This ppt is all about the complete process of taking up any research type. That includes the major steps involved in the research process.

1. RESEARCH PROCESS
by
Dr. Mohmed Amin Mir
Assistant Professor
PG Department of Commerce
Islamia College of Science & Commerce
(Autonomous with CPE Status)
Srinagar - 190002, Jammu & Kashmir, India
+91-9797178402
Email: aamin.icsc@gmail.com

2. Research Process: Introduction
Process is the act of doing something effectively through a
recognized set of procedures
Consist of series of actions required to carry out research
efficiently
Why requires pre-determined process for:
 Conducting research in an efficient & effective way
 Achieving desired results from the research
 Completing research study in time

3. Research Process – Important Points
Specific steps guide the research process
No. of steps is indeterminate
Various steps may be combined
Order of steps may vary
Importance of specific steps is variable

4. I. Identifying, Defining & Formulating of the Research Problem
II. Review of Literature
III. Formulating Hypothesis
IV. Research Design
V. Collection of Data
VI. Analysis of Data & Testing Hypothesis
VII. Interpreting & Drawing Conclusions
VIII. Preparing Reports
Steps for Research Process

5. Research Problem is the foundation or Key to research process
Research problem means any area/topic
It all begins with a question ???
Situation that causes the researcher to feel confused & doubtful
Opportunity identification
I. Identifying, Defining & Formulating of the Research Problem

6. A problem properly defined is half-solved
Clear and precisely stated
It is not too broad, nor is it too narrow
Open-ended, as opposed to closed
It cannot be answered in a sentence or phrase
I. Identifying, Defining & Formulating of the Research Problem

7. IDENTIFICATION - Finding a Research Question
 From where ???????
• Curiosity: “the desire to learn or know about anything new”
• Doubt
• Information Gaps
• Controversy
• Replication
• Literature Review
• Other People
• .....???
 Curiosity is the SOURCE OF OUR QUESTIONS ? – we ask because we want to
know;
 Research is the means by which we find an answer
 In academic work, we formulate clear questions to guide us in our search for
answers.

8.  Two steps involved in Identifying, Defining & formulating a
problem:
1. Understanding the problem correctly
2. Rephrasing the problem into meaningful terms
I. Identifying, Defining & Formulating of the Research Problem

9. Steps involved in Defining a problem:
i. Statement of the problem in a general way
ii. Understanding the nature of the problem
iii. Surveying the available literature
iv. Developing the idea through discussion
v. Rephrasing the problem into a working proposition
 Definition of key-terms, background information, limitations of the study & order of
presentation is necessary
 Formulation of the problem means defining the problem precisely
I. Identifying, Defining & Formulating of the Research Problem

10.  Refers to a way of proper understanding of the research problem
 Study the summary of different point of view on the subject
matter as found in books, periodical, research papers etc.
 Generally, a researcher may review 2 types of research:
i. Conceptual Literature: Concepts & Theories
ii. Empirical Literature : Empirical studies
II. Review of Literature

11.  Why Review?
1. To generate & refine research ideas
2. To enhance subject knowledge
3. To clarify research questions
4. To highlight research possibilities that have been ignored or over-
looked
5. To avoid simple repetitive work
6. To discover & provide an insight into research approaches, strategies
& techniques
II. Review of Literature

12.  A hypothesis is a proposition (tentative assumption) which a researcher
want to TEST for its LOGICAL or EMPIRICAL CONSEQUENCES
 Hypothesis are generally concerned with the causes of a certain
phenomenon or relationship between two or more variables under
investigation
 Are more useful when stated in precise & clearly defined terms
 Not always necessary E.g: Exploratory research
III. Formulating Hypothesis

13.  Plan for a study
 Blueprint to carry out the study
 Developing a plan for gathering it efficiently & presenting it
 “Is the PLAN, STRUCTURE & STRATEGY OF INEVSTIGTION conceived so as to obtain
answers to RESEARCH QUESTIONS
 PLAN: Is the sketch of research topic
 STRUCTURE: More specific ways of carrying out research
 STRATEGY: Suggest the complete way of carrying out research
Methods for data collection & Data analysis
IV. Research Design

14.  The PLAN outlines:
 Research Methodology
 Sources & analysis of data
 Spells out research approaches
 Contact methods
 Sampling plan
IV. Research Design

15.  Refers to gathering of data
 Two main types of data – primary & Secondary data
 Accurate & appropriate date is mandatory for successful
completion of a research study
V. Collection of Data

16.  Refers to an act of transforming & refining data
 Highlight useful information
 Various Statistical Method to analyze data such as:
 Tabulation
 Bar-diagrams
 Pie-charts/ Diagrams
 Graphs
 Correlation Analysis
 Regression Analysis
 Time series Analysis
VI. Analysis of Data & Testing Hypothesis

17.  After analyzing the data, the researcher is in position to test the
hypothesis formulated
 The researcher can CHECK VALIDITY OF THE HYPOTHESIS by several
statistics like Chi-square, t-test, z-test, f-test etc.
VI. Analysis of Data & Testing Hypothesis

18. Steps for testing of a Hypothesis
1. Formulate a Hypothesis
2. Set-up a significance level
3. Choose a test criterion (t, z, chi-square)
4. Compute the statistic
5. Make a decision
1. NULL HYPOTHESIS i.e. H0: Calculate value of test statistics is greater than tabulated value
2. ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS i.e. H1:
VI. Analysis of Data & Testing Hypothesis

19.  After collecting, processing & analyzing the information, the researcher
must interpret the findings, draw conclusions
 Report findings
VII. Interpreting & Drawing Conclusions

20.  Prepared by the researcher In which completed work
done is shown
 Report writing should be done with great care with
proper layout
 For audience
 Written or
 oral report
 No single format appropriate for all situations
VIII. Preparing Reports

21. Basic Format for most projects
1. Title page
2. Table of contents
3. List of table/figures/graphs etc.
4. Executive summary (introduction, objectives, results, conclusion &
recommendations)
5. Main Body
 Introduction - Review of Literature - Research Methodology - Data Analysis
& Interpretation – Results – Limitations - Conclusion & Recommendations
VIII. Preparing Reports

22. Basic Format for most projects
6. Appendix (Annexures)
 Sampling Plan
 Data Collection Forms
 Extra forms
7. Bibliography
VIII. Preparing Reports