Describes about the reinforcement skills

1. REINFORCEMENT SKILL
By
Dr Geeta R.M
Associate Professor
SMRS M.Ed PG college
Kalaburgi

2. • Term first coined by A.W.Dwight Allen of the
Stanford University in 1963
• Training Technique
• Innovating method of teaching

3. DEFINITION
• Allen,D.W. (1966)
• “Microteaching is a scaled down teaching
encounter in class size and class time”
• Passi, B.K. (1976)
• “The most important point in
microteaching is that teaching is practiced
in terms of definable, observable,
measurable and controllable teaching
skills”

4. OBJECTIVES OF
MICROTECHING
• To lessen the complexities that exist in micro classes
• To develop confidence in student-teachers with
adequate motivation
• To practice teaching in a short duration of time
• To identify the deficiencies of the student-
teachers
• To give immediate feedback to enable them to modify
their teaching behaviour
• To encourage researchers identify new teaching skills
and develop new teaching-training programmes

6. Reinforcement: the presentation or removal of something
immediately following a response/skill, which increases the
likelihood that the response/skill will occur again. (Alberto &
Troutman, 2003)
Reinforcement is strengthening or weakening the connection
between stimulus and a response.
A student is an individual and may be different in his/her
perception of the reinforcement; so, different reinforcement
may be needed for different students
A reinforcement is highly effective only if it is used at the right
time and the right place; too much repetitive reinforcement may
result in the loss of its effectiveness as the motivating factor

7. Positive Verbal
Reinforcement
• ‘Good’
• ‘Fair’
• ‘Excellent’
Positive Non
verbal
reinforcement
• Gesture
• Proximity
• Contact
• asking the
students to clap
Negative Verbal
• ‘No’
• ‘ Wrong’
• ’ stop it’
Negative Non
verbal
• Beating
• raising the
eyebrows
Extra verbal clues
• ‘Humm’
• ‘aha’
Repetition
and
Rephrasing
Don’ts
• Wrong use of
reinforcement
• Inappropriate use
of Reinforcement

8. The term reinforcement was first introduced
by Pavlov in 1903

9. What?
 The presentation or removal of something
immediately following a response which
increases the likelihood that the response will
occur again. (Alberto Troutman, 2003)
 Reinforcement is strengthening or weakening
the connection between stimulus and a
response.

10. What?
• A student is an individual and may be different in
his/her perception of the reinforcement; so,
different reinforcement may be needed for
different students.
• A reinforcement is highly effective only if it is
used at the right time and the right place; too
much repetitive reinforcement may result in the
loss of its effectiveness as the motivating factor.

11.  Reinforcement is strengthening the connection
between a stimulus and a response.
 The skill of reinforcement can increase the
students’ involvement in learning in a number of
ways.
 The skill is used when the teacher reinforces
correct responses with a smile, when the teacher
praises a good response or encourages a slow
learner.

12. Why?
• To increase students attention
• To motivate students’and to maintain motivation
• To facilitate students’behavior
• To control and modify disruptive students’
behavior
• To help the students to develop self management
learning
• To enable students to evaluate their own learning
• To recognize students’achievements and efforts

13. How?
 Positive Verbal
Reinforcement
 ‘Good’
 ‘Fair’
 ‘Excellent’
Positive Non
verbal
reinforcement
• Gesture
• Proximity
• Contact
• asking the students to
clap
Extra verbal clues
• ‘Humm’
• ‘ahaa’
Negative
Verbal
• ‘No’
• ‘ Wrong’
• ’stop it’
Negative Non
verbal
• Beating
•raising the
Eyebrows; frowns
Don’ts
• Wrong use of
reinforcement
•Inappropriate use
of reinforcement

14. Types of Reinforcement
• Positive Reinforcement
• Negative Reinforcement
Types of
Reinforceme
nt

15. Importance of Reinforcement in
Teaching
• Increases learning and make it
permanent
• Motivate the students and they take interest
in the learning
• Make them active
 •
• Make them attentive on main points

16. Components of Reinforcement Skill
Positive Verbal Reinforcement
• Good, Excellent, Keep it up,
Positive Non verbal Reinforcement
•Gesture(Smile, nodding the head), Proximity, Contact,
asking the students to clap, writing students response on BB
Negative Verbal Reinforcement
• No, Wrong, stop it,
Negative Non Verbal Reinforcement
• Beating, raising the eyebrows
Extra Verbal Reinforcement
•Hm mm, Ahaa,

17. 1. Use wide range of reinforcers.
Don’t use similar reinforcers for different responses (viz. easy
answer: good, difficult answer: good, partially correct answer:
good)
2. Try to involve all pupils and encourage their
participations.
Don’t neglect shy and passive pupils.
3. Use reinforcing words or statements carefully. Don’t use
reinforcers for each and every responses of the pupils.
It leads situation artificial.
Points to ponder…

18. Components of Skill of
Reinforcement

Desirable:

Use of positive verbal reinforces

Use of positive non-verbal reinforces

Additional Verbal reinforces

Undesirable:

Use of negative verbal reinforces

Use of negative non-verbal reinforces

In appropriate or wrong use of reinforces

19. Teachin
g Point
Pupil TeacherActivities Students’
Expected
Activities
Simple
form of
Tense
Radha sings a song.
Which is the verb in the given sentence? The verb
is ‘sings’.
Good. (Positive verbal reinforcement)
PT writes the answer on the BB. (Positive non-
verbal Reinforcement)
What time does the verb ‘sing’indicate?
Very Good. (Positive verbal reinforcement)
Manish sang a sweet song.
Which is the verb in this sentence?
[Frowns] (Negative non-verbal reinforcement)
It
indicates
present
tense
Manish
‘sang’

20. Teaching
Point
Pupil TeacherActivities Students’
Expected
Activities
Hmm, additional verbal reinforcement)
sang is the verb. (Repeats the answer)
What time does the verb ‘sang’indicate?
[Nods her head] (positive non-verbal
reinforcement). [writes it on the BB]
(positive non-verbal reinforcement)
Pinki will sing a sweet song.
What is the verb in this sentence?
Excellent. (positive verbal reinforcement)
What time does the verb ‘will sing’indicate?
The verb
“sang”
indicates past
tense.
‘will sing’is
the verb.
It indicates past
tense.

21. T
eachin g
Point
Pupil TeacherActivities Students’
Expected
Activities
Not true. (negative verbal reinforcement)
Looks at another student. You tellAnil. It indicates
future tense.
Correct. (positive verbal reinforcement)
Yes, future tense.
Can you define the term ‘tense’?
[Moving towards the student] (positive
non- verbal reinforcement)
Yes, carry on. (positive verbal reinforcement)
Tense tells
about time.
Tense is a
verb which
tells about the
time. i.e.
when the
action takes
place.
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22. Thank You!!
7/3/2019 SkillOfR
einforcement(Dr
.IshratNaaz) 19