Abraham Maslow And The American Psychological Association

Abraham Maslow And The American Psychological Association
Abraham Maslow (1908–1970), some–time President of the American Psychological Association, is best known for his work on human motivation
and in particular for his Hierarchy of Needs, which was first defined in a paper of 1943. Five basic needs are defined, all of which he considered to be
hard–wired in the human species. They are arranged hierarchically, with self–actualization referring to people's desire for self–fulfillment, namely, the
tendency for them to become actualized in what they are potentially. This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more and more what
one idiosyncratically is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming (Maslow, 1943, p.22). Maslow's 1943 paper mentions cognitive
needs such as the desire to know and to understand, and also aesthetics, but does not place them within the hierarchy of five. In other words
Maslow recognized, even at this early stage, that his list was incomplete. In spite of this reservation it has been widely reproduced as a complete
theory, on the way acquiring its own pictorial representation in the form of a triangle or pyramid, which is reproduced in countless publications.
Because the five needs are latently or actively present in all members of the human species, they are described as being 'biologically rooted'. This is a
key theme throughout Maslow's work. He is dealing with the characteristics of a particular species, some of which may be shared with other species,
but nevertheless he avoids
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The Theories Of Psychology And Behaviorism
When one hears the word psychology, a therapist on a couch asking patients to talk out their problems usually come to mind. In fact, the field is
much more important and relevant in our everyday lives than one may think. Cambridge's Dictionaries Online website defines it as "the scientific
study of the way the human mind works and how it influences behavior, or the influence of a particular person's character on their behavior" (2015).
How we act and react, what we think and say, and why we do what we do are all topics that psychology cover.
Many great thinkers and scientists have taken up their time into developing laws and theories in this broad field of science. Among the vanguard of
some of the more eminent scientists is Abraham ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The pyramid is an explanation of how basic needs determine ones behavior. These theories and research are just a few of many ideas of his that has
become some of the most important information for the foundation of psychology.
Background Life
Childhood and Youth
Abraham Maslow was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1908. In Edward Hoffman's biography of Abraham Maslow, he explains how he was the oldest
of seven children born to parents Samuel and Rose Maslow, who were Jewish parents to migrate from Russia to America in pursuit of a better life for
their family. Although the Maslows were uneducated, Hoffman explained they put high value in education and encouraged it among their children
(Hoffman, 1988). Given the prevalence of racism in the United States during his age, he suffered anti–Semitism from both his peers and teachers in
school. He also dealt with tension in the home as a result of animosity between himself and his mother. In the book, Hoffman mentioned that Maslow
was once quoted saying, "What I had reacted to was not only her physical appearance, but also her values and world view, her stinginess, her total
selfishness, her lack of love for anyone else in the world – even her own husband and children – her narcissism, her Negro prejudice, her exploitation
of everyone, her assumption that anyone was wrong who disagreed with her, her lack of friends, her sloppiness and dirtiness..." His lack of friends
caused him to have more attention on books, which produced

Cognitive Affective
The Study of Cognitive & Affective Bases of Psychology
Cognitive and affective psychology is the empirical branch of psychology, which aims to answer all questions regarding human activities, related to
knowledge and emotions, such as, how we think, learn, and remember. It is grounded on the theory that thoughts and emotions affect our behavior;
furthermore, behavior can be changed through a modification of our thoughts or emotions. Cognitive psychologists examine how our minds obtain,
apply, organize, and retrieve information. In addition, the topics of attention, decision–making, critical thinking, reasoning, creativity, memory,
perception, problem solving, thinking, and the use of language, all reside under the branch of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through investigating such differences, cognitive psychologists hope to learn how to treat certain disorders, and work towards finding ways to help
reviving their normal perception.
"Memory is the means by which we draw on our past experiences in order to use this information in the present (Sternberg, 1999)." Memory is
essential to all our lives on an emotional level, as well as on a survival level. Without insight about the past, there would not be a way to operate in the
present, or to plan; further, we would not be able to learn anything new. Cognitive psychologists do not solely aim to understand how our memories are
made, but why the memory of humans works the way, it does. The study of Cognitive Psychology focuses on arenas of memory such as: childhood
amnesia, memory biases, false memories, and the relationships we have between our emotions and memory. Decision–making involves cognitions
from many different levels. Cognitive psychologists are currently studying the logic and rationality people use when making choices. The human mind
is an exceptional tool when it comes to problem–solving skills. How these processes occur in our brains is another fundamental area of research within
the study of cognitive psychology. Clinical Psychology prides

Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, C.J. Jung and William James...
Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, C.J. Jung and William James were all brilliant and diverse theorists who made vast contributions to the science of
psychological studies. These brilliant minds fueled the psychological studies of future theorists with their contrasting theoretical approaches and
discoveries. At times, they collaborated to formulate concepts and understandings but separated because of conceptual disputes. Freud's psychoanalysis
theory was at the epicenter of some studies but these men in their individuality contributed their own theoretical concepts and developed their own
schools of thought from Jung's analytical psychology, Adler's independent school of psychotherapy, James's theory of emotion and Freud's
psychoanalytical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These include his structural analysis of personality into Id, Ego, and Superego, and his description between anxiety, and ego defense mechanism" (pg
422).
Freud's structure of personality theory divides the mind into three parts, the Id, which centers on desires, pleasures, primal impulses, or urges. The Ego,
which is concerned with the conscious, the moral, rational, and is self–aware. The Super–ego, the censor of the Id, which enforces the moral code of
the Ego. He believed the Ego and Super–ego are both partly conscious and unconscious. His "structural theory" of the Id, Ego and Super–ego was
detailed in the book, The Ego and the Id when Freud revised his earlier theory of mental functioning and believes repression is one of many defense
mechanisms and it occurs to reduce anxiety. Freud reasons the conflict between the drive and superego as the cause of anxiety which is the root cause
that inhibits mental functions, such as an individual's intellect. Identification, rationalization and projection are three other defense mechanisms people
use to protect their mind from anxiety.
Freud's theory of psychosexual development states people seek pleasure from erogenous zones and everything a person becomes as an adult is
determined by their childhood experiences. An individual develops his or her psychosexual personality based on how he or she handles anti–social
impulses in socially

Transpersonal Psychology Of Exceptional Human Experiences
Considering just two of the following approaches – transpersonal psychology, parapsychology – indicate how they differ, how they overlap, and what
they can offer to each other and to the study of exceptional human experiences. Critically evaluate both approaches' drawbacks and benefits to the
psychology of EHEs.
Transpersonal psychology studies the psychology of different experiences an individual has of Exceptional human experiences. Many different
experiences can be had, ranging from spiritual to mystical to paranormal. Before the term transpersonal psychology was founded, there were many
other approaches in this area of research. James (1905) was the first person to use the term ‘ transpersonal' and then Analytical psychology which

Humanistic Psychology
At the beginning of this course I was excited to finally delve into psychological concepts that I had not learned about, being that I was fresh into the
psychology major and my background included an infinitesimal understanding of basic concepts along with some background on child developmental
psychology. I have never deeply thought about psychology's relation to science, especially in regards to research. My primary learning expectations for
the course were to ultimately comprehend the scientific side of psychology, while also being able to grasp an understanding of different psychological
concepts such as psychoanalysis, and about how these are translated into the ontological, epistemological, or methodological aspects of research. Now
coming to the end of the semester, I have realized the depth and significance of the human science approach to researching and understanding people.
In regards to career goals, I plan retain the important qualities of the theories we discussed and use them to visualize and recognize the complexity and
malleability of an individual's inner psyche. However, I still find myself lost in trying ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In regards to our text, humanistic psychology predominantly involves studying "meaningful events among human beings in order to learn about human
beings" (Laubscher, 2016, p. 104). What I found quite striking in this theory was the self–actualizing tendency (SAT) that involves our innate urge to
grow and expand to our fullest potential. I have never equated humans to oak trees, but it is a suitable analogy to what exactly is happening in regards
to the SAT. Much like plants, we need nutrients to grow, and these qualities include unconditional positive regard, congruence, and

Comparison Paper: Carl Jung's View Of Christianity
Jung and Christianity Comparison Paper
John C. W. Young
California Baptist University
Fall 2016
Jung and Christianity Comparison Paper
Carl Jung left room for religion as many Christians felt more comfortable with his ideas. It's important to look at Jung's attitudes towards Christianity as
he evidently saw that religion was very meaningful to many people and that religions could be useful as myths. His choice to consider all religions as
myths was further influenced by his view of psychoanalysis. Jung's theories constitute a religion can be seen in his view of God as the collective
unconscious and thereby present in each person's unconscious. For him religions revealed aspects of the unconscious and could thus tap into a person's
psyche. He ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were his childhood visions, which brought him face to face with the reality of religious experience and remained with him to the end of his life.
There was his insuppressible curiosity concerning everything that had to do with the contents of the psyche and its manifestations––the urge to know
which characterized his scientific work. And, last but not least, there was his conscience as a physician. Jung regarded himself primarily as a doctor, a
psychiatrist. He was well aware that the patient's religious attitude plays a crucial part in the therapy of psychic illnesses. This observation coincided
with his discovery that the psyche spontaneously produces images with a religious content, that it is "by nature religious." It also became apparent to
him that numerous neuroses spring from a disregard for this fundamental characteristic of the psyche, especially during the second half of

Lsd Assisted Psychotherapy From The Client 's View Point
The first study concerning the application of LSD in psychotherapy was conducted by Dr. med. Gasser, and this was the first worldwide study after
more than four decades without a legal research (Barrau–Alonso et al.). This paper's main aim is to shed light on the effects of LSD assisted
psychotherapy in daily life. This paper examines the effectiveness LSD assisted psychotherapy from the client's view point. Due to limitations in
methodology, it is difficult to establish whether the actions and changes taken on seen here will prove to be true on a larger scale. Whether LSD
therapy affect daily life more so personal relationships can be confirmed and will be discussed within the paper. The long term triggers that are
associated with this psychotherapy will also be examined in depth. Data was obtained from qualitative interviews held between a participant and the
spouse in the study conducted by Dr. med. Gasser in Switzerland (Winkelman and Roberts). We take an overview look at the data from the therapy
sessions with more inclusion from the State Trait Anxiety Inventory and the European Organization forResearch and Treatment of Cancer Quality of
Life Questionnaire the results that were found prove that the use of LSD in psychotherapy assistance leads to changes in the attitude and behavior of
the patient and they are also reflected in the daily life (Griffiths et al.). These long–term changes in most cases are not noticeable even by the closes
family members, though after a

Eight Psychological Types
The personality, or psyche, is a unity that includes all thought, feeling, and behavior, whether conscious or unconscious. 2. The ego, the organization of
the conscious mind, screens experiences for admission to consciousness. Hence, the ego is often referred as the "gate keeper" to consciousness. 3.
Forgotten, suppressed, or rejected experiences are stored in the personal unconscious. 4. A complex is a group of ideas that cluster together in the
personal unconscious. 5. The collective unconscious is composed of primordial images, or archetypes, inherited from our racial, and even animal, past.
Its contents can be helpful but, if ignored, can interfere with effective functioning. 6. Four archetypes are of great importance in... Show more content on
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The introverted attitude reflects a focus on an inner, private world. The extroverted attitude reflects a focus on the external world of things, events, and
people. Thinking and feeling are opposing, rational functions; sensing and intuiting are opposing, non–rational functions. 9. The two attitudes and the
four functions form eight psychological types, which have been studied by a number of researchers since Jung. 10. Psychic energy, or life energy,
powers activities such as attending, thinking, willing, and striving. 11. Psychic energy follows the principles of equivalence and entropy: the amount of
energy in the personality system stays the same, and within the system energy remains in balance. 12. Psychic energy pursues its two purposes of
preserving life and developing cultural and spiritual activities through progression and regression. In progression energy moves forward; in regression it
retreats to the unconscious. 13. The individuation and the transcendent functions involve making what is unconscious conscious and lead to
self–realization. 14.Causality lies both in the past (mechanism) and in the future (purposivism). Synchronicity may explain the occurrence of events
that do not follow natural

The Central Ideas Of Treatment Approach
The Transpersonal theory has evolved over the past two decades, driving the desire to learn more about the higher self. "A person doesn't have to be
sick in order to get better" (Tuner, 2011, p.551,) The history and development will be discussed within the essay. Central ideas of treatment approach
will be included. Strengths and weaknesses of the Transpersonal Theory within social work will be addressed in great detail. There will be an
assessment of a case and the client within the micro system. The major goals and expected outcomes within the micro system will be listed. To help
understand how practitioner work with clients the intervention techniques will be addressed. To give a holistic view of the Transpersonal Theory the
ethical issues implicit in the approach will be stated. Finally, the application of professional self, and the use of the model with the micro system.
History and Development The Transpersonal Theory help broaden the way of thinking for many practitioners therefore creating the need to greater
explore the higher self. "It was in the late 19th century the thrust of social work interventions shifted toward a psychosocial approach with an
emphasis on internal as well as environmental factors" (Tuner, 2011, p.547). It was 1967, when a small group gathered to create new psychology that
would honor the whole spectrum of the human experience, including various non–ordinary states of consciousness. The group included, Abraham
Maslow, Anthony Sutich,

Disadvantages For Art Therapists
Art therapists are not arts–and–crafts coordinators, they are highly educated individuals who use art as a communicative tool in therapy sessions.
They do this by allowing their patients to create a piece of art before or during a discussion. This gives them the ability to address aspects of the
individuals emotions that may have before been concealed. (Dalley, 2008) In order to accurately analyze the meaning and execution of a painting or
drawing the art therapist must be fluent in psychology as well as studio art. Becoming a licensed art therapist is not a simple accomplishment, a
master's degree is required for an entry level position in the field. This degree consists of twelve credit hours in classes relating to therapy, psychology,
human development, and ethics; as well as eighteen credit hours of studio art. After completing their Master's degree art therapists must go onto
become board certified by the Art Therapy Credentials Board, seek state licensure, and in some cases even obtain a PHd. Art therapists are dynamic
professionals who practice in an array of different environments including schools, prisons, hospitals, mental health wards, and nursing homes.
("American", 2017) They are passionate and resilient individuals who deserve the respect given to any other professional in the healthcare field. The
American Art Therapy Association's "credentials and licensure" section of their website brings attention to the issue that in lue of the extensive
education

Psychology
The Different schools of psychology
Structuralism– the first school of thought headed by Wilhelm Wundt, a German, and later by E.B. Titchener started in 1879 when experimental
psychology was gaining more incentive. The structuralists, as they called themselves, thought of psychology as the study of conscious experience.
They started components experience. They started that all complex substances could be analyzed through their component elements. They held that
elementary mental states such as sensations, images and feelings form the structure of consciousness and are directly observable through introspection
by careful empirical observation. They sought to discover the physiological bases of various types of conscious experiences, with ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The gestalt effect is the form–generating capability of our senses, particularly with respect to the visual recognition of figures and whole forms instead
of just a collection of simple lines and curves. In psychology, gestaltism is often opposed to structuralism. The phrase "The whole is greater than the
sum of the parts" is often used when explaining gestalt theory, though this is a mistranslation of Kurt Koffka 's original phrase, "The whole is other
than the sum of the parts".Gestalt theory allows for the breakup of elements from the whole situation into what it really is.
Psychoanalytic theory– refers to the definition of personality organization and the dynamics of personality development that underlie and guide the
psychoanalytic and psychodynamic psychotherapy, called psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology. First laid out by Sigmund
Freud in the late 19th century, psychoanalytic theory has undergone many refinements since his work. Psychoanalytic theory came to full prominence
in the last third of the twentieth century as part of the flow of critical discourse regarding psychological treatments after the 1960s, long after Freud 's
death in 1939. Freud had ceased his analysis of the brain and his physiological studies and shifted his focus to the study of the mind and the related
psychological attributes making up the mind, and on treatment using free association and the phenomena of transference. His

Theoretical Views Essay
Psychology is now and always has been a strongly debated science. Beginning from the time psychology first became separated from the philosophy
and biology sciences, there has been controversy. The subject, most debated, was the explanation and description of human behavior as well as the
human mind. It was the schools of thought in psychology that allowed for the major names in psychology that we study and read about on what seems
to be a daily basis that put theoretical opinions and differences out in the open for everyone to study and perhaps formulate their own studies and/or
opinions alike. There are major names in history of psychology such as; Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler,Carl Jung, and William James. Each
psychologist's mentioned ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If an individual believed they were inferior to others then they become exactly as they believed. Either way each person has their own perspective and
beliefs behind psychology, is there a perspective that you believe in?
Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, studied medicine and became a doctor, however; his interests were primarily focused on research. He is
the product of intelligent influences from many important philosophers such as; Ernst Brucke, Charles Darwin and Joseph Breuer, who he met in
medical school after some studies together mostly on Anna O., coauthored Studies on Hysteria (Goodwin, 2008). One of the most noted and
controversial theory's from Freud was possibly his psychosexual theory. The psychosexual theory is broken down in stages of development; oral, anal,
phallic, latency, and, genital. Freud theorized that each child goes through periods of childhood where each part of their body is reflected by erotic
stimulation according to his or her erogenous zones, mouth, anus, and genital areas. Freud suggested if these stages were interrupted or dysfunctional it
would consequently affect the child and they would have issue lingering into their adulthood. (Stevenson, 2001). Another theory of that Freud
researched was the Id, ego, and superego. This idea was also a development theory which would advance itself in different stages. The id stage began
at birth, it would be considered the need stage. An individual may not

William James' Philosophies Coinciding with Today's...
William James' Philosophies Coinciding with Today's Psychology
An admitted "Moral Psychologist", James's philosophies coincide with today's fields of Humanistic Psychology, Behavioral Psychology, and
Transpersonal Psychology.
He, like Jung, dared to look outside the "normal" experiences of the mind and expand the concepts of consciousness. More particularly, William James
attempted to describe the processes of the conscious rather than the definition of the conscious. He was the first to introduce our nation to psychology as
a standard educational course and the founder of pragmatism which emphasizes the elimination of unnecessary thinking and finding truth only if it is
practically applicable. Practicality, James ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The rationale of choice involves two levels of knowing – knowledge of acquaintance (an intuitive, sensory knowing) and knowledge about (intellectual,
evaluative and factual knowing). James was particularly interested in the habits of learning. He believed strongly that successful education was
dependent upon the establishment of healthy habits. Stages involved in establishing good personal habits include: 1) a need or desire 2)
information 3) repetition. Of course will is essential in establishing good habits (or breaking bad habits) so the training and strengthening of will
were of major concern for James. He proposed that individuals accomplish this by practicing a useless task daily in order to train and proof
themselves capable of willing themselves into any activity. Desired habits can be established with repetition. He does however recognize the
occasional need to surrender the will and allow events to occur naturally. This, he believes, may induce a state of complete unification, or total
oneness of self, and may require or lead to a transcendent state of mind. "Self" is defined by James as the place from which all our mental processes
originate and through which all our experiences are perceived. The layers of self include the Material Self (the part of us that defines and identifies
ourselves via material goods and relationships), the Social Self (similar to Jung's persona, is the self we play in social encounters) and the

Carl Jung Research Paper
Carl Jung
Carl Jung is possibly one of the most important figures in psychology, and yet he remains controversial. For many psychologists he is little more than
a historical curiosity. Someone who worked with Freud in the early days of the founding of psychoanalysis, and then went his own way, founded his
own school of psychology, became rather eccentric, and is worthy of only the most cursory of mentions in introductory text books. To other
psychologists, he is possibly the most complete psychologist that there has ever been. He made radical and significant contributions to all four of the
major areas of psychology. A feat that is quite unequalled by anyone else. His research on word association, was fundamental to the development of the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In American psychology, behaviorism was a powerful force, and began with the very traditional approach of theorists such as John B. Watson and B.
F. Skinner. Alongside the experimental behaviorists were the learning theorists, such as Clark Hull. As Dollard and Miller tried to find some common
ground between psychodynamic theory and traditional learning approaches, they were inevitably led to consider the role of social factors in human
learning. Bandura, Rotter, and Mischel built on the legacy of Dollard and Miller, but added to it the active role of cognition in the human species.
Finally, Kelly moved to a purely cognitive description of how individuals become who they

Mikao Usui Sensei
We have to remember that energy based healing techniques and medicines, have been used in Eastern cultures for thousands of years.
However REIKI was foundered by a man named Dr Mikao Usui. He was born in Japan on August 15th 1865.
As a child, Dr Mikao Usui attended the Tendai Buddhist Monastery School, and went on to become a Tendai Buddhist Monk/Priest.
He was also a student of various martial arts and had a vast knowledge in medicine, psychology and the theology of religions throughout the world.
Usui Sensei (sensei meaning teacher) travelled to western countries and China several times, and this was encouraged during the MEJJI era, and to
study the western ways.
He often took a form of meditating, lasting 21 days at a time, it is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is important that you go to a Reiki Therapist trained to at least a level 2, and there is also information over the internet, to search for a therapist on
the UK REIKI FEDERATION Website.
How to learn REIKI therapy?
This technique is available for anyone to learn, and it is not
taught in the usual sense, but rather it is Transferred through an attunement, given by a level 3 Reiki Master. This allows the student to tap in to an
unlimited supply of 'LIFE FORCE ENERGY' to help enhance a patients quality of life and improve the persons health.
This information is also available on the UK REIKI FEDERATION Website to find a reputable REIKI MASTER/TEACHER to study with.
So is REIKI successful?
Reiki is not a religion, it is however, a spiritual based belief system, that this universal life force energy, can heal and help many people in crisis.

There are success stories from all over the globe, and a rise of many other holistic and natural based therapies and medicines.
However, there will always be the controversial element within spiritual practises and holistic

Transpersonal Psychology
What has fueled my interest in transpersonal psychology is the concept of guiding people through the discovery of finding balance in their lives,
encompassing mind, body, and spirit. I am captivated by Taoism philosophy, which holds many similarities to transpersonal psychology. It is through
the discovery and work of the whole person, leaving no parts left out that I believe joins the two beliefs. Staying true to all aspects of yourself while
reaching out and connecting with others is the key to being to finding happiness.
My responsibility as a counselor for many years has afforded me the opportunity of working with students and helping them explore their journey
through life. High school guidance counselors, like therapists, work with a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was an opportunity to reach into unchartered territories of the mind for unanswered questions and thoughts about ourselves to achieve better
self–awareness. Combining the three aspects of mind, body and spirit to find inner peace brings to mind a natural approach. Choosing to work in the
area of transpersonal psychology would include work on health, development, human potential, empathy, inner meaning, purpose and more of life's
experiences within all of us.
I have learned about the humanistic theories and have come to appreciate its emphasis on the growth and potential of the human being. The focus is on
how people come to a state of being by working with the healthy side of themselves. Much like the humanistic theories, transpersonal psychology's
view is the focus on people's potential for healthy personal growth. Transpersonal psychology like the humanistic psychology tends to focus on the
positive side of psychology. Positive self–concept, acceptance and empathy towards others are all that lead me towards the study of transpersonal

Psychoanalytic Theory : Psychoanalytic And Psychoanalytic...
Psychoanalytic aka "Psychodynamic"
The psychoanalytic perspective, is the outlook that behavior and personality are effected by the conflict between one's inner dreams n and expectation
of society. Most of this conflict occurs in unconscious, which is outside the knowledge of an individual. Renowned psychologist, Freud established the
psychoanalytic theory as an explanation for perplexed phenomena such as the meaning behind dreams, slips of the tongue, and behavioral reflex
reactions to stressful situations. The unconscious is a primary focus in psychoanalytic theory due to its typical development in childhood and the ways
in which it influences nearly every detail of an individual's life. The unconscious mind also holds unvented memories and unexpressed urges that make
their process into the conscious mind through a variety of different means. However, topographical theory of the mind states that conscious,
preconscious, and unconscious serve as motivating forces in human behavior. Corsin & Wedding (2011) define the conscious as mental activity which
individuals are fully aware of, preconscious as thoughts and feelings that could be easily brought to mind and unconscious as thoughts, feelings, and
desires of which one is unaware of. Sigmund Freud defines self–psychology as the conceptualization of the relationships within self–object. Identically
self–psychology, is design to

Abraham Maslow Life Span Development and Personality
Abraham Maslow
Life Span Development and Personality
Abraham Maslow was born April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. Abraham Maslow grew up in Brooklyn, New York, the first of seven children
born to his Jewish parents who emigrated from Russia. His parents were uneducated, but they insisted that he study law. Maslow later described his
early childhood as unhappy and lonely, and he spent much of his time in the library immersed in books. At first, Abraham acceded to their wishes and
enrolled in the City College of New York (CCNY). However, after three semesters, he transferred to Cornell University then back to CCNY.
Maslow attended City College in New York. His father hoped he would pursue law, but he went to graduate school at the... Show more content on
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For example, in their extensive review of research that is dependent on Maslow 's theory, Wabha and Bridwell (1976) found little evidence for the
ranking of needs that Maslow described, or even for the existence of a definite hierarchy at all. Some have argued that Maslow was unconsciously
naive about elitist elements in his theories. As one critic poses, "What real individuals, living in what real societies, working at what real jobs, and
earning what real income have any chance at all of becoming self–actualizers?"
Some behaviorists believe that self–actualization is a difficult concept for researchers to operationalize, and this in turn makes it difficult to test
Maslow 's theory. Even if self–actualization is a useful concept, some contend that there is no proof that every individual has this capacity or even the
goal to achieve it. In 1967, Abraham Maslow was named humanist of the year by the American Humanist Association. That same year he was elected
president of the American Psychological Association. Maslow played a major role in organizing both the Journal of HumanisticPsychology and the
Journal of Transpersonal Psychology. In 1969, Abraham Maslow, Stanislav Grof and Anthony Sutich were the initiators behind the publication of the
first issue of the Journal of Transpersonal Psychology.
This outgrowth of Maslow 's work, Transpersonal

The Importance Of Ethical Codes In Counselling
Second argument, let's look back at the ethical codes, section A.6.B ( Extending Counseling Boundaries) states that "Counselors consider the risks and
benefits of extending current counseling relationships beyond conventional parameters. In extending these boundaries, counselors take appropriate
professional precautions such as informed consent, consultation, supervision, and documentation to ensure that judgment is not impaired and no harm
occurs." (ACA, 2014). As this code states, if a therapist takes appropriate steps by documenting everything and discussing events in supervision, which
we are doing now, we should be safe within the ethical code lines. The Most important point to remember, as long as the client is not hurt during the
dual relationship process, we are maintaining our promise of being ethically professional helpers.
The third argument is that these codes that we abide by in both counseling and art therapy are not the law. They are merely attempted guidelines for
therapists to remind them to not mentally or physically harm their clients. Most of the codes are vague and contradict themselves, for instance for
section 1.4 of the American Art therapy Association codes states that " Art therapists refrain from entering into multiple relationships with clients if the
multiple relationships could reasonably be expected to impair competence or effectiveness of the art therapist to perform his or her functions as an art
therapist, or otherwise risks exploitation or

Maslow 's Motivation And Personality
According to Robert Frager, editor of the third edition of Maslow's Motivation and
Personality, the theorist Abraham Maslow was born in 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He was the first of seven children born to Russian
–
Jewish immigrants. While Maslow's father was uneducated, he pushed his son academically and encouraged him to become a lawyer. Maslow began
his extensive education at City College of New York but later told his father that he did not want to study law. In 1928, after marrying his wife Berta,
he transferred to the University of
Wisconsin to st udy psychology under the guidance of Harry Harlow. Two years later he obtained his Bachelor's degree and having always been an
astute student with a deep passion for learning,
Maslow continued at the University to receive his Master's degree in 1931, and t hen his
Doctorate in 1934. Maslow described himself (Frager 1970, p. xxxvi) as, "...the little Jewish boy in the non
–
Jewish neighborhood...I was isolated and unhappy. I grew up in libraries and among books, without friends." At the beginning of his college career,
Maslow studied behavior psychology, also called behaviorism. This is a type of psychology based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through
conditioning. Maslow later became interested in a more humanistic view in psychology wh ich states that the whole person should be studied along
with the uniqueness of that individual (McLeod, 2007). He believed that the development of human

The Humanistic Approach To Psychology
Humanism, also known as the phenomenological approach, is a contemporary approach to psychology that focuses on the "whole person". It stresses
the idea that a person is an individual and is unique. Humanists look at behavior through the eyes of the person, not as an observer. Everyone needs to
be treated differently based on their unique personality. They believe that a person's behavior is determined by their perception of the world around
them, not their environment or genetics. Humanism begins with the belief that people have free will, or personal agency as it's called in humanism,
and that all people are inherently good. It is believed that everyone wants to make themselves and the world a better place. They have a natural born
drive to fulfill their maximum potential. Humanism emphasizes personal worth and basic human values. Humanists are not concerned about instinctual
drive, external forces, or past experiences. Instead humanists use the ideas of love, fulfillment, self–worth, and independence to help people as they are
the basic human wants. Humanism rose to prominence in the mid–20th century. American psychologists Abraham Maslow and Clark Moustakas met
with other psychologists in 1957 and 1958 to discuss developing an organization devoted to a different approach to mainstream psychology. They
wanted self–actualization, creativity, health and individuality to be the major focuses of the approach. In 1961, with assistance from Brandeis
University, the

Essay about Art Therapy
If there was one thing about kindergarten and grade school that we enjoyed the most would probably be arts and crafts time. We got a break from the
mind–boggling math problems, but we also could have time to draw pictures of whatever we wanted to take home to our parents. You know the
routine....teacher places a blank sheet of paper in front of you, decorates the table with tons of crayons and markers, and lets us go at it for a good
twenty minutes or so until we have a finished product, right? But if you take a deeper look at the portraits drawn, is it just a harmless picture that a
five year old drew or does it have deeper meaning to it. You know the old cliche: "A picture is worth 1,000 words", wellart therapy really supports this
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Their normal way of communicating is through art and play." –therapist Rebecca McGrath
The therapist ask the patients to draw what they feel about the situation and from there they can start to make progress toward the recovery period of
the situation. The problem with the children is that when the incident happens they begin to build up a wall between their unconscious and the outside
world. Almost as if they are putting up a defense mechanism that prevents themselves from allowing anything to happen like that again. That is where
the drawing comes in.
"Drawing is a way for the unconscious to break down the wall. Sexual abuse is always a secret. It's pounded into their heads, `Don't talk about it.' Then
they come in, and they think, `well, maybe I can draw about it.'" –therapist Rebecca McGrath
This method is not only proven successful on young children but it is also used on adults who have sexually abused children. Using the art that the
offender's draw, some therapists can confront and determine why the offender has awkward viewpoints towards children.
" Sometimes an offender will draw a child as a very provocative, sexual person, lots of makeup. You then ask, `How old is this person?' They say, `Six.'
then you can say, `Does this look like a 6–year–old child?'" –therapist Rebecca McGrath
The practicing of art therapy has risen noticeably in the last ten years. The number of therapists

Motivation Response: Drive-Reduction Theory, Arousal
Anthony Hebdo
Motivation Response There are three theories of motivation they are, Drive– Reduction Theory, Arousal Theory and A Hierarchy of Needs. Drive
–
Reduction Theory is the idea that a psychological need creates an aroused state or a drive that motivates us to satisfy the need (Myers & DeWall,
2014). In drive– reduction theory there are three assumptions. The first is that we have psychological needs, such as food and water. The second
assumption is if that need is not met, then it creates an aroused motivated state, such as hunger or thirst. The last assumption is that this drive pushes
us to reduce the need by eating or drinking (Myers & DeWall, 2014). The goal of this three–step process is homeostasis. Homeostasis is the tendency ...
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This would be thrill seekers. Some motivated behaviors increase arousal. When we find that our biological needs have been met, we feel bored and
seek stimulation to increase our arousal (Myers & DeWall, 2014). Environmental factors can influence the brain's level of arousal. Individuals might
engage in certain actions to obtain their optimal level of arousal by either decreasing or increasing the amount of stimulation received from the
environment. When our arousal levels are low then we feel bored, we then engage in activities that will increase our arousal level, such as going out
with friends. On the other hand, when our arousal levels are too high, such as when we are too anxious or overstressed, we then resort to engaging in
relaxation methods such as reading a book, getting a massage, or meditating. The strengths of arousal theory are it explains that motivated behaviors
may decrease or increase arousal. It also explains some people's risky behavior. It adds to their homeostasis. The weaknesses of arousal theory are it
does not explain our motivation to address our more complex social

Jean Watson Research Paper
I: Introduction
A.)Who is Jean Watson
B.)Education
1.)Watson earned her bachelor's degree in nursing in 1964.
2.)Followed by a master of science in nursing in psychiatric and mental health nursing in 1966.
3.)Finally, a Ph.D. in educational psychology and counseling in 1973.
4.)All obtained from the University of Colorado at Boulder.
C.)Theory
1.)"Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring"
2.)The nursing model states, "Nursing is concerned with promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health." (Blais &
Hayes, 2016)
3.)Addresses how nurses care for their patients, and how that caring translates into better health plans to help patients get healthy.
4.)One aspect of Watson's Caring Theory is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
B.)Altruism is defined as "the principle or practice of unselfish concern for or devotion to the welfare of others." (Cherry & Jacob, 2016)
1.)Everything that is being done for a patient in a clinical setting should only be for the greater good of that particular patient and should have no
ulterior motives behind the action being done.
V: Major Concepts and Assumptions
A.)Human Being
1.)"A valued person to be cared for, respected, nurtured, understood, and assisted." (Blais & Hayes, 2016)
2.)A human should be regarded as a complete rather than a separation of their parts and as a fully well–designed cohesive self.
B.)Health
1.)"The unity and harmony within the mind, body, and soul." (Cherry & Jacob, 2016)
2.)Health is associated with the patient and how they perceive themselves and the experiences they have gone through.
3.)Health is defined by ones overall level of mental, physical, and social functioning.
C.)Environment or

Psychodynamic Approach To Psychology Essay
Investigate how psychology can be used to understand specific behaviours, and examine how it can be applied to the work of General Practitioners
and social workers Psychodynamic – Strengths and Limitations: Strengths– Defence Mechanisms, this allows other to relate one thing to another by
putting a reason behind it, for example if a child is seen to be abusive towards an animal then it can be viewed as displacement from maybe their
home life and it would mean that professionals would need to look into it as a child could be getting abused and taking their anger out on animals.
Free association, by using free association it allows professional to be able to tell someone's state of mind, they can tell this by saying a word and the...
Biased Sample, the sample in which Freud used was biased in all aspects as he only used women who were his own patients, they also all had mental
health issues. His one other study of little Hans was also the only sample he did on a child. Rejects Free will, This approach does not allow any
evidence of the use of free will, this is because it does not allow for any biological processes that may take part. How can doctors and social workers
use this theory? Doctors– Doctors can use this approach as they can talk through free association and maybe uncover why a person is feeling the
way they are. Free association is a technique used in psychoanalytic therapy to help patients learn more about what they are thinking and feeling.
This is where the professional says a word and the service user has to say the first words that come into their head. A doctor would not specifically
have the qualifications to deal with this so they would refer the service user to a counsellor. Social workers– This approach can be used by social
workers as they can look at not just the service user but they can also look at the family and their environment, as this would give them an idea to their
upbringing, as see if that could be influences their behaviour. How can this theory be used to explain addictions and depression? The psychodynamic
approach highlight how important childhood it, and with knowing this if there was any disruption to the growth and development of a child they

Technological Influences On Transpersonal Psychology
You are invited participate in the Technological Influences on Transpersonal Psychology study.
The study is underwritten by Facebook Inc. to understand the influences of social media where the Transpersonal self is concerned. The progam is
every other Saturday thru July in Atlanta, GA. The exact location will be forwarded to selected participants. The project is tenatively schedule to begin
on March 5th 2016. It is not necessary to attend every session. This is an invitation–only event. Results from the project will be used to understand the
influences of social technologies and communication on the transpersonal self in an effort to improve the platform. Lab tracts and feedback sessions
will begin on Saturday morning at 9:30 and continue

Humanistic Psychology Essay
Overview:
Throughout history many individuals and groups have affirmed the inherent value and dignity of human beings. They have spoken out against
ideologies, beliefs and practices, which held people to be merely the means for accomplishing economic and political ends. They have reminded their
contemporaries that the purpose of institutions is to serve and advance the freedom and power of their members. In Western civilization we honor the
times and places, such as Classical Greece and Europe of the Renaissance, when such affirmations were expressed.
Humanistic Psychology is a contemporary manifestation of that ongoing commitment. Its message is a response to the denigration of the human spirit
that has so often been implied in the image ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is guided by a conviction that intentionality and ethical values are strong psychological forces, among the basic determinants of human behavior.
This conviction leads to an effort to enhance such distinctly human qualities as choice, creativity, the interaction of the body, mind and spirit, and the
capacity to become more aware, free, responsible, life affirming and trustworthy.
Humanistic psychology acknowledges that the mind is strongly influenced by determining forces in society and in the unconscious, and that some of
these are negative and destructive. Humanistic psychology nevertheless emphasizes the independent dignity and worth of human beings and their
conscious capacity to develop personal competence and self–respect. This value orientation has led to the development of therapies to facilitate
personal and interpersonal skills and to enhance the quality of life.
Since there is much difficulty involved in inner growth, humanistic psychologists often stress the importance of courageously learning to take
responsibility for one as one confronts personal transitions. The difficulty of

Psychedelic Drugs : The Ethics Of Medicine
Since the 20th century, many medical professionals and researchers have been attempting to utilize psychedelic drugs in psychological illnesses
treatments. In many testing cases, these psychedelic drugs were having hallucination effects on the patients. For examples, psychedelic drugs such as
LSD and methoxamine are capable of changing a person's moods, feelings, or even behaviors in either positive or negative ways. However, after
decades of restriction on psychedelic drugs in 1960s, hallucinogens have been researched constantly in order to find a proper ways to utilize them in
medicine. In other words, medical experts have been testing these drugs occasionally on patients, raising questions about medical ethics as a result. For
instance, various patients reported to experience drug addiction, violent or suicidal thoughts, and physical syndromes such as coma, seizures, or loss of
muscular coordination. Therefore, not only the testing of psychedelic drugs causes ethical debates, but the use of these drugs in general also questions
whether they should be used in medicine at all. In his article "Psychedelic Psychotherapy: The Ethics of Medicine for the Soul," Brian Anderson
supports the use of psychedelics in transpersonal psychotherapy, a new field of mental illness treatment using psychology instead of medicine. More
specifically, he recalls from scientific studies that psychedelics are capable of altering a person's states of consciousness. According to Anderson,

Abraham 's Theory Of Behaviorism
Abraham Harold Maslow was born on April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He was the first born to his parents, Samuel and Rose Maslow. He was a
lonely and unhappy Jewish boy who spent most of his time in the library and among books as a means of comfort and refuge. However, in 1925 at
the age of 17 he enrolled at the City College of New York. In 1926, he registered for evening classes at the Brooklyn Law School, then transferred to
Cornell University in Ithaca, New York in 1927. In 1928, he transferred to the University of Wisconsin and earned his Bachelor, Maters and Doctorate
within the years 1930–1934. Shortly after Maslow married his longtime sweetheart and first cousin Bertha Goodman, he had discovered J.B. Watson
and his theories on behaviorism which sparked an interest in him. However, the birth of his two daughters Anna and Ellen made him forget
behaviorism. After working for 18 months at the Columbia University he met with well–known learning theorist Edward Thorndike who sparked an
interest in him that he decided to research on the relationship between dominance and sexuality in humans. During the period 1937–1951, Abraham
taught at Brooklyn College and there continued with his research on human sexuality. He continued seeking to understand humans, more so, Max
Wertheimer and Ruth Benedick, who had great influence on him. These influential assisted him in formulating an interest in self–actualizing people. In
1951 Abraham moved to Brandeis University and served as

Abraham Moslow Essay
Abraham Moslow
The theorist I chose was Maslow, he was born in 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He was the first of seven children born to his parents, Jewish
immigrants from Russia. His parents, hoping for the best for their children in the New World, pushed him hard for academic success. He became the
psychologist who many people consider the founder of a movement called humanistic psychology. The movement developed as a revolt against
behaviorism and psychoanalysis, the two most popular psychological views of the mid– 1900's. Humanistic psychologists believe individuals are
controlled by their own values and choices and not by the environment, as behaviorists think, or by unconscious drives, as psychoanalyst believe.
Maslow stressed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In our day to day life we exhibit these needs in our desires to marry, have a family be a part of a community, a member of church, brother part of a
fraternity, a part of a gang or a bowling club. It is also a part of what we look for in a career. The esteem needs. Next we begin to look for a little
self–esteem. Maslow noted two versions of esteem needs, a lower one and a higher one. The lower one is the need for the respect of others, the need
for status, fame, glory, recognition, attention, reputation, appreciation, dignity, even dominance. The higher form involves the need for self–respect,
including such feelings as confidence, competence, achievement, mastery, independence, and freedom. This is the "higher"
form because, unlike the respect of others, once we have self–respect, it is a much harder to lose. The negative version of these needs is low
self–esteem and weakness complexes. Maslow felt that Adler was onto something when he stated that these were at the roots of many, even of our
psychological difficulties. In modern countries, many of us have what we need in regard to our physiological and safety needs. Sometimes we even
have reasonable amount of love and sense of belonging. It is a respect that often seems hard to get! The next four levels Maslow calls deficit needs, or
D–needs. If you do not have an adequate amount of something it would make it a deficit .We feel

Foundations of Psychology
Foundations of Psychology
Psychology is an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behavior. There is some tension between
scientific psychology (with its program of empirical research) and applied psychology (dealing with a number of areas). Psychologists attempt to
explain the mind and brain in the context of real life. In contrast neurologists utilize a physiological approach. Psychologists study such phenomena as
perception, cognition, emotion, personality, behavior, and interpersonal relationships.Psychology also refers to the application of such knowledge to
various spheres of human activity including issues related to daily life–e.g. family, education, and work–and the treatment of ... Show more content on
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The school of thought known as structuralism was initiated by Edward Titchener, one of Wundt 's students. This school of thought was called
structuralism because of Titchener 's interest in the structural make up of consciousness. It was Ticthener 's hope to devise a table of the levels, or
elements of human consciousness using Wundt 's introspection idea. Ticthener viewed psychology scientifically. He believed that the only way to
understand psychology was through experimentation. This eventually led to the idea that sensation and feelings were unscientific because it could not
be measured by anyone but the person experiencing it. The second school of thought that was popular in psychology 's beginning was known as
functionalism. This school of though focused on the role psychological processes have on helping people adapt to their surroundings. Functionalists
believe that "consciousness exists because it serves a function" (Kowalski & Westen, 2005). William James, one of the founders of functionalism, set
out to explain why we think the way that we do. These two schools of thought branch out even further to offer assumptions or perspectives on these
theories. Psychodynamic, behaviorist, cognitive, and evolutionary perspectives help to expand psychological thinking and guide psychological studied.
Psychodynamic and behaviorist perspectives will be covered since the last two are more recent perspectives. Sigmund Freud emphasis was on
psychodynamics. His

Art Therapy in Metal Health Vocation
Art therapy is a common mental health vocation that utilizes the ingenious practice of art making to ameliorate and improve the mental, emotional, and
physical healthfulness of people of all age groups. It is predicated on the credence that the creative operation involved in imaginative self–expression
avails people to undertake conflicts and quandaries, develop interpersonal skills, manage comportment, reduce stress, increment self–esteem and
self–cognizance, and accomplish understanding of themselves. Art therapy incorporates the fields of visual arts, human development, and the ingenious
process with models of psychotherapy and counseling.
This is utilized with children, teenagers, adults, elderly people, families, and groups to evaluate and treat apprehensiveness, despondence, and other
mental/emotional quandaries, abuse and domestic violence, mental illnesses, family and relationship problems, gregarious/emotional difficulties
cognate to incapacitation or illness, personal trauma, loss and post traumatic stress disorder, physical, cognitive, and neurological quandaries,
psychosocial difficulties cognate to medical illness, substance abuse and other addictions. Throughout the healing procedure, an art therapist will utilize
an array of ingenious art processes to address the issues a patient wants to find a solution too. Painting, drawing, and sculpting are principal methods.
Daily duties for an art therapist include establishing art therapy treatment program depending

Abraham Maslow 's Theory Of Psychology
Abstract
A psychologist by the name of Abraham Harold Maslow only accepted the ultimate best for himself in life. Born to Samuel and Rose Schilofsky,
Maslow was one of their seven children. His parents were not well educated. Driven for success, they pushed Maslow very hard, but often
underestimated him and categorized him as being ill. He felt often neglected as a child. Maslow read to stimulate his mind. Because he knew that
his parents would appreciate it, he studied law at the City College of New York. Maslow realized that law was not for him so he went to Cornell
University. His first cousin, Bertha, and he got married and they had two children. Maslow's love for psychology was sparked at the university. He
obtained a host of degrees. He returned to New York where he started studying and researching about human sexuality. He taught full time at Brooklyn
College. He was the chair of psychology at Brandeis until his health started to fail. On June 8, 1970, Abraham Maslow died in California. The Life and
Career of Abraham Maslow
Background on Maslow
Men and women were selling themselves short of the human race was the story (Maslow, 1908–1970). Abraham Maslow was the originator of
Humanistic Psychology. Abraham Maslow was a man of great character. His life, theories, and career still exist today and people continue to reflect on
such an impact he has had on society.
The Life of Abraham Maslow
On April 1, 1908, Maslow was born in Brooklyn, New York, to

Abraham Maslow 's Work On Social Psychology
Abraham H. Maslow was born on April 1, 1908 in New York City, and passed away on June 8, 1970 in California. Dr. Maslow received all three (A.B.,
M.A. and Ph.D.) of his degrees from the University of Wisconsin. He was also the "founding editor of the Journal of Humanistic Psychology and the
Journal of Transpersonal Psychology." (Professional biography, 1970, p. 98). As a graduate student enthusiastic by the work of Alfred Adler and John
B. Watson, Maslow became a dedicated behaviorist, and pursued his socialistic and humanistic (Maslow, 2000, p. 129). From 1933 to late 1936, Dr.
Maslow spent most of his research on monkeys and primates, his topic of focus revolved around motivation, hunger, social interaction, sexual
behaviour, and learning and reproduction of learned behaviours. In 1937, Dr. Maslow began his work on social psychology, and was a prominent
figure and founder of individual psychology as well. His focus during that time included personality and culture, dominance, and personality and social
behaviour in women. At the start of 1941, it was evident that his works began to broaden and he delved into abnormal psychology, leadership, human
motivation, and developed his famous theory of self–actualization in 1943 (Professional biography, 1970, p. 100).
In an interview with Dr. Maslow, when asked what was his reason for heading a third school of thought in psychology (during that time), he said that,
"humanistic concerns were part of the reason, a very large part of

The Qualities Of Myself That Stand Out
Everyone in the world has many different characteristics that stand out, but one of the characteristics about myself that stand out is my generosity
and my love for others. All of my life I put others problems on myself, and though it may not be a healthy thing to do. I always do it because of my
love for people. I have always been willing to put my problems aside to make others happy. By making others happy I please myself.
I have always wonder why I was given this trait. I just figured it always genetic and yes your traits are a mixture of your mother and father traits, but
that does not explain the other reasons for it. I believe that there are many scientists that have worked to discover how this is true. We tend to base our
characteristics off of the theories such as behaviorist, humanistic, psychoanalytic, biological, and cognitive. Behaviorism is founded in the premise of
behaviors that can be described scientifically using facets of philosophy and methodology but also suggesting that theory and not physiological
constraints explain the behaviors of humanity. Moore suggests that radical behaviorism is not biological but philosophical in its origin. Moore also
contends that virtually all American psychologists are now at least in part, behavioral psychologists (Moore, 2011). Therefore, despite my own
tendencies to believe otherwise, perhaps my nature is at least in part defined by behaviorist theory. Behaviorism should be an objective science that
studies behavior

Applied Personality Theories Essay
There are many people in this world; no two people are the same. When considering personality theories it is important to note that not all theories
apply to all situations or all people. Different theories have different approaches. It is important to know the person before making assumptions about
the proper theory to apply to the person or in any given situation. The purpose of this paper is to analysis how different personality theorists could
interoperate different individual circumstances and behaviors based on case examples provided by the instructor. When applying different theories to
different individuals it is important to consider your own thoughts and feelings about the person and the situation being analyzed. Freud believed...
Hal feels that his parents were never there when he was a child. They sent him and his brother to boarding school. He describes his mother as a
"cold" career woman whom never held him and didn't want him. Hal's father has died. Hal said he "respects" his father, he knew his dad loved him;
he showed him through teaching. Hal is currently seeing a therapist and has been having sexual fantasies about his therapist. Carl Rogers & the Person
Centered Perspective Carl Rogers identified six conditions which are needed to produce personality changes in people: relationship, vulnerability to
anxiety (on the part of the person), genuineness (the therapist is truly himself and incorporates some self–disclosure), the person's perception of the
therapist's genuineness, the therapist's unconditional positive regard for the person, and accurate empathy (Frager & Fadiman, p. 336). Two primary
goals of person–centered therapy are increased self–esteem and greater openness to experience. Some of the related changes that this form of therapy
seeks to foster in clients include closer agreement between the person's idealized and actual selves; better self–understanding; lower levels of
defensiveness, guilt, and insecurity; more positive and comfortable relationships with others; and an increased capacity to experience and express
feelings at the moment they occur (Frager & Fadiman, p. 336). I believe that Carl Rogers would say that Hal's therapist is

Psychology & Religion: The Spirtual Side to Counseling Essay
Abstract: In today's society the field of psychology and the study of religion have hardly ever set will with one another. New information is being
composed about the two fields working together, this paper is a brief description of those ideas and thoughts.
The psychological study of religion in the United States illustrates tensions and opportunities that exist between psychology and religion. It also
demonstrates the multifaceted views taken by psychologists as they address areas of living that have personal implications. Following the early period,
American psychology's push toward behaviorism resulted in the neglect of spiritual matters. The reductionism methods of ... Show more content on
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Ralph Hood (1998), a major figure in American psychology of religion, suggests six psychological schools of thought regarding religion. The
psychoanalytical schools draw from the work of Freud, and attempt to reveal unconscious motives for religious belief. Although Freud reduced religious
belief to a natural, if ultimately flawed, attempt to cope with life's stresses; contemporary psychoanalytic interpretations are not necessarily hostile to
religious faith. Analytical schools find their inspiration in Jung's description of spiritual life. Most psychologists, however, consider such descriptions
to be undemonstrated by scientific research, and therefore it plays a limited role in psychology. Object relations school also draws from psychoanalysis,
but focus their efforts on maternal influences on the child. Each of these three schools rely on clinical case studies and other descriptive methods based
on small samples, which runs counter to the prevailing practice of psychology in America. Transpersonal schools attempts to confront spiritually
directly, often with the assumption that spiritual phenomena are real. They utilize a variety of methods in an attempt to study transcendent experience.
Phenomenological schools focus on the assumptions underlying religious experience and on the commonalties of the experiences. They favor
description and critical reflection over experimentation and measurement.

Core Concepts and Theory in the Transpersonal Approach to...
ASSIGNMENT 2
What are some of the core concepts and theory when considering the transpersonal approach?
The work of the transpersonal draws largely from mainstream psychological concepts and theory in order to ground its practice in science. However,
unlike mainstream psychological paradigms, the transpersonal acknowledges that "our essential nature is spiritual" (Phoenix Institute of Australia,
2012) and that as human beings we have "valid urges towards the spiritual" (Phoenix Institute of Australia, 2012). The transpersonal approach is based
on this notion of the spiritual self as the foundation for our psychological structure of the self and therefore proposes that we exist simultaneously in a
multitude of realities, including ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It includes mystical, spiritual and religious experiences as well as sharing much common ground with consciousness studies and humanistic psychology
. "Transpersonal experiences can be interpreted either religiously or non–religiously according to individual preference" (Walsh, 1993). Founder of
Humanistic and later Transpersonal Psychology Abraham Maslow theorized that the approach of the transpersonal does not oppose that of Freud; it
offers a complementary viewpoint, which assists in recognizing "the full range and variety of transpersonal experience" (Daniels, 2005) and focuses
on "the human origins, significance and value of transpersonal phenomena" (Daniels, 2005). Whilst psychoanalysis was part of a biomedical,
reductionist model which did not encompass the full spectrum of states of consciousness, nor did it acknowledge the spiritual self, it provided a basic
framework for the psychological structure of the self, later understood by the transpersonal to rest on the foundations of the spiritual self.
The notion of the psychological self and the spiritual self stems from the assumption of the transpersonal that we exist simultaneously in multiple
realities. The realities of the body, the mind, the spirit, emotion, imagination and science are all part of a rich tapestry, which inform and shape our
life–story or journey. Transpersonal work uses this

Abraham Maslow And The American Psychological Association

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