Intorductions of coral reefs and mangroves and it's tourism and enviornmental significance ; as per the syllabus of BBA Tourism for Envionmental studies

1. Topics covered by
Module : Environmental Studies
Coral reafs
Mangroves
Biosphere Reserves
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2. Vaughan (1917) has defined
coral reef as “a ridge or mound
of lime stone, the upper
surface of which is near the
surface of the sea and which is
formed of calcium carbonate
by the actions of organisms,
chiefly corals.”
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5.  Corals have built a thick stratum of the earth’s crust, they
have coral reefs in the Caribbean seas and in the Indo-
Pacific region from east coast of Africa to the north-
eastern coast of Australia which is known as the Great
Barrier Reef.
 However, Fiji islands of Pacific Ocean and those situated in
Bahama islands region are the best known coral islands of
the world.
 Around India, coral reefs are found off Port Okha and
Dwarka in the gulf of Kutch and also off Rameshwaram in
the gulf of Mannar between India and Sri Lanka.
 The coral reefs are also located at Andaman and Nicobar
islands and at Lakshadweep Islands.
The coral reefs grow best at a depth of about 30 metres or
less and normally in warm water up to about 20°C. Light and
amount of sediment also limit the reef forming corals.
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6. The coral reefs have great vertical
thickness though reef-building corals
live only up to depth of 50 metres,
and those of past geological ages
also lived in shallow littoral waters.
How the great thickness of coral
reefs has been made is explained by
several theories of which two may
be considered.
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7. This theory states that coral reefs were first
formed as fringing reefs on sloping shores,
they became barrier reefs when the shores
sank with water channel between them and
the land. If the land is an island which sinks
completely, then an atoll is formed. Thus,
sinking or subsidence has caused the
thickness of the reefs.
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8. This theory states that during
the last glacial period the
formation of ice caps lowered
the ocean level by 60 to 70
metres below the present
surface. Waves cut the shores to
make flat platforms suitable for
growth of corals.
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9. Let’s start
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10.  Mangroves are tropical trees that thrive in
conditions most timber could never
tolerate — salty, coastal waters, and the
interminable ebb and flow of the tide.
 With the ability to store vast amounts of
carbon, mangrove forests are key
weapons in the fight against climate
change, but they are under threat
worldwide.
 By protecting mangroves, we can help
protect the future of our planet.
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11. • Mangroves can be a bit salty.
Mangroves are the only species of
trees in the world that can
tolerate saltwater. Their strategy
for dealing with otherwise toxic
levels of salt? Excrete it through
their waxy leaves.
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12. Though estimates vary, there
are at least 50 — and maybe up
to 110 — mangrove species,
ranging in height from 2 to 10
meters, but all species feature
oblong or oval-shaped leaves
and share an affinity for
brackish habitats
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13. Mangroves, specifically the
underwater habitat their
roots provide, offer critical
nursing environments for
juveniles of thousands of fish
species, from 1-inch gobies
to 10-foot sharks
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14.  The word "Mangrove" is considered to be a
combination of the Portuguese word
"Mangue" and the English word "grove".
 • Mangroves are salt-tolerant plants
 • These are highly productive but extremely
sensitive and fragile
 • are breeding, feeding and nursery grounds
for many estuarine and marine organisms
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15. •According to a status report of the Government of
India publication, the total area of the mangroves in
India, was reckoned at about 6,740 sq.km.
• This covered about 7% of the world
mangroves(Krishnamurthy, 1987) and 8% of the
Indian coastline(Untawale, 1987).
•But a recent Indian Remote Sensing Data (Nayak,
1993)showed that the total area of the mangroves
decreasedto 4,474sq. km .
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16.  Acts as Buffer Zone between the land and
sea.
 Protects the land from erosion.
 Plays a significant role as natures shield
against cyclones, ecological disasters and as
protector of shorelines.
 Acts as Breeding and nursery grounds for a
variety of marine animals.
 Harbours a variety of life forms like
invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles,
birds and even mammals like tigers.
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17. Mangrove forests are fading into disappearance all over the
world.
They were estimated to cover 18.1 million sq. km worldwide
but a more recent study estimates it around 15 million sq. km.
The world mangrove experts opine that the mangroves may
be totally lost within 100 years.
In the sheltered tropical coastlines such as delta areas of
Ganges-Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy and Niger as well in the
coastlines of the Malacca Straits, Borneo and Madagascar,
mangrove areas are under heavy human pressure.
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18. Introduction
 Biosphere Reserve (BR) is an international designation
by United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) for representative
parts of natural and cultural landscapes extending
over large areas of terrestrial or coastal/marine
ecosystems or a combination of both.
 Biosphere Reserves tries to balance economic and
social development and maintenance of associated
cultural values along with the preservation of nature.
 Biosphere Reserves are thus special environments for
both people and nature and are living examples of
how human beings and nature can co-exist while
respecting each others’ needs.
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19.  A site must contain a protected and minimally
disturbed core area of value of nature
conservation.
 Core area must be a bio-geographical unit and
should be large enough to sustain a viable
populations representing all trophic levels.
 The involvement of local communities and use
of their knowledge in biodiversity preservation.
 Areas potential for preservation of traditional
tribal or rural modes of living for harmonious
use of the environment.
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20. Core Areas:
 It is the most protected area of a biosphere
reserve. It may contain endemic plants and
animals.
 They conserve the wild relatives of economic
species and also represent important genetic
reservoirs having exceptional scientific
interest.
 A core zone is a protected region, like a
National Park or
Sanctuary/protected/regulated mostly under
the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. It is kept
free from human interference
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21. The buffer zone surrounds the core
zone and its activities are managed in
this area in the ways that help in the
protection of the core zone in its
natural condition.
It includes restoration, limited
tourism, fishing, grazing, etc; which
are permitted to reduce its effect on
the core zone.
Research and educational activities
are to be encouraged.
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22.  It is the outermost part of the biosphere
reserve. It is the zone of cooperation where
human ventures and conservation are done in
harmony.
 It includes settlements, croplands, managed
forests and areas for intensive recreation and
other economic uses characteristics of the
region.
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23.  Conservation:
 Managing Biosphere Reserve’s genetic resources, endemic species, ecosystems, and
landscapes.
 It may prevent man-animal conflict eg. death of tiger Avni who was shot dead when
she turned man-eater Along with the wildlife, culture and customs of tribals are also
protected
 Development:
 Promoting economic and human growth that is sustainable on a sociocultural and
ecological level.
 It seeks to strengthen the three pillars of sustainable development: social, economic
and protection of the environment.
 Logistic support:
 Promoting research activities, environmental education, training and monitoring in
the context of local, national and international conservation and sustainable
development.
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24.  Cold Desert, Himachal Pradesh
 Nanda Devi, Uttrakhand
 Khangchendzonga, Sikkim
 Dehang-Debang, Arunachal Pradesh
 Manas, Assam
 Dibru-Saikhowa, Assam
 Nokrek, Meghalaya
 Panna, Madhya Pradesh
 Pachmarhi, Madhya Pradesh
 Achanakmar-Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh-Chhattisgarh
 Kachchh, Gujarat (Largest Area)
 Similipal, Odisha
 Sundarban, West Bengal
 Seshachalam, Andhra Pradesh
 Agasthyamala, Karnataka-Tamil Nadu-Kerala
 Nilgiri, Tamil Nadu-Kerala (First to be Included)
 Gulf of Mannar, Tamil Nadu
 Great Nicobar, Andaman & Nicobar Island
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25. Do watch
The session based on ppt on youtube also
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p6xC
ChU80fI&t=19s
Stay safe
Stay home
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