World Regional Geography Exam 1 Scott Phillips ‹#› World Regional Geography Introduction Scott Phillips ‹#› The Study of Geography Geography Spatial Science Integrates from other fields of study ‹#› Insert Figure 1.1 ‹#› ‹#› NEED TO KNOW Geography is the spatial science Spatial relationships The distribution of things, or phenomena on the Earth’s surface Common to different sub-fields of geography Physical geography Cultural geography Economic geography Etc… ‹#› NEED TO KNOW Location Regions Areas on the earth that share characteristics Can be small areas or large areas Are a generalization – or are conceptual ‹#› World Climate Regions ‹#› Fig_G-3 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Fig_G-14 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. NEED TO KNOW Location Regions Areas on the earth that share characteristics Can be small areas or large areas Are a generalization – or are conceptual Functional regions – Characterized by an activity Formal regions – Defined by a population sharing a trait Place More than just a location, has characteristics Places often have names What else has names? ‹#› Reading the Landscape Where is this place? What clues on the landscape or in the women’s appearance might tell you where you are? ‹#› Need to Know The Cultural Landscape Part of the world’s landscape attributable to humans ‹#› Cultural Landscape Landscape perspective Important cornerstone of American cultural geography Closely associated with Carl Sauer (UC Berkeley) Replaced environmental determinism (Type of geography used to rationalize colonialism) ‹#› Cultural Landscape NEED TO KNOW Cartography Science of map-making Scale Maps have different scales with trade-offs How much area is included How much detail is included Think about scale and a zoom lens on a digital camera ‹#› Comparison of Map Scales Small Scale Map Small Representative Fraction Portrays Large Area Large-Scale Map Large Representative Fraction Portrays Small Area ‹#› NEED TO KNOW Location Relative location Where a feature is in relation to something else “3 miles north of Clovis” Absolute location Mathematical location Expressed by latitude & longitude ‹#› Relative Location: Singapore Fig. 1-7: Singapore is situated at a key location for international trade. ‹#› Where Geography Spatial relationships of people and things on Earth Location, location, location How can we describe location mathematically Latitude Longitude Latitude vs. Longitude Parallels of Latitude Range from 90°N to 90°S Equator at 0° Meridians of Longitude Range from 180°W to 180°E Prime Meridian at 0° ‹#› Latitude & Longitude Latitude [angular] distance north/south From the equator to the poles 0 degrees at equator 90 degrees (north or south) at poles Longitude [angular] distance east/west From the prime meridian 0 degrees at prime meridian 180 (.

1. World Regional Geography
Exam 1
Scott Phillips
‹#›
World Regional Geography
Introduction
Scott Phillips
‹#›
The Study of Geography
Geography
Spatial Science
Integrates from other fields of study
‹#›
Insert Figure 1.1

2. ‹#›
‹#›
NEED TO KNOW
Geography is the spatial science
Spatial relationships
The distribution of things, or phenomena on the Earth’s surface
Common to different sub-fields of geography
Physical geography
Cultural geography
Economic geography
Etc…
‹#›
NEED TO KNOW
Location
Regions
Areas on the earth that share characteristics
Can be small areas or large areas
Are a generalization – or are conceptual

3. ‹#›
World Climate Regions
‹#›
Fig_G-3
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Fig_G-14
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
NEED TO KNOW
Location
Regions
Areas on the earth that share characteristics
Can be small areas or large areas
Are a generalization – or are conceptual
Functional regions – Characterized by an activity
Formal regions – Defined by a population sharing a trait

4. Place
More than just a location, has characteristics
Places often have names
What else has names?
‹#›
Reading the Landscape
Where is this place?
What clues on the landscape or in the women’s appearance
might tell you
where you are?
‹#›
Need to Know
The Cultural Landscape
Part of the world’s landscape attributable to humans
‹#›
Cultural Landscape
Landscape perspective
Important cornerstone of American cultural geography
Closely associated with Carl Sauer (UC Berkeley)

5. Replaced environmental determinism
(Type of geography used to rationalize colonialism)
‹#›
Cultural Landscape
NEED TO KNOW
Cartography
Science of map-making
Scale
Maps have different scales with trade-offs
How much area is included
How much detail is included
Think about scale and a zoom lens on a digital camera
‹#›
Comparison of Map Scales

6. Small Scale Map
Small Representative Fraction
Portrays Large Area
Large-Scale Map
Large Representative Fraction
Portrays Small Area
‹#›
NEED TO KNOW
Location
Relative location
Where a feature is in relation to something else
“3 miles north of Clovis”
Absolute location
Mathematical location
Expressed by latitude & longitude
‹#›
Relative Location: Singapore
Fig. 1-7: Singapore is situated at a key location for international
trade.

7. ‹#›
Where
Geography
Spatial relationships of people and things on Earth
Location, location, location
How can we describe location mathematically
Latitude
Longitude
Latitude vs. Longitude
Parallels of Latitude
Range from 90°N to 90°S
Equator at 0°
Meridians of Longitude
Range from 180°W to 180°E Prime Meridian at 0°
‹#›
Latitude & Longitude
Latitude
[angular] distance north/south
From the equator to the poles

8. 0 degrees at equator
90 degrees (north or south)
at poles
Longitude
[angular] distance east/west
From the prime meridian
0 degrees at prime meridian
180 (or -180) degrees on opposite side of Earth
‹#›
Latitude & Longitude
Latitude and Longitude
Measured in degrees, minutes, seconds
Each degree can be divided into 60 minutes
Each minute can be divided into 60 seconds
Question – How many degrees of longitude go by each hour as
the earth spins?
‹#›
What are the approximate
latitude & longitude coordinates for these European cities?
‹#›

9. Maps
Map Projections
Convert (round) earth into a flat surface
No perfect way to do it
All ways have trade-offs
Distortion of Size, Shape, Direction or Distance
Some work better at different scales than others
‹#›
NEED TO KNOW
Types of maps
Reference (general) maps – tell you where you are
Think Google Maps or a road atlas
Thematic maps – convey information
Like population, wealth, vegetation.. whatever
‹#›
Reference Map

10. ‹#›
Thematic Map Choropleth Map
Each country is filled in with a distinguishing color
representing its Per Capita GNI PPP.
‹#›
Thematic Map Isarithmic Map
Instead of using political boundaries, shading is applied to areas
having similar amounts of the variable being mapped, in this
case population density.
‹#›
Maps can have themes
Need to Know
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Integrate map information with databases

11. Stores layers of map information
Have both location information (maps) and attribute information
(databases)
‹#›
Geographic Information Systems at Work
‹#›
NEED TO KNOW
The major “spheres” of the Earth
Lithosphere
Physical landscape
Atmosphere
Weather, gasses, sun
Hydrosphere
Earth’s water
Biosphere
Life on earth
‹#›
Landforms and Geomorphology

12. Landforms – types of surface features (mountains, canyons,
valleys, etc…)
Geomorphology – Subfield of geography that studies landforms
‹#›
Landscapes and their formation
Endogenic processes
Build things up
- Plate tectonics
- Volcanoes
- etc…
Exogenic processes
Denude, or wear
things down
Need to Know - Lithosphere
Internal (endogenic) forces
These generally build things up
Think volcanoes, lava
External (exogenic) forces

13. These generally break things down
Think erosion from water flows
‹#›
Tectonic Plates & Their Movement
Earthquakes, volcanoes, and other geologic events are
concentrated where plates separate, collide, or slide past one
another. Where they separate, rifting produces very low land
elevations or the emergence of new crust on the ocean floor.
Fig 2.1
‹#›
Earth’s Major Plates
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics
‹#›
‹#›

14. Climate
Climate is not weather
Climate is a long-term condition in the atmosphere (like an
average)
Weather is a short-term condition in the atmosphere
The climate is a result of long-term conditions; think of it as the
average of weather conditions over a long period of time (years)
‹#›
Climate
What is wrong with this statement:
“The climate is not getting warmer because it is very cold this
winter”
‹#›

15. Climate
What is wrong with this statement:
“The climate is not getting warmer because it is very cold this
winter”
What the observer is describing is weather, or a short-term
condition
‹#›
Climate
What is wrong with this statement:
“The climate is not getting warmer because it is very cold this
winter”
What the observer is describing is weather, or a short-term
condition
Climate is a longer-term condition in which there can be
extreme events that don’t match the overall trend
‹#›
Climate
What is wrong with this statement:
“The climate is not getting warmer because it is very cold this
winter”
What the observer is describing is weather, or a short-term
condition
Climate is a longer-term condition in which there can be
extreme events that don’t match the overall trend
So, climate can, on average, be getting warmer or colder but
you could still have extreme hot or cold weather events

16. ‹#›
NEED TO KNOW
Climate
Average weather of an area over a long period
Two key variables for both weather and climate:
Temperature
How hot or cold it is
Precipitation
How wet or dry it is
‹#›
Global Temperature Patterns
Global Precipitation Patterns
Latitude and Climate Patterns
Lat.Temp.Precip.0HotWet30HotDry60ColdWet90ColdDry

17. Latitude and Seasonality
Topics
Middle Latitudes
Middle Latitudes
p283a
Mountain climbers carry an oxygen supply to help with high
altitudes.
Elevation and Temperature
‹#›
Elevation and Precipitation

18. Where you are in a landmass
Figure 5.7
‹#›
Figure 5.13
Marine and Continental
Climates:
San Francisco
vs.
Wichita
‹#›
NEED TO KNOW
Climate
What affects temperature and precipitation
Latitude
Hot near equator, cold near poles
Some latitudes are dry, some are wet
Elevation
The higher you go, the colder it gets
Wet and dry sides of mountains
Position within a landmass
Temperatures are mild near the ocean
Temperatures are extreme away from ocean

19. ‹#›
World Regional Geography
Introduction 2
Scott Phillips
‹#›
Fig_G-5
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
‹#›

20. ‹#›
‹#›
NEED TO KNOW
Ice ages
Pleistocene
About 2.5 million years
Lasted until about 10,000 years ago
Holocene
That past 10,000 years (approximately)
No ice ages, stable climate
‹#›
Paleolithic
Paleolithic
“stone age”
Pleistocene
Hunter and gathering
Extensive vs. Intensive land use

21. What does that mean?
‹#›
Neolithic
Agricultural Revolution
or Neolithic Revolution
or Food-producing revolution
Intensive vs. Extensive land use
Domestication
Controlled breeding and cultivation of plants
Raised carrying capacity
How big a human group's population can get
‹#›
NEED TO KNOW
Agricultural Revolution
Dry farming - planting and harvesting by rain cycles
Irrigation - bringing water to farmland artificially
Diversion from rivers, canals
Made food supply reliable
Stable population possible when irrigation made food supply
reliable
‹#›

22. NEED TO KNOW
Population
Determined by:
Birth rate
Death rate
Population change =
(Birth Rate) minus (Death Rate)
Populations grow when
More births
or..
Less deaths
‹#›
NEED TO KNOW
Great increase of population since 1850
Is it due to birth rates going up?
Or death rates going down?
‹#›
NEED TO KNOW
Great increase of population since 1850
Is it due to birth rates going up?
Or death rates going down?

23. So how can population growth slow down?
‹#›
NEED TO KNOW
Great increase of population since 1850
Is it due to birth rates going up?
Or death rates going down?
So how can population growth slow down?
Birth rate solution – reduce birth rate
‹#›
NEED TO KNOW
Industrial Revolution
Began in Europe around 1750
Made possible by new technologies
Decreased death rate
Dramatic population growth
https://vimeo.com/113442250

24. ‹#›
Globalization
Globalization
Increasing global integration
Social, economic
Increasing interdependence and trade
https://www.ted.com/talks/ian_goldin_navigating_our_global_fu
ture?language=en
Fig_G-11
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

25. Development
Development
Defined as the:
"process of improvement in the material conditions of people
through diffusion of knowledge and technology"
MDC - More developed countries
LDC - Less developed countries
NIC - Newly industrialized countries
Particularly Asian countries - do not fit as MDC or LDC
‹#›
Globalization
Global Core
places of dominance whose inhabitants exerted power over other
areas
Global Periphery
sustained the core

26. A WORLD OF STATES
States – countries
Sovereignty – government of a state rules supreme within its
borders
Nations – Cohesive group of people, don’t always have a state
A WORLD OF STATES
European state model—assumed that state and nation were
ideally conterminous
Nation-state would enclose an ethnically and culturally
homogeneous people within a national boundary
Modern state—challenged
“From above” by the European Union
“From below” by ethnic minorities regional secessionist
movements
Green Revolution
Using science to grow more food
Feed growing population

27. ‹#›
Green Revolution
Agricultural Revolution
Domestication
Controlled breeding and cultivation of plants (and animals)
Humans control evolution
‹#›
Green Revolution
Industrial Revolution
Technologies and trade changed agriculture
Transition from subsistence agriculture to commercial (or
industrial) agriculture
Grow more stuff and make higher profits

28. ‹#›
Green Revolution
Problems
Reduction of diversity
We may loose some types (varieties) of food we once grew
Those types may be better adapted to future conditions
‹#›
‹#›
Need to Know
Climate Change
Average temperature for Earth is rising

29. But climate systems are complex
Climate changes will not be the same everywhere
Not uniform
Climate changes also affect precipitation
Why is that important when it comes to food?
‹#›
Svalbard Global Seed Vault
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QueSeemm-0M
Technocentric View of People vs. Resources
Fig 3.20
‹#›
Need to Know
Earth’s carrying capacity
Neo-Malthusian

30. Technocentric
‹#›
World Regional Geography
North America
Scott Phillips
‹#›
THE NORTH AMERICANREALM
DEFINING THE REALM
CONCEPTS, IDEAS, AND TERMS
Physiographic region
Continentality
Rain shadow effect
Federation
Fossil fuel
Urban system
American Manufacturing Belt
Outer city
Deindustrialization

31. Central business district (CBD)
Gentrification
Sunbelt
Migration
Melting Pot
First Nations
World-City
Technopole
Pacific Rim
Tar sands
Boreal forest
The North American Realm
Population Clusters
United States
Major concentrations along Atlantic and Pacific Coasts
Canada
East-West Corridor within 300 km (200 mi) of the U.S. border
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
THE NORTH AMERICAN REALM
Population Clusters
High degree of cultural diversity in ancestral and historical

32. backgrounds
Canada
East and South Asian
United States
Hispanic (17.4%)
African American (13.2%)
Asian (6.3%)
Other Ethnic Backgrounds
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
THE NORTH AMERICAN REALM
MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES
Two of the World’s Largest States Territorially
Federal States
Plural Societies
Canada’s regional bilingualism
Highly Urbanized and Mobile Societies
High Incomes and High Rates of Consumption
Highly diversified resource base
High consumption of nonrenewable fuel and mineral deposits
Great Manufacturing Complexes
Highly advanced economy and high-technology industries
Chief Trading Partners
U.S.-Mexico border separates the North American Realm from
Middle America
Diverse Multicultural Realm
Immigration and High Transnational Mobility

33. Beyond Primary Industries
Economic Geography
Distribution/spatial organization of economic activity
Economic sectors
Primary – harvesting/using commodities from nature
Secondary – manufacturing goods
Tertiary – providing services
(and higher…)

34. Beyond Primary Industries
Economic Geography
Distribution/spatial organization of economic activity
Economic sectors
Primary – harvesting/using commodities from nature
Secondary – manufacturing goods
Tertiary – providing services
(and higher…)
Beyond Primary Industries
Secondary industries
A step above primary industries
(what were primary industries?)
Increase the value of a commodity by changing its form
“Blue collar” jobs
Beyond Primary Industries
Secondary industries
Manufacturing
Food processing
Refineries
Construction
Ship-building

35. Agribusiness?
Beyond Primary Industries
Tertiary economic activities
The “service sector”
Provide services instead of materials
Beyond Primary Industries
Tertiary industries
Examples:
Government
Hospitality
Food, hotels, etc..
Education
Health care
Tourism
Sales
Etc…
Beyond Primary Industries
Quaternary economic activities

36. “White collar” jobs
Like high-end service workers
Financial services, research, management, etc..
Quinary economic activities
“Gold collar” jobs
High-level management and administration
Few people work here
Highest paying jobs
Beyond Primary Industries
Primary Sector
Directly collect things from nature
Secondary Sector
“Blue collar” jobs like manufacturing
Tertiary Sector
“Service sector” jobs
Quaternary economic activities
“White collar” jobs
Quinary economic activities
“Gold collar” jobs
Employment Changes by Sector
Fig. 9-3: Percentage employment in the primary, secondary, and
tertiary sectors of MDCs has changed dramatically, but change
has been slower in LDCs.
‹#›

37. Employment Change in U.S.
Fig 12-2: Growth in employment in the U.S. since 1970 has
been entirely in the tertiary sector, with the greatest increase in
professional services.
‹#›