Mahoma

Courtesy: http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/accessislam/timeline.html

Islam is a word derived from the Arabic "salima"
which can be translated as submission to the will
of God, obedience, peace or salvation. Represents
a Saudi-born religion promoted by the preaching of
Muhammad in the early decades of the seventh
century. [0]
[0] http://www.arteguias.com/islam.htm
World Muslim population by percentage (Pew
Research Center, 2014).
Courtesy:Wikipedia Common.

Courtesy: http://www.slideshare.net/luisjosanchez/mapas-histricos-de-la-edad-media

Arcadio: East Roman Empire
Honorio: Western Roman Empire
EMPEROR
THEODOSIUS
DIVIDED THE
EMPIRE
BETWEEN HIS
SONS
Division of the Roman Empire.

The East Roman Empire: Byzantine Empire.

Byzantine 7th century (before the rise of Islam).

The Arabian Peninsula.
 Its physical aspects: Deserted.
The two group of inhabitants of Arabia:
 Bedouin
 Yemenis
They was nomadic people.
The Society:
Tribes and clans
Previous religious organization:
Jewish, Christian and polytheistic.
Social activity:
Agriculture and livestock and trade.
Bedouin.
Courtesy: http://lahavnet.co.il
Arabia peninsula is located
To the Southwest of Asia and is
limited to:
North: Syrian desert;
South: Gulf of Aden;
East: Persian Gulf
West: The Red Sea.
It is a desert with a dry climate, agriculture is only possible in some
parts of the coast and the interior oases

A Bedouin camp, by Karl Wilhelm Gentz.
Courtesy: www.apuntesdehistoriauniversal.blogspot.com

Some Saudis were nomadic or sedentary bedouins and
others.
The Bedouins were goat herders and commercial traffic with
camel caravans, being led by a sedentary jeque.los living
from agriculture, crafts and trade.
The rich owned large tracts of land, caravans, livestock, and
businesses dedicated to the craft.
Free men were engaged in crafts; and the slaves were
prisoners of war.
Religion: each tribe had their own beliefs (polytheistic)

Name: Abu l-Qāsim Muḥammad
ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Hāšimī al-Qurayšī
o Mahoma.
Date of born: Mecca, April 26 of
569/570 DC.(Year of elephant)
Date of died: Medina,June 8 of 632
D.C.
Biographical Data
Weddings= 13 wifes
o Jadiya bint Juwaylid (595-619)
o Sawda bint Zamʿa (619-632)
o Aisha bint Abi Bakr (619-632)
o Ḥafṣa bint ʿUmar (624-632)
o Zaynab bint Juzayma (625-627)
o Hind bint Abi Umayya (629-632)
o Zaynab bint Ŷahš (627-632)
o Ŷuwayrīya bint al-Ḥāriṯ (628-632)
o Ramla bint Abi Sufyān (628-632)
o Rayḥana bint Zayd (629-631)
o Ṣafīya bint Ḥuyayy (629-632)
o Maymūna bint al-Ḥāriṯ (630-632)
o Māriya al-Qibṭīya (630-632)
Illustration from the 15th century of a copy
of a manuscript of Al - Biruni depicting
Muhammad preaching the Qur'an in
Makkah.
Courtesy:Wikipedia Common.
Sons: 6 sons
o Qasim ibn Muhammad; Ibrahim ibn
Muhammad ; Zainab bint Muhammad;
Ruqayya bint Muhàmmad ;Umm Kulthum bint
Muhammad ;Fátima az-Zahra

Etnia: Arabic (Quraysh). Semitic people.
Tribal groups (families) that were part of
the pre-Islamic States.
Local problems with the Bedouin
merchants caravan routes
The revelation:
Year 610 D.C. in cave of Hira on the
Jabaal an Nur the " Mountain of Light"
near Mecca. He saw visions of god and
archangel Gabriel, who told him to write
the Koran.
The cave Hira in the
mountain Jabal al-Nour
where, according to
Muslim belief, Muhammad
received his first
revelation.
Courtesy:
Wikipedia Common.

El Islam - Mahoma 621 D.c. Hégira.

Under the influence of the Empire, Sassanid (last pre-islamic Persia dynasty) and
Byzantine, being the big shopping caravan, Yathrib (current Medina) and Mecca,
creating the latter a confederation of tribes around the Kaaba (the black stone). A
political trouble in the Mesopotamia and Egypt, have resulted in problems with the
caravan of Bedouins.
The common trade route began to change to a more popular path onto the
Mediterranean through Mecca to Yemen and then by ship across the Arabian Sea
and the Indian Ocean. Image Courtesy: http://www.universodosviajantes.com

Courtesy: http://redicecreations.com/article.php?id=17158

Imaginary Portrait of Muhammad
Courtesy: www.biografiasyvidas.com
Muhammad is considered by the Islamic tradition as a direct
descendant of Ishmael being related with the Quraysh
dynasty and belonging to the Banu Hashim clan.
This dynasty ruled “The holy city of Mecca” for five
generations and his influence got the important mission of
keeping the Kaaba, which already attracted numerous
pilgrims to worship inside the 360 idols who were staying
there.
Mohammed belonged to a poor branch of the Quraysh, but
his luck changed after his marriage with a widow named
Khadija, to be responsible for their business.

Countries that form today the Arabian peninsula.
Courtesy: http://microrespuestas.com/que-paises-forman-la-peninsula-arabiga

The Archangel Gabriel and Muhammad. Courtesy: www.biografiasyvidas.com
Sometimes the revelations produced it certain physical reactions:
He felt pain and perceived a strong sound, like ringing of bells;
Sometimes, on cold days, his disciples saw how thick drops of sweat
fell from his front, while the revelation took place. Jadicha, his wife,
was the first disciple and who supported him in moments of crisis to
experience the first visions; she convinced him of the prophetic
nature of such experiences[0]
[0] http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/mahoma/

Three areas were distinguished
• The southern area, whose
population was soon settled and
began to live in cities.
• Indoor area and inhabited by
nomadic desert Bedouins living by
herding goats and camels.
• The western area, where the
largest cities (Mecca and Medina)
were.
Arabian Peninsula.
It was a passage for merchant caravans carrying their products to
major areas of Arabia.
Courtesy: http://es.slideshare.net/copybird/2-eso-presentaciontema5?related=1

Preaching
Islam arose as a continuation of
Christianity and Judaism, religions that
Mahoma knew.
At the beginning, Mahoma had a hard
confrontation with the polytheistic
Arabs.
But then, Muhammad begins to attack
the way of life of the rich of the Mecca.
So, Muhammad began to be seen as a
political enemy.
Preaching of Muhammad in Mecca.

His uncle and protector Abu Talib and
his wife died in the year 619. His second
wife was Sawda, a widow who was
among the first disciples. Abu Lahab,
successor of the uncle, removal
protection to the Prophet. Mohammed
escaped to Al - Ta'if it attempted to put
its inhabitants against Mecca, but he
can't, and was even stoned by the
crowd.
He returned to Mecca clandestinely
obtained the protection of one of the
clans, and their proselytizing was
bound. Muhammad tried to made
Pricing with various nomadic tribes near
Mecca, but neither succeeded.
Miniature from Rashid-al-Din
Hamadani's Jami al-Tawarikh, c. 1315,
illustrating the story of Muhammad's
role in re-setting the Black Stone in 605.
(Ilkhanate period).
Courtesy: Wikipedia Common.

The Hegira
In 620, Mahoma contacted inhabitants of
Medina. The following year, these same
pilgrims, on behalf of the majority of the clans
of Medina, promised to Muhammad accepting
him as a prophet, and obey him.
This event was baptized with the name of the
first oath of Al - Aqaba. Muhammad sent
ahead to one of his men to preach his doctrine
and at the same time informed of the political
situation in that city. Emigration (Hegira) to
Medina was staggered groups not to draw
attention.
The latest in splitting were Muhammad, his
friend Abu Bakr, his cousin Ali and some of his
relatives. The Islamic calendar counts the years
from July 16, 622, date of the Hijra.
Muhammad is defended by
his father-in-law Abu Bakr.
Turkish miniature of the 16th
century.
Courtesy: Wikipedia
Common.

The Archangel Gabriel and Muhammad in
the battle of Badr.
The new faith in Medina
In Medina, was drafted the
Constitution of Medina. His first hit,
was getting the tribe to accepted the
new beliefs.
This success would have deep political
repercussions. The new community
not be arrived with the laws, customs
and urban traditions imposed by the
aristocracy,. That will be given its own
rules emanating from Allah, the one
God, through his Prophet Muhammad.

The Arabian peninsula, Middle East and North Africa during the middle ages.
Courtesy: apuntesdehistoriauniversal.blogspot.com

Before his death in 632, Mahoma had consolidated his
hold on the Arabian peninsula.
The War
In April 623 Mahoma consummated the marriage, held two years ago
in Mecca, Abu Bakr, Aisha, nine-year-old daughter. In the same year,
began attacks on mequies caravans.
But the most important battle took place March 15, 624 at the battle
of Badr.
300 men of Muhammad defeated a caravan, guarded by 900 men. In
the battle, died main leaders of the Mecca.

Military successes of the
Mohammedans, finished with the
commerce of Mecca, and their
leaders agreed that Muhammad
safeguard its commercial interests.
Muhammad seized Mecca in the year
631, destroyed idols and decreed a
general amnesty.
After successive battles did undergo
throughout Arabia in the 632. Then,
after his death, the Arab tribes will
embark in an unprecedented
expansion.
Last pilgrimage of Muhammad
onto the Mecca.
Courtesy:
www.biografiasyvidas.com

Death of Mahoma
That same year Mahoma(632 DC), in
person he directed the pilgrimage to
Mecca, which had already become an
exclusively Muslim rite.
On 15 March of 632, suffering from
fever and strong headaches, he died
with his face on the knees of his
young wife Aisha.
His father-in-law and friend, Abu
Bakr, would succeed the Prophet in
the Caliphate.
Death of Mahoma on the
Siyer-i Nebi of 1596.

Mohamed's death the Arabs had
a common religion, had become
accustomed to obey a sovereign
and were able to start the
conquest of an empire. They
were the intermediaries
between the Asian world and
Western Europe. They were
throwing at combat with
irresistible push and, despite
lacking military bases, lines of
communication, supplies and
equipment, their victories were
so quick and decisive that fifteen
years after the death of the
Prophet, the Crescent banner
waved on Damascus, Antioch,
Jerusalem, Tripoli, Egypt and
much of North Africa.
Bedouins: Scene of Lawrence of Arabia (1962).
Courtesy:
apuntesdehistoriauniversal.blogspot.com

The Kaaba sanctuary
Courtesy: apuntesdehistoriauniversal.blogspot.com
They conquered throughout Persia, Turkestan and the territories
situated on the shores of the black and Caspian seas.
In 711 they crossed the Strait of Gibraltar, and after defeating the
Spanish Visigoths on the banks of the Guadalete, was splattered like a
cyclone throughout the Iberian Peninsula.
From the border of France began planning the conquest of Europe and
the destruction of Christianity; they crossed the Pyrenees and
threatened Gaul, but they were stopped in Poitiers by the Franks.
In that memorable battle occurred 732 died the emir Abd ar-Rahman el-
Gafeki, Arabic caudillo, defeated by the famous Carlos Martel.

The Qur'an, modern
version of Al - Azhar,
1123. Courtesy:
Wikipedia Common.
Expansion and consolidation of classical
Islamic civilization.
The Expansion
Two stages:
1. The period of the Umayyad Dynasty (Omayyad Caliphate
661-750)
They submitted to the North African Berbers.
Easy penetration and rapid conquest (711 AD) of the Visigoth
kingdom by the Arabs.
Victoria of the franks in 731 AD at the Battle of Poitiers.
Damascus, the Syrian capital, which became the political
center of the Arab Empire.

2. The period Abbasi (el Califato Abbasi 750-945) religious
boundaries, as there are territories such as Al-Andalus,
North Africa and the occupied areas of India, beyond the
political authority of the caliph.
The capital was moved from Damascus to Baghdad (the
current capital of Iraq) and Persian influence grew
considerably in culture and Islamic art.
The subsequent political developments:
Preponderance of the Turkish dynasties, have a profound
influence on the cultural and artistic field.
Geographically Islam expands to Eastern Indonesia, after
entering the center of Asia and Africa. And still, even today, a
religion in global expansion.
Courtesy: Wikipedia Common
Courtesy: Wikipedia Common

Expansión del Islam bajo el califato ortodoxo.

El califato omeya. Courtesy: www.biografiasyvidas.com

El califato abasí. Courtesy: www.biografiasyvidas.com

To the principle, they ruled
without promoting radical changes
in conquered societies.
Initially, a massive conversion of
Christians was not intended. [0]
During the first 100 years of life of
Islam, there is no really new art
development.
Map of fast the expansion.
Courtesy: http://www.arteguias.com
[0] http://www.arteguias.com/islam.htm

Expansión islámica - cronología

Muslim conquests to 661 d. c.
Courtesy: www.apuntesdehistoriauniversal.blogspot.com

Possibly one of the first truly
original contributions of Muslim
art was writing as decoration.
Although the writing is based on
the religious significance of the
buildings consecrated to God, is
not negligible aesthetic value that
the traces of Kufic script is on the
walls.
Courtesy: http://www.arteguias.com
ART

In the Middle Age there were new political
forms:
The Islamic Caliphate
The universal power of Latin Christendom
(pontificate and Empire) or the Byzantine
Empire and the Slavic kingdoms integrated in
Eastern Christianity.
Representation of the last
judgment.
Courtesy: ww.biografiasyvidas.com

"Islam doesn’t can be reformed"
Amil Imani, ex-Muslim
of Iran.
Muslims praying in the Grand
Mosque of Srinagar (India).
Courtesy:
www.biografiasyvidas.com
Courtesy : www.bajurtov.wordpress.com

Mahoma

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