Essay About Humanities In The Early, High And Late Middle...

Essay about Humanities in the Early, High and Late Middle...
Abstract
Learning Team A will use several research methods including text, internet and other methods to
explore the humanities and the effects and developments that the humanities of the Early, High and
Late Middle ages had on society. We have made some very interesting findings and come up with
some intriguing conclusions. The findings are most definitely in condensed form for the simplicity
of our assignment, although if given an unbridled word count, surely we would demonstrate
volumes of text form such interesting periods.
The Early Middle Ages Before we can talk about humanities, we must first define the word
"Humanities". Humanities are the investigation of human beings and their culture and their self–
expression. We are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another wonderful example of Christian art during this time is the Book of Kells. Snell (n.d.) points
out, "The Book of Kells is a stunningly beautiful manuscript containing the Four Gospels. The Book
of Kells was probably produced in a monastery on the Isle of Iona, Scotland, to honor Saint
Columba in the early 8th century" (Snell, n.d.). The Metropolitan Museum of Art displays other
artistic finds such as the Plaque with Saint John the Evangelist and Three Holy Women at the Holy
Sepulcher. Fiero (2002) states
Germanic traditions, including those of personal valor and heroism associated with a warring
culture, are reflected in the epic poems of the Early Middle Ages. The three most famous of these,
Beowulf, The Song of the Nibelungen, and the Song of Roland, were transmitted orally for hundreds
of years before they were written down sometime between the tenth and thirteenth centuries. (p.71)
Although this age had a brief renaissance, the Early Middle Ages was a shadow of the great Roman
Empire. The Roman Empire was not only rich in architecture, art and literature but it held a sense of
accomplishment. The Early Middle Ages epitomizes the struggle of human beings to love and create
a better world for them.
The High Middle Ages The High Middle Ages falls between the Early Middle Ages also known as
the Dark Ages and Late Middle Ages occurring during the range of the 10th, 11th, 12th and the 13th
centuries
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Summary On Lamentation Of Christ
The title of the painting is "The Lamentation of Christ" or "Mourning of Christ". Lamentation is
religious painting which is 7' 7" by 7' 9" and can be seen at Arena chapel in Padua. The medium
used in this painting is fresco, created by Giotto in 1305. 2. This is the very powerful painting where
we see Jesus's dead body surrounded by his families, friends and people who loves him. Jesus body
is removed from the cross and is carefully and gently held by his loved ones. There are numerous
people around Christ, some are sitting, and some are standing. There are five figures who held Jesus
body. There are three females which are wearing long gowns and have halo around their head. Then
we have other two figures which have their back towards us, so we can't identify if they are males or
female figure. Jesus body is not touching the ground. The female figure who is cradles around Jesus
is more likely his mother, Mary, who is mourning his son's dead. Mother Mary have her arms
around his son and have very sad face. There is a female figure in red hair who is mourning and
touching the Jesus's feet. Two of the figures holding Jesus's hands. There is young man who
symbolism St. John. He has short haircut and halo around his head. He bends towards Christ and his
arms stretched outwards. He looks in very deep pain. Behind his are two men who are patiently
standing and morning the Christ. There are group of people to the left of the painting who is looking
at Jesus in sense of deep

The Spread Of The Plague In European History
Death from disease has been recorded in history throughout all time. In recent years, the outbreak of
the Zika virus, a disease passed down from mosquitos, has given the human population a scare. The
among the biggest disease scares in all of recorded history is none other than the Black Plague in the
years 1346–1353, with over 100 million recorded deaths in Europe. This plague affected the
population of towns, the social rankings of citizens, and the religious beliefs the people had in God.
Such a high loss of human lives changed European history and even contributed to what humans
achieve today. Due to the incurable spread of the Black Death, a large amount of people died and
affected the growth of the European population. Doctors refused to see people, and families were
forced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People believed the sickness was a punishment for their sins against God. People began to punish
themselves by self–flogging and beat themselves in order to rid themselves of their sins and abolish
the plague. Monasteries were hit very hard by the plague since so many sick people took refuge
there. The priests who delivered the final sacraments of death also passed away from sickness,
leaving the churches with fewer clergy members. As the Black Death ravaged on, people began to
lose faith or become angry at God for their losses and they began to realize that their religion could
not do anything to protect their families from the disease. When the plague lifted, members of the
clergy sought out replacements for their fallen colleagues, but the successors were trained sloppily
and learned very little of tasks their predecessors. This may have furthered the corruption of the
Church, since they recruited people they had little knowledge about. For other areas, the plague
eliminated so many priests and members of the clergy that church services ceased

Mace Bat: A Popular Weapon In The Late Middle Ages
HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE
The mace bat was a popular weapon in the more late middle ages. It was used mostly by peasants
but was very important in the German Peasants War in the early 16th century. Throughout the years
there was many variants of the mace. Some was a ball on a chain and others were like a spiked
baseball bat. Not much is known of the flail but it is also commonly used in Eastern Europe in the
11th to 13th century. It was very important to them but missing with the ball and chain can end up
coming around and hurting the user. It was used sometimes on horseback and it was mostly used for
bludgeoning an opponent and it was effective against armour users and shields.
EVIDENCE
We don't actually know a whole lot about how the Morning star was found. In a way it was just the
remains of what war had left behind. Just like the dinosaur bones we have found these weapons can
show us what people were like back then and what they could make. The pyramids and tombs like
King Tut or ancient temples in the jungle are just some of what's left about our past which ... Show
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It became popular as plate armour did, it was effective with breaking plate armour and close combat.
So why did the mace come to an end so quick? It does again not give an exact date but it is
estimated around the middle of the hundred year's war. It was around the late 14th century when
guns were invented. People started realizing swords and Maces were becoming less used and useful
yet they were still used a lot. Guns started appearing in the 12th century was only started being
commonly used in the 17th and 18th century. Around the time of the American Civil war is when the
sword and hand weapons became very ineffective and had a quick decline. From that point on I
would say they simply died off. Also in the Franco Prussian war in 1870 in was fought will mostly
all bolt action rifles. So to end off I will say never bring a sword to a gun

The Book Of Hours Among Lay Christians In The Late Middle...
The Books of Hours The Book of Hours had become popular among lay Christians in the late
Middle Ages. Lay Christians were those who were faithful but not ordained as clerics or had taken
any monastic vows. As a whole, they sought for greater involvement in the devotional life of the
Catholic Church as well as a more personal relationship with God and other saints. The Book of
Hours provided a solution to this issue as it had easily accessible information, an ability to be
personalized, and the means to be mass produced which all led to its extreme popularity during this
time period (Getty Museum, The Medieval Bestseller: Illuminated Books of Hours). For the
Christians who wanted to continue devotion outside of church, the Book of Hours took ... Show
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For example, at the core of all Books of Hours is the 'Hours of the Virgin'. This was a collection of
psalms, prayers, and readings that were meant to be read daily at eight set 'hours' in the day to Mary
who would behave as an mediator between God and man. These hours were 'Matins' (before dawn),
'Lauds' (daybreak), 'Prime' (6:00 a.m.), 'Terce' (9:00 a.m.), 'Sext' (noon), 'None' (3:00 p.m.), 'Vespers'
(sunset), and 'Compline' (evening). These devotions acted as a simplified version of what was said
by clergy members and monastic orders every day. This allowed everyday Christians to pursue their
connection with God away from the Church. It is also important to emphasize that the fact that the
Book of Hours did have an easily understandable and defined list of times certain devotional texts
were meant to be read in the first place which again provided a way for Christians practices to be
done away from the Church. Another example of how its structure provided easily understandable
information was the fact that at the beginning of each Book of Hours was a calendar. In these
calendar, for each month, there would be a listing of saints for certain days including special feasts
for them that would be marked in red ink. On the left of these named named saints' days would be a
series of letters that ran from a to g which acted as the Dominical

Oral Culture Of The Late Middle Ages
Given the prevalence of books, magazines, and newspapers in everyday life today, it is difficult to
imagine a world without print. The transition from the essentially oral culture of the late Middle
Ages to the print culture of the Renaissance fundamentally changed human interaction. In Western
society, the invention of the printing press and subsequent widespread literacy signaled the shift
away from a primarily oral culture to a literate, print culture. Many scholars, including Plato and
Harold Innis, have suggested that the advantages of an oral culture exceed those of a print culture.
Even further, the past few decades have seen calls to orality, or propositions that we must return to
oral culture to balance print culture. As seen through a lens of the history of print culture, the
benefits of literacy and a predominantly print culture outweigh the benefits of an oral culture
because of the impact print has had on standardized language and national consciousness, the field
of science and accuracy, and the quick dissemination of information and dialogue. Through a
comparison of advancements during the Print Revolution and current features of modern society, I
will argue that there is no need to re–embrace orality because elements of oral culture already exist
in our modern print culture.
The Print Revolution was marked by the invention of the printing press and growing industrial
capitalism in Europe. The idea of capitalism enabled publishers to seek mass markets for

Joan Of Arc: The Role Of Women In The Late Middle Ages
The roles of women in the late Middle Ages were indissolubly connected with the Church. The
Church was not only a system that had governing power but, also had an influence on the ideals of
morality. Joan of Arc defied those ideals and was condemned as a hermitic. Joan of Arc was born in
1412 in France. She grew up as a peasant girl. In 1424 she began having visions.In these visions
Saint Margret, Saint Michael and Saint Catherine tilde her that she must help the king get rid of the
English from France. Joan was instrumental in capturing New. This accomplishment was immense.
However while the French revered her for her accomplishments, the English declared her a
heretic.Joan was imprisoned for some time prior to her trial. The English tried

A Comparison of Two Paintings from the Renaissance Period...
A Comparison of Two Paintings from the Renaissance Period
Introduction This paper will compare the themes found in the paintings "Madonna and Child with
St. John the Baptist and an Angel" by Domenico di Bartolomeo Ubaldini (Puligo) and "Madonna
Enthroned" by Giotto. Both paintings deal with fables from the Christian faith but were executed
during different periods in art. The Giotto painting was created around 1310 and the Puglio painting
was executed between 1518 – 1520. Here, these two paintings have similar themes both at the
extreme beginnings and endings of the Italian Renaissance, and as such they serve to present an
exceptional example of the developments in art that occurred within that time. This paper shall
compare ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While both reflect a Biblical theme with a central focal point of the Madonna and Child, "Madonna
Enthroned" has a key image that is best viewed from a central position and "Madonna and Child "
has a greater degree of importance over the majority of the surface of the canvas. In "Madonna and
Child " the viewer does not perceive that an image is being forced upon them as is found in the
work by Giotto. A use of light and space is also key to preventing the Puligo piece from being
"forced", where the organization of distance visibly removes the viewer from "Madonna Enthroned"
while drawing the viewer into the painting in "Madonna and Child ". Color also serves a similar
purpose, where Giotto's work is monochromatic but ocher while Puligo's work carries a greater
expression through the detail involved. The mood of these two pieces is remarkable in that color
does not play as great an importance as the figures surrounding the focal point of the Madonna and
Child. These figures are both essential to the composition of the piece, but in "Madonna Enthroned"
the viewer is left thinking that the Madonna and Child are truly untouchable. The mood of this
piece, while certainly not "dark", does not inspire any. Even the angels by either side are careful not
to come near the holy woman and child. In "Madonna and Child " however, the entire composition
is subject to

Changes During The Middle Ages
Changes in Europe From 1250–1650 This is the period was the height of the middle ages,
renaissance, the reformation, and European explorations of the Americas and continuously evolved.
During the middle ages, there was a huge economic boom. The Renaissance underwent significant
changes such as education and art which transformed the culture. The reformation caused wars
between the Catholic and Protestant rulers. The European explorations of the Americas were caused
by increased wealth from the Renaissance. All four of these times periods had many changes. The
middle ages, often referred to as the medieval period, underwent an economic boom, but not until
after suffering. The middle ages were between the fall of the Roman Empire and the rise of the
Renaissance. There was no scientific accomplishments, no great art was produced, and no great
leaders were born. Before economic growth, there was a huge outbreak of the Hundred Years' War.
"The Hundred Years' War was the largest, longest, and most wide–ranging military conflict since
Rome's wars with Carthage in the third and second centuries" (Cole and Symes, 347). This war was
huge and almost every power in Europe was involved in some way or another. Next, the seven years'
famine lasted from 1315–1322. Harsher winters caused more rain is the spring and summer, which
prevented from any kind of planting. The famine caused 10 to 15 percent of the population to die.
"Lastly, originating in China, the Black Plague was transmitted

The Late Middle Ages of Europe Essay
Chapter 12: Crisis of the Later Middle Ages
What were the causes of the population decline that began in the early 14th century? The significant
population decline that began in the early 14th–century was caused primarily by "Great Famine,"
and The Black Death. Beginning in 1315, the Great Famine brought seven years of starvation and
vulnerability for Northern Europe. The winter of 1315 was said to be a "little ice age," which
evidently lead to crops dying off. Crops and grain were the main food source, therefore, Europeans
struggled to find substitutions for food which physically effected them especially in the cold winter
months. The Black Death launched at an ailing time for Europe because of the Great Famine which
made the plague ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The remaining workers demanded higher wages however they were quickly denied by the English
Parliament. In the late 14th–century wages started to rise throughout towns and cities leading to
wealthier lifestyles throughout Europe. As workers became more expensive, employers could not
afford to hire them, replacing them with the cheap alternative of slaves. As business man realized
the high demand for slaves, they heightened the price. The price of land decreased as the amount of
land increased because of the numerous deaths during the plague.
Describe the psychological effects of the plague. How did people explain this disaster? The Black
Death became stronger and towns became weaker with fear that their destiny was death. The public
was confused as to were the disease came from and how to cure it leading them to focus on
asceticism and serious religious practices. For example groups of flagellants believed the plague was
a punishment from God and in their search for forgiveness they walked through public streets
whipping themselves with disdain. As deaths increased families and the public didn't want to catch
the disease themselves therefore not practicing traditional mourning rituals or death rites. People
also became skeptical of travelers, pilgrims, and ship merchants for having carried the plague.
What were the immediate and other causes of the Hundred Years' War? Charles IV of France the last
son of Philip the

Women In King Shahrayar's A Thousand And One Nights
Outside of sex, learned women could manipulate powerful men via their intellectual abilities,
reflecting the increased amount of knowledge they could potentially gain. Shahrazad takes on this
role in A Thousand and One Nights, a frame narrative translated from Arabic into a Syrian
manuscript in the fourteenth century centering on King Shahrayar's disillusionment with women.
After seeing his wife, his brother's wife, and a demon's wife all have affairs, he decides to take a
bride every night and kill her at dawn in an attempt to avoid women's cunning nature. Yet
Shahrazad, the vizier's daughter, makes the king face women's cunning nonetheless by volunteering
as the next bride to save women. By telling nightly stories that end on cliffhangers, Shahrazad
ensures that the king's desire to listen to her overpowers his desire to kill her. Simultaneously, she
weaves moral lessons into her stories that make Shahrayar reconsider his generalizations of women.
Unlike the average person, Shahrazad could keep up the charade because she "had read the books of
literature, philosophy, and medicine. She knew poetry by heart, had studied historical reports, and
was acquainted with the sayings of men and the maxims of sages and kings" (Nights 562). With her
unique knowledge of literature and philosophy, Shahrazad wins the king over by producing
meaningful stories night after night. In the end, she outsmarts him by manipulating him into
changing his plans without even noticing. As she subverts

Essay about A Comparison of Two Paintings from the...
A Comparison of Two Paintings from the Renaissance Period
Introduction This paper will compare the themes found in the paintings "Madonna and Child with
St. John the Baptist and an Angel" by Domenico di Bartolomeo Ubaldini (Puligo) and "Madonna
Enthroned" by Giotto. Both paintings deal with fables from the Christian faith but were executed
during different periods in art. The Giotto painting was created around 1310 and the Puglio painting
was executed between 1518 – 1520. Here, these two paintings have similar themes both at the
extreme beginnings and endings of the Italian Renaissance, and as such they serve to present an
exceptional example of the developments in art that occurred within that time. This paper shall
compare ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
John the Baptist is also allowed to stand near the holy mother and child, and an angel is present.
Because of this, the viewer contends with a literal story rather than a simple image as in "Madonna
Enthroned". Also in Puligo's image, where the central figures are larger and better seen, there are
religious symbols used. The same might be true in Giotto's work but the details are harder to
distinguish.
Visual Form and Style The style and the form of these two paintings reflect the development of the
artistic techniques during the Italian Renaissance. While both reflect a Biblical theme with a central
focal point of the Madonna and Child, "Madonna Enthroned" has a key image that is best viewed
from a central position and "Madonna and Child..." has a greater degree of importance over the
majority of the surface of the canvas. In "Madonna and Child..." the viewer does not perceive that an
image is being forced upon them as is found in the work by Giotto. A use of light and space is also
key to preventing the Puligo piece from being "forced", where the organization of distance visibly
removes the viewer from "Madonna Enthroned" while drawing the viewer into the painting in
"Madonna and Child...". Color also serves a similar purpose, where Giotto's work is monochromatic
but ocher while Puligo's work carries a greater expression through the detail involved. The mood of
these two pieces is remarkable in that color does not play as great

The Black Death Changed Our History
The Black Death changed the course of history through several forms of upheaval. The effects of the
Black Death were multifarious and nuanced. However, it is possible to examine a few aspects of the
changes it wrought and by so doing, acquire a greater understanding for the way it changed history
as a whole. The dimensions of the change covered herein will include demographic shift, revolts of
the people, and social upheaval. The demographic change occured as a direct result of the massive
amount of people who perished due to the black death, the revolts, and other social upheaval,
including religious intolerance, were indirect, but vitally important consequence of the Black Death.
All three elements are further connected, and while distinct are inseparable. In the years leading up
to the Black Death, the population of Europe had been steadily increasing. While new farming
techniques and the development of arrable land helped to alleviate some of the shortage in
resources, it wasn't enough to fully sustain the population. Land is finite, and therefore the
production of food had definite limits, no matter how well the farmers of the time planted. On the
other hand, Europe had fairly high fertility rates. The two phenomenon of limited food supply and
exponential population growth are incompatible leading to what some call the Malthusian deadlock
or limit.1 The limit implies that at a certain point the population will outstrip it's ability to sustain
itself, and will

The Short-Term Effects Of The Plague In Europe During The...
During the Late Middle Ages in Europe, between the years 1000 and 1300, thanks to agricultural
improvements the population in Europe nearly doubled. During this time the life expectancy for an
average European was 35 years of living in poor conditions. Due to the lack of jobs, extreme hunger
was experienced at least once in the life of a European. In 1315 and 1317, Europe was faced with
famine created with cold weather and crop failure.(text) By 1350, the Black Death was responsible
for the death of approximately two–fifths of Europe's total population. Historians concluded that the
plague entered Europe through the ports of Venice and spread throughout Europe via the major
trading routes. Plague infested rats were thought to have traveled from areas around the Black sea
and into parts of Europe such as Scandinavia, Iceland, and even Greenland. Historians have
determined that the black plague was a positive occurrence for Europe. I happen to agree the
historians because Europe was suffering from many things which didn't give anyone, excluding
nobility, a life expectancy longer than 35. Most children wouldn't make it to adulthood for various
reasons, one of the biggest ones was starvation and sickness, due to weak immune ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The major short–term effect of the plague was shock. Individuals lost half of their family, saw their
neighbors healthy one day and then dead the next morning. The Black Death created an atmosphere
of fear, grief, and hopelessness. Many people, overcome by depression, isolated themselves in their
homes. (3) Due to the solitude and despair felt by most the customs of daily life have been
completely disrupted. There were few physicians to treat the ill or clergymen to deliver the dead's
last rites or comfort the sick. And for those who passed away, few lawyers were available to draw up

Impact Of The Renaissance
How Did the Renaissance Change Man's View of the World?
The Renaissance era. Most of us know this time period as the one where painters just simply
painted, scientists made their horrible discoveries that we are forced to learn about in our science
classes, and authors wrote long plays that could put a room full of hyper kids to sleep. Many of us,
however, do not realize the impact this movement has on our lives in the present day. The
Renaissance started in early 1300, and lasted for the next 300 years. This era manifested humanism,
realism, and the idea that the church was not the center of life. The ideals that people had followed
for the last thousand years were being questioned, as some opened their eyes to the budding world
around them. So the question still remains; how did the Renaissance change the view that men had
on themselves and on the world? During the Renaissance period, man's view of man changed largely
due to alteration in the style of art, stronger and well developed literature, and advancements in the
sciences.
The first reason the Renaissance changed man's view of the world is that of the new art. In his book
"The Last Days of the Renaissance & The March to Modernity" written in 2006, Theodore Rabb
states "One begins to know the names of the artists ... feel stronger emotions in the subjects ... see
well–defined landscapes, natural folds in drapery, and three–dimensional figures; and one begins to
notice the emphasis on symbolic representation giving

Constantine 's Edict Of Milan
Throughout history there have been moments that define the rest of time. Turning points or critical
moments in which one decision or creation forever changed the path of history. Such moments as
Constantine's Edict of Milan, Gutenberg's development of the printing press, and Martin Luther's
Ninety–five Theses forever changed the landscape of Western Civilization. Who knows where
Western Civilization would be without these great "hinges" of history.
In 313 CE, Constantine passed the Edict of Milan. This edict declared the freedom of everyone in
the Roman Empire to choose their own religion. He neither made polytheism illegal nor did he make
Christianity the official religion of Rome. Instead, to placate both pagans and Christians, both were
acceptable to be practiced. This edict also stated that the emperor was protected by the "highest
divinity," whether that was God, Jupiter or any other god in the Roman pantheon. Constantine
continued his work to bring pagans and Christians into peaceful coexistence. He gave the Christians
their property confiscated during Diocletian's Great Persecution, but he had the Roman treasury
reimburse the people who had bought the stolen goods. He also declared the Lord's Day to be called
"Sunday" in honor of the day the Christian's God rested and in honor of the sun, an aspect of pagan
worship. He even kept the traditional title of "Pontifex Maximus" or chief priest. After decades of
persecution the Christians finally had an emperor on their

How Did Punishment Change From The Late Middle Ages To The...
How much did punishments change from the late Middle Ages (c1350) to the end of the nineteenth
century? Explain your answer.
From the late Middle Ages to the end of the nineteenth century punishments changed quite greatly
although some things, of course, remained the same. A few things that changed were the policing,
the use of gaols and the ideas based around capital punishment.
In the Middle Ages very few people were sent to gaol as an actual punishment. Instead local gaols
had been used to hold prisoners until their trials. This had been the procedure for quite a lot time. In
the nineteenth century gaols became used as a punishment. Gaol as a punishment has been used ever
since. This was a great change as more severe punishments were

The Late Middle Ages And Medieval Times
The Middle Ages, or Medieval Times, lasted from the fifth to fifteenth centuries in European history.
Specifically, 1300–1500 brought about the period known as the Late Middle Ages. In this period, a
decline of the quality of life became apparent. The Late Middle Ages is viewed largely as the early
beginnings of what would become the Renaissance only a couple of centuries later. Even being the
late part of the Middle Ages, much of this time was still prevalently medieval much like the earlier
centuries. Although there was some hope for a continuing era, many signs pointed toward the end of
the medieval times as a whole, and inevitably, towards a renaissance. The Black Death, Dante's The
Divine Comedy, and Paolo Ucello's The Battle of San Romano were very significant during the Late
Middle Ages and thus significantly helped to lead to the end of the Medieval Times and towards
development of the Renaissance.
The Black Death was the beginning of the end of the Late Middle Ages and Medieval Times.
Decreasing Europe's population by twenty–five to fifty percent in just four short years, the Bubonic
Plague was devastating. Europe during this time period lacked proper sanitation. Brought in from
Asia, fleas from rats spread it; people would become infected easily. Symptoms included a
painstakingly high fever and internal bleeding. The victim's chances of falling to their deaths due to
the plague was at a high fifty percent. The Black Death had many impacts on Europe due to the high

The Late Middle Ages Essay
The Middle Ages, often referred to as the Dark Ages, was regarded to be a time of despair, disease,
and death. Just as the name the "Dark Ages" suggests, this period of European history seemed to be
surrounded by darkness and hopelessness. Unfortunately, the majority of people only see this side of
the Middle Ages when, in fact, the Middle Ages was a much more important era. Especially during
the late Middle Ages, one can find a change in orthodox social structure, political instability mostly
concerned with succession to the throne, and economic changes and how those changes went hand
in hand with the change in society. After certain demographical changes and turning points such as
the Hundred Years' War, Europe began to transform ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then after the French king, Charles VI, became unable to rule, many "rival factions of French
nobles" sought the position and began a civil war in the process. (Spielvogel 287) Similarly,
Germany "had already begun to fall apart in the High Middle Ages... [because] the failure of the
Hohenstaufen ended any chance of centralized monarchical authority, and Germany became a land
of hundreds of virtually independent states." (Spielvogel 287) Even if these states were bound by the
king of Germany or the Holy Roman Emperor, they were highly independent. Gradually, Germany
began to adopt an electoral system for their king as stated by the Golden Bull, therefore, power was
transferred to the people, the German monarchy became on the "verge of anarchy."(Spielvogel 287)
South of Germany, Italy also lacked a centralized monarchical state due to papal opposition and its
division into separate kingdoms. Eventually, tyrants began a limited rule of Italy that became "long–
term despotism" of ever growing regional states. (Spielvogel 288) Thus, centralized monarchical
rule became a rare sight in Europe, excluding certain areas. Another rare sight in Europe was a
power holding peasant; however, after the Black Death, that sight became common. The Black
Death wiped out about twenty– five to fifty percent of

Renaissance in Europe
During a time period from approximately 1375 to 1527, an event known as the Renaissance took
place in Europe. This was the establishment of an entirely new way of life; there was a vast rebirth
of knowledge and arts which changed Europe completely. Due to events such as the rediscovery of
classical works, the Black Death, the invention of the printing press, and the development of
humanism, the Renaissance greatly influenced Europe on many levels. Europe gained more wealth,
which led to the progression of a new focus on art and learning. From a political perspective, the
Renaissance created a division and a competitive nature between the European countries, along with
the formation and expansion of the mercantile system. The rediscovery ... Show more content on
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People's focus shifted from merely living to living well. This gave individuals the opportunity to
think innovatively, which led to the development of fresh knowledge and abilities. This also brought
about a new wealth for survivors of the Black Death, which helped further contribute to the focus on
growth. Johann Gutenberg's invention of the movable–type printing press also significantly
influenced the Renaissance. This ingenious device contributed enormously to the transfer and spread
of knowledge. Information was not only able to be spread a lot quicker and easier, but also to a
larger audience. Before the creation of the printing press, books were only really available to the
church leaders; furthermore, the books being written were mainly histories of the church, which
weren't of great significance to those outside of the clergy. The printing press allowed the sharing of
knowledge on a much larger scale, and they were able to share wisdom on a greater variety of
subjects and topics.
The development of humanism was another large factor in bringing forth the Renaissance. People
began to believe that they were actually capable of accomplishing something in life, and realized
that they were able to learn and develop their skills. This movement was led majorly by Francesco
Petrarch, who was aided by Dante Alighieri and Giovanni Boccaccio. Prior to this change in way of
thinking, people were told and believed that they were put on Earth to suffer and then die.

Influence Of The Black Plague On Europe
Adriana Thompson
Hailey Kelson
Skye Walsh
AP European History
Analyze the influence of the Black Plague on the economic activity in Europe from 1350–1400.
The economy dropped severely from 1350–1400 and one of the many reasons was from the Black
Plague. It infected so many people and got them sick, the agriculture was failing, and 25,000,000
people died.
The Black Plague infected more than 60% of the population. The people got ill and weren't able to
go out and do their jobs and buy things. Because of no one working and purchasing things the
economy plummeted. The economy should be balanced and stabilized, but with everyone being too
sick to go out and do their jobs and and spend money, the economy crashed.
The little ice age caused the crops to not grow. No food is growing, therefore no one is spending
money to buy food. The amount of people was double the amount of food. See the problem there?
Not enough food equals death and sickness, that also contributed with the Black Death. In
conclusion, no crops were growing and thus nothing was to buy and it impacted the economy
severely.
Another reason the Black Plague affected the economy was how so many people died. The continent
had enjoyed some 200 years of prosperity, and then 70 of cold. Result: too little food for too many
people. By 1350 one–third of them, especially in the swollen cities, would be dead. In Europe in
three or four years, 50 million people died. The population was reduced from some 80 million to

The Late Middle Ages : The Age Of Discovery And Innovation
The Late Middle Ages were characterized by both periods of decline and periods of transition into
the Renaissance. Therefore, if only viewed through some aspects, the overall quality of the Late
Middle Ages can be interpreted in vastly different ways. When all events are taken into account, it is
evident that even though there were periods of extreme decline and cultural deficiency, numerous
events helped transition Europe into an age of discovery and innovation.
The Late Middle Ages are sometimes considered "the Dark Ages" due to the decline in literary
advancement and the increase in adversities and superstitions. The Black Death, or Bubonic Plague,
had a major influence on the overall decline of the Late Middle Ages. Some records indicate that the
Plague killed nearly 60 percent of the population of Europe, about 50 million people, in the 14th
century. Europeans, most of them devout Christians, frantically searched for an explanation beyond
their understanding. By turning to God, many believed that He was punishing them. Giovanni
Boccaccio's "The Decameron" gives us an in–depth look into the calamity that was the Bubonic
Plague. "And some holding it best to live temperately, and to avoid excesses of all kinds, made
parties, and shut themselves up from the rest of the world; eating and drinking moderately of the
best, diverting themselves with music, and such other entertainments as they might have within
doors; never listening to anything from without, to make them

The Late Middle Ages
The late Middle ages was definitely a troubled time for citizens around Europe. From the 14th
Century to the 15th Century, humans were raveled by famines, disruption of socio economics, and
lost of faith in the Catholic Church. To the eyes of many at the time, this era was looked at as a
major decline of life. With the many deaths, poor condition for poor people, and the schism of the
Church, it may seem easy to call this era a decline. Although upon closer looking, this era is more of
a transitional period into the next period than a decline due to many reasons. Whether you look at
religious, social movements, or economically, the late Middle Ages helped transition Europe into
what it has become.
For example, the church went through a great ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whole communities were unable to perform and provide economic relief due to The Plague. The
Plague had killed many valuable lives which slowed economic growth and productivity. This was a
negative impact on Europe but with this negative impact also came a positive impact. Due to the
loss of many lives, demand for all careers were high. This gave the common people an ability to
fight for better pay. This high demand for all occupations and increased price on all products
benefited all workers. Matteo Villani states, "But the mortality offered exceptional opportunities,"
showing how important these were for the future of all common people and workers. It may be easy
to say that the economy was affected negatively with limited resources and a smaller workforce,
overall the events have created the transition of how workers should be treated and better

The Danse In Late Middle Ages
The Danse Macabre in Late Middle Ages
In the History of Art, the theme of death was always present, because death is a part of life. For the
Christian people in the Middle Ages, death is a way to be close to God and to reach Heaven. Dying
was part of life.
But the dreary and scary side of the end of life was absent from art and culture.1 In the end of the
Fourteenth century there is a real wave of death and macabre in art. In the same time the Danse of
Death appear progressively in art and litterature. It became a big theme and the most developed in
art during the Middle Ages.
The Danse Macabre was one of Middle ages theme which was connected to the idea of death and its
universality. This theme insist on the fact that death reach ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
At the end of the fourteenth century, medieval people have been through a lot. They had to deal with
war, famine and plague. They all were thinking it was the End of theWorld. Fear of dying was at its
maximum and people were afraid.
This fear started to be present in texts and painting before the fourteenth century. Indeed, during the
Thirteenth century presence of death, preparation and fear of death were in art. For exemple, there
were latin poems called Vado Mori (I am preparing to die) during the thirteenth century. People were
complaining about the fact they have to die. There was connection between Vado Mori and Danse
Macabre: Dying people were complaining, there was a separation between the different social
origins and an other division between the laity and clerics. In my research I found an hypothesys on
the origins of the Dance of Death from three medieval historian, Emile Mâle, Alexandre Masseron
and André Corvisier2, the first one found a manuscript in Latin in the Mazarine Library. They
thought this manuscript, with poems inside was the origin of the Danse macabre. But they did not
identified it like a Vado Mori, probably it was a poem in transistion from the vado Mori and the
Dance of Death. There was an other origin for the Danse Macabre, we can find it in the legend of
the three living and the three dead. This is the opinion of Marie Thérèse Boucrel3, according to here
it was this legend which originally gave birth to the Dance of Death. This

Positive and Negative Results of The Black Plague
The Black Plague, perhaps one of the worst epidemics in history, swept its evil across Europe in the
middle of the 14th century, killing an estimated 20 million people. This major population shift,
along with other disasters occurring at the time, such as famine and an already existing economic
recession, plunged Europe into a dark period of complete turmoil. Anarchy, psychological
breakdowns, and the dissipation of church power were some of the results. As time passed, however,
society managed to find new ground and began its long path of recovery. The plague, as catastrophic
as it was to medieval Europe, had just as many positive effects that came with this recovery as it did
negative effects prior. An end to feudalism, increased wages ... Show more content on
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New society brings new generations of people, with new heads and new ideas, all of which played a
factor in the technological innovations after the plague. The plow is such an example, improving in
the late Middle Ages and greatly increasing agricultural productivity, which in turn helped sustain a
population increase. One of the most unique inventions of the time was the clock, which historian
Lewis Mumford identifies as the "key machine of the modern industrial age" (cite). The clock
presented a means for organization, efficiency, and a new experience and view of time. Lens
grinding, gunpowder, and new printing technologies presented a window of opportunity for post
plague Europe. With printing technologies came an increased literature rate. This, along with lens
grinding, which created the ability to make telescopes, brought the beginning of philosophy. As
beneficial as these new technologies have been, all of the innovation that came after the plague has
not had as great an impact as the church, its power struggle, and the separation of church and state.
Before the plague, the Church had complete control over society in Europe and was the absolute
worldview for people of that time. The devastation of the disease left many looking for answers,
generally from the church, but the church was in no position to help. As church officials fled, it
angered those who once had faith, leading to the steady decline of the authority of the church. At
one

Important Developments in the Humanities During the Early,...
Important Developments in the Humanities During the Early,High and Late Middle Ages
The study of humanities allows us to explore the ways in which the changing concepts of nature and
the individual differ in each historical period and helps us to characterize the important
developments of each period. Examining specific works of the Middle Ages enables us to describe
our views of the changes that occur and helps to explain how and why the concepts evolved the way
they did. The Middle Ages provided a unique chapter in the history of the humanistic tradition.
Early Middle Ages
The Early Middle Ages occurred between the 5th and 10th centuries and brought with it three
traditions that were interwoven to produce the enthusiastic new culture ... Show more content on
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In the legal and social realm, the Magna Carta was one of the first documents in history to guarantee
rights and freedoms for the common people. The document which is the "foundation of our
liberties", the Magna Carta was truly a remarkable new idea in the beginning of the rise out of the
feudal system. For the first time, subjects of the King were demanding certain rights, which were
never even thought of as rights before this document was drafted in 1215 C.E. Lastly, technology
itself was setting the stage for the dawning of the age of exploration. All of these developments as
well as others would set the stage for man's great awakening out of the Middle Ages and his
renaissance soon to come.
Gothic architecture dominated the architectural style of Western Europe for over 400 years. The
Gothic style was not only used in Churches but it also was seen in whole towns. Gothic architects
designed courthouses, hospitals, town halls and royal palaces. It was in its churches where we see
the amazing glorification of God and the intentional subordination of man with the advent of this
style. "The transcendental character of medieval religious architecture was given a special form in
the Gothic church. Medieval man considered himself but an imperfect ‘refraction' of the Divine
Light of God, Whose temple on earth, according to the text of the dedication ritual, stood for the
Heavenly City of Jerusalem. The

Polish Winged Hussars: Late Middle Ages
Polish Hussars By Thatcher Sandborn Polish Winged Hussars came to be around the late Middle
ages. They originated from Hungary, and went on to be Polish Hussars. They were considered a
light cavalry. They lived throughout the 16th century to the late 18th century. Polish hussars were
soon known as 'Polish Winged Hussars' because of their newer apparel, giving the effect that they
had wings. Their "wings" were made of curved pieces of wood that bent up and over the Hussar's
head, decorated with many types of dyed feathers. They served under reform of Stephen Bathory,
one of the most successful kings in Polish history. Polish hussars rode on horseback, giving them an
advantage when in war, making them faster than the opponents. They also used long ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
They fought in many battles, such as the, Battle of Lubiszew, Battle of Byczyna, Battle of
Kokenhausen and more. The most important to them was the Battle of Vienna, the first attack taking
place in 1529. This also proves that they won over 50% of their battles and wars. Their military
tactics also helped them win battles, as well as their 'wings'. The wings made loud, scaring, noises
that scared the enemy's horses. That's part of their tactics, the other part is charging, the hussars
charged to, and through the enemy. Many times they repeated the charging and seperated the enemy
formation. This tactic was the key to their success and victory. The Hussars' armour consisted of a
chestplate, helmet, and occasionally leggings, all of which were made of either light iron, or tin. The
"wings" however were made with wooden frames and eagle, ostrich, or swan feathers. The wings
were used in battle to scare away enemy horses by making a loud noise when on running horses, and
make the battle easier to win. And when it was becoming more and more standard to employ
infantry and riders to shoot, the Hussars would charge toward the enemy and impale them with
intricately designed lances, making

Essay on Economic Effects of the Black Plague in England
The high middle ages from the eleventh to the fourteenth century saw the reemergence of urban life,
the revival of long distance commerce, innovation, maturation of manorial agriculture, and a
burgeoning population. Consequently, the fourteenth century spawned war, famine, disease and
economic decay, leading to what many historians believe to be the end of the Middle Ages.
Although there were many contributing factors such as famine, collapsing institutions and war.
Many historians believe the arrival of the Black Death to England in 1348 was the final straw, and
the most impactful agent of change in that area. In a letter to his brother, Petrarch wrote, "When has
any such thing been even heard or seen; in what annals has it ever been ... Show more content on
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With depopulation, agricultural and commerce reform and labor force alterations, the effects of the
Black Death in England were dramatic and placed the course of the English economy on a new path.
To gain perspective on the level of economic change in England, it is important to note and
understand the population trends, as it had a directly impacted all aspects of change in regards to the
economic effects of the Black Plague. In simple terms, the number of people had a direct impact on
the most basic categories of the economy: production and consumption. An expanding population is
only possible if it has the economic resources to support it. It seems the Black Death's impact on
population levels actually created a silver lining based on the "Malthusian Theory" where English
scholar Thomas Malthus claims, "[t]hat the superior power of population is repressed, and the actual
population kept equal to the means of subsistence, by misery and vice." As England was
experiencing overpopulation, there was not enough agricultural production to support the masses,
but as the force of the Black Death swept in and decimated the population, it left England with
abundance of land and less people to support, resulting in a balance between agricultural
productivity and consumption. Although the Black Plague created shock, panic and fear for a few
years, this alteration in population left survivors with an optimistic outlook

Gothic Architecture During The High And Late Middle Ages
Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that evolved from Romanesque architecture and thrived
in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages. During the 13th and 14th centuries, Gothic
architecture was known as opus modernum ("modern work") with the term Gothic first appearing
during the latter part of the Renaissance. "The Gothic Cathedral was the unique product of an era of
peace and widespread economic prosperity, deep spirituality, and extraordinary technological
innovation." (Kleiner 365) The Gothic style brought innovative new construction techniques that
allowed churches and other buildings to reach great heights. The rib vault, flying buttress, and
pointed (Gothic) arch were used as solutions to the problem of building a very tall structure while
preserving as much natural light as possible. Light streamed through stained–glass window panels
which became illuminated visual sermons of biblical stories. Gothic Cathedrals were considered by
clergy and the public as "glorious images of the City of God, the Heavenly Jerusalem, which they
were privileged to build on earth. There were simultaneous developments in Gothic architecture in
the major regions of France, England, and the Holy Roman Empire.
One of the earliest buildings to combine these elements into a coherent style was the abbey of Saint–
Denis in Paris, France, known to be the birthplace of Gothic architecture. In 1135, a monk named
Abbot Suger began rebuilding the abbey church with rib vaults on pointed

Essay about The Postclassical World: Western Europe
In regard to the rest of the postclassical world, Western Europe was well behind politically,
economically and technologically. It chose to adapt the advancements of other civilizations rather
than creating its own. Yet because of their geographical position and lack of political unity, Western
Europe was not required to be as advanced as the rest of the postclassical world. Instead, Western
Europe was defined by a desire to emulate the Roman Empire, Christian authority, learning and
philosophy and political and economical systems based on relations between different classes.
Throughout the majority of the postclassical period in Western Europe, there was really only one
major empire, under Charlemagne. At the height of this empire, he ... Show more content on
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Not only did the Christian Church hold importance but it also held authority. Document 11 describes
the power of the Catholic Inquisition. In attempting to try a man for heresy, they killed him by
means of torture. Not only did they have the judging authority, but they could kill men without
consequence. The greatest minds of Western Europe were captivated by Christianity as well.
Document 13 describes Thomas Aquinas, one of the best thinkers of the Christian postclassical
world, in his use of science to try to determine the right and Christian relationship between men and
women. In every aspect of Western Europe, Christianity was a defining characteristic. Because of
the disinterest of the rest of the world, Western Europe engaged only in wars with each other. Even
these wars, though, were not greatly punishing because a lack of technology. This meant that the
political and economic system of Western Europe wasn't required to be strong, and could be local.
Document 7 shows that relied solely on the relationships and hierarchy created by feudalism and
manorialism. Feudalism was the political system in which local lords offered protection and
resources to knights in return for military service and loyalty. Manorialism was the economical
system in which peasants, called serfs, worked on the land of rich lords and in return, they had to
promise to stay and give part of their

Advancements Of The Early Modern Period Medicine
It is difficult to decide whether the developments, inventions and discoveries of the Early Modern
Period contributed to European power or whether it contributed to European progress. The reason
this is, is because in the case of Europe, especially in this time period, power and progress seemed to
go hand in hand. In the case of discovery the countries that had the most power led the way in
discovering new land, it was this curiosity in expanding power that led to the progress of new
worlds and opportunities. The invention of the printing press contributed to providing knowledge
and therefore an aspect of power to people who did not have it beforehand and it was the progress of
medicines and sciences that ensured not only the power and 'superiority' of European knowledge but
also the ability to progress to the next level of knowledge.
From the beginnings of the Early Modern Period medicine was essentially summed up in high
mortality rates and the notion that men and women were two completely different people
anatomically, treatments were largely herbal and the type of doctor you went to see depended on
what was wrong with you and if you could afford them . "Attaining and preserving a state of health,
therefore, required balance, and that equilibrium was inherently elusive and easily forfeited" .
However, while there was some progress in this field throughout the period it was not as drastic as
one would expect, the Galenic body of the four humours was still a dominant

Process of Urbanization in Western Europe During the High...
European society in the Middle Ages was predominately rural. The great urban centres of the
Roman Empire had either decayed or remained as administrative and religious centres. The societal
wealth and power rested within the countryside. The countryside began to experience economic
growth in the 11th century. This economic growth would trigger a series of changes to the European
societal order in the 12th century. While the majority of the population remained in the countryside,
an influx of people migrated from the countryside to towns. A process of urban revival was seen
throughout Western Europe. Industries emerged, trade flourished, and the societal structure began to
change, leading to a shift in power dynamics. Conflict arose in the ... Show more content on
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"We ordain that every time there shall be a change of provosts in the new provost shall take an oath
faithfully to observe these regulations" This charter illustrates the willingness of the king to concede
to some of the demands of the bourgeoisie but not all. Many of the charters freed the citizens from
lord's obligations, abolished a variety of taxes, and granted the towns their own courts. The charters
did not abolish taxes outright, they established the lord's right to raise money and made it known
and fixed. However, not all towns obtained these privileges. Kings had their own political reason to
grant these privileges to towns. In the late 11th century, Western Europe saw a revival of Roman law
through the Justinian code. These laws reflected a centralization of power. Roman laws provided
medieval Europe with the concept of new institutions, which required an educated class.
Universities emerged which, significantly increased scholarship in Western Europe. These scholars
became administrators in both the church and political institutions. With trained administrators to
fulfill the positions in these new institutions, a slow shift began to occur from the knights who once
controlled and dominated politics to civil servants. For example, in the 12th century it appears that
justice institutions replace the advisory position of the royal council. The kings could increase their
authority by limiting the

The Late Middle Ages Essay
The Late Middle Ages, which lasted until the early 16th century, was a turbulent period which was
beset by difficulties such as famine and battle. Monarchs with insatiable territorial appetites and
religious fanaticism contributed greatly to create instability and war among the people. However,
one of the greatest villain during this period was an undetectable foe, named Yersinia Pestis.
This bacterium was responsible for the horrific Black Death, which ravaged Europe, Asia, and
Africa in the 14th century, killing over 50 million people. In urban centers like Paris and Hamburg,
50% to 60% of the residents perished. All this happened in the middle of the 14th century, over the
span of a few years. To highlight the great carnage, it is pointed out that 60% of London's citizens
died between autumn of 1348 until the spring of 1349, a scant few months. The communicability
and toxicity of this germ was uncommonly high. Boccaccio, an Italian writer, said victims could
have 'ate lunch with their friends and dinner with their ancestors in paradise'. Perhaps this was an
exaggeration, but the truth was not too far behind, as evidenced by the staggering numbers of
deaths.
This plague is known in three different names, each resembling another aspect of the horrific
disease. Bubonic plague is characterized by bubos, large boils of infection and pus formed on lymph
nodes. The symptoms include chills, fever, and weakness. Septicemic plague (Black Plague), enters
vial the bloodstream

Scottish Witchcraft Trials In England In The Late Middle Ages
Like most renaissance European countries, Scotland had its own witch lore and therefore witch
trials. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, there were thousands people accused as witches[18].
Older account suggest as many as 30,000 suspected witches, but research has found evidence of
only about 4000 confirmed individual trials[18]. Obviously there would be missing documents to
account for, and 'justice' improperly performed.
In the late Middle Ages, there were few witch trials performed, despite belief in magic – and
subsequently witchcraft – was prevailing. Trials were, however, undertaken in the case where
'harmful magic' was apparent[19]. In the late sixteenth century, attitudes began to change, and
witchcraft was seen as deriving power from the Devil, causing witchcraft to be seen as a form of
heresy. In 1563, Parliament passed the Witchcraft Act which dictated that the practice of witchcraft,
as well consulting with witches were capital crimes[20]. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most prosecutions were performed in secular courts. Scottish witchcraft trials were notable for their
use of 'pricking in which a suspect's skin was pierced with needles, pins and bodkins as it was
believed that they would possess a 'Devil's Mark' through which they could not feel pain[22]. In
Scotland, convicted witches were usually strangled at the stake before having their bodies burned,
although there are instances where they were burned alive or drowned[20]. Torture was relatively
rare, used to extract confessions, but most of these cases were in high–profile trials – like John Fine,
accused of plotting to magically kill the king in

Late Middle Ages: The Bubonic Plague Essay
Poor health and hygiene, decimating destitution, and humble innovation make the barren history out
of the dark middle Ages. Then again, these attributes accomplish more than characterize the lifestyle
of a medieval public opinion. Dismissed expressions, absence of training and adulterating forces
portray a human advancement ousted by a period of obscurity. These dismal dark ages are incited by
quickly spreading sickness, forcing foes, and extortionate forces. By seeing how these scourges,
intrusions, and defilements shape a dull age, the medieval times might be all the more plainly
deciphered and analyzed. After the fall of Roman Empire, the European individuals confronted a
political deterioration and different new and little kingdoms ... Show more content on
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Clearly, it was a time of religious battles. There were two focuses of force of Christianity, the
Orthodox or Eastern Church arranged at Constantinople, and the Catholic Western Roman Church
situated in Rome. Orthodox Christians and Catholics had specifically inverse perspectives about the
circumstances. As per standard Christians, this period spoke to Catholic debasement. They were
straightforwardly against the expanding force of the Catholic Church and denied its ways and its
Papal precepts and pecking order. Orthodox Christians attempted to reproduce the enchantment of
immaculate Christianity where there won't be any degenerate routines for Catholic Church.
Orthodox Christians pushed for Church changes which later came as Protestant change. Lutheran
researchers prepared a book of religious history which was named as Magdeburg hundreds of years.
This book was unmistakably against Catholic and it communicated the Papacy as the opposition to
Christ. Catholics never perceived this period as "dull." Rather, they considered that this period was
an agreeable, serene and gainful religious time. To protect themselves against the Orthodox
Christians, they distributed an alternate book named, Annales Ecclesiastici which was composed via
Cardinal Caesar Baronius. Indeed he utilized the term dark Ages to express the period between the
breakdown of Carolingian Empire in

Women In European Art In The Late Middle Ages
Women in European art in the late Middle Ages
Nicholas Soares
Southern States University
Abstract
The women's role in the Middle ages art is a fascinating and controversial topic for many reasons.
Most of what happens remained in the darkness, due to the lack of sources and understanding of the
women social, economic and religious position during that time. In this paper we are going to try to
connect dots to trace a profile of the women impact in the arts during the Middle Age era.
Keywords: Woman, art, middle age,
Women in European art in the late Middle Age
The sixteenth century was marked by religious disagreements arose as a result of the Protestant
Reformation initiated in 1517 by Martin Luther. Europe was split in half, the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The woman started been represented exuberant and full of vitality and a good example can be
Bernini's Ecstasy of Santa Maria, where Mary facing an angel pointing a dart at her, seems to have
an expression of ecstasy, which characterize mystical inspirations. Many and varied are the women
and madonna's beautifully painted, and sculpted by the greatest artists in history, from Raphael to
Michelangelo, from Donatello from Botticelli, but the most inspiring and famous one is without any
doubts the Mona Lisa from Leonardo Da Vinci or as someone else likes to call it "La Gioconda".
The painting is preserved in the in the Paris museum Louvre, and is without any doubt the most
famous in the world. To these days it still remains uncertain the identity of the woman

Luanda Cabrera Speech
Good day, I am Luanda Cabrera and I am a peasant wife. I live in Europe in the manor with my
husband and children but life is quite difficult due to the plague exterminating the population. I'm
worried for my family. Scared that one day they will catch the black death. The plague is slowly
killing all the other peasants, forcing my husband to do twice us much. Soon my nightmares became
a reality and my husband caught the plague. The lord still made him work, though even if he didn't
he would still die. Since we are peasants, we don't get time off work, even if we are ill, else we get
killed or don't get a roof to live under or food to eat. The lords and knights had power over the
peasants for such a long time, even when the plague first hit

Essay about Chapter 11 Outline and Summary Ap European...
CHAPTER 11
THE LATE MIDDLE AGES:
CRISIS AND DISINTEGRATION IN
THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY
_____________________________
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. A Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social Crisis A. Famine and Population B. The Black Death
1. Spread of the Plague 2. Life and Death: Reactions to the Plague C. Economic Dislocation and
Social Upheaval 1. Noble Landlords and Peasants 2. Peasant Revolt in France 3. An English Peasant
Revolt 4. Revolts in the Cities
II. War and Political Instability A. Causes of the Hundred Years' War B. Conduct and Course of the
War 1. Early Phases of the War 2. Renewal of War 3. Joan of Arc 4. End of the War
C. Political Instability D. The Growth of England's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It reached Europe in 1347. In a few years up to 50 percent of the population died, with higher
mortality rates in urban areas. It returned every few years for centuries. Reactions differed. Some
escaped into alcohol, sex, and crime. Others, believing the Black Death to be a punishment from
God, attempted to atone for their sins through self–inflicted pain. The Jews became scapegoats.
People fled, carrying the plague with them. The resulting labor shortage could benefit peasants,
although the demand for products was also reduced. When the ruling classes reduced wage rates
there were peasant revolts. The ruling classes quelled the revolts, but social upheaval continued to
plague the post–plague world. Wars were also part of the crisis, notably the Hundred Years War
between England and France. In 1328 the French Capetian line ended. England's Edward III
(d.1377) claimed the French throne, but a cousin to the Capets, Philip of Valois, became king
(d.1350). War soon began. Armored knights on horseback were the backbone of medieval armies,
but English peasants using the longbow had begun to change the face of war. When the French king
was captured, a treaty was signed in 1360: France agreed to pay ransom, the English received land
in France, and Edward renounced his claim to the throne. Using guerilla tactics, the French regained
their lands, but in 1415 England's Henry V (d.1422)

Late Middle Ages
Learning about some of the famous people that have died over the course of the plague, allows us to
see how history was impacted throughout time and modern medicine had a starting point. The
plague had produced both negative and positive consequences.
The late middle ages appears to be when the most devastating effects on population occurred,
therefore resulting in what is known as one of "the deepest ever recession in history...and
consequently the reason the Middle Ages come to an end" (Galan, 2013). Agricultural supply
became problematic because the fields on which it grew were not farmed and what was growing
there began to rot. This in turn led to an increase in the price of the products and only those with
sufficient money could afford them, while the others had to suffer. Another impact the plague had
back in the early years was the reduction in amount of people who worked. Everyday so many
people were dying, which led to the workforce having a shortage of ... Show more content on
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Nevertheless they also faced hardships and scrutiny as the people learned that God could not cure
them or eradicate the disease (Whipps, 2008). The Church did assist in outlawing what is known as
pseudo–flagellants. The flagellants performed the act of beating themselves in public in order to
seek penance for the sins of the community, but the pseudo–flagellants had no desire to beat
themselves, instead they performed sex acts in public (Damen, 2015). Other effects that the plague
had on history is that the well–known symbols for death include the Grimm Reaper, Dance of
Death, and The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse and they were created in the 14th and 15th
centuries based on the horrific deaths that were occurring from the plague (Damen,

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