Biology and geology anaya. Unit 1. Life on earth

1. LIFE ON EARTH
UNIT 1: LIFE ON
EARTH

2. 1.1 CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR LIFE
• Mild temperatures:
– 150 C
– Right distance to the Sun
– Atmosphere with gases (H2O, CO2)
• Liquid water: Hidrosphere
• Atmosphere
– Air: oxygen, carbon dioxide for plants and
animals
– Magnetosphere: filter against harmful radiation.
• Geosphere: surface that provides:
– Soil, water and mineral salts

3. Possible exam questions
• What are the characteristics of the Earth that make life
possible?
• Why do you think there is no life in other planet of our
solar system?
• Explain how the atmosphere causes that mild
temperature.

4. 1.2.What are living beings like?
A. Similar chemical composition:
– Inorganic biomolecules: water and minerals
– Organic biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, nucleic acid (DNA)
B. Made up of cells
– Cell theory:
• All living beings are made up of one or more cells
• Cells are the smallest units capable of the three
vital functions
• All cells come from other cells

5. C. Three vital functions: HOMEWORK:
complete the outline p.13
1.2.What are living beings like?

6. Types of
nutrition
Autotrophic
nutrition
(Plants)
Heterotrophic
nutrition
(Animals)
Types of
reproduction
Sexual
reprodution
Asexual
reproduction

7. Possible questions
• Write the three arguments of cell
theory
• What are the inorganic molecules of
living beings?
• What are the organic molecules?
• Explain the three vital functions.
• Fill in the blanks
• Classify the living things by their type
of nutrition

8. 1.3 Cells and cell types HW. Complete
the outline at home.p.14,15)
• Basic structure of a cell
– Plasma membrane:
– Cytoplasm:
– Genetic material:
• Types of cells
– Prokaryotic cells:
– Eukaryotic cells:
• Plant cells
• Animal cells
• Cells (website with links)

9. • What are the differences between a
prokaryotic and an eukaryotic cell?
• Draw a prokaryotic cell and write the name of
its parts.
• Draw an eukaryotic cell and write the name of
its parts.
• Complete an organelle chart with the
functions.
Possible questions

16. Organelles
Ribosomes
• Manufacture proteins
Lysosomes
• Digest substances
Mitochondria
• Produce the energy required by the cell
Chloroplast
• Carry out photosynthesis
Large vacuoles
• Store water
Cell wall
• Rigid wall to protect the plant cell
Centrioles
• Intervene in cell division

17. More questions
• What are the differences between an
animal cell and a plant cell?
Plant cell
Animal cell

18. NUTRITION
INTERACTION
REPRODUCTION
1.4 Vital funtions

19. 1.4 Vital funtions
A. NUTRITION FUNCTION
– Processes that living beings carry out to
acquire the substances they need to build
new cell material and obtain energy
– The processes are: Obtaining nutrients,
respiration, distributing substances and
excretion.

20. Nutrition
Obtaining
nutrients
Respiration
Distributing
substances
Excretion

21. Possible questions
• How many processes are involved in the
nutrition function?
• What does obtaining nutrients mean?
• What two concepts respiration means?
• How does our bodies distribute the
nutrients, the air and the waste?
• What is the system that carries out
excretion?

22. OBTAINING NUTRIENTS
• This process can be
autotrophic or
heterotrophic.
• AUTOTROPHIC: nutrients
are obtained through
photosynthesis, using
energy from the sun
• HETEROTROPHIC:
nutrients are obtain from
food from the environment
HETEROTROPHIC
AUTOTROPHIC

23. RESPIRATION
• It is a process that
includes two other
processes:
– Breathing; taking in
oxygen and expelling
carbon dioxide.
– Cell respiration: in
mitochondria, the
oxygen is used to
produce energy from
the glucose. Carbon
dioxide is expelled.

24. DISTRIBUTING SUBSTANCES
• In multicellular organism, there is a
circulatory system to transport
substances between the different
parts of their bodies.

25. EXCRETION
• It is the process by
which the waste
generated is eliminated
from the organism

26. 1.4 Vital funtions
B. INTERACTION
Allows living beings to receive
information from their surroundings and
from the inside. They react appropiately to
the infromation.
Steps
Perception
of the
stimuli
Processing
and
coordination
Executing
responses.

27. B
The interaction function processes
1: Light makes a
bird visible to the
cat. The bird also
emits sound
vibrations
(chirping).
2: The visual and
acoustic signals
reach the cat’s
sensory organs.
3: The sensory organs
send the information
they receive to the
central nervous system.
• First, the receptor organs of living things capture information
and send signals to the processing centres.

28. The central nervous
system processes the
information received
and produces a
suitable response
(there is a bird there
and I’m going to try
to catch it).
• Then, the coordination centres process the signals from the
receptors and prepare a response.
B
The interaction function processes

29. The cat’s muscles, part of
its locomotor system, receive
the order to respond and
carry out movements in
order to try to catch the prey.
• Finally, the effectors receive the signals from the coordination
centres and carry out the response.
B
The interaction function processes

30. Questions for interaction
Imagine the following situations and explain
what happens in three steps, specifying all the
actions that take place in every step.
A. B

31. 1.4 Vital funtions
C. REPRODUCTION
Def: Is the capacity to give life to other
beings similar or identical to themselves.
ASEXUAL
- Only one individual
- Offspring is identical
SEXUAL
- Two individuals
-Sexual cells and
gametes
-Offspring is similar, not
identical
Offspring: descendencia

32. • The king is a philosophe, with a lot of
class that orders for his family genres of
good species.
• El rey es un filósofo de mucha clase que
ordena para su familia géneros de
buena especie.
• Taxonomy: classification of living beings
in categories (taxon)
• KINGDOM, PHYLLUM, CLASS,
ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS, SPECIES
• Link to “The tree of life”
1.5 The classification of the organisms

33. Scientific names
• Species: group of individuals with similar
characteristics which can produce fertile offspring.
• Carl Linnaeus developed the idea of scientific
names in the 18th century.
• Genus in capital letter, second name in low case.
• Species is the two names

34. Complete the taxons
• What is a scientific name? How is it
written? Give an example.

35. (Next unit)
1.6 The 5 kingdoms