The Pros And Cons Of Sarbanes-Oxley Act

The Pros And Cons Of Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Sarbanes –Oxley Act, enacted by the United States congress is aimed at protecting investors. The
protection is provided by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures.
This is also known as the 'Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act' and
'Corporate and Auditing Accountability and Responsibility Act'.
The law was enacted on July 30, 2002. The act is commonly known as SOX. SOX is a united states
federal law. It sets improved standards for all US public company boards, management and public
accounting firms. The law emphasises that it's the duty of the top management to ensure and certify
the accuracy of financial information. The law exert that If there exist some fraudulent act in
financial activity, the penalty is severe. SOX bind to both the board of directors and outside
auditors. It increases formers assessing role and latters independence.
The bill came into existence when major corporate and accounting scandals shook huge firms
including Enron, Tyco international, Worldcom. The bill was a reaction to the number of accounting
scandals. These scandals cost investors billions of dollars when the share price of affected
companies collapsed in U.S market and shook the investors' confidence.
This act has helped in increasing the management power of the board of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Another outcome of the law is, Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), a public
agency was created .This agency act as auditors of the public company .Their area of work is
overseeing, regulating and inspecting accounting firms. The act also deals with issues such as
auditor independence, internal control assessment, corporate governance and enhanced financial
disclosure. The non–profit arm of Financial Executives International, Financial Executive Research
Foundation completed a thorough research studies to help support in the foundation of the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Issues Affecting Human Rights
Q1
Introduction
The introduction will contain the definition of concepts used. There will be a discussion here on the
situation of natural disasters in international human rights law. This section will conclude with an
outline of the following sections.
Issue
The issues affecting human rights will be highlighted. These include:
Sub–standard led to poor people being more affected by the earthquake than rich people;
The lack of security in the camps have led to sexual assault;
The camps are now using land illegally, and landowners are unable to fully enjoy their property;
The landowners are being defamed;
IDPs are being forcefully evicted without any legal recourse;
The alternative IDP camps have poor infrastructure and will risk access to food, security,
transportation, and media;
Landowners' property is being damaged;
Protestors are being injured and killed by state forces;
There are long waiting lists for social housing.
Rule
There will be a discussion on the responsibility of the state to protect IDPs (UDHR preamble,
Article 2(1) ICCPR, Article 2 CRC). There will be a discussion of jurisdiction and limitations.
From then on, the essay will look at specific human rights in detail, addressing in each case the legal
sources of the law, and the scope of the right. The Right to an Adequate Standard of Living.
(Article 25(1) UDHR, Article 11 ICESCR, Article 17 ICCPR, Article 14 (2) and 15 (2) CEDAW,
and General Comments).
There will be a discussion on how

Individual Rights Vs Public Order Essay
The perception of individual–rights and public–order is quite an interesting controversial double–
sided choice in which discussions are to agree or disagree on the US PATRIOT Act. Ever since the
PATRIOT Act was issued by George W. Bush to prevent potential terroristic catastrophes has been a
controversial concept that surrounds different perspectives. For example, section 206 within the
PATRIOT Act, authorizes roving wiretaps in electronic devices (phones, PC, computers, systems,
etc.). People argue that it is a violation of the fourth Amendment to have the government (NSA)
monitor and see what goes on the digital world. Although, it is true that the government can see
everything in the digital world; it does not mean that privacy is compromised. Privacy does not exist
anymore in today's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ideas that surround compromised rights and stopping criminal activity can be discussed
between both groups. Individual–rights, however, is more balanced than Public–order in the US.
The government and law enforcement(s) cannot take away an individual's rights unless given a
reason otherwise. We, the people, have our amendments but it does not mean that we are free to do
anything. Laws and regulations are to be understood and followed regarding the safety of one's own
sake and the public. The reality of establishing the PATRIOT Act was due to the 9/11 attacks.
Potentially, if 9/11 did not happened, then maybe security might have been different and not as strict
as it is today. It is better to understand why the government takes security seriously to prevent future
potential catastrophes by issuing the PATRIOT Act. Another way I look at the controversial issues
the act portraits is the realization of how the separation of state and federal governments tolerate the
regulations within the

The Usa Patriot Act : An Act Of Political Upheaval
Sean P. Cooper
POLI 308 – US Presidency
Newman
18 November 2014
THE USA PATRIOT ACT – An Act of Political Upheaval This paper will focus on the background,
purpose, implementation, major criticisms, and current standing of the Uniting and Strengthening
America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act
(hereafter referred to as the USA PATRIOT Act). The USA PATRIOT Act is currently one of the
most controversial and divisive political doctrines that exist in modern day America supported and
vexed by the entire political spectrum for various reasoning. Although in its inception it was met
with staggering approval and support, over time skepticism and fear of an ever–increasing strain on
civil rights ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Understanding the USA PATRIOT Act requires a look at the United States government and its
functions prior to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. The government response system was
disjointed and ill prepared for a situation such as this: multiple simultaneous hijackings of
commercial airline planes being used as missiles to eliminate a target. Individuals in the FAA had
never experienced multiple hijackings over American soil; therefore, little existed to thwart and
counteract these actions (9/11, 10). When the first plane struck the world trade center, neither the
President nor any of his staff or advisors knew any planes had been hijacked, nor did they know that
the plane had struck the tower. According to the 9/11 Commission Report on the morning of the
terrorist attacks President George W. Bush kept informed and in contact through a series of phone
calls rather than with an "open line of communication." Not only did this limit the speed of
communication, but it also eliminated the President's ability to quickly assemble top advisers and
agencies to further combat this issue. The government did not even know that flight 93 had been
hijacked until after it crashed at 10:03 A.M., a little under an hour after it had been taken over by
terrorists (9/11, 40–45).
Very little existed in ways of interstate and interagency communication before,

The Importance Of Human Rights
What can be considered as a human right? As quoted "Human rights are moral rights possessed by
all human beings simply in virtue of their humanity." Human rights are entitled to all human beings
disregarding everything that divides and splits one human being from another. Things like religion
and nationality can't take away ones right to be considered a human.
In the case of A v Secretary of State for the Home Department however, also known as the Belmarsh
9 case, it seemed like Human rights were not given any attention at all. "The case concerned the
indefinite detention of foreign prisoners in the United Kingdom prison 'Belmarsh'. The prisoners
were held without trial under section 23 of the Anti–Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001. This
decision and the subsequent detentions were challenged at court in terms of their compatibility with
the aims of the European Convention on Human Rights." This act directly breaches article 6 of
European Convention of Human Rights "Right to a fair trial". 9 men allegedly were considered a
threat to national security, so they were about to be deported from the country, but until the
deportation took place they were held and seized under the Anti– Terrorism, Crime and Security Act
of 2001. "Section 4 of this act enabled the individuals to be held indefinitely, without trial or
deportation." "However, the power was only applied to non–British nationals. Under section 25 of
this Act, they had the right to appeal to the Special

Emergency Management Agency Analysis
Anytown, Minnesota currently has an Emergency Operations Center (EOC) located in a back room
of the City Hall. The designated room is 650 square feet and has not been updated for over ten
years. Huder (2012), states that an Emergency Operations Center (EOC) is where decision–making
and problem solving occurs when there is a disaster. An EOC can be activated for disasters as well
as for large–scale planned events (Fairfax, 2015 p. 1). ASTM International identify that an EOC
needs to be developed and maintained based on the risks, vulnerabilities, capabilities, and the needs
of the community (Standard Guide, p.2). The Federal Emergency Management Agency has provided
a checklist that assists with assessing the capability of the infrastructure of an EOC (United States,
n.d,). Based on this assessment, it is recommended that the current EOC undergo restructuring and
renovations to include; increasing the square footage of the current EOC and upgrading offices to be
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The grant requires that Anytown comes up with $150,000, which is 20% of the total amount funded.
In order to offset the match amount required by FEMA, Anytown successfully applied for an
additional non–match grant. The Alexandria "Difference Maker" grant will provide $30,000 towards
the development of a more robust emergency operations center (Community Giving, n.d). The use
of additional office space, totaling 1850 square feet, is equal to $57,054 per year. This is based upon
the average square foot rate of $2.57 per square foot per month. The $57,054 can be considered in–
kind contributions towards the match amount. This means that the city of Anytown will need to
come up with $72,054. This funding can be obtained by using the cities operation budget as well as
the general fund. By upgrading the EOC, the city of Anytown will be able to utilize the rooms for
trainings and

Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002
Sarbanes–Oxley Act In reaction to a number of corporate and accounting scandals which included
Enron Congress passed The Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) (Sarbox) also known as the "Public
Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act" and the "Corporate and Auditing
Accountability and Responsibility Act" was enacted July 30, 2002. The Sarbane–Oxley Act is a US
federal law that created new and expanded laws regarding the requirements for all US public
company boards, management, and accounting firms. The act has a number of provisions that apply
to privately owned companies. The Act addresses the responsibilities of a public corporation's Board
of Directors, adds criminal penalties for misconduct, and requires the SEC to create regulations that
define how public corporations are expected to comply with the law. The SOX increases the
penalties a company pays for fraudulent financial activity, and requires top management to provide
individual verification to certify the accuracy of financial information, while also increasing the
oversight role of a company's Board of Directors and the independence of outside auditors.
The Major Elements of the Sarbane–Oxley Act
1. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB)
Title I consists of nine sections and establishes the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, to
provide independent oversight of public accounting firms providing audit services ("auditors"). It
also creates a central oversight board tasked with

Essay on Shirow's Ghost in the Shell
Shirow's Ghost in the Shell
The real beauty of Mamoru Oshii's adaptation of Shirow's Ghost in the Shell lies in its attention to
detail and the sheer cohesiveness of these details which collectively form complex ideas and plot. In
nearly every detail and every plot element lies some tie to the key themes of the anime. Some of the
main themes deal with the commodification of the flesh and body; the separation between one's
spirit and body; and the idea that a static environment or organism a weak stronghold. Here I will
choose to focus on how through details the film explicates these themes, rather than spending time
extrapolating or explaining the themes in detail myself.
The first key scene to examine is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They had no ghosts, but their simple resemblance to people (they were a form of simulcra as they
wore our clothing in advertisement) made us attach some significance to them as entities.
On a related point (and often in that same scene), we see examples of the commodifcation of
people– their ghosts as well as their shells. From the beginning of the movie, one of the things that
becomes readily apparent is that Motoko is somewhat objectified in her repeated removal of
clothing to bare her thermoptic–camoflaged skin. In the manga, she WORE clothing to achieve this
effect. Even this creation of her as a sexual object seems to point to the commodification of the body
as spare parts put together, and resultant ownership by the creators of the body, rather than the
individuals who inhabit them. If the objectification of women is a state of separation of the women
and their bodies (and in fact the act of doing this a means of ownership by the male), then there is
really very little difference between Motoko as a sexual object and Motoko as property of the
government.
Further details which push forward the idea of the individual as a commodity occur at the climax

when Motoko asks 2501 why she was chosen, and the answer is that he saw something of himself in
her. That logic points to a sudden objectification and classification of even the ghosts, which are

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
The Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002
Jayne Diaz
BUS 591: Financial Accounting & Analysis
Professor Susan Ayers
March 26, 2012 The Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002
Prior to 2002, there was very little oversight of accounting procedures. Auditors were not always
independent and corporate government procedures and disclosure provisions were inadequate.
Sometimes, executive compensation was tied to the stock of the company which created an
incentive to manipulate the stock price by using fraudulent accounting practices to make it look like
companies were making more money than they actually were. The Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 was
introduced because of the collapse of several major corporations due to these practices. This paper
will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Title II – Auditor Independence Section 201. Services Outside the Scope of Practice of Auditors.
Non–independent auditors were seen as huge contributors to major corporate scandals because of
their own financial interests within a company. Title II, Section 201, was created to focus on such
issues, which constricts future auditor conflicts through measures designed to improve auditor
independence. Section 201 prohibits any company performing an audit from providing any of these
nine non–audit services, as listed in the Public Law 107–204 – July 30, 2002 document (107th
Congress, p. 771–772):
(1) bookkeeping or other services related to the accounting records or financial statements of the
audit client;
(2) financial information systems design and implementation;
(3) appraisal or valuation services, fairness opinions, or contribution–in–kind reports;
(4) actuarial services;
(5) internal audit outsourcing services;
(6) management functions or human resources;
(7) broker or dealer, investment adviser, or investment banking services;
(8) legal services and expert services unrelated to the audit; and
(9) any other service that the Board determines, by regulation, is impermissible.
Title III – Corporate Responsibility Section 302. Corporate Responsibility for Financial Reports.
"The essence of Section 302 of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act states that the CEO and CFO are directly
responsible

Persuasive Essay On 9 / 11
After al–Qaeda attacked the United States on September 11, 2001, President George W. Bush
declared a war on terrorism. Although this campaign was started with an attempt to end terrorism
globally, there were many changes within the government on a strictly national scale. For example,
the USA PATRIOT (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required
to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism) Act was passed on October 26, 2001 to expand the powers of
law enforcement officials to increase security against potential terrorists (Wong, 2006). Additionally,
the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) was founded on November 15, 2002 with the
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) following six days later. TSA, which is an agency
considered to be a part of DHS, heightened security measures in airports, whereas DHS deals with
terrorist prevention measures as a whole starting from the nation's borders and expanding internally
(Brady, 2016). These new agencies and security measures pushed the limits of the Fourth
Amendment in Constitution of United States of America, which states:
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against
unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon
probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be
searched, and the persons or things to be seized (U.S. Const. amend. IV).
Are body scanners and pat–down

Data Storage And Communication Systems Essay
Abstract– Encryption is widely used to ensure security in data storage and communication systems.
This paper introduces a new concept for image encryption using a new method we named it
"Meaning Of Location (MOL)". In this method, the private key is an image that converted into RGB
numbers and the public key is random integers used to permutate the image. The location of the
RGB will be used to encrypt the plaintext. The performance of this algorithm is investigated against
many different attacks such as ciphertext attacks, plaintext attacks and brute force attack. The
analysis and statistical tests show the strength of this algorithm. The results show that the MOL
algorithm is suitable for securing wired and wireless communication systems such as smartcards
and cell phone services.
Keywords– AES, Encryption, Decryption, DES, RSA, MOL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.INTODUCTION.....................................1,2
2. OVERVIEW OF THE IMAGE DATA .............2,3
3. MEANING OF LOCATION ALGORITHM........3,4
4. STATISTICAL TESTS ...............................4
5. SMART CARDS.....................................4,5
REFERENCES........................................................5Biography............................................................5
1. INTRODUCTION
The requirements of information security within an organization have undergone two major changes
in the last several decades. Before the widespread use of data processing equipment , the security of
information felt to be valuable was provided primarily by physical and administrative

Unit 9 D2
On this assignment you are going to find why it is so important to have accounting standards to do
business around the world, and it is important because if we have accounting standards it will be
easy for companies to do business in other countries, and can be more reliable on the numbers,
because it will be the same ones for all companies, and that would help to identify frauds, and have
an accurate books. Also will help investors to invest their money without worrying of acts of fraud,
and for that reason I would talk about the Sarbanes Oxley Act, which was created to protect
investors from corporate accounting fraud, many people say that the Sarbanes Oxley Act SOX was
implemented in response to the Enron scandal. The official name of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Also the Securities Acts of 1933 and 1934 rival the SOX act in its effects on public accounting,
corporate governance, and financial disclosure. By the year 2002 former President George Bush
signed the act producing a change of reforms that were obligated by the act which ultimately
became public law. The Department of Justice, The Federal Bureau of Investigation, The SEC, the
Federal Energy Regulatory, and the US Attorney Office in NY, Houston and Denver, were studying
the publicity held organization for fabricating false financial statements, mismanaging assets,
doubtful accounting procedures, or misleading their shareholders and the public about the financial
statements. Here are some organization that were investigated by the agencies that I mentioned
above:
Enron boosted profits and hid debts, manipulated CA and TX energy, using off the books
partnerships, and pay foreign government to win contract

Sub-Section 69 Essay
The queries regarding blocking of websites were in the wake of the government's recent directions
to block twitter handles of prominent journalists and commentators who were critical of the
government's policies. Under the Constitution, the Government cannot muzzle free speech except if
a reasonable restriction is imposed in order to preserve the sovereignty and integrity of the country,
national security, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality, or in
relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence (Article 19(2) of the
Constitution).
Mechanism Under The It Act To Block Websites:
Section 69A of the Information Technology Act, 2000, was inserted in the Act through the
Information Technology ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The procedure for blocking of websites referred to in Sub–section (2) of Section 69 was notified in
October 2009. This was called Information Technology (Procedure and Safeguards for Blocking of
Access of Information by Public) Rules, 2009
In cases of emergency, the Government may invoke Rule 9 of the Blocking Rules which is titled
"Blocking of Information in cases of Emergency".
Under Rule 9, a request is made by any government department or agency to the Designated Officer
under the Rules asking for blocking of information. The Designated Officer evaluates the request
and forwards it to Secretary of the Department of Information Technology with his
recommendations.
Upon receipt of the request and recommendations from the Designated Officer, if the Secretary,
Department of Information Technology is of the opinion that the information must be blocked, he
issues an appropriate interim order to an intermediary such as an internet service provider or web–
hosting service provider. The interim order could be to block the website/information which is
deemed

Quadrennial Homeland Security Report
What legislation required DHS to undertake the QHSR?
In August of 2007 Congress mandated the Department of Homeland Security to undertake the
Quadrennial Homeland Security Review. This review is submitted to congress and published for
public review in the Department of Homeland Security's website (6 U.S. Code § 347 – Quadrennial
homeland security review n.d.). This journal at one point only examined problem issues with the
Department of Homeland Security. Since then the Obama administration has incorporated different
aspects of the journal to include plans for "maturing and strengthening the homeland security
enterprise." (Bullock, 2016, p. 14). Just to add, the most recent Quadrennial Homeland Security
Review from 2014, is not just about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is just the beginning of new affiliated groups that are emerging and making the world a more
dangerous place. Many American as still unaware of the amount of cyberspace attacks against our
most sensitive networks of information and that we are suffering in the technology department in
keeping up with these attacks. Even though collecting information is vital for the security of our
country we have to be careful in protecting civil liberties. The citizens need to be better informed of
exactly what and how data information is used. Without the proper education to the public, the
government will continue to have opposition in regards to the collection of this data. Congress also
needs to be less resistant to reforms that need to be implemented. The more time that goes by
between events makes citizens become complacent with regards to the urgency of preventing future

Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Glass-Steagall Banking Act
Franklin Delano Roosevelt took office in the year of 1933. FDR wanted to make American stand on
its feet again especially after the bank crisis on Sunday March 5, in 1933 he was able to use his
authority and proclaimed a four–day national holiday. He declared this holiday in order to stop
people from panicking and making withdrawals and gold hoarding; this would allow the Treasury to
come with an emergency draft legislation. On March 9 Congress passed the Emergency Banking
Relief Act this act was to relieve solvent banks. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
would buy preferred stock of banks, which in turn would give them funds from the Federal Reserve
Banks. By April the bank crisis was over many people thought that the New Deal ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act on June 16, in 1933. This was intended to
plan and have cooperation within three sectors business, labor, and government. The industry had
government support because it wanted to reduce competition and unjust practices. A benefit of this
is that it made "concessions to labor that were thought to be in the national interest and would
promote recovery" (287). Tittle II proclaimed a national state of emergency and delayed many
antitrust laws. It also initiated the NRA and instructed that the "government and industry to draw up
codes of practice as to business competition and hours and wages" (287). There were public
hearings held for the NRA to guarantee that the interest of business, labor, and government to be
upheld by each individual industries. Section 7a made sure that employees had the right to join
individual unions and were able to designate an officer and the officer's job would be to bargain.
President Roosevelt appointed Gen. Hugh Johnson, as the head of the NRA in his first three weeks
Johnson was able to convince the heads of the textile industry to agree a first set of rules that would
abide by the NRA

Counterterrorism Efforts After 9/11
There has been a deservingly dramatic increase of counterterrorism efforts following the attacks of
September 11. Some have proven to be continuously successful, while others have buckled under
the critical eye of the public. Some of the lasting tenants of counterterrorism in a post–9/11 world
are highlighted in the 2011 Obama administrations' National Security Strategy for Counterterrorism
briefing. The first, and most important counterterrorism agency tool, is the pursuit of a "whole–of–
government" effort1. The White House strategy details that effective counterterrorism and success at
both tactical and strategic levels depends on the ability to utilize the full capabilities and resources
of our entire government. Prior to 9/11, despite there ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By analyzing how the USAPATRIOT Act worked in the short term following the attacks,
policymakers see that public reaction during and after the need for the Act ebbed and flowed. As the
Intelligence Community and the US government ultimately works for the American public, taking
into consideration the consensus of reaction is necessary. For example, when select provisions of the
USAPATRIOT Act that tested civil liberties did not have set end dates as is necessary when
implementing Marshall Law, the public was vocal about this infringement and demanded amending
during reauthorization periods. When producing effective counterterrorism policies, it is also
important to evaluate if and how effective global collaboration efforts between governments has
worked historically. Being able to evaluate and draw conclusions from previous efforts will help us
ensure that mistakes made in the past will not be repeated in the

Sarbanes-Oxley Act Summary
The Sarbanes–Oxley Act was conceived by Senator Paul Sarbanes and Congressman Michael Oxley
and signed into legislation by George W. Bush in 2002. The 11 titled Act became necessary when
investors lost their confidence in days following the Enron, Arthur Anderson, and WorldCom
fiascos. The purpose of the law is to provide board members, executives, auditors, attorneys, and
directors with specific written duties and penalties for noncompliance and "to protect investors by
improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures made pursuant to the securities
laws," as stated by the Act. The SOX has become known to many as the greatest security law since
the Security Exchange Commission was formed in 1934.
Title I consist of nine sections ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This title consists of 9 sections that instruct in the behavior of auditing firms and establish
guidelines for external auditor independence. It also sets restrictions for clients outside of auditing
boundaries and requirements for audit partner rotation.
Title III is Corporate Responsibilities. These eight sections state the financial and accounting
responsibilities of public companies. They also issue that senior executives are held responsible for
the completeness and accuracy for financial documents. Requirements for audit committees and
limits and penalties for corporate officers are also included in the title.
Nine sections of Enhanced Financial Disclosures make up title IV. These sections discuss the
requirements for stock transactions, off–balance sheet transactions, enhanced reporting, and
relationships with "unconsolidated entities. It requires audits and reports on all financial records and
also sets internal control standards in relation to completeness and correctness of those documents.
Title V consist of a section titled Analyst Conflicts of Interest. This title's purpose is to restore
investor's confidence. This is done by setting rules and guidelines for the National Securities
Exchanges and security

Homeland Security Case Study
1. What are the capabilities and limitations of intelligence in supporting homeland security efforts?
The proficiencies and boundaries of the intelligence in auxiliary the efforts of homeland security
within the Department of Defense are significant part of the United States' national intelligence
resources. Included as part of the intelligence resources are the National Security Agency, the
National Reconnaissance Office, the National Imagery and Mapping Agency, the Defense
Intelligence Agency, and the intelligence and security branches of the individual armed services
(Department of Homeland Security 2015). By providing communication intercepts, satellite
reconnaissance and human intelligence worldwide, all of the agencies work to deliver the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The concern prior to 9/11 is that no one agency had the capability to bring information together
from the clues known by other agencies. Sharing of intelligence and law enforcement information
was prohibited from distributing information due to policies and procedures in place prior to 9/11.
Since 9/11 a obligatory effort has surpassed those concerns by improvement upon interagency
coordination and cooperation. The Patriot Act of 2001 addressed statutory barriers to those agencies
so that they could share intelligence among agencies (Department of Homeland Security 2015).
Even with the Patriot Act, there was no one agency to scrutinize the centralized data system.
Homeland Security was intended to eliminate that delinquency and delete the deficiency of
intelligence sharing and connections.
Homeland security is now tasked with the conscientiously for procuring and appraising information
from agencies of the Intelligence Community, from law enforcement agencies, state and local
government agencies and unclassified public information from books, periodicals, pamphlets, the
Internet, media, and other informational sites (Force

National Security Agency Values
We all value our privacy, and we all know that privacy can conflict with other important social
values. However, in this increasingly digital and technological world, we are more susceptible than
ever to government intrusion of our digital communications and data. This came to light in June
2013, when former National Security Agency (NSA) employee Edward Snowden revealed
thousands of classified documents detailing the intrusive mass surveillance and bulk data collection
of the NSA to journalists and subsequently the American public. As a result, widespread distrust and
questioning of the American government's data–collection programs grew among American citizens
and bipartisan leaders who were also subject to the surveillance apparatus of the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hardline conservatives like Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell opposed the Freedom Act as
they defended mass surveillance as a crucial means of counterterrorism and maintaining national
security. They also thought that the act would make the U.S. vulnerable to more terrorist attacks, as
it would slow down the ability of the NSA and other agencies to lawfully acquire information
necessary to counterterrorism efforts. Although also against the Freedom Act, liberals like Bernie
Sanders opposed the act for different reasons. Strong privacy supporters like Sanders denounced the
act for not doing enough for privacy rights and argued that it would have been a better alternative to
have allowed the Patriot Act and Section 215 to sunset and expire in order for a more effective
reform bill to be passed into

Sarbanes Oxley Act
Executive Summary: Financial reporting has been dissected over and over again by legislation. The
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) hold the key to providing protection and integrity
when companies are submitting their financial statements. Although their mission is to provide order
and efficiency for financial markets, insidious plans are still developed by companies which
ultimately result in turmoil to the economy. To provide a safeguard to investors, the Sarbanes–Oxley
Act (SOX) was passed by congress in 2002, which was constructed because of fraudulent acts of
well–known companies such as Enron. Before the SOX was inaugurated, two sets of accounting
rules were used as guides for CPA firms. These two practices were ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Management overrides, employee collaboration and the option of corrected financial statements also
leave open the possibility of fraud. So long as the legitimacy of a process requires the integrity of
management and company personnel to properly function, fraud remains a possibility.
Main Advantages and Disadvantages of SOX
Ethics played a big rule or rather the lack thereof played a big role in the formation of SOX. When
faced with ethical decisions many "gatekeepers" hopped to go the other way. There are advantages
and disadvantages that exist with SOX as with all new law. Clearly, there are no easy fixes or one
size fits all solutions to the issues that plaque the financial world but SOX makes an attempt at
eradicating or lowering the occurrence of fraud. Many would agree that this is one of "the most far
reaching laws since the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934" (Jahmani and Dowling, 2008, p. 56).
Some advantages of SOX cited by Jahmani and Dowling are as follows: restoring public confidence
in capital markets, strengthening corporate accounting controls, standardized key financial
processes, elimination of redundant Information Systems, better internal controls, clarify the
relationship between auditing firms and public companies, increased independence between board
of directors and management, and increased

Sarbanes Oxley Act # 11 Titles
Sarbanes–Oxley Act contains 11 titles, they provide specific guidelines and regulations for financial
reporting. The titles are: Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), Auditor
Independence, Corporate Responsibility, Enhanced Financial Disclosures, Analyst Conflict of
Interest, Commission Resources and Authority, Studies and Reports, Corporate and Criminal Fraud
Accountability, White Collar Crime Penalty Enhancement, Corporate Tax Returns and Corporate
Fraud Accountability. In the introduction of the act, it states that it is an act "to protect investors by
improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures made pursuant to the securities laws,
and for other purposes". (Sarbanes–Oxley Act, 2002)
Title I of the SOX ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If inadequacies are discovered, a written report of the findings must be provided to the SEC and it is
made available to the public.
Section 105 gives PCAOB authority to conduct investigations and obtain all relevant information
and it has power to suspend auditors, revoke the registration of the accounting firm, impose
penalties for violations or unwilling to corporate with an investigation.
Section 106 regulates foreign public accounting firms equipping an audit report to an issuer and
requires them to comply with board requests.
Section 107 gives SEC oversight and enforcement authority over the PCAOB and its decisions.
Section 108 amends the securities Act of 1933 to allow the SEC, which has the authority to establish
accounting standards, to adopt accounting standards established by a standard setting body that
meets certain qualifications, such as the FASB.
Section 109 calls for funding of the PCAOB and the designated accounting standard–setting body
(FASB) to be funded from fees imposed upon public companies.
Title I increases the oversight and authority over public accounting firms which was lacking in
adequacy before SOX was enacted. The public accounting firms were able to on focus in their own
interest rather than public interest since there was no law enforcing them. The firms are to act at
their best behavior as the routine inspection for public accounting firms and the threat of any

MMT2 IT strategic solutionTask 3
Running Head: MMT2 Task 3 – Security Policies
IT Strategic Solutions – MMT2 Task 3
Evaluating Security Policies
Western Governor's University
1
MMT2 Task 3 – Security Policies
2
A. Evaluation of AEnergy's Security Policies in Regard to Ethical Issues
Security policies constitute a single or group of documents that explicitly define the security
safeguards, processes and procedures adopted by an organization to govern access to its premises
and systems. Security policies also serve to govern the behavior and activities of internal and
external users to whom access to the organization's network, data or other sensitive information
might be granted. In order for security policies to be effective, they must be
comprehensive, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although it is within the company's rights to track its equipment, this policy may inadvertently
become a way to track employee whereabouts and location at all times in violation of their privacy.
Just because an employee has a company laptop in their personal car does not give the company
implicit license to track and monitor their private movements especially when they are not on
company business.
Acknowledgement of security policies by employees and external users
With the exception of AEnergy's data security policy, none of the other policies require employees
to sign them acknowledging their reception of the policy as well as their intent to adhere to it. This
is a potential ethical issue since the company is requiring employees to adhere to rules without
making explicitly certain that they understand the rules and intend to obey them.
The above–mentioned areas of focus could lead to ethical violations if they are not properly
reviewed and addressed.

A1. Two Potential unethical uses of company technology and/or data by internal users
1. Use of on premise security cameras to spy on the activities of fellow employees
AEnergy employs security cameras on its premises for the primary purpose of monitoring the
company's perimeter for intrusion and protecting the company's physical and digital assets.
It would be unethical for an employee or another internal user with the appropriate access to
MMT2 Task 3 –

Legacy To The Olympic Games
NYC (Evaluation of a bid)
Evaluating a bid:
Vision, Legacy and Communication–
The importance of having a legacy to the Olympics games is vital. It requires a sense of creativity
that brings awe to the mega event. This includes new ventures and stadiums to host the games. Also
it means to not damage the Olympic Brand which plays a part in legacy.
Overall concept of the Olympic Games– This is like a business plan that will in turn explain layout
for the ventures and its overall idea. The landscape leads to a better experience for the visitor. It is a
building blocks to locations, construction and original infrastructure.
Political and Public Support– If the people do not support the Olympic Games then it lowers the
overall appeal of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The next cluster, Olympic Park, will host 6 events. However, the lake must be cleaned first. Finally,
the Olympic Riverfront cluster, will host 4 events.
Paralympic Games=6
A broadcaster has committed to provided television coverage for the Paralympic Games. However,
there is a concern of the tennis tournament taking away coverage for the Paralympic games
Olympic Villages= 6 Land is so hard to find in New York City. The NYC directors want to create an
village that is a few hectares in the center of the city. However, they still have no acquired the land.
That is a real issue of planning.
Games Safety, Security and Medical, Services= 7
With a city of over 10 million it means a lot of security. However, New York might not be the safest
city. It might be hard to serve more people with more medical services.
Accommodation= 6 It will be expensive living in city of millions. There is not much space to go
around. I would imagine visitors staying in other parts of the state to come and not so much in New
York.

Audit Report
Introduction: Statement of problem: AppolloIspat Complex Limited incorporated the incorrect
financial statements for the year ended on June 30, 2011 with the Prospectus, which do not give a
true and fair view of the state of the company's affairs. For this unfair practice AppolloIspat
Complex Limited and ICB Capital Management Limited have been punished. Objectives of study:
This report is based on study purpose and the objective of the report is to gather knowledge about
law and punishment procedures regarding financial misstatement and auditing scandal maintained in
Bangladesh. Analyzing AppolloIspat Complex Limited's financial misstatement and the punishment
procedures we are trying to find out the auditors ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Disobedience of securities related laws by Appollo Ispat Complex Limited: Appollo Ispat Complex
Limited incorporated the incorrect financial statements for the year ended on June 30, 2011 with the
Prospectus, which do not give a true and fair view of the state of the company's affairs as of June 30,
2011 as the company has included 1.5415 acres of lands in the financial statements which do not
belong to the company, value of such lands overstated the company's assets as of June 30, 2011.
Even that, no disclosure has been made in the above–mentioned financial statements as well as draft
prospectus with regard to incorporation of such land in the financial statements. Incorporation of
such incorrect financial statements to the Prospectus (i.e., in the public offering document) is equal
to giving of false/incorrect information to the general investors/public. Submission of such
false/incorrect information/Prospectus incorporating in correct financial statements for the year
ended on June 30, 2011 is a violation of section 18 of the Securities and Exchange Ordinance, 1969.
Disobedience of securities related laws by ICB Capital Management Limited: ICB Capital
Management Limited–

Use Of Securitisation Theory And Documentary Analysis
This study will use securitisation theory and documentary analysis to find that increased security
from terrorism in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 (9/11) terrorism took
precedence over the civil liberties of privacy and freedom. This paper focuses on how the George
W. Bush Administration, hereby referred to as the Bush Administration, successfully justified the
infringement of civil liberties post–9/11 although it will also include the revelations of Snowden in
2013 and how this impacted on public opinion. Bush used religious discourse following 9/11 to
manipulate public opinion and create a "powerful spirit of unity" (Garfinkle, 2005). Security will be
defined as political security, as described by the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, it is often considered in tension with civil liberties such as privacy and freedom (Etzioni,
2005). This debate has been invigorated by 9/11 alongside the law changes and the surveillance
program that followed. The wider debate questions whether national security or civil liberties should
champion the American way of life, assuming that the two are "inexorably intertwined" in a trade–
off (Obama, 2010). Civil liberties refer to protections against government actions with their
derivatives often rooted in the Bill of Rights. Whilst the right to privacy is not explicitly mentioned
in the Constitution, it can be determined from several amendments, such as the search with
"probable cause" outlined in the Fourth Amendment (U.S. Const. am. 4, 1791). Lynch (2012) would
define civil liberties as 'sacred' and therefore should never be infringed upon. However, the
'probable cause' section was abused using powers granted by PATRIOT Act. It is common consensus
among the literature that the PATRIOT Act was overreaching and overused to wrongly justify
blanket surveillance. However, the PATRIOT Act also violated the First, Fourth and Fifth
Amendments of the Bill of Rights. The First Amendment grants freedom of press (U.S. Const. am.
1, 1791). The Fifth Amendment grants protection to

The Pros And Cons Of Homeland Security
The 9–11 terror attacks greatly changed the scope of homeland security within the United States.
The purpose of this paper is to determine if, following these changes to homeland security, the
American people have sacrificed too much liberty in favor of security. In order to gain a better
understanding of the liberty vs. security debate, this paper will first provide background information
on how the process of homeland security originated in the United States and how it led to the
creation of the Department of Homeland Security. Subsequently, this paper will analyze and
evaluate arguments in support and opposition of the Patriot Act and its relation to the liberty vs.
security debate. To conclude, this paper will draw on the presented argumentation in order to reach a
decision on whether or not the American people have sacrificed too much liberty for security in post
9–11 America. As a process, homeland security in the United States has roots in 1803, when the
government voted funds towards the recovery of a small New Hampshire town after a fire destroyed
it. Since this disaster, homeland security has evolved to include public works programs during the
Great Depression, civil defense during the Cold War with Russia, and the creation of the Federal
Emergency Management Agency in the 1970s. However, a series of terror attacks against the U.S.
occurred during the 1990s, which culminated with the 9–11 attacks. As a result, President Bush
signed the Patriot Act into law

Business Ethics Research Paper
Insider Trading By Jennifer Miller Instructor Margie Andrist Business Ethics The purpose of this
paper is to review the phenomenon of illegal insider trading in the United States financial securities
markets. The analysis section of this paper (a) defines illegal insider trading, (b) explains the
enforcement of laws and regulations concerning illegal insider trading, (c) review the pattern of
illegal insider trading from 1996 through 2005, and (d) compares the problem of illegal insider
trading in the United States with the problem in other countries. Consider this: "Imagine a
boardroom of corporate executives, along with their lawyers, accountants, and investment bankers,
plotting to take over a public company. The date ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In actuality, the requirement of disclosure is, in itself, a form of protection. Disclosure required by
most regulatory authorities in developed economies may be classified into two categories: (a)
disclosure related to operations in the securities markets; and (b) disclosure required by publicly
held companies subject to the jurisdiction of the regulatory authority. Disclosure related to the direct
operations of securities markets concerns the relationships of security brokers and representatives to
the corporate entities issuing the securities traded. Disclosure required by publicly held corporations
subject to the jurisdiction of the regulatory authority includes almost all of what is generally
considered to be the public disclosure requirements for corporations. These disclosure requirements
include information pertaining to, "(a) the relationship between the management of a corporation
and its auditors; (b) the nature of relationships between a corporation and any of its shareholders; (c)
institutional investment relationships; (d) proxy requirements; (e) board and committee
composition; (f) compensation for the board of directors; and (g) management compensation"
(Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Title 12). Shareholder rights and proxy disclosure requirements
resulted from the belief that the management of a public corporation can effectively frustrate
shareholders' efforts to participate in the management of

Sahara vs Sebi Case
LEGAL ASPECTS OF MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT
SAHARA INDIA REAL ESTATE CORPORATION LIMITED AND OTHERS VS SECURITIES
AND EXCHANGE BOARD INDIAAND ANOTHER
Presented by: Ateendra Mishra Section a Roll No.:48
1
INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE CASE
On, 31st Aug, 2012, Supreme Court of India passed a landmark judgment wherein, the honorable
court ordered business conglomerate and leading sports sponsor Sahara to refund more than $3
billion it collected from millions of small savers. It all started when in 2008 the two companies of
the group Sahara India Real Estate Corporation Ltd. (SIRECL) and the Sahara Housing Investment
Corporation Ltd. (SHICL) started raising funds through Red Herring Prospectus (RHPs), and had
collected  Rs 17, 400 till March 13, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The option has to be indicated in the application form itself. However, interest on FCDs is payable
at a determined rate from the date of first conversion to the second / final conversion and in lieu of
it, equity shares are issued. Optionally Fully Convertible Debentures where the OFCD holder
(purchaser),[Generally on the discharge of the debt by the issuer entity at the specified time]gets an
option to obtain equity shares of the entity issuing (selling) such OFCDs, in lieu of cash, based on
the terms determined at the time of issue/sale of these instruments.
6
Indian Laws relevant to the case
The following are the main points of contention between the two parties involved in the case. The
points before the Judiciary were as follows:  The first relates to the nature of OFCDs themselves,
and;  The second is on whether SEBI has the jurisdiction to regulate OFCDs.  Securities
Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956
Section 2(h) of the SCR Act defines the term "securities" to include (i ) shares, scrips, stocks, bonds,
debentures, debenture stock or other marketable securities of a like nature in or of any incorporated
company or other body corporate; (ia) derivative;
(ib) units or any other instrument issued by any collective investment scheme to the investors in

such schemes; (ic) security receipt as defined in clause (zg) of section 2 of the of Security Interest
Act,2002; (ii) Government securities; to be securities; and
Securitisation and

Sox Pros And Cons
In response to the perception that stricter financial governance laws are needed, SOX–type
regulations were subsequently enacted in Canada (2002),[3][better source needed] Germany (2002),
South Africa (2002), France (2003), Australia (2004), India (2005), Japan (2006), Italy (2006)
[citation needed], Israel,[citation needed] and Turkey[citation needed].(see also similar laws in other
countries below.) Debate continued as of 2007 over the perceived benefits and costs of SOX.
Opponents of the bill have claimed it has reduced America's international competitive edge against
foreign financial service providers because it has introduced an overly complex regulatory
environment into US financial markets. A study commissioned by NYC Mayor Michael Bloomberg
and US Sen. Charles Schumer, (D–NY), cited this as one reason America's financial sector is ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Banking practices: Lending to a firm sends signals to investors regarding the firm's risk. In the case
of Enron, several major banks provided large loans to the company without understanding, or while
ignoring, the risks of the company. Investors of these banks and their clients were hurt by such bad
loans, resulting in large settlement payments by the banks. Others interpreted the willingness of
banks to lend money to the company as an indication of its health and integrity, and were led to
invest in Enron as a result. These investors were hurt as well. Internet bubble: Investors had been
stung in 2000 by the sharp declines in technology stocks and to a lesser extent, by declines in the
overall market. Certain mutual fund managers were alleged to have advocated the purchasing of
particular technology stocks, while quietly selling them. The losses sustained also helped create a
general anger among

Section 215 Analysis
David Haynes examines the Section 215 program and its overreach. Clearly, Haynes isn't fond of
the program. Section 215 allows the National Security Agency to gather information by listening in
on the conversations of unsuspecting Americans.
If not for Edward Snowden, the public would be unaware that the surveillance programs existed.
President Bush and President Obama concealed the scope of the program from Congress.
Representative Sensenbrenner was the creator of the Patriot Act and was upset that the government
used it in a way that it wasn't meant to be used. He felt deceived by the government. As a result of
the expense and ineffectiveness of the Section 215 program the USA Freedom Act was passed to
decrease the misapplication

Elaborate and Explain the Organizational Structure, Powers...
Introduction Aside from the Companies Act 1965, the primary laws governing the regulation of
securities and futures in Malaysia are the Securities Industry Act 1983, the Securities Commission
Act 1993 and the Futures Industry Act 1993. The term 'securities laws' is defined in the Securities
Commission Act as meaning these Acts as well as the Securities Industry (Central Depositories) Act
1991: section 2. References to these laws also include references to any regulations, rules, orders,
notifications and other subsidiary legislation made under them: section 2A, Securities Commission
Act. The Securities Industry Act , which is formed on the provisions and structure of the Australian
Corporations Law and the Hong Kong Securities and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Securities Industry Development Corporation is linked and reports directly to the Chairman.
Other than that, there are four other departments directly linked to the Chairman as well, which are:
a) Office of the Chairman; b) General Counsel; c) Corporate and International Affairs; and d)
Investor Affairs and Complaints. As stated in the organization chart from its website , the Deputy
Chief Executive is also directly under the Chairman, with two Managing Directors reporting to it.
Under these two Managing Directors are branches of five departments which are: a) Strategy and
Development; b) Issues and Investments; c) Market Supervision; d) Enforcement; and e) Corporate
Resources. By virtue of section 5 of the SCA, no member of the Securities Commission shall hold
full time office in any public listed company. In an effort to dispel even the remotest appearance of
lack of impartiality or risk of conflict of interests, a member of the Securities Commission or any
committee who has or acquires a direct or indirect interest in relation to any matter under discussion
by the Securities Commission or any committee is required to disclose the existence of his interest
and the nature hereof. Failure to disclose may render the affected member guilty of an offence and
shall on conviction be liable to a fine not exceeding RM250,000 or imprisonment not exceeding five
years or both. Functions of the Securities Commission

Securities Regualtions Study Guide
XVI. Securities Regulation – 1933 Act A security is a contract, transaction or scheme whereby a
person invests his money in a common enterprise and is led to expect profits solely from the efforts
of a promoter or a third party (Howey test) Provide investors with information for securities offered
for sale and to prohibit fraud in the sale of securities. The 1933 Act governs the public distribution
of securities. It prohibits the offer or sale of securities to the public unless the offering is properly
registered. A. Persons covered are underwriters, dealers and issuers. 1. Underwriter purchases
securities from an issuer with the intent to distribute to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Accredited investors include: Up to 5 million. Advertising is not permitted. No unaccredited
investors are allowed to purchase. * corporations, partnerships, or other organizations: * financial
institutions; * with more than $5,000,000 of assets: * corporations and partnerships, not formed
expressly for this investment; * non–profit organizations; * any entity owned entirely by accredited
investors; * individuals or married couples * corporate or partnership insiders; * with assets worth
more than $1,000,000; * or individuals who earned at least $200,000, or $300,000 for a married
couple, in the last 2 years, and expect to make at least the same amount in the current year. b. Rule
504 A non–reporting company can raise up to $1,000,000 from any number of individuals,
accredited or not, without a SEC registration. General offering and solicitations are permitted under
Rule 504 as long as they are restricted to accredited investors. Shares are not restricted. 1) Offering
cannot exceed $1 million in a 12 month period. 2) Unlimited number of investors or unlimited type

ACC 561 Week 2 Individual Assignment Sarbanes Oxley Act Of...
Sarbanes–Oxley, Sarbox or SOX, is a United States federal law which was introduced in 2002. It is
also known as the "Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act" and "and
'Corporate and Auditing Accountability and Responsibility Act". The main objective of the act is to
protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures. New aspects are
created by SOX act for corporate accountability as well as new penalties for wrong doings. It was
basically introduced after major corporate and accounting scandals including the scandals of Enron,
WorldCom etc so that the same kind of scandals do not repeat again.
There are 11 titles on the act. Each title consists of several sections. The Securities and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This act also sees Failure of corporate officers to certify financial reports as criminal offense.
10. Corporate Tax Returns:
This title defines the sense of the Senate that the chief executive officer of a corporation should sign
the Federal income tax return of a corporation.
11. Corporate Fraud Accountability :
This title is also called the ''Corporate Fraud Accountability Act of 2002''. This title has a section
that gives temporary freezing authority to Securities and Exchange Commission. It also includes
amendments to federal sentencing guidelines and authority of commission to prohibit person to
serving as officers or directors. Increased criminal penalties under securities and exchange act are
also described here.
This act was named after U.S. Senator Paul Sarbanes and U.S. Representative Michael G. Oxley.
The act was introduced due to several reasons including auditor's conflict of interest, analyst's
conflict of interest; inaccurate banking practices etc provide measures to deal with these problems.
Effectiveness of SOX in avoiding future frauds:
In improving a publicly traded company's bottom line Sarbanes–Oxley can be a positive factor. By
introducing ethics codes and internal controls and building an ethical mind–set in a

The Moral Implications Of The Us Invaded Iraq
Carl Von Clausewitz was a Prussian Military Theorist in the early eighteen hundred`s who focused
on the moral implications of war. He once said "War is the mere continuation of politics by other
means", a statement that has become all too relevant in the twenty–first century. This paper will
serve to analyze why the US invaded Iraq in 2003, discussing the underlying agenda of the Bush
administration at the time compared to what information was given to the public. First, evaluating
how the Bush administration used propaganda to vilify the Iraqi regime as terrorists and convince
the US public that invading Iraq was clearly for pre–emptive self–defense. This section shows how
the US government at the time framed the Iraq war as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"the success of "Bush's PR War" . . . was largely dependent on a compliant press that uncritically
repeated almost every fraudulent administration claim about the threat posed to America by Saddam
Hussein" (Altheide & Grimes 2005: 1420). Any politician or news source that tried to provide other
information on the matter stating that these claims were not necessarily true fell on deaf ears.
"Counterclaims by others, including U.S. senators, were dismissed by the White House and received
little press or broadcast attention" (Altheide & Grimes 2005: 1420). The power of patriotism proved
to be very powerful at convincing the public, such that, anyone who tried to claim going to war with
Iraq was unjust and unfounded was regarded as unpatriotic by their fellow Americans and cast aside
along with their opinions. Claiming that Saddam Hussein and the Iraqi regime were terrorists
themselves helped the US government convince its people that Invading Iraq was justified; while
labeling the Iraq regime as terrorists dehumanized them and made it easier for the US publics fears
to be directed as anger and hate. This fear derived hate from the American populous, which was
further propelled by mass media aided in greenlighting the invasion of Iraq even when there was no
decisive evidence supporting the claims that the Bush

Corporate Scandals and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
INTRODUCTION
Corporate Scandals also known as Accounting Scandals are business scandals that originate from
the misstatement of financial reporting by the executives of public companies who are trusted to run
these organizations. These misrepresentations happen through overstating revenues, understating
expenses, Overstating assets or understating liabilities, use of fictitious and fraudulent transactions
and direct falsification of financial statements to give a misleading impression of the companies'
financial status. These misrepresentations are sometimes done with the cooperation of officials in
other organizations or affiliates.
The accounting profession has been ridiculed by the corporate scandals that took place in the last ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the management of Enron continued with their fake growth, Enron's financial contracts started to
became more and more complicated.
By August 2001, the financial statement fraud became obvious and by October Enron management
announced that the company was worth $1.2 billion less than what was previously recorded. The
difference was due to inflated estimates of income and failure to include all the debt in the financial
reports that were sent out to investors. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) started
investigating Enron. By November 2001 Enron admitted to overstating its past four year earnings by
$586 million and admitted to owing over $6 billion in debt. After this admission the price of Enron
stock dropped incredibly. Investors and creditors requested immediate repayments from Enron.
However, since Enron could not come up with any cash to repay its creditors, it filed for bankruptcy
in December of 2001. Thousands of Enron employees and investors lost their savings, their
children's college funds and pension when Enron collapsed due to financial statement
misrepresentation by its management. A lawsuit on behalf of a group of Enron's shareholders was
filed against Enron's executives and directors whereby 29 of them were accused of insider trading
and misleading the public.
Arthur Andersen
Arthur Andersen LLP was an accounting firm that was hired by Enron for both consultancy and
auditing work. It was one of the big five accounting

Classification of Company Status
Classification of company according to its public status Private company Private company means
any company incorporated as a private company by virtue of section 15. S15 state that if a company
having a share capital may be incorporated as a private company if its memorandum or articles
contain the following:– (a) There must be restrictions on the right of members to transfer their share.
(b) The members must not be more than fifty (50) not including: – Person who are in the
employment of the company; AND – Person who, having been formerly in the employment of the
company, were members of the company while in that employment and have continued to be
members after the employment ceased (c) Prohibits invite the public to subscribe for any shares in,
or debentures of the company. (d) Prohibits any invitation to the public to deposit money with the
company for fixed periods or payable at call, whether bearing or not bearing interest. Where, upon
the commencement of this Act, neither the memorandum nor articles of a company that is a private
company by virtue of paragraph (a) of the definition of 'private company' in subsection 4(1) contain
the restrictions, limitations and prohibitions required by subsection (1) to be included in the
memorandum or articles of a company that may be incorporated as a private company, the articles
of the company shall be deemed to include each such restriction, limitation or prohibition that is not
so included and a restriction on the right to

The Cloud Of Cloud Computing Essay
1. INTRODUCTION For years the Internet has been represented on network diagrams by a cloud
symbol until 2008 when a variety of new services started to emerge that permitted computing
resources to be accessed over the Internet termed cloud computing. Cloud computing encompasses
activities such as the use of social networking sites and other forms of interpersonal computing;
however, most of the time cloud computing is concerned with accessing online software
applications, data storage and processing power. Cloud computing is a way to increase the capacity
or add capabilities dynamically without investing in new infrastructure, training new personnel, or
licensing new software. It extends Information Technology's (IT) existing capabilities. In the last
few years, cloud computing has grown from being a promising business concept to one of the fast
growing segments of the IT industry. But as more and more information on individuals and
companies are placed in the cloud, concerns are beginning to grow about just how safe an
environment it is. Despite of all the hype surrounding the cloud, customers are still reluctant to
deploy their business in the cloud. Security issues in cloud computing has played a major role in
slowing down its acceptance, in fact security ranked first as the greatest challenge issue of cloud
computing as depicted in figure 1. Kuyoro S. O., Ibikunle F. & Awodele O. International Journal of
Computer Networks (IJCN), Volume (3) : Issue (5) : 2011 248 FIGURE

History of Sox
History of Sarbanes Oxley and the Reasons for Enactment
Virginia Knight
Student ID: 6892460166
Accounting Capstone
Senior Seminar in Accounting
ACC 499 006016 Spring 2009
Submitted to: Professor Tee Thein
June 19, 2009
Abstract:
In 2002 the Sarbanes–Oxley Act was passed. This is a mandatory act that all organizations, large
and small, must comply with. This legislation introduced major changes to the regulation of
financial practice and corporate governance. There are eleven titles to the Sarbanes–Oxley Act. The
act is named after its main architect, Representative Michael Oxley and Senator Paul Sarbanes.
Former President Bush is quoted saying that it is intended to "deter and punish corporate and
accounting fraud and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The results noted a distinct difference between companies that had reached compliance with SOX
and those that had not."
CHAPTER 2
Eleven Titles of SOX
The objective of the eleven titles of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act is to ensure that auditors remain
independent; corporations and auditors are accountable to the public for the numbers they publish;
an independent body governs financial reporting processes; sufficient measures are in place to deter
fraudulent activity; financial activities are transparent enough to allow fraud detection to occur; and
if fraud is detected, someone is held responsible.
Public Company Accounting Oversights Board Section 101 of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act establishes
the Public Company Accounting Oversights Board (PCAOB). The Board consists of five
financially–literate members that are appointed for five–year terms. Three of these members must

not be a CPA currently nor have been one in the past. The other two members must be, previously or
currently, a certified public accountant. The main focus of this Board is (1) to register along with
discipline accounting firms that prepare audit reports on companies that are public; (2) conduct
inspections and/or investigations of registered accounting firms that audit public companies; and (3)
establish audit and accounting standards.
Auditor Independence Sections 201, 203 and 204 outline the

The Pros And Cons Of Sarbanes-Oxley Act

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Amanda Crow

More from Amanda Crow (19)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

The Pros And Cons Of Sarbanes-Oxley Act