious disease of humans and of horses, dogs,
swine, and other animals, caused by the spirochete Leptospira interrogates and characterized by fever, muscle pain, and jaundice, and in severe
cases involving the liver and kidney. The symptoms of Leptospirosis are a high temperature (fever) that is usually between 38C and 40C, chills,
sudden headaches, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, muscle pain, particularly affecting the muscles in the calves and lower back. One other
way rats effect humans is there bait. Warfarin is a medicine that is used as a blood thinner and a component of rat poisoning this is used in the
warfarin medicine to make your blood thinner. Symptoms of rat poisoning may occur even if it is not ingested. When rat poisoning is ingested your
nose may start to bleed uncontrollably and cut may take longer to clot, and you'll probably start to notice that you bruise easily it may even occur
when you are wearing a watch, ring or

Essay On Metabolic Bone Disease
Metabolic bone disease Metabolic bone disease (MBD) is a condition most commonly seen in captive reptiles; when left untreated the condition can be
extremely debilitating or even fatal to the pet. SYMPTOMS
The common symptoms of MBD are:
вќ– Limping
вќ– Bowed legs
вќ– Hard lumps on the legs, spine or jaw
вќ– A soft head or soft lower jaw
вќ– Difficult walking or lifting their own weight
вќ– Decrease in appetite
вќ– Twitching limbs and frequent bone fractures or breakages CAUSES
MBD has multiple causes but the main ones are:
Low calcium diet or an imbalanced diet;
Calcium is an important part of a reptile's diet as the nutrient helps build bone and strengthen them, the lack of calcium causes bones ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
When other animals like your dog sniff the urine the bacteria can transfer from the urine to the dog, infecting the dog with the bacteria.
When it rains the bacteria can also be washed into small bodies water, then animals such as dogs that swim in or drink the contaminated water will be
infected with the bacteria. Another way is through open wounds such as bites, in which the bacteria goes into the body from there.
TREATMENT & PREVENTION
Leptospirosis can be recovered from without seeking medical help due to symptoms never showing however it's best you take your pet to a vet if you
think they may have the infection or show symptoms.
The vet will administer antibiotics to fight the bacteria and also help with their symptoms such as vomiting.
The best way to prevent it is to keep rodent infestations under control and get your pet vaccinated. Leptospirosis is zoonotic meaning it can be passed

from animals to humans and vise–versa so always be hygienic when

The Negative Effects of Concentrated Animal Feeding...
Introduction
Where do happy cows actually come from? Most of our minds create an image of large fields where cows and other animals are free to roam and
graze. In reality, however, most farms today are actually large corporate factories, not the vast fields and red barns that most Americans imagine.
These consolidated operations known as CAFOs (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations) are able to produce meats in high volume but have little
to no regard for animal or human welfare, the environment, or food safety. CAFOs in the United States are able to produce and process these large
amounts of meat year–round by providing sheltered farms for a range of livestock such as cattle, swine, and sheep. However, within these farms
animals are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Recent outbreaks of strains of the influenza only further support stricter regulations on CAFOs. One such case is the H1N1 epidemic, more
commonly known as the swine flu. Since its outbreak in 2009 this particular strain of the flu has infected over 150,000 and killed another 12,000
people in the US (CDC). It name comes from its alleged origin, a swine CAFO in La Gloria, Mexico operated by Smithfield Foods, the world
largest. The CAFO itself has been described as "grotesque because pigs are crammed into giant building, kept in stalls so small they can't even turn
around... The pollution from their waste is so noxious that you must wear a gas mask to enter the building" (Brainard). These conditions lead to the
misuse of antibiotics which results in strains like H1N1 that cannot be treated with regular antibiotics. If this continues, many of our medicines will
become obsolete. Current statistics show that an estimated 70% of all antibiotics and related drugs used in the United States are given to food animals
to promote faster growth and to hold off diseases in highly crowded CAFOs, with the resulting total antibiotic resistance already causing U.S. health
care $4 billion annually ("Hidden Costs of CAFOs"). With this pressing issue, the EPA needs to change policies in order prevent epidemics. A closer
look reveals that many CAFOs are able to sidestep through

Pathogen And Biological Agent That Causes Disease

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Pathogen And Biological Agent That Causes Disease

Similar to Pathogen And Biological Agent That Causes Disease (10)

More from Angelica Ortiz

More from Angelica Ortiz (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Pathogen And Biological Agent That Causes Disease