This ppt is all about concept of Research Gap, its identification process, concept of Research Design - its elements and different research designs

1. RESEARCH GAP & RESEARCH DESIGN
by
Dr. Mohmed Amin Mir
Assistant Professor
PG Department of Commerce
Islamia College of Science & Commerce (Autonomous with CPE Status)
Srinagar - 190002, Jammu & Kashmir, India
+91-9797178402
Email: aamin.icsc@gmail.com
@ Copy Rights Reserved with the Author

2. Exists when there is a new concept/idea
Existing literature is outdated
 Specific population has not been well studied
That remains to be done/learned i.e. Untapped area
Direction for potentially a new research
RESEARCH GAP

3. Is a key Problem or question that has not been
addressed or answered
Body of knowledge that may still be lacking
Opportunity for further scientific exploration
Is a research need (missing link) for more investigation
Is a research question or problem which has not been
RESEARCH GAP

4. Literature Gap
Population Gap
Conceptual Gap
Time Gap
Methodological Gap
TYPES OF RESEARCH GAP

5. Lot of Reading & Researching
1. Identify key motivating Issue /Question
2. Identify key terms associated with this issue
3. Review the literature with Key terms
4. Identify issues not addressed by the literature
5. Read review articles
6. Focus on ‘Directions for further research’ or
conclusion section
7. Systematic Analysis & Meta Analysis
IDENTIFICATION OF A RESEARCH GAP

6. Complete Plan, structure & strategy to control
variances
Ensures research adresses research problem
Outline & guide for active research
Organize all different components
RESEARCH DESIGN - CONCEPT

7. All activates required to be performed in the
research in a sequential manner
Lay-out/blue-print of a research study
“Blue-print for collection, measurement &
analysis of data” Bernard Philip
Research Design - Definition

8. Accurate purpose statement
Techniques to be implemented for collecting &
analyzing data
Type of research methodology
Probable objections for research study
RESEARCH DESIGN INCLUDES:

9. Sampling Methods etc
Tools used to collect data (Example: Questionnaire)
Interviews/observations/ experiments to be
conducted
Data Analysis to be made
RESEARCH DESIGN INCLUDES:

10. I. Sampling Design
II. Observational Design
III. Statistical Design
IV. Operational Design
PARTS OF A RESEARCH DESIGN

11. 1. Smooth research operations
2. Methodological way of conducting research
3. Helps in selecting appropriate tools for data
collection & analysis
4. Reliability of the Results
NEED FOR RESEARCH DESIGN

12. 1. Neutrality – Free from personal bias
2. Reliability – of data collected & analyzed
3. Flexibility
4. Validity & Generalization
5. Economical
6. Appropriate & efficient
FEATURES OF A GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN

13. I. Variables (Dependent and Independent
variable)
a. Symmetrical relationship
b. Reciprocal relationship
II. Extraneous Variables
III. Control Variables
COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN

14. I. Factor: Category/type of treatment
II. Treatments
III. Experimental Unit
IV. Response (results)
COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN

15. TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGNS
Qualitative Research Design & Quantitative Research
Design
I. Research Design for Exploratory Research
II. Research Design for Descriptive & Diagnostic
Studies
III. Research Design for Experimental Research

16. I. RESEARCH DESIGNS FOR EXPLORATORY STUDIES
 Formulate a problem for more precise investigation
 Research design is less structured
 Considers different aspects of a situation
 R.D must be flexible
 Method like
 Review of Literature
 Experience Surveys

17. II. RESEARCH DESIGNS FOR DESCRITPTIVE & DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES
 Describe the facts & situations as they are
 Here researcher should be very careful about Data & Method to be used
 R.D should not be Flexible but rigid
 Free from personal bias & ambiguity
Example:
 If the researcher want to survey the effects of water scarcity on the lives of the people,
he would approach those areas that face acute water shortage.
 If the researcher wants to survey the effects of recession, the data of only recession
period is to be considered

18. EXPLORATORY Vs DESCRITPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
S.No Basis Exploratory Research
Design
Descriptive Research Design
1 Over all
Design
Flexible Rigid
2 Sampling
Design
Purposive Probability
3 Statistical
Design
Not Planned Pre-planned
4 Observational
Design
Data can be collected by Unstructured
Methods
Structured Methods
5 Operational
Design
Not Fixed Fixed

19. III. RESEARCH DESIGNS FOR EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
 Some variables are manipulated to observed their effects on other
variables
 Prof. RA Fisher prepared the R.Ds for these studies when he was working
with Centre for Agricultural Research (CAR), England
 Conducted various researches in agriculture by dividing agricultural fields
into BLOCKS (homogenous)
 Conducted a separate research study on every BLOCK for the field
 Found that information collected in this research type was more reliable

20. III. RESEARCH DESIGNS FOR EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
Barton in 1999 stated 5 Step Process for experimental studies:
1. Defining the goals of the experiment
2. Identifying & Classifying variables (Dependent, Independent & extraneous)
3. Developing a relationship between Dependent and Independent variable

21. III. RESEARCH DESIGNS FOR EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
4. Selecting a suitable experimental design:
I. Basic Designs
1. Randomized Two Group Design
2. Before-After Group Design
3. Simulated Before-After Design
4. Soloman Four Group Design
II. Statistical Designs
1. Factorial Design
2. Randomized Block Design
3. Latin Square Design
4. CR (Completely Randomized) Design
 Two Group Simple Randomized Design
 Randomized Replication Design
 Quasi-experimental Research Design

22. III. RESEARCH DESIGNS FOR EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
5. Ensuring the validity of a design
a. Internal Validity: How the research findings match reality
b. External Validity: the extent to which the research findings can be
replicated to other environment

23. PRINCIPLES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
Prof. Fisher enumerated 3 Principles of experimental designs:
I. Principle of Randomization
II. Principle of Replication
III. Principle of Local Control or Error control