1. Essay about Human Genome
GENOME PROJECT
Adam and Eve were doomed for trying to be like god, this is the same damnation mankind is headed
to. Everyone's dream is to have absolute power and control of everything. The genome project and
DNA engineering gives man the ability to create life and cu omize life to his specific needs of likes.
So how good is too good? Man's ability to make life or create perfect human beings so they can be
in a state of Utopia will disturb the balance of nature. Every individual, every child born on earth is
unique i it's own way, not only by looks but also by their character, their DNA. Changing this by
producing two of the same kind, of which one is produced in the laboratory, unbalances nature. A
clone is a cell, a group of cells, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The uman Genome Project has been used for the cloning of genes responsible for Duchenne
muscular dystrophy, retinoblastoma, cystic fibrosis, and neurofibromatosis. If other diseases like
these are isolated, biologists can learn about the gene's pathology of isorders. For example, before
geneticists cloned the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene, to confirm the diagnosis was
expensive and very uncomfortable, the tests were also inadequate to detect carriers. But now, with
only a blood sample, geneticists an detect most mutations associated with DMD rapidly. The
genome information can be used to detect any gene mutations likely to happen to future generations
of a family.
It helps to predict which individuals have an increase susceptibility to diseases such as heart disease,
cancer or diabetes, which result from complex instructions between genes and the environment. "
When biologists compare the human genome with the ge mes of other organisms, they may gain an
insight into molecular evolution including human evolution." (New tools for tomorrow's health
research, 1992). Biologists could use the genes to compare to other genes of other species, they may
get more informat n or perhaps even closer to finding out more about the human evolution. The
HGP not only helped in the medical field, but also in technology advancement. Its biggest challenge
is to find faster ways to map DNA, which will yield way to faster development f technology. HGP
provides way
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2.
3. What Is The Human Genome Project?
What Is The Human Genome Project?
Imagine a world where most diseases and cancers have either been cured or have treatments to help
people with them. Where there is no longer a regular doctors check up and now they would now
take a look at what's inside you. Where doctors will now look at the genes in your genome and find
the problem in there. After they find the spot where there is something wrong, they would easily
know what it is and give you a diagnosis and a treatment. Due to the Human Genome Project,
dreams like these can actually become reality. It can help scientists or anyone get to know how the
human body works and how humans have evolved throughout time. Even scientists just wanting to
know more about the world of genes by what they are and what they do. Through this new
technological project things like diseases and cancers wouldn't be a problem and people can focus
on more scientific projects that can benefit the world. Through this one project many other projects
have benefitted and many have been created. Even though many people may not know about the
Human Genome Project, it could be one of the best technological project advancement that has
shook and impacted the scientific community greatly. The Human Genome Project was created in
1990. This project was an international research effort from scientists all around the globe that
wanted to identify and sequence the human genome and the genes that are inside the genome (" The
Human Genome"). This project
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4.
5. Human Genome Project Paper
The Human Genome Project is a very well–known scientific research project made to determine the
sequencing of chemical base pairs which make up human DNA. The Human Genome Project is also
made to identify and map all of the human genes from both physical and functional parts. But how
does this really affect us?
The Human Genome Project has aimed to provide us with detailed information about the Human
Genome. This will be extremely effective towards studying people with specific diseases such as
heart disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension and cystic fibrosis. The DNA sequences of any two
people are actually very alike. The little difference is those that cause a high risk of an individual
developing a certain disease. During the course of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Privacy issues have also been rising throughout the project. Having this information being shared
across governments or companies and the availability of this information for anyone's interest is a
great risk (NLCATP 2015). However, there are many scientists who don't believe in the HGP simply
because no one knows how a single gene change can affect humans. Clearly, if used correctly The
Human Genome Project can become a beneficial factor in curing life–threatening diseases. The
information from genetic tests, provided by the scientific community, will be shared with the public
and medical communities. By sharing the information, it helps doctors save lives of patients.
However, sometimes scientists still remain unsure on how to interpret the results of tests. Many
agreements were made during the project, resulting in the publication of scientists' findings. By
having the information visible to all, it allows advance understandings and the making of medical
advances
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6.
7. Essay on The Human Genome Project
Does the Human Genome Project effect the moral standards of society? Can the information
produced by it become a beneficial asset or a moral evil? For example, X chromosome markers can
be used to identify ethnicity. A seemingly harmless collection of information from the Human
Genome Project. But let's assume this information is used to explore ways to deny entry into
countries, determine social class, or who gets preferential treatment. Whether or not this type of
treatment is acceptable to a moral society remains to be seen.
The major events of genetic history are important to understanding the Human Genome Project.
Genetics is the study of the patterns of inheritance of specific traits. The basic beginnings of genetic
history lay in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Research and technology efforts aimed at mapping and sequencing large portions or entire
genomes are called Genome projects"(Congress, 202). Genome projects are not the effort of a
single organization, but instead are groups of organizations working in government and private
industry throughout the world. The controversies surrounding the Human Genome Project can be
better explained by explaining the structural and moral aspects of the project. Begun in 1990, the US
Human Genome Project is a 15–year effort coordinated by the US Department of Energy and the
National Institutes of Health. It's purposes are to identify all the estimated 80,000 genes in human
DNA, determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical bases that make up human DNA, store this
information in databases, and develop tools for data analysis.
The objectives of the Human Genome Project are carried out by organizations such as the National
Institutes of Health, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and various other private organizations.
These organizations all have two shared objectives, placing "new methods and instruments
into the tool–kit of molecular biology" and "building research infrastructure for
genetics"(Murphy, 17). Any attempt to resolve moral issues involving new information from
the Human Genome Project
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8.
9. The Human Genome Project Essay
The Human Genome Project
Almost every aspect that makes a person unique is due to genetic factors, from the color of an
individual's eyes to the functions of white blood cells. The one thing that makes an individual's
unique characteristics the hardest to understand is the fact that it is all composed of four bases in
different patterns. These patterns of adenine, thiamine, guanine and cytosine are the only things that
differ one human from the next. This genetic code is contained in every cell that is found in the
human body. Gregor Mendel first discovered the foundations of inheritance in the nineteenth
century. His discovery was the basis that has now made it possible for humans to learn more about
the genetic code. Mendel's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The next two goals of the project are to store all of the data on databases and create tools to analyze
this information. The final goal of the project is to tackle the ethical, legal and social issues that may
arise during the time it takes to complete the project (2).
The completion time of the project has been accelerated due to new advances in technology. The
new goals include having a working 90% draft sequence by the summer of 2000 and finishing the
project by the year 2003. The finished project in 2003 would be a 100% high quality sequence of all
of the base pair sequences of the human genome. The DOE and the NIH have also stated that one of
the highest priorities of the HGP is to not only complete the project but to make all of the
information available to the public (3). The early completion of the HGP does not come at a bargain
price. The estimated budgets for 1999 alone are $89.8 million for the DOE and $225.7 million for
the NIH, bringing the grand total to $315.5 million for one year (4).
The HGP is progressing faster than what was expected, but a race to be the first to complete the
human genetic sequence has emerged and become very aggressive. For example, in 1998, the
Perkin–Elmer Corporation and Dr. J. Craig Venter, head of the Institute for Genomic Research,
announced that they intended to start a new genomics company. The companies' intent was to
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10.
11. The Human Genome Project Essay
The Human Genome Project is a worldwide research effort with the goal of analyzing the structure
of human DNA and determining the location of the estimated 100,000 human genes. The DNA of a
set of model organisms will be studied to provide the information necessary for understanding the
functioning of the human genome. The information gathered by the human genome project is
expected to be the source book for biomedical science in the twenty–first century and will be of
great value to the field of medicine. The project will help us to understand and eventually treat more
than 4,000 genetic diseases that affect mankind. The scientific products of the human genome
project will include a resource of genomic maps and DNA sequence information ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The overall budget needs for the effort are expected to be about $200 million per year for
approximately 15 years.
Lasers are used in the detection of DNA in many aspects of the project; a very important use is in
sorting chromosomes by flow cytometry. Lasers are also used in confocal fluorescence laser
microscopy to excite fluorescently tagged molecules in genome mapping, in addition to other
mapping uses. In diagnostic applications, lasers are used with fluorescent probes attached to DNA to
light up chromosomes and to create patterns on DNA chips.
From the beginning of the human genome project it was clearly recognized that acquisition and use
of such genetic knowledge would have momentous involvements for both individuals and society
and would pose a number of consequential choices for public and professional deliberation.
As Thomas Lee writes, "the effort underway is unlike anything ever before attempted, if
successful, it could lead to our ultimate control of human disease, aging, and death".
Whatever its justification, the human genome project has already inspired society with the hope of
"better" babies, and one way to deploy pragmatism in the analysis of genetic
engineering is to look at this promise of "better" babies in its social context: parenthood.
Parents hope for healthy children and, if they could afford it, make choices (such as choosing
parental care) to help "engineer" healthier babies.
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12.
13. The Human Genome Project?
The Human Genome Project
"Today we are learning the language in which God created life . . . humankind is on the verge of
gaining immense new power to heal. Genome science will have a real impact on all our lives, and
even more on the lives of our children. It will revolutionise the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment
of most, if not all, human diseases."
– Bill Clinton, June 2002.
The Human Genome Project came into existence in the late 1980 's as scientist from around the
world aimed to map where every human gene is found on our chromosomes. The Project was a great
success as scientists were successful, but now in order to extend the project, scientists are trying to
work out what each gene codes for. This information would be vital as it could help ascertain how a
particular gene might be damaged or how mutations on some genes can lead to illness or disorders.
Using such information, faulty genes could be easily replaced.
The idea of undertaking a coordinated study of the human genome arose from a series of scientific
conferences held between 1985 and 1987.
The project got underway in 1990 in the United States and one of the first directors of the project
was American scientist, James Watson – who was also in 1962 – along with Francis Crick and
Maurice Wilkins– awarded the Nobel Prize Award for the discovery of the structure of
DNA.
The DNA that is
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14.
15. The Human Genome Project
Gene Essay Assignment: The Human Genome Project
A genome is the complete DNA set of an organism. These DNA molecules are made up of two
strands. Every strand is composed of four nucleotide bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
Complementary strands are paired in certain ways. Cytosine always pairs with guanine and adenine
always pairs with thymine. The human genome holds about 3 billion base pairs, found in the
chromosomes. Each of the 46 chromosomes are composed of thousands of genes, which transmit the
instructions to make proteins. Each gene in the human genome produces approximately three
proteins. "The Human Genome Project (HGP) was the international, collaborative research program
whose goal was the complete mapping and understanding of all the genes of human beings."
The HGP was the greatest biological venture ever embarked upon. There were several goals of the
project. Researchers attempted to correctly identify disease–causing variations in the human genetic
code and determine the role of specific genes in disease and health. In addition, they aimed to
advance DNA sequencing technology and genomic analysis technology. The Human Genome
Project intended to make the DNA sequence of humans accessible to both the scientific community
and public.
The HGP was a historical accumulation of genetics research. In the year 1911, Alfred Sturtevant
came to the realization that he could pinpoint the locations of the mutated fruit fly genes the Thomas
Hunt Morgan
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16.
17. The Human Genome Project
The author, Francis S. Collins, is the man responsible for the successful completion of Human
Genome Project (HGP). HGP is an international multidisciplinary scientific research project which
was involved in mapping and sequencing human DNA and determining the various aspects of its
function. With this incredible expertise to his credit, Dr. Collins in the book 'The Language of Life'
talks about personalizing medicine by understanding the DNA of each individual. The author starts
by narrating some real life incidents of his family members which threw light on the importance of
DNA sequencing, then the author goes to talk about various situations and conditions which all
implicate the importance of personalized medicine in today's world. In this book, the author focuses
on cancer, microbiome, brain disorders, aging and the genetics related with them. The main
underlying point in explaining the genetics of each of the conditions is to reiterate the importance of
sequencing DNA beforehand so that a personalized medicine for the disease can be developed and
the disease can be treated well before its advanced stage with serious effects.
The book talks about many fascinating facets of DNA and the important message they contain
which when understood can help us to make significant contributions to the field of medicine. The
topic which aroused my interest the most in this book is the last chapter called 'A Vision for the
future'. As the chapter's heading suggests this chapter is
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18.
19. The Code Of Life And The Human Genome
As was said in the beginning of the video, the ultimate achievement that one can make scientifically
is to look at our own human genome, or instruction book if you will, and try to figure out what it is
telling us, what it reads. This began happening in the late 1990s, to 2000s, when people began
diving deeper into what DNA really tells us. In a sense, we have found the key to unlock, or crack,
the code of life, and this is also the key to diagnosing and curing genetically transmitted diseases.
This key is what the Human Genome Project searched to find, and what "Cracking the Code of Life"
is all about. A single message, which we call DNA, has been passed down from the very first
microscopic organism all the way to us today. It travels in a continuous thread that flows through all
living things, and is the secret of all life. This message within all of us is made up of four nitrogen
bases, Guanine (G), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Adenine (A), which are connected in a double
helix, which looks like a twisted ladder. These bases come in pairs, as G connects with C, and A
with T, and the order of these base pairs is what creates the variance we see in every organism today.
There are approximately 3 billion base pairs in the human genome, but only about 30,000 are
actually our genes. However, one wrong letter out of 3 billion can cause extreme various in humans
To put this into perspective, every human body is 99.9% identical in its genetic code. That means
that .01% of
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20.
21. Essay on The Human Genome Project
A genome is all the DNA in an organism, including it's genes. Genes carry information for making
all the proteins required by all organisms. These proteins determine, among other things, how the
organism looks, acts, processes and fights infections.
DNA is made up of four similar chemicals (bases, adenine , Thymine , cytosine , and guanine ) that
are repeated millions or billions of times throughout a genome. The human genome has three billion
base pairs. The order of these base pairs are extremely important and determine everything in an
organism.
The Human Genome Project started in the mid–1980's and was discussed widely throughout the
scientific community and public press in the last years of the decade. In the United States, DOE ...
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The massive amount of data and related technologies generated by the HGP and other genomic
research presents a wide array of commercial opportunities. These opportunities range from
medicine and food to energy and environmental resources.
Older companies are racing to retool and newer companies are seeking parts in the information
revolution with DNA at it's core. IMB, Compaq, DuPoint, and other big pharmaceutical companies
are among those interested in the potential for targeting and applying genome data.
In HGP there are two types of sequences, the draft and the high quality. To get the draft sequence,
scientist determine the order of base pairs in each chromosomal area at least four to five times to
ensure data accuracy and to help with reassembling DNA fragments in their original order. This
repeated sequencing is known as genome "depth of coverage." The draft sequence for
the human genome was completed on June 26, 2000. To generate high quality sequencing ,
additional sequencing is needed to close gaps, reduce mistakes and allow only a single error in
10,000 bases. The finished version will provide an estimated eight to nine times the coverage of
each chromosome. Thus far, high quality
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22.
23. Importance Of The Human Genome Project
The Importance Of The Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project(HGP) provided valuable information that changed biology and
medicine. Beginning in the 1990's a research project was created with the intent of determining the
sequence of nucleotide base pairs that made up human DNA. The Collaboration was key to
completing this project, it was an international project that required, funding, certain technologies,
and research methods. The Human Genome project provided important information that benefited
medical science. This project helped scientist understand different genetic diseases that plagued
mankind and opened the doors to many other scientific findings. Although the Human Genome
Project was met with initial resistance it has proved to be significant in many aspects of science. The
Human Genome project was widely anticipated, the possibility of understanding human disease,
causes of disease, and human evolution was at the forefront of science. In 1985 a project was
formally proposed with the goal of determining the complete nucleotide sequence of the human
genome. Although the proposal had the possibility to change science it was met with much
resistance. The main concern was privacy of genetic information, educating health care
professionals, and ethical issues involving the design of genetic research. Finally, in 1990 under the
direction of U.S. department of energy and the national institutes of health the Human Genome
Project was officially initiated in
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24.
25. Human Genome Project Essay
Outline
Thesis: Large corporations, such as insurance companies, and governments are looking to save
money on future policyholders through the use of genetic testing.
General information on the Human Genome Project
Time of discussion leading up to implementation
Who was involved
Where does the funding come from
Insurance Companies and discrimination
Discrimination against unborn children
Genetic testing for “bad'; or unwanted traits
Fix vs. Abort
Not covering unborn with unwanted traits
Denying Benefits to Current Members
Forcing Genetic test to continue coverage
Not covering spouses, children, etc.. who come up “Bad';
Denying coverage to new members
1. New members who want to join but have unwanted traits
People ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The HGP is a scientific study and mapping of the estimated 50,000–100,000 genes in the human
body. It is being hailed as one of the most important projects in the world by scientists and scholars
alike. The information that these researchers uncover could be helpful for generations to come. The
research will allow doctors to correct genetic disorders before children are born, eliminate the often–
fatal problems associated with babies born prematurely, and to cure diseases such as AIDS. The
problem with this project is not the doctors, scientists, and other researchers investigating the genes.
They are out to help people and are not doing this to get rich. Large corporations, such as insurance
companies, and governments are looking to save money on future policyholders through the use of
genetic testing. These illustrate the negative and corruptive aspects of the HGP.
The Human Genome Project was originally founded by the Department Of Energy (DOE) and is
now jointly researched by the DOE and the National Institute of Health (NIH). Research on the
project began in 1990. They used a four–letter system to decode the long strands of
deoxyribonucleic acid. As understood from previous research, there are four nitrogenous base pairs
that make up DNA. ‘A’ stands for Adenine, which is paired with
26. ‘T’ for Thymine, and ‘G’ stands for Guanine,
which is paired with ‘C’,
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27.
28. Essay about The Human Genome Project
"Genetic engineering is, at best, a debatable branch of science. For some, it is the wave of the future:
a method for perfecting the human genome, discarding flaws from infants before they are born and
ensuring they live longer, healthier lives. For others, it is an abomination: a method of
circumventing what nature gave you, and wholly unnatural. Which one is right?" (Bird). Naturally,
genetics is the scientific study of inherited variations in the DNA strand. This topic sparked curiosity
among numerous scientific individuals that they begun a research project on it titled the Human
Genome Project. To illustrate, the Human Genome Project worked out the sequence of the three
billion chemical 'letters' of the human genome, and it produced ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Human genetics should be a considerable option in the future to benefit our world.
For example, gene therapy can be used to cure genetic diseases like leukemia. For instance, a young
man from Douglas, Arizona, a town boarding Mexico, underwent chemotherapy, but if he had gone
through gene therapy instead of the harmful chemotherapy radiation that could have been performed
many toils would have been prevented for the young man and his family. Gene therapy is an
experimental way of using inheritable factors to treat or prevent diseases it is also an experimental
technique that is used to substitute a gene that works right for a non–working gene. In fact, in human
genetics, gene therapy is the use of genetic material as medicine involving the transfer of working or
therapeutic copy of a gene into specific cells of an individual to repair a copy of a faulty gene. In the
future, this technique may be used to allow doctors to treat any disorder instead of using drugs or
surgery by inserting a gene into a patient's cells. Several researchers are testing numerous
approaches to gene therapy, including "taking out" or deactivating a mutated gene that has improper
functioning, and introducing a new genetic factor into the body that will help fight a disease. In fact,
several areas of criteria must be met for the procedure to work.
After all, many believers claim it is unethical to use this technology, genetic engineering, because
these genius
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29.
30. The Development Of Human Genome Development
Cellular process that are crucial for health or disease are orchestrated by the expression of multiple
genes in a network of differential complex signaling pathways, consisting of many physical and
functional interactions.
Unlike the stable genome structure, the highly dynamic interactome represents a major challenge for
quantitative mapping of protein–protein interactions . In this article, I will discuss the latest systems
science advances by using breakthrough technologies to gain an understanding of the whole picture
of the spatiotemporal signaling network as a response to dynamic individual genome–lifestyle
interactions and translating it to the clinic.
The intracellular signal transduction network involves the two complex ... Show more content on
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Current and emerging sequencing– and arrays–based methods are changing life sciences.
Understanding how genome structural variation influences gene–expression regulatory networks
and organ homeostasis, leading to disease, will change medical implementations, improving
healthcare by achieving personalized clinical practice, particularly in cancer diagnostics and
therapeutics . Combining next–generation sequencing with advancing mass spectrometry–based
proteomics and phosphoproteomics , living cells imaging technologies and 3D genome mapping
now provide powerful strategies for understanding input–output circuits at the protein, gene,
chromosome and whole–genome level. Collectively, these genome–mapping novel technologies and
systems and synthetic biology advances, along with mathematical and computational strategies ,
allow us to shift from amazing cell lines and network modeling research to the initial steps of
clinical genome and clinical cell signaling transduction circuits , which build the foundation for
medical practice.
Signaling transduction pathways
Cell transport is movement of materials across cell membranes. Cell transport includes passive and
active transport. Passive transport does not require energy whereas active transport requires energy
to proceed. Passive transport proceeds through diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis.
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31.
32. The Human Genome Project Paper
Science is an astonishing, intellectual field; it teaches humans about life and allows them to alter it
in order to reap desirable results. The diligence and intellect of scientists who are able to rework the
human body has contributed to the sharing of many beautiful and tear–jerking stories about babies
who have been born and patients who have survived. As technology and knowledge about the body
increases, people begin to question how much we should use our intelligence to change the bodies
that God has created. However, within the medical sphere, specifically with the process of
modifying genes, scientists should use their God given gift of intellect to control the evil, residing in
the form of diseases, that would otherwise destroy all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The superb story of one heart recipient from Texas, named Blake, showcases how beautiful it is to
receive the gift of life. Blake was only four days old when his parents found out that he had a heart
defect, if he wasn't treated immediately then he would die. However, thanks to the process of organ
transplantation, a heart was found for Blake almost immediately. Today, he lives a wonderful life
and participates in numerous sports ("We are incredibly blessed"). To know that this child is able to
live a full and happy life because of the astounding process of organ transplantation is just simply
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33.
34. Genetic Testing And The Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project introduces significant scientific findings to the world, but raises a lot of
controversies. Many of these controversies concern the application of this new scientific finding and
its ethicality. Genetic information from a project, once aimed towards mapping the human genome
in hope for curing diseases, are now being used in businesses. It shouldn't be permissible for
employers to require that all employees, as well as potential employees, be screened for genetic
vulnerabilities and to use the results of such screening when they make hiring, retention, and job
assignment decisions. These genetic vulnerabilities may include diseases, unsuitable personality
traits and other traits the company deems undesirable. Employees shouldn't be judged by their
genes, because the results do not adequately speak for what the employees will do in life, the
employee's position in the society, and the employee's financial standing. Genetic testing should be
an option for the employees to decide on job assignment rather than influence the hiring decisions of
employers. Genetic testing only shows genetic potential, not potential growth. Conducting genetic
testings on employees infringes on their privacy and encourage more social gaps with genetic
classes. There are possible objections to this controversy due to the possible advantages of the
genetic tests. It can be argued that genetic tests can match people with the right occupations and
enhance the best given traits
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35.
36. Evolution Of The Human Genome Project
While many diseases and viruses are caused by outside sources, some diseases occur from within
the human body. Regular ailments can be cured with medicine, or fought off overtime by getting a
vaccine, but certain diseases and anomalies cannot be directly treated. This is because they are
genetically inherited by certain parts of one's DNA. DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid, and is
inherited from the parents of a person. These strands, found within the nucleus of all cells, determine
the appearance and genetic structure of a person. Through one's DNA, there may be diseases
inherited from the parents, such as sickle cell anemia, Gaucher's disease and Parkinson's disease. In
order to heal and fix patients, doctors needed to learn more about the Human Genome. In 1990 work
began on the Human Genome Project, which would map the entirety of the genes in the human
species. However, the participants would not have been able to work without the discoveries made
by those before them. In order for The Human Genome Project to exist, the background of genetics
must be known, for the discoveries made in the field would be what eventually led the project itself.
Genetics in itself is a fairly new concept, which officially began in 1865 in central Europe. A monk
named Gregor Mendel learned about heredity and inheritance through breeding pea plants. After
retiring from his teaching and scientific life, he became the abbot of his church. Unfortunately, the
importance of his discovery was
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37.
38. Dangers Of Human Genome Editing
Scientists, for some time now, have been concerned about the dangers of altering the human germ
line. Until now, the worries have been purely theoretical. But a technique invented recently makes it
possible to edit the genome precisely and with much greater ease. The technique holds the power to
repair or enhance any human gene. Genetic labs around the world are adapting this technique for
they believe the benefits to be boundless. However, considering the ethical complications of genome
editing affecting future generations, scientists have called for a moratorium on human genome
editing, that would alter human DNA in a way that can be inherited until issues of safety and
efficiency are addressed. I believe there should be a more or less permanent ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
If genomes are being altered to suit parents' preferences, do children become more like commodities
than precious gifts? (Collins– Gene Editing)
How will gene editing be used? To shape a child so she will have more advantages in life or will
better fit the preferences of her parents? Is a ban on child genome editing even likely? Doing so
would restrict both parental rights and reproductive freedom. Parents will have to think about the
downsides of trying to control who their child will grow up to be. Parenting involves choices and
responsibility but most important of all accepting their child for who they are.
Banning gene editing isn't our best option for it would drive practices underground to black markets
but at this stage, it would be irresponsible to proceed. This may be one of the best medical research,
it will be noted, and be looked back on as a turning point. It isn't crazy to think someday this will be
widely accepted and valued, many controversial types of research have. However, we've had various
circumstances where blameless technology was used badly, there is little reason to think gene drives
would be an exception. There may come a time when gene drives are used not only for curing
diseases but also military purposes. We could be dealing with overpopulation, irreversible ecological
damage, and intentional misuse of gene drives.
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39.
40. Human Genome Project Essay
Human Genome Project Essay
The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort that has the goal of analyzing the
sequence of human DNA and determining the location of all human genes. Begun in 1990, the U.S.
Human Genome project was originally planned to last 15 years but now is projected to be complete
in 13 years. This project was started to find the 80,000 – 100,000 human genes and to determine the
sequence of the 3 – billion chemical bases that make up human DNA. The information generated by
the human genome project is expected to be the source book for biomedical fields, including those
such as developmental biology and neurobiology, where scientists are just beginning to understand
the underlying molecular mechanisms. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the spring of 1987, a report on the human genome initiative was prepared by the Health and
Environmental Research Advisory Committee (HERAC) of the Department of Energy (DOE). In
early 1988, further discussion culminated in the publication of two additional, widely circulated,
influential reports. The U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) report presented a
comprehensive and detailed analysis of the scientific developments that had led to the promise of
"mapping and sequencing" the human genome and presented an outline for a multi–phase research
plan for accomplishing the goal of sequencing human DNA over the course of the following two
decades. In fiscal year 1988, the Congress of the United States launched the human genome project
by appropriating funds to both the DOE and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) specifically for
support of research efforts to determine the structure of complex genomes. The NIH was delegated
$17.2 million and the DOE received $10.7 million in 1988 by the human genome research institute.
It is generally agreed that the overall goal of the Human Genome Initiative is to acquire fundamental
information needed to further our basic scientific understanding of human genetics and of the role of
various genes in health and disease. As refined through the discussions over the last half of the
1980's and defined in the NRC report, the Human Genome Initiative has several interrelated goals:
Construction of a
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41.
42. Human Genome Editing Essay
Human genome editing was once viewed as an unattainable goal. It was seen as something that was
only seen in sci–fi movies. However, thanks to rapid improvements in biotechnology, it is no longer
a question of if, but a question of when.
According to the Center for Genetics and Society, human genome editing is a type of genetic
engineering in which deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is inserted, deleted, or replaced in the genome
(genetic material) of a living organism. This deliberately changes the genes passed onto the children
–– in other words –– creating genetically modified humans. The changing of DNA can be used to
help those suffering with genetic diseases or syndromes or even to give a child blue eyes. Human
genome editing is a current debate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is also beneficial to plants. Genetically modified plants, also known as GMOs, have become a hot
topic to debate. A GMO is a result of artificially altering a plant's DNA. The idea of a GMO has
been around since the beginning of the agricultural revolution. If one crop had more berries on it
than another, a farmer would use the seed of the crop with more food. This causes the plant's
offspring to have more berries than the average crop. The trend continues until all crops left have a
larger amount of berries than usual. Michael Specter, a journalist focused on science and technology,
furthers this idea by :
All the food we eat – every grain of rice and kernel of corn – has been genetically modified. None of
it was here before mankind learned to cultivate crops. The question isn't whether our food has been
modified, but how.
However, genetic modification has advanced, with changes to increase the plant's resistance to
insects and weather. In addition, they have also been used to elongate shelf life, to change the taste
of a food, or to adjust the nutrient value in a food. Food can be shipped to more remote areas and
survive in weaker growing conditions. As the population of the world is ever increasing, having the
ability to modify food gives reassurance that humans will always have enough to
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43.
44. The Human Genome Project A Go Or No?
Is the Human Genome Project a Go or No? Rapid growth in the health field over the past several
decades has brought with it many advancements even in the prenatal stages of life, one may think
this is all positive, but is it really? With all new technology and advancements in the health field the
lives of humans can be heavily impacted by these advancements in the study of human genes.
The study of the human genome began in the early 1990s and involved into a global project. The
purpose was to gain more information about human genes. Which was very difficult to do, with this
project in place a better understanding of the human genome was possible. Today women who are
expecting go threw an array of tests and screenings to see if their child will have certain genetic
diseases, cancers or any health conditions that will impair the child's life. This is possible due to the
testing of the human gene. The benefits of testing the fetus are plentiful, but others argue these tests
can be a hindrance to some. The pro testing side argues it improves the lives of human population,
reduces disease, creates new medications and gives a better understanding of humans. The other side
argues about the ethics of practicing the testing of genes, privacy, and discrimination to the life of a
person who has a high risk to certain aliments. In order to remedy this dispute between both sides
there needs to be some boundaries, the testing of genes cannot simply be aborted, and also the
direction
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45.
46. Human Genome Project Benefits
The Human Genome Project is beneficial to society because it helps create individualized medicine.
The Personal Medicine Coalition writes, "Patients with melanoma, leukemia, or metastatic lung,
breast, or brain cancers are now routinely offered a "molecular diagnosis" in some clinical centers;
this allows their physicians to select tailored treatments that can greatly improve the chances of
survival"(4). According to The Personal Medicine Coalition, they explain how the advances in
technology has helped create individualized medicine for sick patients. The Human Genome Project
uses sick patients and research to then come up with the solution of individual medicine because not
everyone is the same and react differently to certain types of medicine. The individualized medicine
is increasing the survival rate of the people who have deadly ... Show more content on
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They explain how with the breakthrough of The Human Genome Project scientists will be able to
understand a person's body and how they would react to certain medicine that does not fit well with
them. Also, scientists are able to expand their knowledge on causes of future diseases and how they
can be stopped before it can occur. Julia Stamps writes, "The increasing abilities to manipulate and
analyze DNA are bringing profound changes to society,..(par.14). According to Julia Stamps, The
Human Genome Project has the abilities to do many things and individualized medicine is the main
one that is most beneficial to society. Being able to manipulate DNA fragments is a great new
finding for the society. Through The Human Genome Project we learn many things about DNA, its
sequence and how it affects the society that we live in today. Individualized medicine is just the first
step to our growing
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47.
48. Ethical Issues With The Human Genome Project
"As a Christian, but also as a scientist responsible for overseeing the Human Genome Project, one of
my concerns has been the limits on applications of our understanding of the genome. Should there
be limits? I think there should. I think the public has expressed their concern about ways this
information might be misused", Francis Collins an American physician–geneticist (BrainyQuote,
2001–2016). A genome is an organism's complete set of genetic instructions. Each genome contains
all of the information needed to build that organism and allow it to grow and develop (Engagement,
2015). Uproar of ethical questions spreads throughout the world concerning who would help
financially, it being a "genetic modification" that would ruin the natural system. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Healthcare is a big industry worldwide that obtains a large amount of money. There are companies
who donate money to help move on the project, such as a pharmaseutical. The Human Genome
Project is expanding so much that it may actually become an industry itself, meaning there will be
more job opportunities in the medical field (APECSEC.org, 2015). Their main goal is to advance in
medication and to be known. The more people know about this project, the more support they will
be able to gain and it could grow from then on (Group, 2015). But what if society is spending all of
this money for a project that doesn't have a guarantee of working? We may be paying for something
that might not advance in science and can put people in danger for being around different chemicals.
Finding new medications means they have to be tested after being made; which can put citizens into
more danger because scientists aren't certain this process will
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49.
50. Essay On Human Genome Sequencing
1. Current challenges in human genome sequencing
Technologies in sequencing are highly accurate but have limitations in read–depth and read length.
Read–depth refers to sequencing the highly repetitive regions of DNA with few to no errors.
Illumina HiSeq and PacBio have allowed geneticists to fill in the gaps of the human genome saving
time and money. In the scope of the read depth issue, researchers are still having issues with
undetectable structural variants (SV) including copy number variants (CNV) and small nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNP). (Bickhart, et al. 2017).
Illumina HiSeq is one of the more accurate forms of DNA sequencing technology, about 99%
accurate. The newest version of HiSeq is TruSeq nano and NEBNext Ultra. Sequencing ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
New approaches to sequencing include Illumina, PacBio SMRT Chip technology and the nanopore
minION. Illumina is accurate about 99.9% of the time. PacBio is by far the most accurate of the
three sequencing technologies. Although the nanopore minION is not as accurate as PacBio SMRT
and Illumina, this technology is able to detect anomalies in the genome. All of these sequencing
technologies have a cost associated with them, but the Oxford Nanopore minION is the most
expensive.
Illumina is a less expensive way to sequence. At 99.9% accuracy, Illumina is able to provide short
read lengths to be analyzed using Phred. Phred is a base calling algorithm that calculates the
location of a fluorescent peak and records the base for that particular fluorescent label. This
technology is not ideal due to portability and sequencing prep. The DNA still has to be amplified to
create a cDNA library using bridge amplification. Illumina requires a polymerase and fluorescently
labeled dideoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs) followed by Sequencing by synthesis (SBS).
This is the final step in generating the wavelength reading of nucleotide bases. (White, et al. 2016)
The Oxford Nanopore minION sequencer is able to produce reads up to 300kb. Unlike Illumina and
PacBio, Nanopore technology can detect structural variants and cytosine modifications including
hydroxymethylcytosine, formylcytosine and methylcytosine. The purpose of this
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51.
52. Human Genome Lab Report
Abstract: As I read more about the theory of macroevolution, I wanted to investigate the similarities
between genomes of different species. The blast lab's program allowed me to compare specific
human proteins' genome libraries in the Blast tool and figure out which species of animals were
close to humans on the chart. I used the human keratin, Pax1, and myosin proteins' genome and
studied them using the Blast tool. As I compared the results with the human proteins, all three genes
were almost identical to those of primates. Only 1% of the genome library, more or less, was
different between the two species. These results coincided with the theory that humans and primates
must have shared a common ancestor according to macroevolution.
Introduction: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both species of chimpanzees and bonobos proved to be the closest to human with numbers as low as
1% difference between human and primate genes such as myosin. Using the macroevolution based
results from the BLAST tool, I was able to make theoretical inferences regarding the theory itself.
Due to the similarity in the respective proteins of both humans and primates, there are various views
of the dynamics of macroevolution that could argue for the theory of humans and primates sharing a
common ancestor. This type of macroevolution, either through gradualism or punctuated
equilibrium, could have resulted in the distinct genomes of both humans and primates, but also show
the similarity of both sequences. As I analyzed the BLAST lab and its results, I was able to
understand more behind the theory of macroevolution and test for myself some of the evidence that
is used to back it up. I am still interested in comparing more genomes and have future questions on
the similarity or difference between distinct species such as fish and
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53.
54. Ethical Issues With The Human Genome Project
As time progresses mankind continues to explore inward to discover more about our species and
further our knowledge on the genetic blueprint of a human being. The Human Genome Project did
just that. Through one of the greatest projects in history, we have already been able to further our
knowledge on humans and map out all of the human genes (genome), and there is much more to
come. But with this new knowledge comes a plethora important ethical questions regarding if what
we are doing is right. A lot of ethical issues are questioned in areas such as in vitro fertilization,
genetic counseling, prenatal testing for developmental defects, abortion, prenatal surgery, and care
of extremely premature or severely handicapped infants. Modern reproductive
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55.
56. The Human Genome Project ( Hgp )
In 2000, the $3 billion dollar project––The Human Genome Project (HGP)––came to completion.
Geneticists can now provide a patient with a comprehensive map of their DNA sequence. Obtaining
such information can tell a patient if they have the gene variant associated with many different
genetically linked diseases such as Alzheimer's, diabetes, heart conditions or even cancer. This
medical revolution can indicate what drugs to take, at what dosage and what lifestyle choices can be
made in order to prevent the disease or at the least, control the symptoms at the earliest stages as
possible. However, this new diagnostic tool has raised some ethical issues: Will your privacy be
protected? Will insurance companies pressure you into getting your ... Show more content on
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However, a percentage of the Human Genome Project budget was devoted to the Ethical, Legal, and
Social Implications (ELSI) research. This program was founded to identify and address issues raised
by genomic research, including conflicts of interest affecting all the concerned parties. These issues
also include worries about insurers using genetic information to impose high premiums and deny
coverage or companies refusing employment opportunities. Yet with new technology comes new
laws; for example, in the United States, the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act was passed
on May 21st 2008[1]. As the name implies, this law prohibits employers and health insurance
companies from using genetic information, protecting citizens from discrimination based on their
predisposition to developing a genetic disorder. If DNA sequencing were to become standard
medical procedure, such laws will have to be enacted in order to protect the patient's rights.
In the process of developing the Human Genome Project, multiple gene expression–based cancer
markers were identified. Furthermore, geneticists began to note that cancer pathologies are most
often not restricted to one single genomic mutation. On the contrary, a large number of different
alterations in a patient 's DNA come together and cause the malignant transformation. The
combination of mutations, structural variations and
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57.
58. Human Genome Modification Essay
The warrant in my position is the evidence and testimonies of the success in human genome
modification. According to my sources in my annotated bibliography, human genome modification
has granted infants a second chance of life. Diseases that lie within an embryo from the parents can
be extracted and destroyed to prevent premature deaths. This procedure can prevent the embryo
from spreading a mutation or disease to their offspring in the future. Additionally, the different
aspects of my sources covers questions regarding how the procedure is done, ethics, the benefits,
and successful testimonies. The procedures are conducted by scientists and doctors who follow the
restrictions on human genome research of their respective counties. Furthermore, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since scientists and doctors nearly mastered the procedure, ethicists are concerned that curiosity
may result in further customizations of physical features of an embryo or, the new "liberal"
eugenics. For example, some parents may be open to the option of changing their child's eye color,
natural physical skills, hair color, and number of fingers. However, this is nearly impossible to do
since authors of scholarly journals, articles, and periodicals that supported my claim proved
otherwise since restrictions of human genome research is prominent by governments where this
research is aloud. Therefore, this warrant supports my claim the eugenics won't reemerge from
human genome modification since the government has existing regulations to prevent and punish
any experiments leading to the horrifying acts of eugenics. As I mentioned above, since this life
saving research was conducted on embryos, researchers have found new ways eliminate existing
mutations and diseases. For example, if an embryo developed a blood disorder, the scientist would
be able to prevent the soon–to–be infant from premature death or passing it on to its offsprings in
the future. The sources that were used in my annotated bibliography are all primary examples of the
unlikely emergence
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59.
60. Essay on The Human Genome Project
Embedded deeply in our body is the complex biological story. The Human Genome Project is the
exploration of this intricate yet crucial storyline. The Genome is a complete set of genes that make
up an organism. Genes are made up of DNA (deoxynucleic acid) which subsequently is made up of
long paired strands. These paired strands attach in a specific manner, for example, Adenine (A)
attaches itself to Thymine (T) and Cytosine(C) to Guanine (G). The genome is the perplexing key in
instructing cells to do their duty. Cells interact together to create tissues. Tissues connect together to
create organs. Organs function together to produce an organism.
The first fully completed human genome was completed and publish on April 2003. This took ...
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Scientists then take pictures of each snippet of the genome. By have a vivid illusion of the order of
the colors can allow us to read the sequence. This is then stitched together using computer programs
to have the final copy of the fully sequenced genome. There are many other methods out there to
decipher the genome but this is the most common method of usage.this method can also be known
as the Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR). PCR is a laboratory technique that uses primers to amplify
a specific area and then copies the sequence a billion times over. Another method worth mentioning
is the combined use of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and Gel
Electrophoresis. RFLP is when restriction enzymes are used as markers which cut DNA in specific
known locations. This samples derived from RFLP are then run through the Gel Electrophoresis
which can configure these macromolecules by separating them. There is also the Yeast Artificial
Chromosomes (YAC) which is human–engineered DNA molecule used to clone DNA sequences in
yeast cells.Another one similar to the YAC is the Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) which
instead of the yeast cells use bacterial cells.
The ultimate goal of the HGP is to provide an encyclopedia of detailed information of the location,
structure and function of the complete set of human genes. The HGP also loyally supports and
sponsors genome studies on other organisms
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61.
62. Essay On The Sequencing Of The Human Genome
The sequencing of the human genome involves the vision of an advanced medical science and
academic research. Nowadays, genetic databases are making a loud noise to easily determine the
relationships between lifestyle, environmental exposures, and genetic diseases. These databases
large lean on collective data in contribution to genetic information and research materials that deal
with the genetic cases of diseases. For the reason that genetic databank has a great potential of
massive profit and technologic advancements that could improve our understanding of a range of
diseases, private companies seek to get access to these genetic databanks of patients. However, this
research can only proceed with consideration of the ethical, legal and ... Show more content on
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Ethical principles for the prospective use of human genetic material and data have been introduced
in several European countries. The British Clinical Genetics Society and the Danish Council of
Ethics said that the quality assurance of these tissues in the biobanks are assured in the governing
rules of the regional bodies but solely depend on the boards of each institution. One of the examples
in the Data Surveillance Authority in Denmark which has the sovereignty over its genetic banks
which was created in 1996. The Health Council of the Netherlands publicly announced the
recommendation that human material cannot be stored 'without a good reason' (1994). In 1996,
France authorized that no institution nor any person could get samples with the motivation that has a
collection of human genome or use and in a way, the samples taken if they have not informed the
legal authority in concerned thereof . On the other note, the very arising issue in the economic factor
of the storage and collection of there biobanks has been opened up with only a few talks and did not
receive much of an importance in general . Recently, numbers of recent "charitable trusts" turns the
focus on the economic and political aspects that should be considered in connection to issues that
are mainly associated to this like ethical, legal and social factors. According to several researchers,
there is no objective
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63.
64. Why Is The Human Genome Project Important
The Genome Project
The Genome project is very significant because it is trying to cure illness and diseases. This project
was first started in 1990 and it lasted till 2003 and it took thirteen years to complete the genetic
sequencing. The discoveries that were made during this project are now being tested and studied to
become more accurate. Furthermore, The genome project is trying to accurately sequence all the
genes, cure and prevent different illnesses that affect people all around the world. Mary Shelly's
novel Frankenstein can apply to the Genome project because of the importance of both projects.
Genome project has to do with figuring out all the gene sequences accurately. The human genome
project has figured out the gene sequences
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65.
66. The Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project (HGP) began in 1990 with funding from the Department of Energy and
the National Institutes of Health with the goal of decoding the human genome. Researchers from
across the world are working in conjunction to understand the sequence of amino acid base pairs and
how they interact with one another to elicit specific genetic reactions. Once the decoding of the
genome takes place, scientists will be able to develop individual treatment plans and understand a
number of diseases. Research has found that there are over 3 billion amino acid base pairs which
make–up 20,000 genes. Of these 20,000 genes, the human genetic code is defined by forty–six
tightly packed bunches called chromosomes. Due to the vast array of amino acid base pairs, the
project has taken over ten years to complete the sequencing of the specific parts, but the task of
understanding how the parts interact one another and the influence they have on diseases has yet to
be accomplished. The genetic material in chromosomes defines human attributes and is developed
from proteins. Proteins are a series of amino acids, which are strung together, and the unique
combination of nucleic acids (A, T, C, and G) in the protein give specific directions to the cell to
produce certain combinations of amino acids. This process creates proteins varying in form and
function based upon the series of amino acids. The differing proteins cause numerous actions in the
body to be carried out, and are
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67.
68. Human Genome Project Pros And Cons
Although the Human Genome Project has allowed for enormous amounts of new scientific
breakthroughs and has the potential for many more opportunities, there are many dilemmas with the
use of its information and much opposition towards it. One of the biggest scientific topics heavily
debated is whether or not to use the information provided from the Human Genome Project. If it is
ruled ethical to use the information from the Human Genome Project, the next biggest question
would be whether to use certain aspects and pieces of information from the Human Genome Project
or to use it entirely.
In order to extract information from the Human Genome Project, first, a physical map must be
produced by mapping, or characterizing, the chromosomes. A ... Show more content on
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Many other new projects are expected in the near future, one of which is The Cancer Genome Atlas.
The goal of The Cancer Genome Atlas is to determine the genetic abnormalities in fifty major types
of cancer. ("Human"). Medicine has been revolutionized because of the Human Genome Project.
New drugs will soon be administered that will be much more specific, effective, and fortunately
cause less side effects. With the information of someone's genome sequence information, medical
professionals will be able to create more personalized medicine. The more specific medicine will be
more preventative and have more specific strategies to aid the person in their recovery. ("Human").
New methods of interventions can also be put into action that will decrease inheritance risks of an
individual's offspring. (Collins). Genetic tests can be strikingly beneficial for someone but
unfortunately out of reach for the majority of people because of the extremely high prices. The
National Institute of Health has made moves towards trying to lower the cost of sequencing an
individual's genome to around $1000 or possibly less. ("Human"). Recently, it has been speculated
that DNA could possibly be connected with non–medical conditions, such as an individual's level of
intelligence and personality
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69.
70. Human Genome Project Essay
Human Genome Project
Human curiosity is one of the most powerful engines that drive new knowledge, development,
advancements and life improvements today. Some 100,000 or 200,000 years ago Homo sapiens
emerged, and up to today humans are still searching for answers such as what we are and where we
came from.
For all of the diversity of the world's more than five billion people, full of creativity and
contradictions, every human mind and body is built and runs with fewer than 100,000 kinds of
protein molecules. And for each of the proteins, a single corresponding gene is responsible to ensure
an adequate and timely supply. Genes are often described as the biological blueprints or recipes for
life and are found in the DNA, carrying ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But if we are ever to uncover the mysteries of carcinogenesis, if we are ever to know how
biochemistry contributes to mental illness, if we ever hope to really understand the processes of
growth and development, we must first have a detailed map of the genetic landscape. That's what the
HGP promises and what makes this international effort so breathtaking.
Human Genome Background and History
The idea of the HGP was initiated in 1977, when simple and efficient methods for sequencing DNA
were described. Before that time the possibility of sequencing the entire human genome was no
more than extreme wishful thinking. In the 1980's it was becoming increasingly apparent to many
scientists that an understanding of basic biology would be greatly enhanced if the detailed structure
of DNA was understood. Over the last two decades, automated DNA sequencers have made the
process of obtaining the base–by–base sequence of DNA easier. In 1984, for the first time a meeting
was sponsored by the Department of Energy (DOE) to address the problem of detecting extremely
low levels of very rare changes in DNA (mutations) in humans exposed to radiation and other
environmental hazards. At that time, it was realized that the level of effort including the automation
of DNA analysis techniques would be similar to the requirements for sequencing the human
genome.
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71.
72. The Human Of Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project has been introduced to us more than twenty–five years from now. It
was Initiated and sponsored by the National Human Genome Research Institute, the project was
introduced aiming at researching more human genes in order to understand, read genes and find cure
for diseases. It guided the medical field to new direction but at the same time created new challenges
and problems. The primary objective of the project isn't wrong or questionable but some believe its
implications are. Genes are made of a molecule called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which contains
the instructions for making every protein in the body. By studying and understanding the genome
system completely, we will be able to shed some light on how to ... Show more content on
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Carlos Cruchaga and his team searched for dementia–related genetic variations in some of these
families and Their results were published in 2014 in the journals Nature and Nature Medicine. The
team identified variations in genes called phospholipase D3 (PLD3) and UNC5C that appear to
promote the risk of late–onset Alzheimer's disease. The results of what they found inspired them to
keep looking for more. Dr. Cruchaga received his Association grant in 2011 for a study entitled
"Exome Sequencing of Late–Onset Alzheimer 's Disease Families. Dr. Cruchaga selected 14
families to observe who have inherited Late–Onset Alzheimer. His team and him later analyzed the
exomes from certain members of these families, searching for gene variations linked to Alzheimer's.
This process initially identified a variation in PLD3 that was shown to double the risk of
Alzheimer's disease in some cases. Previous research has found that people with Alzheimer's tend to
have lower than normal levels of the PLD3 protein in their brains. This finding indicates that PLD3
may protect the brain against Alzheimer's–like changes.
In 2005 there were various report on gene therapy trials delayed disease progression. It wasn 't a
successful cure, but the results were promising enough which triggered further research in that area.
Scientists took skin cells from patients and modified them to secrete the protein nerve growth factor
(NGF) form brains. These NGF producing
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73.
74. Questions On Human Genome Project
Layan Kojan
BIOL 1010
Assignment #3 – Option 2 The Human Genome Project
Tuesday November 17, 2015
What makes one person differ from the other? Is it physical appearance, personality or mentality?
These three factors separate each individual from one another and it is what makes them different.
Physical appearance, personality and mentality are made up from the same building blocks which
are known as DNA sequences. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), is a self replicating material that is
found throughout every living organism. It's a large macromolecule that transforms characteristics
into life. DNA is made up two strands that run in opposite directions therefore they are known to be
antiparallel. The lagging strand runs in the 5 '–3 ' direction while the leading strand run's in the 3 '–5
' direction (International Baccalaureate Organization, 2009). There's a phosphate group attached by a
covalent bond to the carbon atom which is covalently attached to a nucleotide base. The two DNA
strands are attached to each other by hydrogen bonds. There are two hydrogen bonds found between
Thymine and Cytosine and three hydrogen bonds found between Guanine and cytosine
(International Baccalaureate Organization, 2009). Many studies have been done in order to gather
information about the human DNA. The sequence of base paring in DNA was determined by The
Human Genome project (International Baccalaureate Organization, 2009).
The whole idea of the
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75.
76. Dark Matter In The Human Genome Essay
The new revelation in the human genome that scientists have developed an understanding of the
useless junk are actually noncoding DNA, also known as dark matter. The understanding of the dark
matter focus on genetics, deoxyribonucleic acid; also known as DNA, especially non coding DNA in
the human genome. During the Human Genome Project, the first establish genome sequence shows
that there were a lack of use of DNA in our body. Only a certain amount of the human genome's
DNA encode protein sequences while the rest are non coding DNA. The non coding DNA serves a
purpose in the body, but without proof they were announced as dark matter, thus signifying that the
dark matter in the human genome are useful not useless. The new revelation of the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The telomerase carry its own RNAs molecule as a template to restoring the telomere back to its
proper length after the cell division. Since the telomere is consist of dark matter that helps protect
the cell from losing any important DNA. The DNA that which is located in the cell nucleus.
Telomere, "a region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of a chromosome" ("What Is a
Telomere?), which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration, from combining with
neighboring chromosomes. However, if the telomere is shortened the enzyme telomerase will do its
best to fix itself and the telomere can not be fix regardless of how hard the telomerase tries to restore
its length. Once the telomere is shortened the "SOS response, and the cell will do one of two things:
stop replicating by turning itself off, becoming what is known as senescent; stop replicating by
dying, called apoptosis" ("What Happens When DNA Becomes Damaged?"). If the telomere decides
to continue to divide, becoming abnormal and potentially dangerous for the human body it can lead
to having cancer. Overall, if understanding the gene expression of the enzyme telomerase restoring a
dark matter shows that dark matter are the instructor that gives instruction to encoding
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77.
78. Gene Sequencing And The Human Genome Project
Gene sequencing is a method that helps us to read the genetic code and to compare normal genes
with disease causing genes (Kratz, 2015). It is helpful to determine the precise order of the bases in
a DNA strand, and mostly used for genetic variation or mutation that might lead to a development of
a disease. This disease causing change can be a substitution, deletion or addition of a single base
pair (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2014). Since the human genome project has
completed its first draft in 2001, researchers are more keen to find out more about the human
genome, the variability of the gene sequences amongst humans, and the relationship between the
gene sequence variation to human health (Green et al., 2013). After a ... Show more content on
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Patents are used to protect the gene sequence worldwide where the patent owner considers there will
be a viable market in that area (Merz and Cho,2008).Patenting genes have become popular after the
human genome was complete and became more a topic that people debated about (Caulfield and
Gold, 2000). The patenting system in gene sequencing is important to discover new medicines and
other advances in healthcare (Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 2002). The European Society of
Human Genetics (ESHG) are looking for ways to develop the current patenting and licensing system
in order to make the public handle the situation in a well manner, respect to the current legislation
(European Journal of Human Genetics, 2008). Being quite a controversial topic there are a number
of ethical issues that arise from the society which will be discussed below.
Human dignity
Patenting gene sequences has been a topic that has been debated and problematic for quite a while.
One main issue that is discussed is human dignity. Thinking about patenting human genes can give
the idea of owning the gene sequence. In fact a response from a lawyer would be that patenting is
not exactly ownership. This statement is true but doesn't change the way people think about dignity.
Many people still think that human genes are commodities.
Even though patenting DNA reduces the risk of
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