The document discusses various linguistic elements involved in spoken and written discourse analysis. It addresses topics like speech acts, discourse structure, conversation structure, and cohesion/coherence in text. Specifically, it notes that discourse involves openings/closings, turn-taking, and topic introduction/removal. It also discusses the Birmingham model of discourse analysis and how discourse varies based on social roles and situation. Finally, it examines cohesive devices, textual patterns, and clause relationships that guide interpretation and create logical sequences in written texts.

2.  Grammatical form will play
different functions.
 In order to clarify their intention e
can use the intonation as guide.
 Tone contour the direction of his
pitch raises of all.
 Grammatical form and
phonological forms can’t indicate
the function but if we analyses
the context and together, we can
make a decision about the
function of a conversation.
 Function: command, statement,
question or exclamation.
 Discourse will focus in more
elements that grammatical form
and phonology as the
relationship between participants
and rules.
 Different types of spoken
interaction: phone call, buying
things, in classroom. These
situation will have their own
formulae such as: opening and
closing the encounter, different
role relationships, different
purposes and different settings.

3. Speech acts: When we talk about a
bit of speech or writing is a request or
question, what a piece of language is
doing.
Discourse analysis is concerned with
the relationship between language
and the contexts of its use.
Discourse has beginnings, middles
and ends.
Discourse analysis is interested in the
words and or sentences that should
be linked to one another in a fashion
that correspond to conventional
formulae, just as we do with speech;
therefore in the organization of written
interaction.
.

4.  The Birmingham model has connections with speech acts
and the larger structures.
 We speak accordingly fixed perception of our roles in
society.
 Framing move use the word to give a sequence and
transaction part of formal structured conversation.
 There is a sequence in spoken discourse of interventions
of the participants.
 Exchange: includes question, answer and comment.
 Functioning of moves: questionings (initiation move),
answer or noun verbal response (response move) and
feedback (follow-up move)
 Different situation will require different formulae.

5. Vary in their degree of structures.
Politeness and sensitivity appear to
prepare the ground.
Other features such as intonation,
gestures, etc. to make us confident of
the analysis.
Ran Scale: Transaction-Exchange-
Move-Act.
When we have a casual o spontaneous
dialogue will vary the diagram.
How people behave and cooperate in
discourse process and the use of adjency
pairs, turn taking, how conversational opening
and closing is manages how topics enter and
disappear.
And everybody has the right to intervene and
say something.

6.  The writer has time to thinks and write well-
structured sentences.
 We start organizing by units that are
paragraphs. Creating a link between clauses
that are called cohesion.
 Grammatical links such us: pronominalization,
ellipsis and conjunction of various elements.
 Cohesive item will guide us to interpret the text.
Coherence is to make sense to whole the text.

7.  Cohesive markers create links across boundaries and pair and chain together items that are
related.
 We have to make sense of a text and that is to interpret.
 Procedural: the process of interpretation textual pattern.
 Textual patterns: certain patterns that recur in time to time is deeply ingrained in our culture.
Present in bit of texts as phrases, clauses and sentences called segments.
 Reading a text is like a dialogue with the writer.

 Cause relational approach: phenomenon-reason, cause-consequence, instrument-achievement.
 The phenomenon- reason united two sentences of a extract with cause-consequence will bring
logical sequences.
 Matching relationships: when segments of a text are contrasted and compared.
 Locutory act: relationships between the textual segments enter into with another.
 Larger patterns in text
 The clause-relational approach is related with long text. Present problem solution pattern that is
in the first sentence present a situation, second sentence the problem and third sentence the
solution