This document discusses the skill of reinforcement and different types of reinforcement used by teachers. It defines reinforcement as a consequence that increases the likelihood a behavior will occur again. There are four main types of reinforcement discussed: positive verbal reinforcement, positive non-verbal reinforcement, negative verbal reinforcement, and negative non-verbal reinforcement. The document provides examples of each type and advises that positive reinforcement should be used to encourage desirable behaviors while negative reinforcement can discourage undesirable behaviors if used properly. It emphasizes that reinforcement must be used systematically and contingently to be effective.

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4. Type Of Responses
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Correct Response
Partially correct
Response
Incorrect Response
No Response

5. SKILL OF
REINFORCEMENT
Presented By
Dr. Anjali Raj
Centre for Teacher Education
IPEM

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Introduction
Reinforcement is a process in which a
consequence, a reinforce, is given following
a desired behaviour to increase the
likelihood that the behaviour will occur
again under similar conditions.
Reinforcement is designed to be used
systematically and contingently. There are
many types of reinforces; they should be
selected based on their reinforcing nature
for a given person and situation.

7. “ Reinforcement is the consequence of an
occurrence which increases the probability of
that response to occurred in future”
Skinner
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8. This skill help to
Increase Pupil Attention
Maintain Motivation
Increase Pupil Participation
Decrease Undesirable
Behaviour
Objective

9. Types Of Question
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• Introductory Questions
• Develpoementory Questions
• Thought- Provoking Questions
• Comprehensive Questions
• Recapitulatory Questions
• Evaluation Question

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Uses
Introductory Level
Developementory
Level
Evaluation Level

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Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
Positive
Reinforcement

15. Positive Reinforcement
- To increase the
frequency/probability
of the
(Desirable Behavior)
Negative Reinforcement
To reduce the
probability of
undesirable behavior
and ultimately
increasing the
probability of desirable
behavior.
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The components of skill involved
are:
i. Positive Verbal Reinforcement
ii. Positive Non-Verbal Reinforcement
iii. Negative Verbal Reinforcement
iv. Negative Non-Verbal Reinforcement
v. Wrong use of Reinforcement
vi. Inappropriate use of Reinforcement

17. Big concept
Positive verbal Reinforcement

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Positive-Verbal Reinforcement These are the positive
comments given by the teacher on the correct
response of the pupil. They are:
(i) Using words and phrases like, “good”, “very good” and “excellent”.
(ii) Repeating and rephrasing pupil’s response.
(iii) Using pupil’s idea in the development of the lesson.
(iv) Using extra-verbal cues, like “um”, “um”, “aha” to encourage pupils.
(v) Using prompts like carry on think again, to help the pupil give
correct response.

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A
B
C D
E F
G H

20. Positive Non -Verbal
Reinforcement
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The teacher gives comments to pupils on their
correct response without using words. For
example-
nodding the head,
 smiling,
looking attentively at the responding pupil,
writing pupil’s answer on the black boards.
The teacher encourages the pupils to
participate maximally in the development of
the lesson.

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Negative Verbal Reinforcement
The teacher gives comments on the incorrect or
partially incorrect response by telling that the
pupil’s response is incorrect or making sarcastic
remarks like -
“idiots”
“stupid”
Such behavior of the teacher discourages pupil-
participation and should not be used.
.
Words like wrong, incorrect, no, as well as sarcastic
remarks can be considered as
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT.

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24. Negative Non -Verbal Reinforcement
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The teacher shows his
disapproval without using
words. This involves,
frowning, staring, and
looking angrily at the
responding pupil or Beaten,
when he gives wrong
response. This type of
behaviour of the teacher
creates fear in the minds of
the pupil and decreases
pupil-participation.
Disapproval without using
words has the effect of
negative reinforcement.
Gestures such as
disapproval by hands,
shaking the head also have
the same effect.

25. Wrong use of Reinforcement
This is the situation, where the teacher does
not give reinforcement when the situation is
demanding encouragement.
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26. Inappropriate use of
Reinforcement
This is the situation when the teacher does
not encourage the pupil with respect to
quality of his response. He uses same type of
comment for every response.
Reinforces should be wisely selected by
teachers. It should suit the nature of the
response. Inappropriate use will lesser its
effect

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Positive Verbal
Reinforcement
(Good Fair
Excellent)
Positive Non
verbal
Reinforcement
Smiling,
nodding the
head,
Negative Verbal
No, Wrong
Negative Non
verbal
Reinforcement-
Disapproval by
Hands, Shaking
the Hand

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Do and Dont’s
Only few correct and novel responses should be
avoided.
 A Varity of reinforces should be used to avoid
monotony and to increase the effectiveness of
reinforces.
Reinforcement may be given to the whole class
from time to time as well as to the individual pupils.
Reinforcement may be personalized by calling
pupil’s name to increase it’s effectiveness.

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Model lesson
plan
Subject- Commerce
Topic- ‘CAPITAL’

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Pupil Teacher
Activity
Pupils’ Activity Teaching aid/black
board work/
Components Used
Q1 What importance does
the capital has for a
company?
Ans. Capital is the blood of the
company.
GOOD - (Positive verbal R.)
Q2 What are the two main
sources of capital?
Ans. Share and Debenture are
the main sources of capital.
Yes V. Good - (Positive verbal R.)
Q3 What is share? Ans. Capital of company is
divided into large number of
units.
.
Excellent (Positive verbal R.)

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Pupil Teacher
Activity
Pupils’ Activity Teaching aid/black
board work
Q4) How many types of share? No Response
Think Again & Try to Answer Ans. Two types of shares.
Hum! (Extra verbal Use)
Q5 Name the both type of
Share?
Ans. Marketing & Banking
Shaking Head
First be sure Then ans.
- (Negative Non verbal Use)
Q.5 (REPEAT) Name the Both
type of share?
Write these on B.B. and
Smile
Ans. These are :- Equity &
Preference Share.
Positive Non Verbal
Reinforcement

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Pupil Teacher
Activity
Pupils’ Activity Teaching
aid/black board
work
Q.6 What Company Pay as
a return on Debenture?
Ans. Company pay Nothing
on debentures.
No
Ask to another pupil
(Negative Verbal
Reinforcement)
Q.7 (Repeat) What
Company Pay as a return
on Debenture?
Ans. Company pay dividend
on debentures.
Exactly, Keep It Up (Positive Verbal
Reinforcement)

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Thank
You