The Moscow Theatre Hostage Crisis

The Moscow Theatre Hostage Crisis
The coverage of Moscow theatre hostage crisis by the Russian media demonstrated how media
coverage of terrorism can lead to government censorship and manipulation of the media. In the case
of the Moscow theatre crisis, this censorship and manipulation included the shutdown of various
independent media outlets, the creation of legislature that further diminished the possibility for a
free and independent press in Russia, and the outright travel embargoes for journalists. These
restrictions, created during and immediately following the hostage crisis, not only changed the state
of the media in Russia to a "dictatorship of the law", but also changed the perception of Russia's
control of the press around the world as well.
The Moscow theatre hostage crisis, also known as the 2002 Nord–Ost siege was the takeover of the
Dubrovka Theatre by 40 to 50 Chechens on the evening of the 23rd of October. The attackers were
led by Movsar Barayev, a 23 year–old Chechen who claimed allegiance to the Islamist militant
separatist movement in Chechnya, a republic situated in the southernmost part of Eastern Europe.
Barayev's and his followers' motivation for the attacks laid in their demands for the withdrawal of
Russian forces from Chechnya and an end to the Second Chechen War. The three day long hostage
crisis involved 850 hostages and ended with the death of at least 170 people, after the Russian
Special Forces unit pumped an undisclosed chemical gas into the theatre's ventilation system.
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Of Non-Victorian Culture In Arthur Conan's 'The Sign Of Four'
Culture is the characteristics and knowledge that govern a set of people and is expressed in
numerous ways through song, dance, cuisine, accepted norms and values and literature. across the
globe cultures differ as countries do. Different cultures tend to have bigotries towards other cultures
based the fact that different cultures may not be as advanced in technology, transportation, the fine
arts and having a structured society. Arthur Conan's, "The Sign of Four" is a mirror image of the
attitudes of persons of the Victorian era had towards members of other cultures. This paper seeks to
discuss the Victorian attitude that Arthur Conan Doyle presents to other cultures in "The Sign of
Four" in three main points. Three points will be examined which includes how the people of non–
Victorian cultures are perceived based on difference in Religion, Physical Attributes and
Technological Advances.
During the Victorian era according to an article published by the St. Thomas College English
Department, "Religion helped to shape the attitudes of the Europeans to the rest of the world." Other
cultures that did not conform to the rules of Christianity were considered spiritually ignorant. In
Arthur Conan's "The Sign of Four", Abdullah Khan, who identifies as a Sikh says, "Either you are
heart and soul with us on oath on the cross of the Christians, or your body this night shall be thrown
into the ditch."(Doyle 101). Doyle presents the idea that members of other religious cultures are

A New Concept Of Foreign Affairs
The Industrial Revolution in Europe marked a turning point in history for the worse. Starting in the
19th century a new concept of foreign affairs was introduced to Asia and Africa: New Imperialism.
New Imperialism began in the 19th century when Europeans, mainly Great Britain, began
colonizing Asia and Africa. Europeans used military, political, and economic power to take over
weaker countries. Imperialism had an overall negative effect on the indigenous people of Asia and
Africa. Economic motives were a major cause of New Imperialism. By the late 1870's countries
were industrializing rapidly. Great Britain began losing its economic lead and was faced with
competition in foreign markets. The seizing of Asian and African territories ... Show more content
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The opium increase had a negative effect on China and their government. Individuals became highly
addicted and began trading silver to obtain opium which resulted in the Qing government losing
most their silver. Due to loss of silver, tax payments began rising. Tax payments became hard for
citizen to pay. With the intention of solving these issues, China banned all use of opium. Britain
demanded the creation of an independent British colony in China with unrestricted trade. The British
demands and Chinese resistance led to the Opium Wars. During the Opium Wars, China was forced
to give in to British demands. They were required to relinquish Hong Kong forever, pay an
indemnity of $100 million, and open four large cities to unlimited foreign trade. China and Western
powers continued to dispute over trade, leading to the second Opium War. The second Opium War
consisted of further loss of Chinese territory and forced the Chinese to accept trade and investments
with unfavorable term in several more cities. The British invasion of China is a clear depiction of
British imperialism negatively affecting the native inhabitants. The British government used opium
addiction and military force to disrupt Chinese seclusion for their own benefits. Britain's goal was to
gain access to China for foreign trade. In the process of doing that, the stripped the Qing
government of silver which raised taxes for citizens of China. Britain disregarded Chinese laws and
policies. Britain

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Puninic War
Introduction
Carthage was a commercial empire which capital was located at the North of Africa where now is
the country of Tunisia. The territory of the Carthaginian Empire included islands of the
Mediterranean like parts of Sicily and territories in Spain, making it a threat to the Roman ambitious
of conquering the Mediterranean. Although both countries were comparable in military power and
economic strength the two nations had different military advantages: Carthage had a strong naval
power while Rome had almost no naval power, but had a stronger ground force. This situation led to
an inevitably conflict between Rome and Carthage which spanned three wars (called Punic Wars).
The First Punic War started around 264 BC and ended at 241 BC, ... Show more content on
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The Second Punic War started by an attack of Hannibal, the commander of Carthage at the time,
against one of Roman allies in Spain. At that time the Roman government was already worried
about the recent expansion of Carthage territory in Europe, mostly in Spain. The Second Punic War
almost led Rome to ruins, but in the end they managed to win the war and defeat Carthage. The
result was an expanded empire and the defeat of the former great power Carthage. Winning the
Second Punic War was decisive to enable Rome to further expand its territory. It made them the
hegemonic power in Mediterranean and neutralized Carthage to the point that they were not even a
threat to Rome anymore. The Third Punic War was short and consisted of the conquest of the
remaining lands of Carthage and the enslavement of the entire Carthaginian population.
Conclusion
At the time of the First Punic War the two nations were almost equals in military and economic
strength.
Their armies had different advantages: Carthage was a naval power and Rome was stronger in land
battles. This war caused the Roman Empire to invest in their navy in order to defeat Carthage, which
was important to assure the Roman dominion and hegemony in the Mediterranean. The Rome was
succeeded in defeating Carthage in this war and annexed the island of Sicily. However, the
hostilities between the two nations did not end there. Carthage was still a powerful empire and it
was necessary

Chechnya
Chechnya The Continuing Conflict
Chechnya is situated in the Caucasus Mountains, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. It is
surrounded by Dagestan to the east, Georgia and South Ossetia to the south, Russia to the north and
North Ossetia in the west. Chechnya is rich in mineral oil and produced twenty million tons per year
before the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 created the
opportunity for the Russian provinces to declare their independence. The Russian government
managed to keep its control of all states apart from Chechnya, which, under the new president
Dzhokhar Dudayev, declared independence in October 1991.
The Russian Government did not approve this and President Yeltsin ... Show more content on
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The news reported from the ravaged cities within Chechnya is more than disturbing, but as
disturbing as this is, media bias does need to be accounted for. The eyewitness accounts and the
various reports from Human Rights activists are all informative but of a distinct nature, to disgrace
the west into doing some thing about the disintegrating situation in the state. Russian forces have
committed grave abuses, but the situation is one that needs to be rendered regardless of how it is
reported. Human Rights Watch have documented both Russian and Chechen acts of war crimes. The
situation is dire in all cases from massacres, rapes and beatings, to completely ignoring the well fair
of civilians. The Russians have disregarded completely the Geneva Convention obligations, with
central market bombings; civilians' deaths in Chechnya weigh heavily in the total death toll of the
war. This situation is unacceptable for wartime in the twenty first century. The war has taken its toll
on many parts of Chechnya; most areas look more like wasteland, especially the capital Grozny.
The Russian atrocity's are documented by many individual groups, yet all say much the same thing:
Russian forces have refused to allow civilians a safe passage through to neighbouring borders for
refuge, men especially had trouble leaving, being beaten tortured and often subject to arbitrary
arrest.

Effects Of British Occupation
The British empire compromised everything ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its
predecessor states. The overseas possessions/territories and trading posts was established by
England in the late 16th centuries and the early 18th centuries. When it was at its greatest, it was the
largest empire in history and also the foremost global power. The empire was controlling over a fifth
of the world's total land area. After the British empire lost its colonies in North America, they turned
towards Asia, Africa, and the pacific. One of the territories they occupied later on was Hong Kong,
who was going to be under control by British occupation from 1841 until the end of the 1990's. The
occupation of Hong Kong improved the economy, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The people could feel it by getting better infrastructure, expansion of houses/more inhabitants, more
types of trading goods/luxury items, and safety from outside forces because of the British empire's
promise. A downside with this would be the two opium wars, where the Lin dynasty was trying to
end the opium trade into China. This caused several deaths (most on the Qing China side). It also
caused trouble for the international trading, since the Chinese was trying to boycott the trading.
The British occupation improved the politics in Hong Kong. During the first opium war, Elliot
negotiated with Lin's successor. Qishan. This treaty was to be named the treaty of Nanking, which
included the cession of the Hong Kong island and its harbor to the British imperial crown. The
treaty failed to please the British empire because of their expectations of making a major expansion
of trade and profit. After a variety of smaller conflicts, Palmerston (foreign secretary) appointed
Lord Elgin as plenipotentiary with the aim of securing a new and satisfactory treaty with the
Chinese. The occupation of Beijing and the capture of the Taku Forts led to the convention of
Peking (an agreement compromising three distinct treaties concluded between the Qing empire
(China),

Trouble With Chechnya Essay
On September 1, 2004, the world was shocked and horrified by the terrorist attack of Chechen rebels
on a Middle school in the Russian town of Beslan. Nearly 1,200 children, teachers, and parents were
taken hostage on the first day of school, and held captive for 53 hours. In the aftermath of the
explosions and gunfire, over 360 people were killed, and hundreds more were left injured (Kaplan,
2004). The siege of the school was the latest of a dozen bloody attacks – on targets such as airliners,
trains, government buildings, hospitals, and a movie theatre – that have claimed nearly 1,000 lives
in Russia over the past two years, and yet another chilling reminder of the festering tensions
between Russia and Chechnya (Kaplan, 2004). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tens of thousands died on the way and Chechnya
was abolished and erased from the map. The Chechens
were allowed to return home only in 1957 after Nikita
Krushchev's Secret Speech denouncing Stalin, but
even then were still second–class citizens in their own
republic, subordinate to ethnic Russians" (Politkovskaya,
2001, p. 21)
"For the Chechens, the years of exile from 1944 to 1957 tempered in them that steely national
discipline...the memory of the deportation became the central defining event in modern Chechen
history" (Lieven, 1998, p. 321). The deportation and exile of the Chechens from their homeland is
important both because it explains, to some degree, the deep hatred for Russia and

Causes Of The Second Punic War
The main result of the second Punic war was the complete hegemony of the Romans Republic over
the Carthaginian Empire and the Western Mediterranean as a whole. The Second Punic wars lasted
for 17 years, from 218 – 201 BC. Rome declared war on Carthage when Carthage refused to recall
the General, Hannibal after his capture of Saguntum, on the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula in
219 BC (Morey, 1901). The Carthaginian General Hannibal took an offensive approach and
marched through the alps (because Rome controlled the sea) with his 20,000 infantry and 6,000
infantry and won battles on the Roman homeland. The Roman army were outmatched by Hannibal's
ingenuity, thus Hannibal and his army were established in Nothern Italy. Hannibal was restricted

Winston Churchill Personality
"Success is not final, failure is not fatal: it is the courage to continue that counts." (Xplore). This
quote by Winston Churchill exemplifies his hardworking and stubborn personality which helped him
become a figurehead of British history. Churchill's time as a young boy inspired him to pursue a
career in politics, which in turn transformed him into a masterful public speaker and the legendary
personality that he is remembered and celebrated for today. Winston's early years played a major
role in shaping him into the legendary leader he was later in his life. Winston Leonard Churchill was
born on Nov, 30, 1874, in Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, England. His father was Conservative
politician, Lord Randolph Henry Spencer–Churchill and his mother was Jennie Jerome, daughter of
a New York stockbroker, financier and newspaper proprietor. They were a glamorous high society
couple but, distant parents. They were more interested in being part of the English society than
caring for her son. "His parents were rarely around to care for and love him; this lead to him
resenting them at times. He felt they treated him as an afterthought" (International Churchill Society
1&2). Winston had one younger brother, named Jack Churchill, who took up his parents attention
even more. Since their parents were always away from home, the Churchill boys were cared for by a
nanny named Mrs.Everest. Winston was extremely fond of Everest, calling her names such as
Woomany from a young age. He

Ancient Rome: The Three Punic Wars
Courtney Glore
Wampler
English II
1 April 2017
The three Punic Wars demonstrated the Roman emperors' power over Rome with laws over land,
environment, and conflicts. In The three Punic Wars Carthage and Rome fought for power over
Mediterranean Sea. Carthage was lead by hannibal. The first Punic War was in 264 BC when Rome
and Carthage wanted power to rule Sicily. The wars started when when Mercenary soldiers
surrounded the city of Messena which is now Messina in Sicily and requested aid from Rome and
Carthage against Hiero II, the king of Syracuse. Carthage and Rome hadn't always been enemies,
they were on friendly terms before the greek king Pyrrhus had entered Italy.
After, Rome controls Italy in 264 BC and wants to expand it into Mediterranean ... Show more
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The end of the second Punic war, carthage were forced to cede spain and the islands of the
mediterranean still in their control, give up their navy, and pay taxes to Rome.
In the battle of zama, in 202 BC the power of great hannibal barca had ended. Both armies
numbered 35,000 to 40,000. Hannibal had a strong animal elephant corps, and infantry were
untrained. In the battle of zama both armies meet and the rome drew up their forces in three lines
creating an effective reserve in the rear. Hannibal aligned all of his troops in three lines. His
mercenaries took the front, the second was formed with carthaginian territories and the last line were
hannibal's most reliable troops. In the very front of the army were hannibal's elephant corps. Then
the elephants charged. The elephants were meant to confuse and terrify the enemy. Scipio knew this
plan and order his trumpeters of the army to blow the horn which caused startling noises to terrify
the elephants. After this tactic the roman cavalry charge the infantry, which also caused

The Uprising Of A Terrorist Group
Caucasus Emirate Militant Group
Cristina Torres Fuentes
Northern Virginia Community College
Abstract
This is a research paper on the uprising of a terrorist group in the Caucasus Mountain ranges. To
begin to understand what has made this group escalate their acts of terrorism we must identify the
past historical events leading up to their creation. All the efforts put in by the CRI (Chechen
Republic of Ichkeria) were to create a land that was for the Muslim people. Then without any
success it was later transformed in a small terrorist cells known as the group Caucasus Emirate.
They gained strength and peaked in 2010–2013 and after the death of the first leader they slowly
began to decline. As the time has progressed and things have ... Show more content on
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While the Chechen's were exiled Russian colonists had inhabited their lands making the region
unstable. Then after the collapse of the Soviet Union the region stayed under the control of Russia.
During the Chechen wars that followed in 1996 and 1999 Russia tried regain full control the region
but inevitably failed. Having the knowledge of the highlands gave them an edge over the Russians.
They were also trained in guerilla style fighting the Chechen's benefitted making them successful in
these wars. The Russian eventually backed off and allow them to have some an autonomous
government.
The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (CRI) wanted independence from Russia. They had been given
some powers but that wasn't enough for the Chechen's. From 1999–2007 there were insurgencies
carried out through the Caucasus regions. With all the constant battling in this region the media had
been covering the events as they happened. This attention of jihadist organizations from Afghanistan
and they began to look east to spread their ideologies. As support came pouring in it began
spreading the idea of Global Jihad and Martyrdom as a way of gaining control of their region.
In 2007, the president of the CRI declared that there will be a new group of separatists in the region
and he names them the Caucasus Emirate (CE). Other providences in the region saw all the efforts
the Chechen's were putting forth and decided to join the

The Bulow Plantation Short Story
Katelynn Bush and Isabella Mesete Dr. Duke AMH 2010 25 September 2017 The Bulow Family In
January of 1836 the Bulow Plantation, which was 4,675 acres, was destroyed by Seminole Indians,
but that's now where this story begins. This story begins with a man who went by the name Major
Charles Wilhelm Bulow, and little did he know that everything he worked for would be destroyed in
a mere 15 years. To begin our journey down history lane, we start with John Russell, a ship builder.
On July 28, 1812 John Russell in exchange for his ships, is granted by the Spanish 4,675 acres of
land. In 1814, tragedy struck, John Russell dies. While these events were taking place, Baron
Joachim Von Bulow, Charles Bulow's father would purchase a townhouse in St. Augustine on April
6th, 1821. Baron Bulow was a German immigrant who came to Charleston South Carolina, to
establish the Lutheran Church in America. After the death of John Russell, Mary Russell would
eventually sell the current day Bulow Plantation for $9,944.50 in August of 1812; she would sell this
land to Joachim Bulow. The development process of the Bulow Plantation, would commence with a
wealthy merchant from Charleston, South Carolina. Charles Wilhelm Bulow at the prime age of 41
would obtain the land from his father; the plantation would begin its development at this time. In
August of 1821, to allow for the initial part of development, Charles's brother would send slaves to
help him cultivate the plantation. His brother

Why British Men Enlisted in the British Army in 1914 Essay
Why British Men Enlisted in the British Army in 1914
When Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, Europe erupted. The Austro–Hungarian Empire
invaded Serbia; Russia sends troops to its borders with Austria and Hungary. Germany declares war
on Russia and France and marches into Belgium and Britain declares war with Germany and her
allies. Although Britain already had a well–trained professional army, it was far too small to be able
to stand a chance against the huge German army that was more than three times its size. As a result
of this Lord Kitchener immediately went on a recruiting campaign calling on all men aged between
19 and 30 to enlist in the British Army. There was a huge response, ... Show more content on
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Posters were very effective and created a picture of Germans who would run their bayonets through
women and rape them.
Lord Derby had the idea of 'pals battalions', these were battalions of people who volunteered to join
the army in the same area. This scheme inspired local and civic pride, this meant that soldiers would
not just be fighting for the British Empire, but for their town or city and friend and family. This was
particularly effective as it encouraged friend to enlist at the same time, if one was left behind there
would be no one they new. It had a similar effect as 'peer pressure' – if you did not join up you
considered a coward by your friends. This worked well in North England and Scotland, where
places like Hull raised four regiments and three regiments from Liverpool went over the top of the
trenches on the first day.
Women too played a vital role in the recruitment process. The Order of the White Feather was a
group that encouraged women to hand out white feathers to men not in uniform in public as a sign
of cowardice – the white feather being a symbol a coward. This really pushed men to go as they
would not want to be seen as a coward in public. The suffragists used their considerable publicity
machine to call on men to join the army. The mothers union produced posters urging mothers to get
their sons to enlist. Some posters published by

Hannibal: Africa’s Tactical Genius Essay
Hannibal was a Punic Carthaginian military commander, reputed to be one of the greatest in history
and even a better tactician. Hannibal lived in a time of great friction in the Mediterranean where the
Roman Republic dominated Macedon, Syracuse and the Seleucid Empire. He was a notable member
of the Barca family, a noble family well known for being staunch antagonists of the Roman
Republic. His father Hamilcar was a leading commander in the First Punic War, his brother–in–laws
were Hasdrubal the Fair who preferred diplomacy to war and the Numidian king Naravas, and both
his brothers, Mago (commanded Hannibal's forces and made decisive pushes) and Hasdrubal
(defended Carthaginian cities in Hispania as Hannibal left for Italy in 218 BC) ... Show more
Hannibal was also one of the few historical generals to commandeer a multicultural and polyglot
army for years, recognizing the importance of language mastery when it came to seizing and
maintaining control over conquered territory and fostering relationships among his militia; uniting
them for a single cause: destroying the Empire.
Prior to the start of the Second Punic War, on his now–renowned expedition towards Italy, Hannibal
and his men fought their way through the Pyrenees, subduing tribes in their wake through
advantageous mountain tactics and stubborn fighting. He left 11,000 of his troops to garrison the
region and another 11,000 Iberian soldiers behind who were allegedly reluctant to leave their home's
shores. And so he entered Gaul (Western Europe) with a supposed 50,000 foot soldiers and 9,000
horsemen. Realizing he had stretched his forces a little too thin, Hannibal knew he could not afford
to irk the Gaulish as he was at a disadvantage when it came to military might. So he avoided war or
any hindering forms of opposition from the Gaulish by placating their chiefs and reaching the Rhone
River before the Romans could stop him .
Hannibal won three major victories over the Italian cities of Trebia, Trasimene and Cannae, breaking
records in each battle. The Battle of Trebia was the first battle of the Second Punic War fought in
December 218 B. C. under harsh, extremely

The Punicic Wars: The Second Punic War
The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146
BC. In a period of 120 years, there were three big fights between the two hyper powers in the
ancient time. The two powers in question were the Romans and the Carthaginians, two forces that
really wanted to control the lands and seas of the Mediterranean. These battles are known as the
first, the second and the third Punic war. "This war started as the Romans moved over the sea and
marched on Sicily to gain lands there," (Peter Fitzgerald, nd).according to the same sources, the
second Punic War was a bit shorter. This war held from 218 BC and 201 BC. It is to notice from that
war the Carthaginian leader; Hannibal caused the serious damages to the Romans. ... Show more
Again from it we could see the offensive force of the Romans. It is also this battle that marked the
end of the Carthage Empire. It is clearly stated that The Carthage Empire surrendered after only a
few years and handed up weapons and men as prisoners, the Romans were not content with this and
wanted to raise Carthage to the ground. In fact in this discussion, the focus is going to be on the
second Punic war.
The second Punic war has seen the Carthaginian leader Hannibal's crossing of the Alps. His army
invaded Italy from the north and completely defeated the Roman army in several battles; however,
they never achieved the most important goal of causing a political break between Rome and its
allies.
With three dozen elephants, Hannibal was able to defeat the roman army through the Alps. One their
biggest challenge was that they lost almost all of their elephant in the icy mountains in their way
back. As such, he could defeat the Romans in the field, but not in the strategically crucial city of
Rome itself, thus leaving him unable to win the war (Wikipedia, nd). The two powers fought three
major battles that cost their

Putin 's Power Of Power
It seems that Putin has been able to build up his power in a variety of ways throughout his political
career. Even throughout power struggles, Putin had been able to prevail. What does Putin have to
attribute to his rise in power, was it luck or strategy? Well according to the rhetoric of Gerschewski,
there isn't simply one solid reason or force behind the stability of an autocratic regime. Gerschewski
wrote, "Today's autocracies cannot rely (at least in the long term) entirely on their abuse of power in
a strictly hierarchal, pyramid–shaped political order as the unconstrained tyrants of the past – from
whom all of the power is derived – might have done" (Gerschewski, 2013, pg. 7). Moreover,
Gerschewksi suggests that autocracies rely on three pillars rather than one sole concept. The three
pillars include, Legitimation, Repression, and Co–optation. Within the article he placed emphasis on
observing three processes that take place within and between the pillars in an effort to properly
explain the stabilization processes (Gerschewski, 2013, pg. 12).
The two pillars that seem to be the strongest in the case of Russia's regime, are repression and co–
optation. The weakest pillar, hence would be legitimation. This isn't to say that legitimation wasn't
or isn't at play. As had been mentioned previously, the pillars within the stabilization process are
built over time, and include three processes necessary for observation.
Legitimation serves the function of gaining support

British And Chinese Trade Of Opium Into China Caused The...
The aim of this investigation is to find the extent to which the British and Chinese trade of opium
into China caused the corruption and eventual downfall of the Qing dynasty. The main body of this
investigation focuses on the corruption and failure of the Chinese government in controlling British
incursions, which caused its citizens to rebel and thus began the downfall of the Qing Dynasty. The
introductions of opium to China and the effects it had on China will be assessed in accordance to
origin, value, purpose, and limitation. The British and Chinese trade in relation to opium and its role
of corruption in the Qing Dynasty will be analyzed also.
Section B. Summary of Evidence
Word Count: 650
The Qing dynasty was the last ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before the opium trade, Britain had always had a disadvantage in the British and Chinese trade.
The East India Company hired and farmed opium out to "country farmers", Chinese citizens who
farmed Britain opium, because the ban restricted the trade. The country traders sold the opium to
smugglers along the Chinese coast. In China, the company used the gold and silver it received from
the country farmers to purchase goods that could be sold profitably in England. A network of opium
distribution had formed throughout China, often with the connivance of corrupt officials. Levels of
opium addiction grew so high that it began to affect the imperial troops and the official classes, in
the early 1830's7,8. The majority of Chinese officials responsible to enforce the prohibition of the
opium network were addicted to the drug themselves. In 1835, it was assumed that close to 90
percent of the government staffed positions were filled with opium users. The drugs gave potential
to allow officials to meet taxation quotas, so many officials approved of the cultivation while the
central government remained ignorant. Because of this, most local magistrates did not frown on the
drugs cultivation and allowed the black market of opium to become the economy. Since the central
government remained blind to the actions in the countryside, the throne was unaware of the gravity
of the peoples' addiction.7
The First Opium War began

The Three Causes Of The Boxer Rebellion
The boxer rebellion−the fight between China and Western countries−has been a debate since the end
of 1901. Many people have been wondering how the war happened and what were the reasons that
lead to it. Although many researchers have shown the causes they have found, there will be other
research that disagrees with them. This paper mainly supports the claim that suggested the three
major causes of the boxer rebellion, and refutes the point that the new technologies and innovations
that the West had introduced helped China be more developed. It will define three main elements
that leaded to the boxer uprising which are the personal and religious belief of Chinese people, the
rise of Christianity, and the support of Qing dynasty. As the result of the Opium wars and Sino–
Japanese war, Chinese had suffered defeat, and more of foreigners came by to transform and try to
rule the country (Chandler, 2012). China had been changed since the arrival of foreigners after the
Opium wars and Sino–Japanese war. Some Chinese accepted the changes and adapt themselves to
be in worldwide whereas others still maintained their norms and values. The boxer rebellion or the
boxer uprising or righteous harmonious fist or I Ho Ch'uan was a group of nationalist fighters that
fought against 8 countries, which were Austria–Hungary, France, England, Germany, Japan, Russia,
Italy and the United States ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the boxer rebellion has been debated from time–to–time, many researchers and historians try to
find the true story. Additionally, some of the stories even tend to be biased. Nonetheless, this paper
majorly focuses on three main causes, which are the personal belief and religious traditions, the rise
of Christianity, and the Empress and her dynasty's supporters. Besides, there must be the true story
occurred in one day, as most people seem to be curious to find out when the real story has not been

Concentration Camps Of The Second Anglo-Boer War
One of many forms of oppression the British practiced during the Second Anglo–Boer War was the
use of concentration camps. Both blacks and whites were placed in the camps, and were required to
perform unpaid labor. However, the black and white camps were segregated, and the treatment of
the inmates in the black concentration camps was vastly different from the white camps. Less
rations were given, and less maintenance was performed on the camps, leading to starvation and
poor living conditions. Even after the war, when the white concentration camps had been transferred
to civilian control, the black concentration camps still remained under military command
(Pretorius). Though many Boers and British believed the war to be a "white man's war", blacks
continued to be segregated and oppressed in order to profit off of their labor and gain advantage in
battle. Many blacks fought on the side of the British, believing they would receive education and
more economic opportunities with a victory by England ("Role"). Regardless of what side the
natives took, the eventual outcomes of the war still prevented them from reaching true equality with
the soldiers they fought with at the turn of the twentieth century. Subtle rules and regulations were
implemented as a treaty between the English and Boers prevented blacks from ever escaping the
European–induced living conditions. The stipulation in the Treaty of Vereeniging that schools
continue to teach in Dutch, and conduct court in the

Three Wars: The First Punic War
First Punic War In 264 a.c. Rome and Carthage came into conflict over Sicily. Carthagefeared that
Rome would take the island. Rome, in turn, believed that Carthage planned to close the Strait of
Messina r a narrow passageway
between Italy and Sicily. The conflict, which
lasted until 241 s.c., was the first of three wars
that came to be known as the Punic Wars.
Carthage was wealthier than Rome and had
the strongest navy in the Mediterranean. Rome
had a better army, and territory that was easier to
defend. However, after losing several battles at
sea, the Romans built a new fleet and developed
a new naval tactic. They used grappling irons
and movable bridges to join the ir ships to
Carthaginian ones. Roman soldiers then board–
ed

Boxer Rebellion Research Paper
Growing up in the large country China, I have noticed the nation has suffered from many difficulties
beginning in the early 1793's. In my opinion, everything that has happened to China between 1793
and 1912 have been nothing but damaging to China's lifestyles. Some of the harshest events that
China experienced were the Opium Wars, the Taiping Rebellion, and the Boxer Rebellion. Some
people would not agree that these series of rebellions hurt our country and some do agree. China
was one of the strongest empires until Lord Macartney's Visit– when the empire came to an end.
After Lord Macartney's visit, China experienced many negative changes right away. One of the first
changes were the Opium Wars, beginning in 1839 and ending in 1860. The twenty–one year war
greatly impacted China for the worse. The British first introduced China to opium which the
Chinese abused and shortly they became addicted to the drug. The Chinese were split– some wanted
the opium while others did not causing more unnecessary conflicts. I wish the British would have
never introduced our country to this export of theirs. Our emperor finally made the decision to cut
off the opium ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This rebellion occurred between 1899 and 1901. The Boxer Rebellion left a negative impact on the
Chinese empire and was one of its final declines. This rebellion was an attempt to rid China of
foreigners leaving many missions killed and others were still upset over the use of opium, the
Spheres of Influence, and extraterritoriality. According to Western Sympathy for the Boxer
Rebellion, "In the face of sensational news from China with its terrifying accounts of cruelly
murderous assaults upon Christian missionaries, men and women...there is a chinese side to this sad
affair" (Revolutionary China). The Boxer Rebellion left many innocent people dead and destroyed
the Chinese empire until its final

Chechnya and its People Essay
Chechnya and its People
The ongoing civil war between the semi–autonomous republic of Chechnya and Russia has
dramatically caught the attention of the world – a world that perceives the conflict primarily through
the distorted lens of Russian propaganda, and the contradicting images of Chechen suffering on the
independent media. If the West seems impartial or even indifferent to the Chechen conflict, it is
because there is little understanding of this people, of their struggle, or of the vast complexities of
the greater North Caucasian region in which the Chechens are a part. This lack of understanding
extends to the hazy Western perception of the role of Islam in Chechen society. The broad
generalizations that have been made by those ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As Villari states, linguistic difficulties were a major problem in studying Eurasia at the turn of the
century. Today, the task of studying the six North Caucasian states is complicated by the several
dialects of the Nakh language (one of which the Chechens speak), as well as the Batsbii and Ingush
languages. In many cases – as in the Chechen and Ingush peoples – one dialect of Nakh is more
closely related to the Ingush language than of other Nakh dialects (the Chechens and Ingush share
forty percent of their vocabulary). Furthermore, the Chechens themselves lacked a written script
until the 1920's. Up until that time the only literacy was of a few men who could read the Arabic
Koran; and therefore the only collective histories were oral, increasing the reliance of the historian
upon the Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Russian accounts of their encounters with the Chechens.
Map of North Caucasus, Russia, Chechnya3
Despite the linguistic differences, there is a great cultural unity among the North
Caucasians – probably because not one ethnic group is more than a million persons in size. They are
a peoples defined mostly by the mountainous region that has insulated them from the invasive
cultures of the Arabs, Turks, Persians, Mongols and Russians – even through the modern times.
They share commonalities of dress, custom, dwelling, food, hospitality, and of a strong sense of the
inherited

The Punic Wars Essay
Romans were a very powerful people, and their influence grew and spread very quickly. Through
organized armies and great tactics they pushed themselves up the Italian peninsula, seizing land and
territory from the Etruscan League. Rome now owned most of the Italian peninsula except for what
was owned by the Gaelic Tribes. (Barker) They grew into quite the power and all of Europe
recognized them as a powerful force. Their influence grew and spread across the Mediterranean Sea
and it forced the meeting of the two greatest forces of the Mediterranean Sea. It is 264 BC and
hostilities between the Carthaginians and the Roman republic are on the rise.
The fate of the island of Sicily hangs in balance. The Romans hunger for power and land, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those who could not afford the expensive equipment served the military as light infantry, who
mainly wielded javelins and would hurl them into enemy lines.
The Carthage army wore very strong armor which included chainmail, bronze or iron greaves, full
helmets, and the iconic shield that has been on most of the battlegrounds of the ancient world, the
Hoplon. Hoplons were used by the Greeks for many generations. It is a sturdy shield of ingenious
design with rounded wood covered in bronze. Many Carthaginian soldiers painted religious symbols
on their armor and shield, such as the symbol of Tanit. (Basar)
All of this; however, pales in comparison to their ultimate weapons. Riding into battle the fearsome
African war elephants were a sight that would strike incredible fear into any heart. They were
sometimes even armored with chain mail and had men shooting arrows from the tops of them.
The Romans were also a force to be reckoned with. They will, after all, go on to conquer most of the
known western world and much of that comes from good equipment and training. The core of a
roman legionary soldier was his armor. Romans wore armor depending on what type of troop they
were. The most common armor of this time period was called Lorica Musculata. This armor was
made of strong solid bronze that would fit over the chest and back of the soldier. These chest plates
were made in accordance to a Greek style,

Western Imperialism In China
Western imperialism in China had a very significant impact, it costed the lives of millions of people,
but also helped shape China into a much stronger country than it was during the Qing Dynasty.
Imperialism is a country extending its power and influence through the use of military force. There
were two wars between the imperialists and China, the infamously called the First and Second
Opium wars. The result of these wars was the weakening of the Qing Dynasty and led to a time of
rebuilding, which was a great struggle for China. The Europeans wanted to trade with China because
of the great opportunity that they saw in the market. China's population, which was 430 million, was
seen as a fast and easy way for the Europeans to make a lot of money. The Chinese refused to
cooperate for trade which lead to the conflicts and eventually forced China to concede and have the
trade ports opened. China was faced with circumstances they had never dealt with before and
suffered from a series of crisis' worse than any others in their history.
Western Imperialism had a great impact on the lives of the people of China and their sufferings
would never be forgotten. The British violently intruded China and sold opium, a highly addictive
drug, to the Chinese people. The result of this was a devastated economy. China describes this as the
century of humiliation. The First Opium War (1836–1842) started due to Britain's confidence in
their military as well as the suppression of opium. Britain

Sicilys
Sicily is an island off the southern coast of Italy in the Mediterranean Sea. It was home to many
natural resources and had a crucial location on ancient trading routes, which made it an interest of
Carthage and Rome. Sicily was originally inhabited by three indigenous groups, the Elymi, the
Sicani, and the Sicels. The Elymi were in the western part, the Sicani in the the center, and Sicels in
the east of the island. The modern name of the island Sicily, is from the Sicels. These groups can be
traced back to Troy, Italy, and Iberia. Sicily, after the First Punic War between Rome and Carthage,
became a imperial province of the Roman Empire. Carthage had occupied Sicily before the wars,
but was won when the Romans and the Carthaginians signed ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Romans planted durham wheat which was used in their pastas. Many large estates were built by
the Romans to produce grain and send back to Rome by slaves and prisoners of war. Sicily was not
similar to Rome's other provinces because they did not send soldiers to help the Romans. The
Romans send a yearly tribute that collected the taxes of Sicily. Rome also had a magistrate that was
in control of administration of the Sicily. The Sicilian vernacular language began during Roman
times. In the beginning, it was a blend of the languages of Latin and Greek that were spoken
throughout the Roman era of Sicily. Under the rule of Augustus in the Roman Empire, Rome tried to
bring the language of Latin to Sicily, but Sicily was able to stay largely Greek. Greek was known as
the "intellectual language" of the upper–class Romans. Latin would have been used by the Romans
that invaded the island and in inscriptions but the vernacular language of Sicily was used in
everyday speech. Syracuse, located in the southern part of Sicily, is known as the most powerful
state. Founded by Ancient Greeks, it became a dominate location of commerce and control inside
the

Tsarnaevs: Refugee Position In The US
An earlier version of this story incorrectly said the Tsarnaevs had received refugee status. The
parents of the Tsarnaev brothers reached the United States on tourist visas and applied for asylum.
To get asylum, an applicant must meet the definition of a refugee, but unlike a refugee he or she has
already reached the United States and is subject to a different application process. After the
Tsarnaevs obtained asylee status, they successfully applied for derivative asylee status for their
children. The story has been corrected.
By Peter Finn, Carol D. Leonnig and Will Englund April 19, 2013
With their baseball hats and sauntering gaits, they appeared to friends and neighbors like ordinary
American boys. But the Boston bombing suspects were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"He talked about his brother in good ways," said Pamala Rolon, who was the residential adviser in
the dorm where Dzhokhar lived at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth. "I could tell he
looked up to his brother."
Although terrorists from the Caucasus have struck in Moscow and other parts of Russia, the conflict
in the region has never led to attacks in other countries. One possible explanation for the Boston
bombings, said Aslan Doukaev, an expert on the Caucasus who works for Radio Liberty in Prague,
is that the brothers were motivated by radical jihadism, not Chechen separatism.
As the war in Chechnya wound down after Russian forces withdrew – they left formally in 2009 –
violence has spilled into neighboring republics such as Dagestan, where the Tsarnaev family once
found shelter and where the brothers' parents now live. That conflict is increasingly marked by
radical Islamic terrorism in an often vicious cycle of attack and reprisal between insurgents and
Russian security forces. Tamerlan visited Dagestan last year, according to an official with
knowledge of his

The Importance Of Western Imperialism In China
Western imperialism in China was very significant, costed the lives of millions of people, but also
helped shape China into a much stronger country than it was before, being ruled by the Qing
Dynasty. Imperialism is a country extending its power and influence through the use of military
force. There were two wars between the imperialists and China, the first and second Opium wars.
The result of these wars was the weakening of the Qing Dynasty and led to a time of rebuilding,
which was a great struggle, for China. The Europeans wanted to trade with China because of the
great opportunity that they saw in the market. China's population, which was 430 million, was seen
as a fast and easy way for the Europeans to make a lot of money. The ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
China was weakened and by this period in time, had become dependent on the Europeans, which
now "controlled" them.
The Chinese were able to learn from their mistakes from the past and turn them into positives in
order to better improve their economy for the future. With the opened ports and foreigners free to
visit China, the educated citizens class was increasing in numbers. Many of these people were not
happy with the progress of the Qing Dynasty and started to form groups in order to help find
alternatives to certain situations. By 1912 the last Chinese emperor stepped down and the order that
had ruled over China for two thousand years had finally fallen. This was a new start for the China.
The rebuilding of China was very difficult, but using what they had learned, China was able to
modernize themselves in many aspects, including military, improve their economy, and overall
developed themselves into a superior country.
The British wanted to do business with China after seeing the market potential because of the
population, as well as the significant growth in the past two centuries. China's population increased
by 330 million people less than two centuries. The agricultural production in China was not able to
keep up with the rapid increase in population. The British saw opportunity in this and believed that
they could generate a great amount of money from the market. China's refusal to trade with the
British was

Essay on Boer War
The Boer War was a conflict that lasted from 1899 to 1902 in southern Africa between Great Britain
and their allies, Transvaal (South African Republic) and Orange Free State, in what is now South
Africa.
Throughout the 19th century, after Great Britain conquered the Cape of Good Hope in 1814 and
expanded its territory in Southern Africa, there was tension between the British settlers and the
Dutch–descended population which were called Afrikaners or Boers. This resulted in the Afrikaner
migration called the Great Trek, which was from 1835 to 1843, and the establishment of the
Afrikaner republics. These republics were called Natal, Orange Free State, and the South African
Republic. Natal became a British colony in 1843, but the Transvaal ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The South African Republic and the Orange Free Stated made an alliance. They then declared war
on the British on October 12, 1899 because they were uncooperative with Kurger's demands. The
Afrikaner forces were successful in invading Natal and Cape Colony. In December the British
commander in chief Sir Redvers H. Buller sent fresh troops to relieve the British forces in three war
zones. These zones were Colenso, Natal, the hills of Magersfontein on the Orange Free State and
Cape Colony borders, and the mountain range of Stormberge in the Cape Colony. Within a week,
which is referred to as the Black Week by the British, each of the new units had been defeated by
Afrikaner forces.
On January 10, 1900, the British general Frederick S. Roberts was sent to replace Buller as
commander in chief. However, Buller remained to fight throughout the war. Early in February,
Roberts ordered the British commander John D. P. French north to relieve the city of Kimberley.
Roberts marched northeastward from Cape Colony into the Orange Free State. Attacked by the
Afrikaner general Piet Cronje on February 27, Roberts fought back successfully and forced the
surrender of Cronje and his troops. On March 13, Roberts entered Bloemfontein, which was the
capital of the Orange Free State. Roberts captured Johannesburg on May 31 and Pretoria on June 5.
After they won, President Kruger went to Europe and Roberts returned to England in January 1901

Putin Research Paper
In 1991, a former KGB agent, largely unknown by the public, was appointed deputy mayor of the
city of St. Petersburg in Russia––assuming his first position in politics. This event would mark the
beginning of a long political career for the future president of Russia, Vladimir Putin.With support
from wealthy and powerful friends and organizations, Putin would rapidly rise up the ranks of the
Russian government, eventually becoming Prime Minister of Russia in 1999, and soon after, being
elected President in 2000; a position that would empower him for the next 17 years and evidently
make him the most powerful man in the world. The sources in my research provide evidence of
actions/events involving Putin's Russia and/or opinions of these actions ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In order to see this, one must look no further than the wars/conflicts that have occurred under his
power. In 1999, while acting as Prime Minister of Russia, Putin responded to a series of terrorist
attacks by the Chechens––a people located in an area in the southwestern part Russia that desire
independence.The Russian military invaded Chechnya in what is known as the Second Chechen
War, resulting in up to 80,000 deaths. During this conflict, Putin held a tough stance by ordering the
Russian soldiers to reassert order in the province, breaking a cease–fire period. This strong,
aggressive stance would give him a big boost in popularity, eventually leading to his election as
president. (Khrestin and Elliot). Putin acted again in 2008 when he invaded Georgia––a nation on its
southern border that was once a part of the Soviet Union. The reason for the war was to back the
self–proclaimed nations of South Ossetia and Abkhazia; the conflict would result in Putin annexing
each of these territoires. This short war resulted in thousands of casualties––both military and
civilian––and created about 192,000 refuges. Putin's method of invading the country began by using
Russian hackers to spread propaganda among the people of Georgia to stimulate pro–Russian
support, helping create protests and demonstrations. Putin then sent in the military while hackers
downed Georgia's

Essay on the Punic Wars
There were three Punic or Carthaginian Wars is Roman history. These were between 264 and 146
BC. These wars were the first great wars of Roman expansion outside Italy. The enemy of Rome had
a large empire that stretched along the coast of North America and southern Spain and some parts of
Sicily. This empire was known as Carthage. The purpose of these wars was to decide which power
would become the dominant force around the Mediterranean Sea.
The first Punic War lasted from 264–241 BC. It was fought mainly at sea, off the coast of Sicily.
This was the first time Rome had built a navy. Rome besieged many of the Carthaginian cities on
Sicily, and when Carthage attempted to raise the siege with its navy, the Romans utterly destroyed
them. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the leaders, Lucius Aemilius, saw that the ground was flat so he thought they should not
engage with their enemy. However, the other leader, Marcus Terentius Varro, thought differently and
thought they should advance. The solution to this problem was to let the leaders be in command on
different days and since the next day was Marcus Terentius Varro's day to command, he ordered
them to advance. In the battle Lucius Aemilius died in the thick of the fight and Marcus Terentius
Varro fled. In the end the Carthaginians won because of their superiority in cavalry.
Many of the states of Italy that Rome had conquered a century before now joined Hannibal. This
was a threat to Rome, so the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio took a Roman army to north
Africa and then Hannibal went back to defend Carthage. In the battle at Zama, near Carthage, in 202
BC the Romans finally defeated Hannibal.
The third and last Punic War lasted three years, from 149–146 BC. The war started because the
Romans were worried that the Carthaginians army regain power. The Romans totally defetated the
Carthaginians and Africa became a new province of the Roman Empire.
After the Punic Wars, Rome controlled all of Italy, Sicily, much of Spain and part of Africa, as well
as Greece and the eastern Mediterranean world. As you can see, at that time Rome and Carthage had
very

The Chechen Wars
From Western audiences, Chechnya–whether as an autonomous oblast, a sovereign state, or a war
zone–has never received much consideration. Just one of dozens of ethnic groups within Russia who
have declared since the end of the Soviet Union their right to self–rule and self–determination, the
Chechens' struggle for independence was drowned out in the cacophony of calls for independence
during the 1990s. However, in a world so greatly affected by the events of September 11, 2001 and
given the role of Chechen separatist groups in bombings of Russian apartment buildings in 1999
(which killed more than 300) and the hostage–taking of a Russian theater in 2002 (which resulted in
the deaths of 130 Russians and 30 rebels), the rhetoric of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Yet, the repression of the forced deportation of nearly one million Chechens in the last week of
February 1944 is considered to be the most salient to the common sense of distrust held by
Chechens of Moscow's rule (Nikolaev & Malashenko, 2004; Tishkov, 2004; Jaimoukha, 2005;
Gammer, 2006). Thousands are thought to have died during the forced relocation to the Central
Asian Soviet Socialist Republics (SSRs) and the eventual repatriation to Chechnya from 1957 to
1960 resulted in even further alienation as ethnic Russians who had taken control of the homesteads
and farms of Chechen deportees resisted their return violently (Tishkov, 2004). Valery Tishkov, a
renowned Russian ethnographer, explains, "The theme of deportation and its untold suffering
dominated Chechen political discourse...and later [was the topic of] youth pop songs....People began
to believe that to end any continuing discrimination against them, the Chechens had to assume
control over the republic," (2004, p. 32). The culmination of hundreds of years of common
suffering, the forced deportation and repatriation resonates today as primary source of Chechen
defiance of Russian rule. The political and economic liberalization of Gorbachev's glasnost and
perestroika allowed "ethnic nationalism" to emerge as "a great mobilizing power...[while] the
granting every Soviet ethno–nation its own state was viewed as natural, desirable, and democratic"
in the eyes radical democrats in Moscow at the

Essay On Australia Before World War 1
Australia was first established as a Federation in 1910 while World War 1 started in 1914, so
Australia was still an undeveloped and new nation. Geographically speaking Australia is located far
away from other European countries meaning it was remote from the continuing conflicts in
European countries long before the world war. Even though Australia wasn't directly tangled in the
encounters in Europe before the World War, they found themselves playing an important role.
Australia was a nation of around four million people, which meant that there was around 820,000
men between 19 and 38 that had the potential to fight. They first aided England in the 1860s for
New Zealand, in the Sudan 1885 during the Boer War. Since they have aided England before it was
likely that it wouldn't be a problem helping again. Australians had an immense amount of pride for
their country and among those popular beliefs were that the British Empire was superior to other
races. Most of the Australian population was English descendant. Australia ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Most young Australia's applied because of a sense of adventure and to explore other areas of the
world. Posters and leaflets promised the chance to explore and visit England and Europe. They had
no idea what they were walking into when they enlisted. Over 50,000 men had solicited and
thousands had also been rejected for medical reasons. Not only were they fighting for their country,
they got paid six shillings a day which was three times more than the average wage of English
forces. One man, Bill Gammage, said that he had an eye deficiency and was turned away twice
before he paid his way into the passage of the Australian Infantry Force. The Australian soldiers
looked at themselves as tough forerunners. They could tell stories about the settlement, explorations
and gold rushes. There was also powerful mythology that the war turned boys into real

British Empire: What is Imperialism? Essay
Imperialism is defined as relationships that are unequal between two humans or territories. This is
usually based on concepts of authority and the articulation of dominance over a particular territory.
It comprises of the extension of control and regulation of one state over another nation. The British
has been known to be a colonial power that has always practiced dominance over many states
particularly in Africa. The British Empire is seen as one of the largest empires in both the past and
current times. This is because it has many African and Asian colonies compared to the rest of the
Empires. The empire was known to use force to subdue the states that it ended to subdue. The
colonial power is seen to force its colonies to adopt certain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Collectively this reasons made the British start a war when the Chinese made the importation of
opium illegal and possessed all British shipments of opium.Opium was popular in china for its
medicinal effects. It was used among the population to treat infirmities. However, in the seventeenth
and the early eighteenth century the use of opium increased greatly. Opium was now used as a
recreational drug among the Chinese population of all classes (Polachek, 116). The British took
advantage of the popularity of the drug and exported large quantities of the drug to the country,
which was traded for Chinese tea and other products made from the drug .
The increase in the use of opium created a concern among the Chinese government. The first
concern was the damage experienced to the health of the citizens particularly the capacity of work of
the people consuming the drug. The second concern was the economic damage brought about by the
opium trade. The Chinese government was concerned of the huge amounts of the silver that was
being paid to foreign countries and consequently leaving china. The price of silver was continuously
increasing while the price of copper remained constant . "The Chinese were convinced that the
decline in the value of copper cash was due to the large amount of silver that was been paid to
opium smugglers" (Waley 1958, p.25).This caused the tax payments to become hard for the citizens
to pay since tax was paid

How the English Won the Boer War in South Africa Essay
How the English Won the Boer War in South Africa On October 11, 1899, the forces of the Boer
republics, Orange Free State and South African Republic, responded to Great Britain's dismissal of
an ultimatum against the placement and reinforcing of British troops in South Africa by laying siege
to cities in northern Cape Colony occupied by the then outnumbered British troops. The British were
able to gain superiority and eventually win the Boer War by brute force, vastly superior numbers and
the cessation of rights for those deemed the enemy and its collaborators. It would take three years
and drastic changes in "the gentlemanly art of war" for Great Britain to achieve victory. Leading up
to the end of the nineteenth century there ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This action, the Boer leaders justly feared, was the build up of the military power necessary to
conquer the Boer nations by force, and an ultimatum was issued on the 9th of October calling for the
removal of all British troops from the republic's borders within 48 hours or it would be viewed as an
act of war and dealt with accordingly. Ignoring the ultimatum, the British maintained their positions
and at 17:00 on the 11th of October war was declared. The fighting for the next three years of the
war was characterized by three distinct phases of battles and styles of warfare. In the first phase,
from October of 1899 to February of 1900, there was obvious superiority in the Boer troop's
numbers and abilities. This was evident in the ease with which they corralled the British troops into
the cities of Mafeking on the 13th of October, Kimberley on the 14th, and Ladysmith on the 1st of
November. The Second phase, February to November of 1900 was marked by steady British
advances into the Boer territories and the taking of all major cities including the capital, Pretoria.
The third and final phase of the war, from November of 1900 until its end in May of 1902, was
notable for the Boer tactical switch to small groups of men called commandos, and their guerilla
style of warfare, and the British employment of

Conflict Between Russia And Chechns
Introduction. The film introduced the conflict escalation between Russia and Chechnya during the
Second Chechen war in May 2002. The conflict between the two nations centered on independence
and conquest. Culture marks the different perspectives of each nation about the war. The Chechens
viewed the war as a political game, where they act as puns (Greetings from Grozny, 2002).
Russians, on the other hand, viewed the war as a security operation, because they want to justify
their occupations of Chechnya. Why do they want Chechnya? To fully understand the conflict, one
must examine the cultural divisions among the Russians and Chechens, because it influenced the
motives and tactics used during the war (Ho–Won Jeong, 2008). Importantly, the ... Show more
Importantly, Russians must notice the differences in the Chechens to understand their perspective,
and express concern for their welfare.
Chechens used both contending and yielding techniques during both wars. They yearn for
independence from Russia, yet they wish to unleash their resentment for what Russians put them
through. Chechens view the wars as political games for promoting and electing Russian leaders.
Also, they perceive Russians as unwilling to compromise, because they experience the negative
consequences of the conflict. They face relative deprivation, since they contend with lack of basic
needs and destroyed buildings. Thus, this leaves Chechens to utilize contending as an alternative,
because their needs are not met. This leads them to occupy Russia during the second Chechen war
and participate in retaliation against Russia.
Conclusion. Distrust between the Russians and Chechens widened the wedge between them. The
Russians appear concerned about winning the conflict, rather than resolving it. This competitive
mindset succeeds with individualistic pursuits but not with cross cultural interactions. It ignores the
voice and concerns of the Chechens. Nevertheless, the Chechens share responsibility as well,
because they started the attacks with the Russians during the start of the second Chechen war. The
cultural voices from the past still impact the dynamic

Chechnya Country Assessment : Chechnya
Chechnya Country Assessment The Chechen Republic or, informally, Chechnya, is a federal subject
of Russia. It is located in the Northern Caucasus Mountains, in the Southern Federal District within
100 kilometers of the Caspian Sea (Chechnya, 2013). The capital of the republic is the city of
Grozny. The population of Chechnya was 1,268,989, according to the 2010 Russian Census
(Chechnya, 2013). As of the 2010 Census, Chechens make up 95.3% at 1,206,551 of the republic 's
population. The predominant religion in Chechnya is Islam. Chechens are overwhelmingly adherent
to the Shafi 'i Madhhab of Sunni Islam, the republic having converted to Islam between the 16th and
the 19th centuries (Twigg, 2005) . In 1997 Chechnya officially embraced Islam ... Show more
The majority of Chechens deeply resent the Russians attempt to dominate their homeland, beginning
with Ivan the Terrible, until recently when Stalin deported 500,000 Chechens in WWII to the steeps
of Siberia (What Do The Chechens Have Against Russia, 2013). During the 1991 communist
Russian attempted hard line coup, rumors that another deportation was in the works resulted in the
Chechens overthrowing the local Soviet–appointed leader. Boris Yelstin and the newly formed
Russian Federation had no intentions of letting Chechnya break off, and in 1994 the first Chechen
war began which resulted in 4,000 Russian soldiers and 80,000 Chechens dying. In 1995, Chechen
rebels seized a hospital and barricaded themselves inside with women and children. This important
event preceded the Russian withdrawal from Chechnya because Russia negotiated a cease–fire in
order for the hostage's release. Following the cease fire, Russia initiated peace negotiations with the
Chechen rebels, making the hospital siege one of the most successful acts of terrorism in modern
history (Gessen, 2004). In September of 1999, following terrorist acts bombing apartment building
and Chechen rebel incursions into the neighboring Republic of Dagestan, Russia began operations to
retake control of Chechnya. Vladimir Putin, a virtual unknown at the point, was appointed Prime
Minster prior to the apartment building attacks and rose to political power

A Personalized Sergei Bodrov
A role in a movie is like a mirror that reflects an actor's personality. Some actors are capable of
playing certain roles but not others. If an actor can feel the role, he or she will play it naturally, as it
would resemble his or her life. Actors put their heart into playing, which gives them the model.
Through a role an actor connects to the audience who makes the final decision about the movie's
purpose; that is why it is very important to show this purpose correctly by playing it sincerely.
Personalization is a significant factor that can lead to the success or failure of a film. Sergei Bodrov
Jr was a leading actor in several movies during the late 1990s and early 2000s, he did not just play
roles, he lived the roles. Sergei came ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Vanya Gillin a young Russian who joins the Russian army, he has to go through the various exams
to make sure he is physically fit for the military. In the Chechen Republic, Vanya and another Sgt.
Kostylin are injured in the explosion of a personnel carrier after which they are to be taken hostage.
This is just the beginning of the story that will become legendary for Sergei Bodrov. Vanya has to go
through many challenges that shake his inner stability. First, he meets Hasan, his guard, who cannot
speak because his tongue is torn out. Second, he is shackled with leg shackles to Kostylin, the other
Russian soldier held hostage. The situation of insecurity and absence of freedom makes the
character alert and ready to stay alive by helping others. For example, Vanya fixed clocks for some
Chechens. After time has passed, the prisoners Vanya and Kostylin are forced to leave the house of
Abdul–Murat since Chechen fighters want them to work for them. The captives work finding mines
for the Chechen as guinea pigs to clear a road for the others to pass. However, the prisoners survive
the work zones and come back to the house of Abdul–Murat. The director of the movie increases the
tragedy by letting Vanya's mother know about the hostage situation. Her tears and pleads to Abdul–
Murat do not change his decision do her son. "Chechen elders have great influence, often acting as
intermediaries between feuding families or between villages and besieging Russian troops during
the

Common Themes In 'Breaker Morant, AndThe Crucible'
The common theme shared across both texts, a difficult environment can challenge a person's
character or true nature. In 'Breaker Morant', this is evident through the character of Harry Morant,
the protagonist of the story. Following the death of his friend and comrade, Captain Hunt, Morant
orders his unit, the Bushveldt Carbineers to ride for multiple days at a time in hopes of tracking the
Boer soldiers. As evident by the narration, 'We rode another couple of days... hardly ever stopped'.
Who ambushed, mutilated and stole the jacket of Hunt, a sign that Morant saw as a gesture of
disrespect. Morant took offence to these actions, as he viewed Hunt to be a highly respected and
honourable man. Morant became driven as he finally had a cause that he was willing to put all of his
energy towards. Morant's respect and disgust of the actions are shown when he is shouting at the
Boer soldier found with the Hunt's jacket 'Captain Hunt had bullet wounds...They mutilated him!'
This is similarly shown in 'The Crucible' as John Proctor becomes greatly enraged due to his wife
being falsely accused and arrested. Out of character, Proctor allows his emotions to get the better of
him as he lashes out at Abigail 'grasping her by the throat as though he would strangle her'. This is
vastly different to the manner he had previously been acting, as through the rest of the play as most
of his actions were reserved and thought out.
Both texts show that in times of great tension a person's true

The Democratic Republic Of Congo
Issue:
In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the diamond mining industry is being exploited by
rebels who are using the diamonds as 'conflict diamonds'. These diamonds are being used to illegally
buy arms used towards the civil war and other conflict in the DRC. Since the rebels have control of
the diamond industry with conflict diamonds, they affect the DRC's economy and the livelihood of
the people who have no choice to work for the rebels. Because of the constant conflict since
independence of the DRC, there is the persistent issue of how to reduce the circulation of conflict
diamonds.
Background:
The Democratic Republic of Congo has had civil strife ever since its independence from Belgium.
Mobutu Sese–Sekou ruled the DRC from 1965–1997. In 1997, he was overthrown by opposition
forces led by Laurent–Desire Kabila. This started the 36 year long conflict in the country ("Congo:
Diamond Mining and Conflict"). The conflict was between Mobutu's coalition group, the Congolese
Rally for Democracy (RCD) and the government led by Kabila. The RCD was located in the east of
the DRC where the rebel groups were established in conflict mining. They were supported by
Rwanda and Uganda and were looking to take control of the DRC towards the west. At the same
time, both the Rwandan and Ugandan governments participated with the rebel groups in conflict
mining. The governments of Angola, Zimbabwe, Namibia, and Chad helped slow the advance of the
RCD towards the west ("Congo: Diamond

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