Notes On The World And The Arabian Peninsula

Notes On The World And The Arabian Peninsula
Questions: Notes: Introduction
7th century In the 7th century –followers of Islam spread from Arabian Peninsula –began sequence
of conquest
Spreading Spreading –merchants –warriors –wanderers (nomads) –empire extended to Africa,
Europe and Asia Deserts and Towns: Desert and Towns: The Arabian World and Birth of Islam
The Arabian World and The Arabian Peninsula –was covered mostly by deserts –wide variety of
Bedouin (nomadic cultures) –coastal regions had agriculture, sizable cities, and regional kingdoms –
trading towns were developed in rocky regions Clan identity, rivals, and ... Show more content on
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of chivalry –clan feuds Towns and long distance Towns and Long Distance Trade trade –small
communities –cities in the north developed trade links –Mecca was the most important city –
founded by Umayyad Clan –Umayyad Clan dominated politics and commercial economy –wealth
and statuses were enhanced by the Ka'ba –Medina was the city of Muhammad –inhabitants grew
date palms –was established in an oasis Marriage and family life Marriage and Family in Pre–
Islamic Arabia
Women Women –played key economic roles –multiple marriage partners was allowed –not secluded
–not considered equal to men –their advice was regarded in councils
Men Men –had more power than women; superior gender – multiple marriage partners was allowed
–gained statuses Poets and Neglected Poets and Neglected gods
gods Notes: –main focus of cultural creativity was poetry –clans and tribal bands narrated poems –
some poets were said to have powers or be possessed –Bedouin religion was a blend of animism and
polytheism –Quraysh tribe worshipped Allah and sacrificed to him The life and the genesis The
Llife and the Genesis of Islam of Islam Early Life –born into clan of Quraysh tribe –mother and
father died and was raised by his
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Bedouins In The Arabian Peninsula
Between 200 to 800 CE, the Arabian Peninsula went through drastic changes over time in a time
period of 6 centuries. People from the Arabian Peninsula started to convert to Islam from Animist
Polytheist. The main focus of these 2 time periods were based heavily on religion and the status of
women increasing then suddenly deteriorating following Prophet Muhammad's death in 632.
In 200 CE, The majority of the Arabian Peninsula was Animist Polytheist, people who believed in
nature spirits. The social structure of the Bedouins in the Arabian peninsula were tribal clans. Their
structure is based upon a kinship and the leader of family is part of a bigger social structure
consisting of councils and elders. Women also had a high status in comparison to the other empires,
as their advice was also considered valuable. Many of the Bedouins who lived in Arabian Peninsula
carved and worshipped idols whom they believed to be intermediary to the almighty Gods. Arab
polytheism, the dominant form in pre–Islamic Arabia was based on veneration of deities and other
rituals. The Gods and Goddesses were worshipped in local shrines such as the Ka'Ba in Mecca.
Many of the pre–Islamic figures gods were traced to Idols, especially near the Ka'Ba which is
determined to have roughly 300 of them. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once again women's status were lowered due to the Abbasids with the increase in size of the harem
as well as the addition of veils. During that time there were more regional and transregional
interaction between Eurasia. Silk roads and safe trade roads also developed during that time period
which would eventually aid the merchants in the Arabian Peninsula with trade and selling goods,
further increase their social

The Al Qaeda During The Arabian Peninsula
Upholding all the professionalism, job ethics and integrity, I'm pleased to report on the Al Qaeda in
the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP): a militant Islamic group with links to AQ primarily based in Yemen
and Saudi Arabia. Indeed, the Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) has become great threat in
the whole world.
The Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) which also means the base was developed by
Osama bin laden and others in the early 1980s to aid the war effort in Afghanistan against the
sovereignty feelings. The resulting victory in Afghanistan gave victory for the overall jihad– holly
war movement. The investigation also shows further information that the trained mujahedin fighters
from Afghanistan began coming back to their mother ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the principal goals of the Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) was to drive the United
States armed forces out of Saudi Arabia and Somalia by violence. It's opposing the United States for
several reasons' first United States was regarded as 'infidel' because it was not governed in a manner
consistent with the group's extremist's interpretation of Islam. Second, the united state was viewed
as providing the essential support for other infidel government and institutions such as Saudi Arabia
and Egypt, the nation of Israel and UNO which war regarded as the enemies of the group. Third, al–
Qaida opposed the involvement of the United States armed forces in the gulf war in 1991 and in
operation restore hope in Somalia in 1991 and 1993 which were viewed by al–Qaida as perpetual
preparations for an American occupation of Islamic countries.
Keywords: the Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), USA, crime, CIA and terrorism.
Report
1. Existentiality and functionality of the Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)
Since the Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) inception, until approximate in 1991, the
group was headquartered in Afghanistan and Peshawar, Pakistan. Then in 1991, the group relocated
to Sudan where it was headquarters approximately until 1996, when bin laden Mohamed Atef

7th Century Essay
7th century farming prevailed in southwestern mountain valley the population consists of , artisans ,
merchants and religious leaders .
1.The Arabian peninsula on the edge of the desert was home to the Arabs (600 C.E.)
2.Arabs were often sought out for protection by other peoples.
– The Byzantines and Sassanids were two groups who used the Arabs for protection.
– Some lands in which the Arabs were isolated were the birthplace of Islam. The Arabian Peninsula
Before Muhammad In northern and central arabia , warrior aristocracies held power , south religious
aristocracies tended to rule . Outside the towns were BEDOUINS nomadic tribes that migrated place
to place with the livestock: sheep , goats and camel. (important ... Show more content on
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Mecca – became the economic and cultural center of western Arabia .
Ka'ba – a temple that contains a black stone they think to be god's dwelling place. Muhammad's
roots were in this region .
–The Ka'ba was associated with Jewish and Christian stories Abraham built Ka'ba
–Nomadic caravans that were abundant near Arab communities were able to spread their culture and
ideas to the Arabs that they can in contact with not isolated ones where Islam became prominent.
Social and economic
6th century most Arabs lived in settled communities and oasis town had large populations and
developed economies
1. social unit of the Bedouins and Arabs was a tribe it connected through kinship , tribes and
provided protection and support.
–Arabs tribes were not static continually evolving groups , includes Nomadic and Sedentary
members. (Nomadic Societies) Nomadic in Arabia depended on agriculturally productive
communities for food, They was not able to produce: cloth, metal, products and weapon.
Paid these goods with

Arabian Peninsula Research Paper
What would the Arabian Peninsula be like before Muhammad, who introduced the Islamic religion?
It was really hard for people to believe that God had spoken to Muhammad. What would people do
without the Islamic religion? Would they be able to believe in God? Is it because of Muhammad that
they now believe in God?
To begin with, there were harsh features in the Arabian Peninsula. The climate is really arid, and this
peninsula barely gets rain. To add with, in this climate, there is barely a space to have farms and
crops. Also, the size is one–fourth of the U.S. Overall, there was a harsh climate and harsh physical
features.
Now, onto family life in the Arabian Peninsula and nomads. Nomads don't really live in one place,
they usually

Wgu C228 Task2 Essay
Communicable Disease: MERS Outbreak In September of 2012, beginning in the country of Saudi
Arabia, hospitals began seeing increased cases of a respiratory virus never before seen in humans.
They named it Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, or MERS. MERS is a viral respiratory illness
caused by the coronavirus. It was originally thought to have started there in Saudi Arabia. It was not
until later that they were able to trace the origin back to Jordan starting in April of 2012. All
outbreaks of MERS have been traced back to originating from the Arabian Peninsula (CDC, 2015a).
Unfortunately, it is not known exactly how MERS was contracted in humans, but it is believed to
have come from an animal source, probably from camels. Strains of MERS ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
These two persons were infected from a family member who had recently traveled to Saudi Arabia.
March of 2013 a man from United Arab Emirates died from MERS in a German hospital. It was
discovered that that man had racing camels. It was at this time that suspicions were raised about
camels being a source for MERS. Saudi Arabia had another outbreak in May 2013 at a hospital in Al
Ahsa. In May 2014, Saudi Arabia and UAE began reporting increasing numbers of infected cases.
That same month, cases were exported to the United States, Greece, Philippines, and Malaysia (The
Canadian Press, 2014). The cases continued to spread in 2015. According to WHO, as of 2015 the
following countries had identified MERS cases:
2012– Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Germany, and the UK.
2013– France, Germany, Italy, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, UAE, UK
2014– Algeria, Australia, Egypt, Greece, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malaysia, Netherlands,
Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, UAE, U.S.A., Yemen
2015– China, Germany, Iran, Oman, Philippines, Qatar, Korea, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, UAE
(WHO, 2015).
Epidemiological Determinants
Route and Risk Factors:
MERS is spread by contact with an infected person or persons. It is a zoonotic disease that is
believed to have been spread originally from camels through direct or indirect contact. When spread
from person to person, MERS is spread easily to a caregiver of an infected person who is not using
proper precautions such as gloves

The Gulf Cooperation Council Essay
Athbi Al–Subaie
Methodology Final
INS 611
The Militarization of the Gulf Cooperation Council to Deter Threats
How Fear Shapes the Future of the Region
Introduction:
The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Peninsula Shield Force expresses the principle to protect
against any political turmoil or security infringement in any GCC part state. The Peninsula Shield
Force depends on the standard of group and coordinated security and barrier, with each GCC part
state promising to ensure and protect the common security and interests of GCC part states, and
their domain and jurisdiction.
One of the principle targets behind the foundation of the GCC in 1981 was security from the danger
postured by the Iran – Iraq War, and Iranian propelled Islamist activism. The GCC Peninsula Shield
Force was made up of joint–military strengths from GCC part states. The GCC Peninsula Shield
Force set up its home office in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia in 1985.
After the Second Gulf War in 1990–91, the GCC Peninsula Shield Force tried to improve its
safeguard abilities, with GCC part states setting up bound together operational strategies, preparing,
and military educational module. Notwithstanding this, the Peninsula Shield Force started to
complete joint military activities and moves with all GCC state militaries. The Peninsula Shield
Force today holds joint preparing practices at regular intervals with one of the Gulf 's militaries.
Another essential accomplishment was the determination taken

Why Is Muhammad Bin Saudi Arabia So Important To The...
Outline
Thesis: Saudi Arabia's importance in the Middle East cannot be underestimated. As a key ally in the
Global War on Terrorism, we need to comprehend its role in the modern world and its pivotal role in
Islam.
I. Saudi Arabia and Islam go hand in hand.
a. With 1.6 billion followers, Islam is the second largest religion in the world.
b. In 670 A.D., Muhammad set out to spread the word of Allah and in turn changed the world.
c. Saudi Arabia sees over one million pilgrims visit Mecca each year.
II. Governed by a monarchy, Saudi Arabia's current prosperity can be attributed to the royal family.
a. The alliance between Muhammad bin Saud and Sheikh Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab would see
the creation of the First Saudi state.
b. The collapse of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Last Great Prophet was born in 570 A.D. in Mecca, as a member of the Quraysh tribe.
"Muhammad was not his given name, but is instead an honorific, meaning "highly praise," granted
to him later in life" (Bowen 37). Muhammad's father passed away a few weeks before he was born.
Muhammad would also lose his mother at a young age and be forced to live with his uncle, Abu
Talib, leader of the Hashim clan. In his adulthood, Muhammad worked as merchant in the city of
Mecca. He also enjoyed solitude and would take trips to caves to pray and meditate. On one of these
trips, Muhammad received a vision of Gabriel, the Archangel. Gabriel would bestow revelations,
prophecies, and teachings to Muhammad. He would take this knowledge to create the Quran, the
holy book of Islam. Muhammad set out to Mecca, spreading his teachings, but was persecuted and
forced to stop by the city elders. "Mecca could, and did, tolerate many religions, but it could not
tolerate one that demanded the expulsion of all others" (Bowen 38). Compelled to leave the city and
with his followers in tow, he made his way to the city of Yathrib. He would spread his teachings
across Yathrib, he would take control of the city and it became known as Medina "(derived from
Medina't al Nabi, city of the prophet)" (Bowen 40). Here, in the city of Medina, Muhammad would
establish Islam to what it is today and make it the second largest religion in the

The Discovery Of Saudi Arabia
I asked a friend of mine to come with me to visit the Asian Art Museum. I told him that the Museum
is exhibiting pieces of recent archeological discoveries of Saudi Arabia. Since we were both Saudis,
we felt curious to explore the museum for the first time. When we arrived to the museum, we paid
15 dollars each because we were adults. It was not until we finished our visit that we realized that
we could have used our student identification cards to pay only 10 dollars each. However, we did
not feel bad about it because we agreed that our visit was totally worth the price; if not, what we
paid for the entrance was very little.
Brief exploration of the Museum's galleries:
I was taking notes about my visit while exploring the content of the museum. The Asian Art
Museum is exclusively exhibiting recent discoveries of Saudi Arabia, under the title of "Roads of
Arabia." The "Roads of Arabia" section is divided into four galleries. Each gallery contains objects
that present a theme. For example, the first gallery, which takes place in the Ocher gallery, has the
theme of "Prehistoric Arabia." The gallery contains archeological objects and tools that date back to
a million years ago. Some archeological discoveries such as tools and stones show the presence of
prehistoric human settlements in today's Saudi Arabia. The theme of the second gallery is " Incense
Roads," as it is held in the Hambrecht gallery. This gallery contains ancient objects that are
associated with the incense

The Sculpture Bas Relief : Nemesis, Allat And The Dedicator
Introduction
The sculpture Bas–relief: Nemesis, Allat and the dedicator (c.200AD) (figure1) was construction in
2nd or 3rd century AD in the Hejaz peninsula for the pagans to worship and blessings is considered
conventional in its day. The sculpture contains three chief goddesses and daughters of 'Allah'. While
the maker is unknown, the sculptures were imported from the Eastern and the Western worlds. There
was an influence from the western stone sculptures from Europe. Some of the goddesses were also
imported from India. This certain type of goddesses usually belong to the historical period from 2nd
century AD to late 5th century AD or until Muhammad's prophecy(570 AD– 632AD. Currently
these sculptures are located in Museum of Fine Arts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
'Allah' ordered Abraham (1800 B.C.) along with his son Ishmael (1911 B.C.) to rebuild the Kaaba to
symbolize the oneness of God. The word "Allah" means "one supreme god" in Arabic and even
today the word "Allah" has been used by monotheistic Arab Christians and Jews. It is believed that
the first inhabitants in the city of Mecca were Ishmael, son of Abraham and Ishmael's mother Hagar.
The Quraysh tribe had the authority and power over the Kaaba. The Quraysh tribe are the
descendants of Abraham from his son Ishmael. The pagans around the Arabic peninsula believed
that Allah many daughters and the three daughters were the chief goddesses named Al–lat, Al–
Manat, and Al–Uzza. [1]
Social–Cultural Designation
The Arabian period included the main periods: ancient period (1st BCE), the middle period( 1st to
4th century AD), and the late period ('Monotheistic period' or the later 4th century). [ ]The Hejaz
peninsula consisted of various beliefs including polytheistic faiths, Christianity, Judaism, and
Zoroastrianism. The historical period of pre–Islamic era is known as "the period of Jahiliyyah" or
the period of ignorance. In this period, men had all control of their women. The women in pre–
Islamic Arabia had no rights, the rights came with the status of their husbands or their fathers or
their family and their status in the city. The women in the society had no choice for chosen

How They Got Here: The History of Saudi Women
The Middle East is often viewed homogeneously as a wasteland for women's rights, and although
some regions are making strides towards equality, others seem to be left in the Dark Ages. The
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, founded in 1932, is often noted as one of the most oppressive countries in
this region in the name of women's equality. It can be seen, however, that the ideology of this region
has predated the founding of the country and even the birth of Islam. The cultural norms of the
Arabian Peninsula, Islamic faith affirming these standards, and the legislative support of these
values have led to the degradation of Saudi women's rights. Before Islam, the society of the Arabian
Peninsula was based on tribal and familial relationships. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Muhammad himself was married to several women and the Qur'an allows polygamy, but the passage
itself "discourages the very thing it permits" (Muhammad).
Men are in charge of women by [right of] what Allah has given one over the other and what they
spend [for maintenance] from their wealth. So righteous women are devoutly obedient, guarding in
[the husband's] absence what Allah would have them guard. But those [wives] from whom you fear
arrogance – [first] advise them; [then if they persist], forsake them in bed; and [finally], strike them.
But if they obey you [once more], seek no means against them. Indeed, Allah is ever Exalted and
Grand.( Quran.com)
Verse 3:34 of the Quran gives this startling text on a woman's relationship to her husband. The first
issue in this verse to come to terms with is that it blatantly states that men excel over women.
Second, the Quran seems to advise beating inobedient wives who are now considered sinful. On the
other hand, the majority of Muslims say this translation cannot be trusted fully and the scripture in
Arabic sends a more merciful picture, perhaps saying "leave them" instead of "beat them."
(Bakhtiar)
Saudi Arabia has one of the strictest interpretations of the Qur'an and follows the Hanbali school of
Islam. (Islam) Hanbali "advocates a literal interpretation of textual sources... [and] is the

Rise Of Islam Research Paper
Islam's Rise The Arabian Peninsula in the early seventh century was the perfect economical,
political, social and religious setting for the rise of Islam. Its successful emergence was due in part
to the adoption and rejection of various factors which allowed Islam to mirror the socioeconomic
trends, traditions, practices and religious theories that were prevalent throughout the region during
this time period. One of the most influential events on the rise of Islam was in the rise of Mecca as a
center of trade. Mecca's rise allowed people from various backgrounds to be exposed to and
exchange ideas about culture, tradition and religion. All these ideas congealed in to some of the
main concepts and ideas adopted by Islam. Yet Islam ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prior to the rise of Islam most of the people of the Arabian Peninsula were polytheistic. Their beliefs
consisted of multiple powers that governed a chaotic and disorganized world, which mirrored their
view of society, man, and nature as separate elements. They worshiped various elements of life, like
the moon, the sun, ancestors and nature. The situation was entirely different in the surrounding
regions where there was a tectonic shift away from polytheism to monotheism. This influenced the
Arabian Peninsula because it was sandwiched between the Christian Byzantine Empire and the
Zoroastrian Sasanian Empire. The rise of Islam is quite logical in this religious climate. First and
foremost the fact that Islam is a monotheistic religion represents the overall rise in popularity of
monotheism and the decline of polytheism in the region. This was due in part to the religious
changes that came with the rise of Mecca and the intermingling of people that I previously
discussed. In this environment the idea of monotheism is introduced by traveling Christians and
Jews. This along with other concepts, theories and ideas, allowed for people to shake of the mental,
emotional, and religious restrains of the tribal society and envision new concepts of

Saudi Women 's Participation For Public Atmosphere
Saudi Women 's Participation in Public Atmosphere
Introduction
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the most influential countries in The Middle East. It is also a
key member of the Gulf Countries Cooperation, amalgamation of monarchies in the Arabian
Peninsula. Saudi Arabia is currently ruled by King Salman Al–Saud was crowned as the King on
January 23, 2015. Saudi Arabia is also the cofounder of The Organization of the Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC), which plays a significant rule in the global economy. The population
is about 30.0 million, one–half of which are women. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the biggest and
most crowded nation on the Arabian Peninsula, is the overseer of two of the holy Muslim cities:
Mecca and Medina, where Islam emerged: Those two cities attract more than 5 million visitors
annually.
Municipal election is a new system in Saudi Arabia. The first municipal election took place in 2005
after the former king Fhad made his announcement. According to Alghamdy in his research "Step
towards Democracy: "On 10 October 2003, the late King Fahd Bin Abdulaziz decided to put one
half of all municipal council seats to the vote 'within a year'. The Saudi Arabian Cabinet issued
Decision no. 224 to confirm and widen the participation of the citizens in running local affairs and
decision making" (Alghamdy, 2011). Indeed, there was no role for women on this decision and the
following one.
Although women constitute almost one–half of the nation, their

Imagine That You Must Negotiate a Contract with an...
HIA – ANYACHOR ADAOBI C.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is a Middle Eastern conservative country with age–old
traditions and belief systems that are derived from the Arab culture. The country has a prevailing
monarchy that is rich in Arab and Islamic heritage and a characteristic homogeneity in culture
(Anon, n.d). It occupies most of the Arabian Peninsula and it shares boundaries with Jordan, Kuwait,
Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Yemen and the Red Sea (Wikipedia). The introduction and acceptance
of Islam as a major religion is seen to be a driving force in its conservatory approach. This cultural
system predominant in KSA cut into various aspects of life and living. In the country, public
expressions of views are highly prohibited. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to his model, Hofstede classed KSA on a scale of about 80 on the power distance index
(Mead and Andrews, 2009, p.37). Saudi Arabia can also be assumed to be a county with a high
uncertainty avoidance index. Conflict and competition is usually avoided (Mead and Andrews,
2009). The slow–paced introduction of westernization into the culture reveals how the society is
resistant to change, the thought of which places undue anxiety and stress on the members of its
community. The attachment to family ties is a manifestation of its collectivistic approach in the
culture of the Saudis. The social identity is derived from a group membership he/she shares. Loyalty
to one's family members supersedes that of the individual; family involvement in personal life is
usually not seen as being invasive or interfering (Anon, 2008). Hofstede scores the Saudis as having
about 40 on the individualistic dimension (Mead and Andrews, 2009). Since this dimension
expresses independence, a low score would mean a higher tendency towards collectivism. Even
though the culture of the Saudis emphasizes hierarchy and autocracy, their mode of conflict
resolution is compromise. The Saudi Arabians believe in relationship building and on solidarity
(Anon, 2008), and thus characteristic of the feministic cultures. However, a masculinity feature is
also observed amongst its members of the society. Sex roles are not equally distributed as it is
expected that females who ought to be gentle,

Pre Islamic Period Of Arabian People
Shadhan Al–Mahrouqi Rifat Dika Arabic 399 9/30/2015 Pre–Islamic Period of Arabian People
Religion is a complicated multi–dimensional phenomenon that embraces all the spheres of people's
lives. Therefore, to analyze the meaning and objective effects of any religion, the researchers need
to study e a particular society before the appearance of religion. It is common knowledge that
understanding beliefs requires awareness of sociological, political, economic, psychological and
philosophical life of a particular society. This paper is aimed to explore the Arabian society's
condition in Pre–Islamic period and to prove that the spread of Muslimism has considerably
improved people's well–being, creating political and social structure. Pre–Islamic ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, the analysis should be performed on the basis of religious, political, economic and social
conditions of Pre–Islamic Arabia rather than geographical description of the region. Nevertheless,
the desert location of the land played not the last role in the formation of its radically different social
dynamics as compared to Egypt, Iran and other territories. First of all, Pre–Islamic society had no
political organization, including the absence of government. The matter is that Arabs accepted moral
authority of their tribe's chief, while any governmental leaders were not acknowledged. The absence
of government meant that Arabs had no order and law, whereas the behavior of individuals was
regulated by victim's decision to bring the offender to justice, which led to lawlessness and cruelty
(Berkey 40; Razwy n.pag.). The researcher Rodinson in his work states that "the free Arabs were
bound by no written code of law, and no state existed to enforce its statutes with the backing of a
police force" (Rodinson 190.). The factors that interrupted the Arabs from constant violence
included the fear of vendetta and reprisals. Rodinson adds: "The only protection for a man 's life was
the certainty established by custom, that it would be dearly bought. Blood for blood and a life for a
life. The vendetta, tha 'r in Arabic, is one of the pillars of Bedouin society" (215). Thus, Pre–Islamic
people's understanding of the world

Saudi Arabi An Arab Nation
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia is an Arab nation located on the Arabian Peninsula. Though there is
evidence that this peninsula has been inhabited for over 15,000 years, Saudi Arabia is a very young
country. "Since King Abdulaziz Al–Saud established the modern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932,
its transformation has been astonishing. In a few short decades, the Kingdom has turned itself from a
desert nation to a modern, sophisticated state and a major player on the international stage."
(saudiembassy.net) Saudi Arabia is rich with culture and valuable natural resources that make it a
key player in today's market. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as its officially known is the largest
Arab state in Western Asia by land area. Saudi Arabia ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Saudi Arabia's geographic location made it a strategic dream during the liberation of Kuwait. In
1991, Saudi Arabian, American and allied forces were involved both in bombing raids on Iraq and in
the land invasion that helped to liberate Kuwait. "The Saudi military consists of the Royal Saudi
Land Forces, the Royal Saudi Air Force, the Royal Saudi Navy, the Royal Saudi Air Defense, the
Saudi Arabian National Guard (SANG, an independent military force), and paramilitary forces,
totaling nearly 200,000 active–duty personnel" (lcweb2.loc.gov). "Saudi Arabia, once a country of
small cities and towns, has become increasingly urban; traditional centers such as Jiddah, Mecca,
and Medina have grown into large cities, and the capital, Riyadh, a former oasis town, has grown
into a modern metropolis. Many of the region's traditional nomads, the Bedouin, are in cities or
agrarian communities. The sedentary population of the country views those few Bedouin who
maintain the traditional desert lifestyle with deep ambivalence. They are, at the same time, the link
to the country's past and its solid foundation" (Teitelbaum). Although most of Saudi Arabia is
uninhabited, it still boasts a population of more than 27.3 million people. They use modern forms of
communication such as cellular phones, satellite television, and the internet. Broadcast media is
state controlled and internet use is limited, but in 2009, there were nearly 10 million internet users in
the country.

The Sculpture Bas Relief : Nemesis, Allat And The Dedicator
Introduction
The sculpture Bas–relief: Nemesis, Allat and the dedicator (c.) (figure1) was construction in 2nd or
3rd century AD in the Hejaz peninsula for the pagans to worship and blessings is considered
conventional in its day. The sculpture contains three chief goddesses and daughters of 'Allah'. While
the maker is unknown, the sculptures were imported from the Eastern and the Western worlds. There
was an influence from the western stone sculptures from Europe. Some of the goddesses were also
imported from India. This certain type of goddesses usually belong to the historical period from 2nd
century AD to late 5th century AD or until Muhammad's prophecy(570 AD– 632AD. Currently
these sculptures are located in Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon, France. We will analyse its social–
cultural designation, its material and construction methods, iconography, and functions all contribute
to its conventional label in blessings, worship, and....[3]
Background
The sculpture contains the three chief goddesses named: Al–lat, Al–Manat, and Al–Uzza. In the pre–
Islamic era, the three sculptures were located inside the Kaaba including the other 360 deities
representing the days of the year. There were also various temples to worship these three deities
around the Arabian Peninsula. The Kaaba is located in Mecca, Saudi Arabia and was the center to
pagan deities from the Hejaz peninsula. According to Islamic traditions, 'Allah' ordered the first man
on Earth Adam (date) built the Kaaba, however it

The Challenges Of The Kuwait Diplomacy
Kuwait Diplomacy
Over the twentieth century there has always been a struggle of power within the middle east, and
particularly between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Amongst the nations in the Arabian Peninsula,
the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has always been at the most power and influential country. Saudi
Arabia and Iran were always polar opposites of each other. When Saudi Arabia first produced its oil,
it saw its economy benefit and heighten much more than Iran could do with its oil reserves. Oil was
one of the major element with Saudi Arabia and its neighboring countries that attracted Western
powers to its side and supported its foreign policies in direct opposition to Iran. After overthrowing
the Shah of Iran, the recession led to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The collapse of a state's authority and rise of militias and terrorist groups undermined other states'
sovereignty and led to more violent proxy wars. Without the Iraqi buffer between the GCC and Iran,
more proxy wars began to spread all over the Middle East. One of the reasons that states in the
Arabian Peninsula were able to standoff terrorist attacks and proxy wars is because of the authority
the leaders wield which is forged over hundreds of years, the close kinship between the states have
proved detrimental to their survival in the past which is why they did not fall to terrorists in the way
Yemen, Iraq and Syria had.
The unique aspect that surrounds Iran is it is the only predominantly Shi'a nations that is under a
Shi'a authority; one way to understand Iran is that it is the polar opposite of what the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia is. Iran remains isolated in the region, not as isolated as it was before Saddam Hussein
was in charge of Iraq but it is still slowly spreading its influence around the GCC and surrounding
nations through Hezbollah, which had support from Iran and is present in Lebanon, Bahrain, Yemen
and Syria. Gulf States recognize Hezbollah as a terrorist organization.
However, it is important to clarify that not all of the conflicts in the Middle East occur because of
Shi'a–Sunni factions. When discussing religion in the Middle East, another classification that is
often overlooked or ignored is race and ethnicity. In

Political Instability And Armed Conflicts
The Arab world today is shrouded in controversy. Political instability and armed conflicts are
portrayed as the norm throughout the Middle East. According to the pseudo regional specialists, the
causes behind all the conflicts faced are obvious, religion and radicalism. Yet this fails to answer the
question, "why", which opens the door to better understand the foundation of the present day Arab
states. This questions the origins to why the Arabs chose to leave the Ottoman Empire and take
support from the British Empire, which at the time seemed contradictory. Unless British
involvement with the Arabs had enticed the revolution, then to what extent did European Jihadist
propaganda sway the Arabs to revolt against the Ottoman Empire in 1916? This paper will discuss
that the Arab revolt against the Ottomans was in an effort take control of the Arab territories for
themselves without the need for external influence to push them into making the decision. As such,
the alternative explanation would be that Sharif Hussein was influenced by the British into believing
that the revolt was his opportunity to liberate the Arabs from the Ottomans. Illustrating this point
will be by examining circumstances that had led to the Arab's decision, understanding how
European intervention and motives shaped the revolt, and assessing the incentives the Arabs had for
revolting. In order to fully understand the nature of the revolt from the eyes of the Arabs, and their
reasons for their actions

Al Qaeda Of The Arabian Peninsula
Running Head: Napier Final Paper
Final Paper: Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Adam Napier COMM 3597.02: Media and
Terrorism MWF 1:50 – 2:45 Emily Davidson Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) is a
branch of the Islamic organization known as al Qaeda. The AQAP is based in Yemen and was
formed in 2009 after an announcement that Yemeni and Saudi terrorists were unifying under a
common banner (National Counterterrorism Center [NCTC], 2014). The AQAP is now considered
the most active and dangerous branch of al Qaeda (Masters, 2014).
Yemen has a history of Jihadist activity dating back to the late 1990s when veterans of the Soviet–
Afghanistan war returned home. When the Soviet Union fell, the jihadist believed that ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
As stated by al–Qaeda, the enemies of Islam include Heretics, Shiites, America, and Israel (Wright,
2006). Al Qaeda's and AQAP's religious and mystic beliefs aid the group because "whenever we
respond with violence of any kind, we assist the terrorists in mobilizing the recruits" (Stern, 2003, p.
289).
AQAP aligns with the DNA of symbolic terrorism because the group is the closest version to Osama
bin Laden's al–Qaeda, which is built around a sense of Denial of their identity and by a perceived
threat to the Islamic world, Negation of the West and its ideas, and Affirmation through an identity
that provides a model of heroic action (Rowland & Theye, 2008).
The AQAP is responsible for a number of high profile attacks which include attacks against US
assets in the Arabian Peninsula. The first attack that AQAP claimed was the bombing of USS Cole
in 2000 which killed 17 US sailors. The group was also linked to the attack in September of 2008
against the US embassy in Sana'a in which militants fired rockets and detonated bombs that killed
10 Yemeni guards and 4 civilians ("Profile," 2012). In 2009, AQAP launched its first attack outside
of Yemen. The target was Prince Mohammed bin Nayef of Saudi Arabia, however, the attack failed
(Profile, 2012). AQAP has also claimed involvement in the 2009 Christmas Day bombing attempt
where Umar Farouk

The Time Of Ignorance: The History Of Arabia
Lying at the confluence of the three major continents of Asia, Africa, and Europe, the land of Arabia
consists of vast deserts. The time in Arabian history, which preceded the birth of Islam is known as
The Time Of Ignorance, judging by the beliefs and practices of the pagan Arab. The Arabs practiced
various "religions" at that time; Idol worshipers/Polytheists, Atheists, Zindiqs, Sabines, Jews,
Christians, and Monotheists.
The remarkable feature about the politic life is the lack of political organization of any form. Except
Yemen, the Arabian Peninsula did not have government, and did not acknowledge any authority
except their tribal chiefs, which were based on their character and personality, rather than political
beliefs. The only law of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This category includes the crimes of murder an battery. The punishment is either exact retribution or
compensation (Diyya)
Generally the Islamic economy is described as neither socialist nor capitalist but "a third way".
The most important characteristics of an Islamic economy are:
–"The behavioral norms and moral foundations" derived from the Quran and Sunnah (the teachings
of Muhammad and the way he lived his life)
–Collection of Zakat (alms) and other Islamic taxes.
–Prohibition of interest charged on loans.
–Prohibition of the presence of uncertainty in a contract.
–Prohibition of gambling.
–The encouragement of mutual cooperation.
Islam has always placed a strong emphasize on hygiene. Before prayer, one preforms a series of
washing parts of the body using water.
Other features to the hygiene in Islam is the dietary law. Islam prohibits:
–Pork.
–Animals slaughtered in the name of anyone but "Allah".
–Carrion.
–An animal that has been strangled, beaten or gored to death, killed, and savaged by a prey.
–Blood.
–Intoxicants and alcoholic beverages.
In Islam, Muslims also have to fast one month (Ramadan) per year, which means not to drink or eat
anything from sunrise to

Why Did Islam Spread Quickly Dbq Analysis
In 610 CE, a merchant named muhammad was meditating in a cave on mount. Hira found in the
Arabian Peninsula when the archangel Gabriel came with a message for muhammad telling him to
believe in the one and only true god Allah, therefore creating the religion of Islam. Over the years
Islam grew but Islam spread much more quickly than other religions, but why? Some historians
believe that it spread quickly because of military conquest, while others are certain it was because of
trade routes all around the 3 continents. Then again it could have also been because of
treaties,taxes,and tolerations. Military Conquest,Treaties and Taxes and Tolerations, and trade routes
were the 3 most believed reasons on why Islam spread so fast. Trade Routes might have been the
most explainable reason for the quick growth of Islam. Trade routes(doc A) might have been the
most important part of the quick spread of Islam because since they reached over from the arabian
Peninsula to Asia in the east and Constantinople to the north. In this document it states that"....First
it was at the crossroads of the lucrative(profitable) caravan trade. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
C) were one of the main reasons believed to have helped Islam spread quickly. Document C is a
treaty between Spain and muslims after their war signed in 713 CE. In the document it
states"...We[al–Aziz's forces] will not harass him[Theodmir]....as long as he remains sincere and
fulfills these conditions...". This evidence proves that the muslims were the ones in control of the
people of Spain and was perhaps used as a message for other people that they would rule but they
would still rule fairly over everyone. This treaty was written and signed by the king of spain,
Theodmir and the commander of the muslim forces, 'Abd al–'Aziz. It is reliable information because
it is a treaty that was written by the 2 important people and as well as the facts and details that were
given were also

Saudi Aramco Essays
Saudi Aramco
The largest world supplier oil company is Saudi Aramco. It is the most profitable company on the
earth. Since it is the most powerful oil company, it has a great impact on the world economy. As a
result, a strong international relationship was built with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In addition,
the strong developing of international relationship with other industrial countries resulted in massive
contributions to the politics, economy, and many different aspects. In 1933, Saudi government
bestowed oil concession to California Arabian Standard Oil Company (Chevron). The main factor
for this grant was to explore the oil in the eastern region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. After
discovering a huge amount of oil, part of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the Arab Peninsula was not like other Arab countries which were colonized. Arab
Peninsula which eventually became Kingdom of Saudi Arabia remained relinquished with no
boundaries. After King Abdul Aziz who was supported by Great Britain united Arabs and defeated
the hostiles in quarter of century of severe wars began to search for investments in order to reinforce
his economy. He was urging British Petroleum to explore the oil in Saudi Arabia while the British
Petroleum company was negotiating with him not for interest but for preventing other companies to
enter this area. However, a former British official who had left his service and converted to Islam
became a loyal adviser for King Abdul Aziz, John Philby, and so he did a great job bringing foreign
companies to the Kingdom. In fact, he was the one who suggested opening a competition among the
oil companies. Taking that suggestion, King Abdul Aziz signed a sixty years oil concession
agreement with Chevron in 1933 covering the whole eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Faced with
such difficulties exploring job, Chevron had to sell 50% of the concession to Texaco. Surprisingly,
that area became the richest oil area, and it still is even today.
Interconnecting with the USA:
It was vital to nationalize Chevron and Texaco due to many factors. First, the two companies were
concerned that the Nazi move might come through the Persian Gulf. Another factor was the

The Islamic Faith : Born On The Arabian Peninsula
The Islamic faith was born on the Arabian Peninsula. In the sixth century the Arabian Peninsula was
a place of refuge from two major apposing powers the Christian Byzantine kingdom and the
Zoroastrain Persian Kingdom (Allen & Tooraw, 2011). During this time Mohammad Ibn Abadallah
was born. When he was forty years old he had his first vision, proclaiming that Allah was the one
true god and rejecting the idol worship of Mecca and thus began the Islamic faith (Allen & Tooraw,
2011). The Quran is the Islamic book of worship and is believe to be the word of God transcribed by
Muhammad with the guidance of the angel Gabriel (Allen & Tooraw, 2011). The Quran is a center
point for Islamic worship. There are observances and practices in which a Muslim must observe.
Including the Five Pillars of Faith, the confession (there is no God but God), Salat (praying five
times a day facing Mecca), Zakat (almsgiving), fasting (during Ramadan from sun– up until sun–
down), and Hajj (a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime) (Allen & Tooraw, 2011). Both of
these are important aspects and ideas of the Islamic faith. Today there are over 1.5 billion Muslims
in the world and Muslims account for one fourth of the population (Al–Qazwini, 2010). There is no
Islamic state, Muslims are spread throughout the world. This can be problematic because there is no
official place for Muslims to go. There are more than fifty–seven Muslim states around the world
(Al–Qazwini, 2010). Islam is the third

Al-Qaeda Essay
The second phase: Planning to establish Al–Qaeda had began in Saudi Arabia at the beginning of the
nineties of the last century, and it was remarkable there were some operations of Al–Qaeda
organization before actually inception., such as:
In 1995, car bomb attack on Vinnell Corporation Office led to the deaths of six people, including
five Americans.
In 1996, The building is inhabited by US soldiers in Khobar as a result 19 dead and about 500
wounded, that was a coordination between al–Qaida and the Saudi Shiite Hezbollah in Eastern
Province. the organization cells had been formed at the beginning of two groups. The first group
who had trained in Afghanistan camps and participated in the fighting. The second group who did
not take up arms after, and they were unable to visit Afghanistan at ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The beginnings of its foundation was back to the founder of ISIS Abu Musab al–Zarqawi. He was a
Jordanian who went to Afghanistan in 1989 to participate in the defeat of the Soviet Union. When
Zarqawi returned to Jordan, he became aspired to create a caliphate and defections from Al–Qaeda.
Zarqawi took advantage of the Islamist character to attract young people and increase followers.
Zarqawi convinced that the killing of Shiites and stimulated a civil war between Shiites and Sunnis
would restore the prestige and glory of the Islamic caliphate. Zarqawi was looked at first to get rid
of the US presence in Iraq, therefore he carried out several attacks with supporting from Syria and
Iran. The aim of the attack on the US forces is a attractive factor for his supporters and prove the
sincerity of his intentions. He announced his rebellion against al–Qaeda after bin Laden's objection
to some of his policy pursued in Iraq and that it will undermine the strength of Al–Qaeda. He
announced his defection and formed the organization of so–called

How Did The Ottoman Empire Differ From Earlier And The...
story
02/28/2016
Mid–Term
How did the Ottoman Empire differ from earlier Islamic empires in the Middle East?
The Ottoman Empire, or Ottoman Turkish, was one of the longest in history, having gone through
the whole modern era and only come to an end with the end of World War I in 1918. The event that
is commonly taken by historians as the inaugurator of the Modern age is the fall of Constantinople,
the center of the Byzantine Empire, and was triggered by the Turkish–Ottoman. Also, you certainly
heard about the Arabs, the Muslim religion and Islam. Certainly we have also had contact with some
of the achievements of the Arabs, as the Arabic numerals, the number zero or even a compass. These
contributions of Arab and Islamic peoples to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ordering of the army was one of the main assets of the Ottoman Empire. There was a formation
of elite warriors, called Janissaries (or Yeniceri in Turkish), they became one of the greatest war
machines of the period.
The control by the Ottomans expanded toward the Arabian Peninsula and Mesopotamia during the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The Sultan Mome II, or Mehemd (1432–1481), was responsible
for the defeat of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, when he claimed for himself the title of caliph, full
name of a Muslim political, meaning sovereign over all Muslims. It was the first time a Turkish–
Ottoman, not an Arab, received the title of caliph. It was then that Constantinople was renamed
Istanbul.
The cultural and political legacy of the Ottoman Empire still reflects up today in Arab nations such
as Turkey and Saudi Arabia. In the capital of Turkey, Istanbul, there are examples of art and
architecture Muslim living with art and Byzantine architecture, product of Christian orthodoxy. The
most sumptuous monuments are the Church of St. Sophia and the Blue Mosque. Since then, the
Ottoman Empire came to dominate a region that included Anatolia, the Balkans, North Africa, the
Arabian Peninsula and much of Asia Minor. One of the most striking events of the twentieth century
was perpetrated by the Ottoman Empire: the genocide of the Armenians, between 1915 and 1917,
during the First World

How Did The Arab Peninsula Affect The Arabian Peninsula?
During the early history of Islam, the Arabian Peninsula was transformed due to the rise of Islam.
Thanks to the increase of Islam across the Arabian Peninsula, Arabs were able to construct an
enormous empire after the death of Mohammod due to several reasons. The reasons include having
a shared faith, Arab citizens found wealth and social promotion in the military, the Persian and
Byzantine empires were weakened, and expansion of the empire became a shared task among the
Arab community (Strayer 369–71). One of the ways the Arabs were able to construct their empire so
rapidly is because the shared faith in Islam enabled the new organized state to mobilize the military
protentional all throughout the Arab population (Strayer 371). Arab citizens/individuals found great
wealth and social promotion by being a part of the military and having the same religious beliefs
(Strayer 369). Therefore, the shared faith allowed unity and mobilization of the military across the
Arabian Peninsula and Arab population. In addition to the shared faith and mobilization of military
across the population, the Arabs were able to create a vast empire due to the decline of the Persian
and Byzantine empire (Strayer 371). The Persian and Byzantine empire became weak after the
decades of war against each other (Strayer 371). Also, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Arab community found unity in being a part of the same faith which led many individuals to
view the mission of the empire in terms of Jihad (Strayer 369). The Arab individuals mission
became to bring righteous government to the people/groups they conquered. Expanding the empire
became a large task as the empire grew. As a result, expanding the empire provided a common task
for the Arab community. The common task helped reinforced the unity of the umma, the community
of Muslims bound together by religion (Strayer

Essay Political Unrest in Yemen, Terrorism, and America
The U.S. has a tough stance when it comes to terrorism, especially in regions where terrorist groups
look to take advantage of a people or a situation. In this paper I hope to answer questions pertaining
to how the political unrest in Yemen began, how Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula were formed
and what effects they have in the region as well as the implications to American policies and
interests in the Horn of Africa area. Yemen is a poor and unstable state where the political and social
problems are an issue that some groups will look to exploit while others have a vested interest in
stability. An analysis of the past and present political, economic and social issues in Yemen reveals
two major issues: The ability for terrorist ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A civil war would ensue with the revolutionaries having the support of the Egyptians and the USSR
and the royalist receiving support from Saudi Arabia and Jordan until the eventual defeat of the
royalists in 1969. This would give way to a Republican government and the rise of current President
of Yemen, Ali Abdullah Saleh in 1990.
Britain controlled and occupied the south during the civil war in the north. In the 1960s the National
Liberation Front (NLF) would fight the British and with Soviet influence, the southern portion of
Yemen would become the first and only Marxist state in the Arab world winning independence in
1967. In 1990, the poor conditions and economic decay of the south would lead to a merger which
would form what we know today as The Republic of Yemen. The former leaders in the south would
find their way north in order to play a role in the newly formed government, but the current
President Saleh, who would retain his position in the newly formed state, would consistently
overlook them. The lack of representation and the steady decline of living conditions in southern
Yemen would reach a boiling point, and, in 1994 another civil war would be fought on Yemen soil,
only this time the battle was amongst the Yemeni people. Infuriated about differences over power
sharing and the relative pace of integration, southern Yemen would call for

Ibn Taymiyyah Research Paper
Ibn Taymiyyah was born in Haran (modern day Jordan, Syria, and Palestine), in the year 1263. He
moved with his family when he was seven years old due to the Mongol invasion. After his father's
death in 1284, he started giving lessons on Hadith– (a set of traditions that is based on the saying of
the prophet Muhammad peace be upon him). He selected some parts of the Quran and Sunnah, and
turned it to an ideology that is based on violence. His way of thinking was controversial and many
scholars undermined his interpretation of the Quran, which made him a minority figure for his time
and the following centuries. His ideas dominated the contemporary Wahhabism, Salafism, and
jihadism writers.
Muhammad Ibn Abd al–Wahab
Muhammad Ibn Abd al–Wahab was born in Saudi Arabia, in 1703. He is an activist reformer of
Islam, he influenced by Ibn Taymiayyah doctrine that was controversial in his time. His ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He established the state of Saudi Arabia and instituted the investment of its oil. Before he became
the king, the Rashids tribal took away his family's lands and they sent them to Kuwait without
money. In 1902, Ibn Saud, 21, and 60 of his brothers and cousins went to take back their land from
the Rashids tribal. He took control over Riyadh, but to take over all the Arabian Peninsula he asked
for help from the Ikhwan "Muslim brothers"– they are Wahhabi Islamic Puritans that want to expand
their version of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula, and nomadic Bedouins. With the help of the Ikhwan,
ibn Saud took territory after another, until he captured Mecca and Medina and became the ruler of
the two holy cities. The Ikhwan wanted to spread Wahhabism, but ibn Saud tried to prevent them, so
they rebelled against him. With the approval of the ulama– religious authorities, ibn Saud destroys
them. However, his son made a religious political agreement with Muhammad Ibn Abd al–Wahab in
early 1930s to help him rule over the

The Origin Of Christianity : Mystery Cults
The origin of Christianity begins with mystery cults. These mystery cults were secret rituals where
you have to be initiated into the group in order to be a part of the group. These cults believe in the
concept of the Afterlife or paradise. In order for an individual to reach the Afterlife, you would have
to reach Judgment. There are also intercessors that try to help you reach paradise however most
intercessors appeal to the disenfranchised, which means that you do not have a vote. The cult of Isis
was mostly lead by females. This cult was able to spread but it slowly disappeared after the Virgin
Mary is claimed to be the mother of God. The Cult of Mithra was a male only cult and it was very
popular with the military. Many Christians believe in the Messianic Theory. The Messianic Theory
is the idea that the coming of the Messiah. Around 1000 BCE, Zarathustra founded Zoroastrianism.
Zoroastrianism is based on a monotheist religion. When Zarathustra died, he left behind a holy text
which is known as the Avesta. The holy text states that Ahura Mazda is the figure of good and he is
fighting against Ahriman which is the figure of evil. The people were created by Ahura Mazda to
have Free Will meaning the people can chose to follow either Ahura Mazda or Ahriman. If an
individual die they would have to walk across the Bridge of Chinvat in order to enter into paradise.
If an individual followed Ahriman during their lifetime, the bridge would become narrower as they
walk across.

The Life Of Prophet Muhammad
Amine Lehachi
Islamic History 1100
Mrs. Jorati
September 20th, 2015 The Life of Prophet Muhammad
The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH–Peace be upon him) is the messenger of God in Islam. He was
born in the city of Makkah (Mecca) in the Arabian Peninsula around 570 CE. Many historians
believe he became an orphan at a very early age. The Arabian Peninsula at the time had no law or
order; people were described as savages for their ill customs and traditions. People of Arabia
worshipped idols and ancient Arabian religions; some were also Christian and Jewish. When it came
to religion people were divided in the region, people were divided into tribes and had different sets
of beliefs. Prophet Muhammad set to change this, he wanted to unify the region and establish an
independent nation. Before he started his Prophecy he married an older woman, a widow named
Khadijah, for whom he had worked for in the caravan trade. When he was a merchant, he was
known as al–Amin, the trusted one. When Prophet Muhammad was forty years old, he had a
profound experience that really changed his life. In this essay I will evaluate the significant events
of his career starting with The First revelation; The migration to Medina and lastly the great Battle
of Badr. These significant events play an important role on how the foundation of a newly reformed
monotheistic religion called Islam came to be.
A significant event that really changed the course of his life was when Prophet Muhammad was 40
years old.

Yemen Research Paper
YEMEN
The country of Yemen name is derived from a legendary ancestor named Yaman, the son of Qahtan.
The official name of this country in present day is called the Republic of Yemen. A sign of Yemen
early civilizations date back to (1200–650 B.C.) during this time Yemen was under control of the
Minaean kingdom. Known as one of the first places to have human population the land of Yemen
has always been under control of other successful civilizations. This country's geographic location
has lead to many conflicts from merging into one Republic, to being at war with Yemen rebels while
trying to regain control of the government.
The Republic of Yemen occupies the southwest tip of the Arabian Peninsula on the Red Sea opposite
Ethiopia and extends along the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its location between the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea was a key reason why so many civilizations
wanted control over the land. It was also a great source for trade routes and sea ports. First occupied
by the Minaean Kingdom during the years of (1200–650 B.C.), the kingdom relied on frankincense
and spices to gain its wealth. Rome, Ethiopia, and Persia also occupied Yemen before its eventual
conversion into an Islamic country. The 9th century marked a turning point for the Yemeni people.
This was the first century that the land was ruled by its own dynasty. During this time Yemen was
able to create its own type of Arabic Islamic culture. From the 12th century into the mid 19th
century the country of Yemen was in constant war with people trying to take over their land to gain
better trade routes and take over the Yemen coffee trade that was so heavily depended on during that
time. The land was then divided into two countries when the British gained control of the city of
Aden and when the Ottomans took over North Yemen. It wasn't until May 22, 1990 that North and
South Yemen merged back together and became The Republic of

The Expread Of MERS-Cov In Arabian Peninsula
The research will educate people about the spread of MERS– CoV in Arabian Peninsula especially
in Jeddah. When people understand how much the disease diffusion they can know how necessary it
is to protect themselves and in doing so reduce the cases of new infections (Hui, 2016). In case an
individual notices early signs of the illness he or she can take measures that this research will
provide to avoid the risk of further transmission. For instance, the research will provide new ways in
which health workers and the public, in general, should react in case they come across infected
person or when people are handling camels and their products (Hui, 2016). Future prevention and
control measures are still necessary. Despite this progress in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These perspectives included that MERS–CoV was unexpected and unfamiliar to most physicians in
the Republic of Korea, which was neglected in nosomic environments, hospital emergency rooms
were overcrowded with prevention and control measures suboptimal and the role of Korean culture
where she was hospitalized patients are visited by many friends and family members (WHO, Risk
Assessment, 2015). Another recommendation to the Korean epidemic was the need for mastery in
global health to Prevention of a growing pandemic, include an increase MERS isolation rooms at
negative pressure. In addition, non–stick precautions should be added to standard healthcare
precautions when treating any patient with symptoms of acute respiratory infection (WHO,
Surveillance guidance, 2015).– Encourage other researchers to clarify the route of transmission.
Another important suggestion made by the public health experts is collaboration between the human
and animal health sectors in the affected countries. An alliance between the two domains is essential
to understand the risk of transmission of MERS–CoV between animals and humans, that there is a
seasonal variation in virus circulation in animals and reservoir (s) of MERS– CoV

Al-Qa`ida in the Arabian Peninsula: Is it a Front for US...
AQAP's objectives are unclear and unrealistic, leading some to believe AQAP is a front for US
presence Many respondents commented on what they deemed were unclear and unrealistic goals
laid down by AQAP. While some cited the establishment of Sharia law or the use of Yemen as a
launch pad for further attacks to conquer neighboring lands as AQAP objectives, others explained
that AQAP's failure to achieve these goals was due to the fact that AQAP did not know what it was
doing and that it is a belligerent group with only one real objective: to fight for the sake of fighting.
Indeed, while AQAP claim their goals are to unite Islamic lands in one caliphate, they are instead
killing their own brothers and displacing entire families. Instead of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The target of the attacks is most often police stations and buildings belonging to the security forces
or intelligence services. Other targets in Shabwah include oil installations. Ambushes mainly target
members of the armed forces and army convoys, as well as camps serving as bases for soldiers in
charge of guarding oil wells in the area. Al Qa'ida militants also regularly set off car bombs and
launch co–ordinated attacks on Yemeni military barracks in Shabwah. AQAP is also known to
kidnap and then execute Yemeni troops. RECRUITMENT EFFORTS REO communication efforts
with locals (GQ) (DI)/ Recruitment efforts in mosques, madrasas, etc.(DI) AQAP uses emotive and
ideological rhetoric to attract youth Respondents reported that AQAP uses emotive religious rhetoric
to attract followers, especially from among the younger generation. By rebranding itself as Ansar Al
Sharia, AQAP emphasized its implementation of Sharia, a concept which many in the area rushed
instinctively to support. AQAP and its affiliated groups also claim to be attempting to create a
suitable ground for the army they believe will free Jerusalem and Palestine and defeat the "Zionists
and Crusaders". Indeed, AQAP bases much of its recruitment efforts on widespread anti–US
feelings. To do so, AQAP make use of videos that highlight the casualties and damages caused by
US bombings. Respondents reported that residents of regions such

Report on Business Culture in Saudi Arabia
Report on Business Culture in Saudi Arabia
Executive summary: With the globalization of world business, Saudi Arabia has become an
appealing market for foreign investors. But there has long been belief that the market of Saudi
Arabia is difficult to develop and the culture there is inconsistent with the world. The problem of
cross–cultural management arises as the cooperation between Saudi Arabia and its world partners
continue to increase at an unprecedented rate. This paper analyses commercial and cultural feature
of Saudi Arabia, presenting an understanding on the general cultural differences between Saudi
Arabia and Singapore by applying different cultural dimensions. And it explains the influence of
Arabia commercial culture on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
'Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category
of people from another.' (Hofstede, 1991) There are four cultural dimensions that were defined in
Hofstede's research: Power distance, Uncertainty avoidance, Individualism, Masculinity, and
recently Hofstede add one more: long–term–short–term orientation. In this part of paper,
comparison between Singapore and Saudi Arabia will be discussed, by focusing Hofstede's cultural
dimensions as a point of reference 2.1 The dimension of individualism–collectivism
We know that there is a diverse population in Singapore, consisting mainly of Chinese, Malay and
Indians, all of which does not possess one single dominant national identity. Drawing on a variety of
traditions, different ethnic groups all consider themselves important parts of the diverse society of
Singapore. However, In the Saudi Arabia society, most people believe in Islam, and religious control
of Islam and its influence on the country are political, economical and can be seen in people's daily
life. Neglecting of religion may cause troubles in business activities. In Islam canon, the most
important are: religious service, almsgiving, fasting and pilgrimage and other activities. Religious
service is a ceremony that shows gratitude,

Saudi Arabia And The Islamic World
When it comes to the Middle Eastern continent the most significant and popular country is known as
Saudi Arabia. The fact following certain aspects and a shared history with Islamic religion makes it
the most well known place in the world for Muslims as well as the entire Arab world. Saudi Arabia
lies and covers most of the Arabian Peninsula, inclusive of the Red Sea. The first concrete evidence
of human existence in the Arab world takes us back 15000 to 20000 years. Tribes of hunters and
gatherers survived on this land, abolishing hunger through wild animals and plants. Over the
centuries, the peninsula has played the role in history as an ancient trade center and the birthplace of
Islam, one of the most monotheistic religions that exist in the world, even today! Saudi Arabia is not
only the homeland of Arabs, but also the homeland of Islam. The Prophet Muhammad PBUH
founded Islam in the two holiest places in the Islamic world, Mecca and Medina, which to this day
exist within the borders of Saudi Arabia. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded by King Abdul
Aziz in the early 1900's. After establishing Riyadh as his headquarters, Abdul Aziz captured several
neighboring areas, including Mecca and Medina, during the time period of 1924 to 1925 and during
the process; he united the warring tribes into one nation. Finally, on September 23, 1925, the country
was given the name of Saudi Arabia, with Arabic as its national language and its constitution being
based on the Holy

Why Did Islam Spread So Fast?
At the time of 610 C.E. Allah's messenger Muhammed spread a message to the Muslims which
started the intense creation of the second most popular religion we know as Islam. In just a short
amount of time the Islam religion spread so far, it even took over the whole Arabian peninsula from
where it started. How does Islam spread so fast? Here are two of three reasons possible that mainly
caused all of this. At first, the main reason Islam spread would be trade and trade routes. According
to the map of the seventh grade medieval world history book, the book shows where the Arabian
Peninsula is located. There are a lot of trade routes where people from next door countries can easily
be taught about the Islam religion from Muslims traveling on routes. Another reason why trade was
such a big deal for Islam's spread is that people from different cities and countries would want to go
to the Arabian Peninsula to give and get supplies or food where the travelers can easily be opened to
a new religion that they were taught and might be interested in. Another reason Islam spread so fast
would be from a treaty that the commander of the Muslims and the Christian King both signed to
end their war. According to the treaty the Muslims now had control of the Christians and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From a Muslim historian Ahmad al–Biladuri, his document talks about the war the Muslims and the
Greeks had together. This document does not really help Islam spread according to this one quote,
"Cut the arms of these non–Muslims with your swords!" That quote directly states that the Muslims
did not want to capture anyone as slave but to slaughter them. Muslims did not teach anyone about
Islam when they were at this war. At least the last two reasons had one idea to explain the spread,
but when the Muslims were at war this did not spread the teachings of Islam to the Greeks or

Climate Change Essay
1 Impact of Climate Change:
Rainfall and temperature are the main parameters to measure the climate in a region. These two
variables were studied in detail for the Arabian Peninsula as well as for Saudi Arabia (Elagib and
Mansell, 2000; Lazaro et al., 2001; Moonen et al., 2002; Islam et al., 2010). It is worth mentioning
that, the frequencies of rainfall intensity are significantly required for several engineering purposes;
one of them is the estimation of extreme floods. Besides, rainfall data can be identified by three
parameters; frequency, duration, and either mean intensity or depth. The rainfall event frequency is
usually expressed by its return period or recurrence interval. Many researches relevant to climate
change and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He predicted an increment in temperature between (4.27 and 3.1) °C in the central region, while, the
precipitation varied between 40% increase and 7% decrease.
Evans (2009) and (2010) analyzed climate change over the Middle East during the 21st Century as
predicted by two models: (1) 18 Global Climate Models (GCMs); (2) Pennsylvania State
University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Atmospheric Model (MM5). The
results showed a widespread warming with a maximum of nearly four °C in center and near–western
of Saudi Arabia during summer. Meanwhile, the precipitation increases were found over some parts
of Saudi Arabia mainly during summer and early autumn.
Almazroui (2012) analyzed the rainfall and temperature climatology over the Arabian Peninsula
using various gridded data sets on an annual basis. He analyzed the climatic data sets from 27
ground observations for the period (1978–2009) in Saudi Arabia. He found that the rainfall over
Saudi Arabia is rapidly decreasing between (1994 –2009), whereas it was increasing from 1979 to
1993.
All the above mentioned studies regarding future climate change impacts in the central region of
Saudi Arabia predicted higher temperatures, while the change in the total amount of annual
precipitation had experienced different opinions. It is worth mentioning that, the increase of total
annual precipitation could be represented by either increase in the magnitude of individual

Mexican Venus
Formal Qualities
The dimensions of the sculpture are not known from the research as the Saudi government has the
polytheistic sculptures and work censored. Saudi Arabia only lends the sculptures to the Non–
Muslim country museum with strict censorship deal with the loaned country. Most of the
polytheistic sculptures were destroyed in Muhammad's time when Islam started to grow. The relief
is stone carved with written language which might say "Blessings to the tribe". The line structures
are both thick and thin.The contours are flat with rounded faces and triangular noses. The texture
would have been smooth and detailed. There is no color in the sculpture; it would be left as natural
white color of the limestone. This sculpture would have become ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They all gathered in Arabia once a year for pilgrimage to give offerings to these deities in Mecca.
All the polytheists also brought the reliefs and sculptures to keep in the Kaaba for blessings. We see
the same sculptures and reliefs throughout the peninsula. Thus, the methods and functionality of the
piece remained the same, for blessings from the gods. All the pagans in the peninsula had same gods
of same blessings, worship, and fertility. The Saudi government censors the remains of this culture
and much of these pieces were destroyed when Islam grew in the Arabian Peninsula. The Saudi
government only loans the sculpture to the Non–Muslim countries with a deal on strict censorship
on the pre–Islamic material culture. Thus, only a few pieces are remaining to compare the
conventionality of the pieces. The pieces that are not destroyed and remained for public viewings
after strict censorship are every similar material and culture. This could also mean that the pieces are
from a same tribe or same place. However, the trade and the pilgrimage to Mecca once a year for
pilgrims in the pre–Islamic time could also imply that most people had same religion or culture and
worshipped the same gods and

Notes On The World And The Arabian Peninsula

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Notes On The World And The Arabian Peninsula