Different Perspectives And Approaches To Managing Knowledge

Different Perspectives and Approaches to Managing Knowledge
MOS Essay
3. Discuss how different perspectives and approaches to managing knowledge may lead to an
organisation's competitive advantage, supporting your views with pertinent literature and examples.
Knowledge management (KM) is a relatively new concept that emerged 15 or 20 years ago and
which presents knowledge as a process, rather as something that people have. Blacker (1995)
himself talks of "knowing as a process", thus something far more complex and ambiguous than the
classical and cognitive views that we could have of knowledge. Moreover, this assumption implies,
as we shall see, that management is not neutral or objective but that it is intertwined in power
relations and social processes that help to achieve the KM's goals ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This implies that when an error is detected, instead of correcting the actions only (single–loop
learning), individuals or groups seek to alter first the "governing variables" (Argyris, 1999) – goals,
values, strategies, beliefs, conceptual frameworks – and then the actions.
This means that if an organisation wants to remain competitive and efficient, discovering problems
and inventing solutions are not sufficient conditions for organizational learning. As Argyris (1999)
says, double–loop learning "control the long–range effectiveness, and hence, the ultimate destiny of
the system". The better organisations have the control of their activity by being able to reflect on it,
and hold all the cards in the situation of problem–solving, the better they can achieve competitive
advantage through improved organizational behaviours and better decisions (in this theory).
To further develop our analysis, we will now base our argument on the work of Hansen, Nohria and
Thierney (1999). They have defined two broad KM strategies that many companies have adopted
since: the "codification" based on the re–use of knowledge which is codified, and stored in the form
of electronic document systems. Anyone has thus a uniform and easy access to knowledge in the
organisation. The other approach described as "personalization strategy" emphasizes the people–to–
people knowledge transfer and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

B&Q Case Study
Contents Executive Summary 3 1. TASK ONE 4 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Possession and practice 4
3.3 B&Q case 5 3. TASK TWO 8 3.1 Introduction 8 3.2 Time distance 9 3.3 Technological
distance 10 3.4 Social distance 10 3.5 Cultural distance 11 4. Bibliography 13
Executive Summary
In a modernized and globalized world, knowledge creation and synergization of knowledge in an
organization is truly crucial. As data and information are readily available, and information
communication technology (ICT) has highly advanced, organizations such as B&Q need to
understand how knowledge creation can assist to improve internal and external processes and also
encourage innovation.
In task one, the aim is to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3.3 B&Q case
B&Q plc works with many vendors such as Kingfisher Asia (KAL) who supply products to
B&Q. Hence to manage their vendors and ensure processes and procedures are followed,
B&Q come up with code of conduct (B&Q Operational Standards for Supply Chains) for
all their vendors. The code of conduct is based on the international labour and envirnmental
standards set by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Conventions which factories and
worksites of all vendors throughout the world need to comply to.
In summary, vendors need to let B&Q have full visibility of the enitre supply chain and fulfill
and obey the code of conduct criteria at all facilities. Any failure to meet the nine Critical Failure
Points (CFPs) will result in B&Q not buying or purchasing their products.
Through this code of conduct, we can deduce that B&Q adopts a possession of knowledge
rather than practice of knowledge. B&Q receives knowledge about labour and environmental
guidelines from ILO conventions and uses the basic context to write down or capture in an
information technology (IT) system which is then made available as an organizational resource –
B&Q Operational Standards for Supply Chains. This is in contrast of having a group discussion
with the vendors and seeking their opinions and views on how to create a better working
environment for the workers (practice of knowledge).
For example, Baer (1987) and Abbott (1988) explained

Essay on Collusion Between British Airways and Virgin
The tacit collusion case to be discussed involves the illegal collusion and setting of fuel surcharges
to commercial and cargo transatlantic fares between British Airways (BA) and Virgin Atlantic
Airways (Virgin). The factors which contributed to its success will be discussed, as well as why, and
its implications, of becoming public. To begin with, it would be beneficial to define both collusive
behaviour and the nature of the competition involved in the aviation industry.
Collusion is the act of a number of firms within an industry agreeing to set a certain price, output or
another parameter and is almost always against the law. This is as they all compete in the given
industry, with the setting of prices or outputs done in favour of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As the nature of the good is a seat on a plane, clearly capacity constraints are present in the form of
the limited seating on aircraft, as well as the inability to in the short run increase output beyond full
capacity. During the setting of price, clear communication will most likely result in a non–static
equilibrium. As well as this, the symmetry in terms of the market and cost structures has played a
part in creating a successful cartel. Each firm produces a relatively homogenous good in terms of
economy, business or first class, with a limited amount of features it can differentiate itself from its
competitors. As well as this, using Figure 1, which will be discussed later on, demonstrates that the
main costs to an airline are those which cannot be easily reduced or offset, most notably the cost of
fuel and aircraft maintenance. Therefore both firms have near perfect knowledge of the cost
structure and revenue through observing prices, and will aid in choosing a certain pricing strategy.
What follows will be a detailed discussion of the specific market conditions which lead to the
successful collusion between BA and Virgin.
The UK Transatlantic Flight market as a whole can be said to hold many key factors which have led
to successful collusion. The first is due to the high levels of

Danone Case Study Essay
Danone
Case Study
Contents Page
Executive Summary Pg. 3
Introduction Pg. 4 Background Pg. 4
Problems Pg. 5 Issue 1– Lack of formal IT systems Pg. 5
Issue 2–Lack of incentives & rewards Pg. 5
Issue 3–Geographical dispersion Pg. 6
Issue 4–Development of Networking Attitude Pg. 8 –Why should the issue be addressed Pg. 8 –
Competitive Advantage Pg. 9
Recommendations/ Strategies Pg. 10
Deeper/Wider/Richer Advantages & Dissadvantages APPENDIX
Deeper strategies Pg. 10 –Marketplaces Pg. 11 –Who's who Pg. 11 –Communities Pg. 12
Risks & Barriers Pg. 13 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, Danone may need to consider extending its concept deeper, richer or wider to determine
whether the benefits may be higher than they currently are (Edmondson, et al., 2008).
Background
Danone's success is largely attributed to the knowledge and abilities of its employees. The sharing
and retaining of this knowledge is extremely important in ensuring the long–term effectiveness of
Danone. The Networking attitude initiative was launched at a Danone conference in the fall of 2002
as a means of circulating good practices and enabling the sharing of knowledge across groups in the
geographically dispersed company (Edmonson et al, 2008, p. 1–8). Several tools have been
developed as part of the initiative, most notably knowledge "marketplaces", a "who's who" internal
directory system and sharing networks (Edmonson et al, 2008, p. 1). From 2004 to 2007, Danone

employees shared almost 640 good practices with colleagues and overall, the Networking attitude
initiative has made practical information accessible to about 5000 of the more than 9000 Danone
managers around the world. The initiative has incurred very little cost and was seen highly
successful by 86% of general managers according to an internal survey (Edmonson et al, 2008, p. 1).
Problems
Issue 1 – Lack of formal IT systems
The knowledge that is shared amongst employees at

The Second Treatise Of Government By Locke
One of Locke's most influential writings was his "Second Treatise of Government". In this essay,
Locke discusses his ideal version of government, in which a "social contract" is exchanged between
the subjects and the government in power. In discussing this social contract, Locke provides a
distinction between express consent and tacit consent. In our discussion today, much of our time will
be spent discussing tacit consent. For our purposes, we will define tacit consent as a nonverbal,
implied, voluntary act of permission or agreement. In Locke's "Second Treatise of Government", he
asserts that all individuals are equal and independent, so thus no one is superior over another. In
governments though, there is a fundamental hierarchical nature in which there are leaders, who are
superior, than say, the subjects. In order to fix this problem, Locke introduces the concept of Tacit
Consent. Locke sums up tacit consent by saying "And to this I say, that every man, that hath any
possessions, or enjoyment, of any part of the dominions of any government, cloth thereby give his
tacit consent, and is as far forth obliged to obedience to the laws of that government, during such
enjoyment, as any one under it; " Basically, if an individual is benefitting from resources given to
them by the government, then they have tacitly consented to also accept the burdens of that
government and follow the laws set forth by that government. So, have we as a nation, provided
tacit consent to the US

The Behavior Of Firms Under Oligopoly Market
This essay will attempt to discuss on some models used to understand the behaviour of firms under
oligopoly market, where problems of uncertainty exists and whether collusion between these firms
will eliminates it. For simplicity, these models will be explained under the assumption that there are
two firms (duopoly), namely firm A and firm B and both firms produce identical product.
Oligopoly is a type of imperfect competitive market, which consists of few large firms. These firms
control the market and sell similar product, which are usually differentiated by the brand (e.g. Nike
and Adidas).The most important features of oligopoly is the interdependence between firms, which
means that the act of a firm will inevitably affect the other firm. However, a firm cannot be sure of
how exactly the other firm will respond to their decision, therefore strategic uncertainty may be used
as a tactic in oligopoly.
There are many models discussing on the interaction between firms such as game theory, an analysis
of strategic interaction and also conjectural variation, which will be the underlying discussion for
the first part of the essay. Conjectural variation is an assumption that a firm expects a reaction from
other firms in the market based on their movement. This act of conjecturing implies the uncertainty
in the market. Conjectural variation is the rate of change of rival's output with respect to own output
(McMillan, 2013).
Equation 1.1:
e.g. dp/dqA= ∂p/∂qA+∂p/∂qB

Game Theory and Oligopoly Fall
Econ 101: Principles of Microeconomics
Chapter 15 – Oligopoly
Fall 2010
Herriges (ISU)
Ch. 15 Oligopoly
Fall 2010
1 / 25
Outline
1
Understanding Oligopolies
2
Game Theory The Prisoner's Dilemma Overcoming the Prisoner's Dilemma
3
Antitrust Policy
Herriges (ISU)
Ch. 15 Oligopoly
Fall 2010
2 / 25

The Oligopoly
Monopolies are quiet rare, in part due to regulatory efforts to discourage them. However, there are
many markets that are dominated by a relatively few firms, known as oligopolies. The term
oligopoly comes from two Greek words: oligoi meaning "few" and poleein meaning "to sell".
Examples of oligopolies include:
1 2 3 4
5
6 7
Airliner Manufacturing: Boeing and Airbus Food ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Efforts to model such strategic interactions has led to a whole branch of economics and math known
as game theory
Herriges (ISU)
Ch. 15 Oligopoly
Fall 2010
8 / 25
The Duopoly
In order to understand some of the possible behaviors in the case of oligopolies, consider the
simplest case – the duopoly (i.e., two firms). Think, for example, of the airliner industry, which is
dominated by two firms (Boeing and Airbus). Suppose that the demand for airliners in any given
month is given by
Price ($mill.) 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0
Herriges (ISU)
Quantity Demanded 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Total Revenue TR = P × Q 0 3.50 6.00 7.50 8.00 7.50 6.00 3.50 0
Ch. 15 Oligopoly
Marginal Revenue MR = ∆TR/∆Q 3.50 2.50 1.50 0.50 –0.50 –1.50 –2.50 –3.50
Fall 2010 9 / 25
If MC=1.75, how much would a monopoly produce? Q=2
The Collusion Outcome

One alternative in the case of a duopoly would be for the two ﬁrms to form a cartel A cartel is an
agreement among several producers to obey output restrictions in order to increase their joint proﬁt.
Essentially, the cartel acts like a monopolist and simply divides the market among members of the
cartel. The most famous example of this is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC) OPEC was formed in 1960's in response to quotas instituted by President

Dominant Price Leadership
ICFAI UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN NAME: KEDAR SINGH TOMAR IUD No: 0901201057 IBS
No: 09BS0001057 Course Name: MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS Course Code: SLEC501 Faculty
Name: DR. ANIRVINNA C. Date of Submission: 08TH SEPTEMBER 2009 Topic of the
Assignment: DOMINANT PRICE LEADERSHIP Student Signature Faculty Signature
DOMINANT PRICE LEADERSHIP Dominant price leadership exists when a. one firm drives the
others out of the market. b. the dominant firm decides how much each of its competitors can sell. c.
the dominant firm establishes the price at the quantity where its MR = MC, and permits all other
firms ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Four Million milestone is not just a significant one for Dishtv but also symbolizes the
successful growth of the Indian DTH industry. Dishtv has always been a forerunner in bringing new
marketing innovations and going forward the company will initiate certain steps to rationalize the
package offerings which may include charging of service tax etc. directly from the subscriber.
Adding to its array of interactive value added service, dishtv launched the innovative Interactive
Banking Service "ICICI ACTIVE" in association with ICICI Bank. This service enables Dish TV
viewers to access information on ICICI Bank products and services, from the convenience of their
homes. To celebrate the festive spirit of Diwali, Dishtv launched "BHAKTI ACTIVE". Dishtv
subscribers can now get Live Gurbani from Bangla Sahib and Nanded Sahib, Aarti of Sai Baba from
Shirdi & Ganesh Aarti from Siddhi Vinayak, Mumbai, Aarti from Tirupati Balaji, Live Ganga Aarti
from Haridwar and Bhasm Aarti of Mahakaal from Ujjain. Dishtv customers can now get blessed at
the press of a button in the comfort of their home 24X7. Dishtv added 3 new channels on its
platform. This addition will further enhance Dishtv's strong bouquet of general entertainment, news,
sports and regional channel offering to its discerning subscribers. The company had added a record
5.29 Lakh

The Federal Trade Commission Actively Enforces Antitrust Law
The Federal Trade Commission actively enforces antitrust laws to organizations within the
healthcare field, including to Physician Hospital Organizations (PHOs). A PHO is a vehicle that
enables hospitals and physicians to work cooperatively toward accomplishing several objectives
(Physician, 2015). According to Susan Creighton (2004), competitive issues among PHOs can occur
when a PHO acts as a contracting arrangement for a network of healthcare providers. The network
can consist of groups of physicians, one hospital or several, and also some other entities that offer a
bundle of healthcare services to insurance companies and other payors (Creighton, 2004). The FTC
states that the core antitrust law principle is that it is illegal for competitors to agree on prices they
will charge, except where they come together and integrate in a legitimate joint venture that results
in efficiencies or other precompetitive benefits that outweigh the restriction of competition
(Creighton, 2004). Agreements that violate the antitrust law can be determined as per se illegal. Per
se illegal means that activities, such as horizontal price fixing, or group boycotts, have been
conclusively presumed to restrain competition unreasonably even without a study of the market that
they occurred in, or an analysis of their actual effect on competition, or their purpose (Burke, et al.,
2009). South Georgia Health Partners are an example of a PHO that was charged by the commission
on a per se illegal

How Can Hr Management Systems and Practices in Singapore,...
BACHELOR OF COMMERCE
BUS 378: Knowledge & Organisational Learning
Essay Outline:
How can HR management systems and practices in Singapore, be re–designed using KM and OL
principles to increase innovation and competitive advantage over the next five years.
Introduction
2012 is marked as a significant year for Singapore's workforce demographics. This is the year where
the first batch of baby boomers turned 65 years old (National Population and Talent Division, Prime
Minister's Office 2012). Under the Retirement and Re–employment Act (RRA) in effect since 1
January 2012, while the statutory minimum retirement age remains at 62 year old, employers are
now required to offer re–employment to eligible employees who turn 62, up to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Organisational Learning
Jashapara (2011) defines organisational learning as the processes of improving organisational
actions through better knowledge and understanding.
Organisational learning can be seen as the goal of knowledge management and may be obtained by
good knowledge management strategies and processes. By motivating the creation, dissemination
and application of knowledge, KM initiatives pay off by helping the organization embed knowledge
into organisational processes so that it can continuously improve its practices and behaviours and
pursue the achievement of its goals.
KM and OL in Training and Development
Training and development is defined as the heart of a continuous effort deigned to improve
employee competency and organisational performance (Mondy, Robert and Shane 2002). Training
provides trainees with information and skills needed for their current job, while development arms
them with the knowledge needed for the future role.
Training and development provide employees the skills and knowledge to keep up with the
company's changes and growth. It can also help to develop and improve the corporate culture, its
efficiency and its effectiveness; and helps in creating the learning culture within the company.

In a traditional company setting, the Human Resource department (HRD) generally would look for
training programmes for

What is Knowledge Management? Essay examples
Introduction*
Generally, knowledge is interpreted, subjective information within a context, which involves
understanding and is mostly tacit, not explicit. Knowledge can take many forms. It can be in the
form of thoughts, insights, ideas, lore, lessons learnt, practices, and experiences undergone to name
just a few.
The term knowledge management has become common in businesses throughout the world. Despite
its increased prevalence, there remains a large degree of confusion concerning the applied definition
of what knowledge management is. Within the knowledge management community, attempts at
defining this elusive term appear to be in constant flux. However, a basic description of what
constitutes knowledge management, and the various ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rote processes are good examples of explicit knowledge.
Tacit: that knowledge which requires development of intuition and judgement, generally the result
of experience and/or close relational learning modeled by the journeyman/apprentice model.
*Source: Gartner Group
Stair Step Chart
As knowledge goes from tacit to explicit, the volume decreases as the information is captured into a
generally useable form:
Culture and technology are shown here as the key drivers of knowledge management, and both
encompass many things. Culture is more than just people – it covers behaviour, organisations and
reward structures, for example – just as technology is more than just IT – we use it to mean the
whole supporting infrastructure for knowledge management. Technology is the key driver for
capturing and using knowledge, while culture is key to the activities of sharing and learning.
Capturing core knowledge: characterised by a growing awareness of the kinds of knowledge that
relate to a core capability. This phase is dominated by identifying and locating that knowledge and
putting in place the technical infrastructure to facilitate capture. The organisation recognises the
value of knowledge management to its business, and begins its journey with a few successful pilots,
which then attract the interest of a wider community.
Sharing between communities: the

Information Based Decision Making Essay
| Information based decision making | Unit 5002V1 | | | 4/1/2015 |
Task 1 (600–700 words):
A.C.1.1 – Examine the nature of data and information
Data comprises of factual information. Data are the facts from which information is derived. Data is
not necessarily informative on its own but needs to be structured, interpreted, analysed and
contextualised. Once data undergoes this process, it transforms in to information. Information
should be accessible and understood by the reader without needing to be interpreted or manipulated
in any way.
Knowledge is the framework for understanding information and using it to inform judgements,
opinions, predictions and decisions – a pyramidal relationship (See diagram 1)
Diagram ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, I prefer circular model (Diagram 2) of the relationship as knowledge can influence what
data is collected thus generating information to enhance knowledge that in turn can generate more
data.
There are different types of data and information. These are examined in Table 1:
Type of data | Definition | Pros | Cons | Qualitative data/ information | A rich and detailed method to
capture how and why people behave in certain ways and the impact of these processes on behaviour.
| Captures participant's lived experiences.Allows a deeper understanding of a topic.Smaller sample
sizes so less expensive to do.Takes researcher bias in to account – an ethical strengthCan help to
provide new ideas to shape a service for people. | Smaller sample sizes, so less generalizable to
larger populations.Not possible to create statistics – which can help to shape and plan service
effectiveness and deliveryTime consumingDifficult to make comparisons within the sample.Poor
re–test reliabilityResults vulnerable to researcher bias and experience. | Quantitative data/
information | Analysis of numerical data to explain outcome, prevalence, frequency, time, cost. |
Based on explicit knowledge and this can be easy and fast to capture and analyse.Results can be
generalised to larger populationsCan be repeated – therefore good test re–test reliability and
validityStatistical analyses and interpretation are

Current Challenges : Demand For More Applications
Current Challenges
Demand for more applications : As IT managers face the challenges of meeting piles of requests
from business users to achieve automation/ timely insights into data the backlog of work just keeps
growing and building every new application from scratch is just too time consuming and not
possible. Hence, Managers are thinking about new innovative ways to meet the business needs.
Management demands timely insights: In a competitive environment managers need timely insights
to make decisions in order to stay ahead of their competitors. They not only want the data to be
available on time but also are concerned with the security of data. Knowledge management and Data
Analytics are the keen focus areas of IT managers these days.
Shortage of IT resources: As shortage of tech staff increases organizations struggle to meet their
goals with regards to Information management. It is costly and time consuming to hire new staff for
development for applications and BI.
Cost Pressures on IT: There is a lot pressure on IT departments to cut costs specially when the IT is
not contributing directly to the core business and savings due to IT are not explicitly visible to the
management. With increasing Staffing costs and ever increasing complexity of applications it is
really hard to cut costs
Pressure to reduce development time: Business is no longer willing to wait for years for applications
to build and show any results. Agile methodology has taken over

Barriers Of Oligopoly
2. Economic Theory
2.1 Oligopoly
Oligopoly is a market structure in which a few firms dominate the market (Jocelyn Blink & Ian
Dorton, 2012). The market may have a large number of firms or just a few, but the important idea is
that the industry's output is shared by a small number of firms. It is possible for oligopolistic
industries to differ, in the sense that some industries would produce the same kind of products,
where the product is practically the same and only the companies name is different. On the other
hand, there are also industries that produce completely different product and also ones that produce
products that are only a bit different from each other, but these firms do tend to spend most of their
budgets to advertise their products (Jocelyn Blink & Ian Dorton, 2012). There are a few main
characterises of firms that operate as oligopolies these include:
1. Interdependence
2. Strategy
3. Barriers to entry o Natural barriers o Artificial barriers
When economists determine the competitiveness of market they usually look at the assumptions of
the different market structures. The same ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These obstacles are known as barriers to entry. There are generally two types of barriers to entry that
exist, these are natural and artificial. Natural barriers can be exploited by the major firms and the
artificial barriers can be used belligerently to stop other firms from joining the market.
Natural Barriers to Entry:
Economies to Scale
Larger firms tend to have lower cost compared to smaller firms, due to the fact that they are able to
gain from economies of scale, but it is possible for larger firms to experience diseconomies of scale.
As firms increase their production scale they tend to lower their production cost and move to the
long run, this can be represented using the diagram

What Are The Objectives Of Knowledge Management?
iv. Stability: It means looking inward with order or sequence within an organization and
management again is through a hierarchical structure.
Knowledge Management: First of all we will define Knowledge, Knowledge is the combination of
data information and data, to which is added experience, skills and expert opinion, to result in a
valuable asset which can be used to aid decision making. Knowledge may be explicit and or tacit
individual and or collective.
Knowledge management: It is the process of management techniques and tools disseminating
knowledge with in an organization. There are two main types of knowledge.
Explicit knowledge: Knowledge that can be targetable or readily expressed and recorded with in
information systems.
Tacit Knowledge: Mainly intangible knowledge is not recorded since it is the part of the human
mind. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
 By knowledge management we can improve pro fit or we can also increase revenueup to sixty
seven

A Survey Report On The Uk Construction Industry
A 2013 survey Corruption in the UK Construction Industry conducted by the Charted Institute of
Builders (CIOB, 2013), which surveyed 701 construction professionals, the majority of whom
described themselves as being of 'senior management level', although this survey involved mainly
senior management, it is important to note that corruption can occur at any level within an
organisation. The results of the survey presented a number of important findings about the state of
the industry; first and most significantly that 49% of respondents believed that corruption is
common (fairly or extremely) within the UK construction industry, this represents almost half of
those surveyed and provides a damning insight into the prevalence of corruption. ... Show more
Table 1 – Prevalence of different types of fraud in the UK (Grant Thornton, 2013)
Type
Prevalence
Billing fraud
Medium
Bid/contract rigging (market collusion)
High
Bribery/corruption
Low
Fictitious vendors – falsifying payment applications
Medium
Change order manipulation
High
Theft or substitution of materials
Medium
False representation
High
Money laundering
Low
Further data from the Corruption in the UK Construction Industry (CIOB, 2013) report suggests that
within the industry there is a strong feeling that bribery is a corrupt and unacceptable act, including;
89.3% – Perceive bribery to obtain a contract to be corrupt
86.7% – Perceive collusion and cartel activity to be corrupt
83.3% – Perceive billing for unperformed work to be corrupt

67.0% – Believe the use of gifts and corporate hospitality can be treated as bribery
The perception of what can be considered a corrupt practice is highly subjective and down to
individual experience, however, it provides a useful barometer for the overall feeling in the
construction industry, this is particularly important for areas such as hospitality. Interestingly, 67%
of individuals surveyed still believe gifts and hospitality may be treated as bribery even though the
Bribery Act

The Concept Of Knowledge Management
Introduction
The concept of knowledge management (KM) was introduced early in 1990s, which include
business administration, public policy, information systems management, library and information
sciences. Knowledge Management became popular in the 1995 with the publication of The
Knowledge– Creating Company written by Nonaka and Takeuchi.
KM is the base for evidence–informed decision making, because it requires organizations and/or
individuals to create, access, exchange and translate knowledge to be applied to a specific policy or
program challenge. KM encourages innovation and when an individual and a social system accept
an effective idea or new practice, successful dispersal of an innovation occurs.
In general, knowledge can be divided into two categories: Explicit knowledge and Tacit knowledge.
Explicit knowledge can be directed in words and can be distributed through written documents,
manuals, or database. Tacit knowledge is the knowledge existed in our minds, which is hard to
express and could be shared via discussion, stories, observation, and personal interaction. KM
supports the transferring and storage of both Tacit knowledge and Explicit knowledge.
The interest in KM also increased in fields outside of business, especially in the health care, where
health specialists start to look at the possibilities to embed KM concepts in their own practices and
institutions. Developments in business processes, better communication with other departments or
with

The Theory Of Knowledge Management Models
In order for public and private organizations to exploit and manage knowledge in their daily
processes and integrate knowledge management in their strategic planning, the managers of the
organizations must know the actual meaning of knowledge. Right now, the three–knowledge
management models being used in organizations are Nonaka and Takeuci's (knowledge spiral),
Firestone and McElroy's (knowledge life cycle) snowden's (Cynefin Model) (Heaidari, Khanifar &
Moghimi, 2011).
The first two models are based on justified true premise and Popperian framework respectively,
which are assumptions (Jamaluddin & Khalifa, 2012). None of the three models is capable of
providing a real world scenario for knowledge process illustration with a good explanation of how it
works (Milovanović, 2011). If organizations continue using the current knowledge management
models they will only describe how knowledge process works but it will not be easy to evaluate the
models or even determine their usefulness in both private and public organizations. I propose to fill
this gap by developing a better end–to–end model for better knowledge management process
(Jamaluddin & Khalifa, 2012).
Background of the Problem
After observing most organizations I have realized how their planning is similar to a ritual rain
dance; the dance has no impact on succeeding weather, but the dancers belief it does. It appears to
me that the instructions followed in strategic planning in most organizations are aimed at

The 's Theory Of Energy Conversion
The first mode of knowledge conversion enables an organization to convert tacit knowledge through
facilitating interaction between individuals (Bashar Sarayreh 2012). Individuals in this case, can
gain tacit knowledge without necessarily having to communicate by means of language. Instead,
tacit knowledge can be converted into tacit knowledge through practice, imitation and observation.
An example of this form of knowledge conversion is demonstrated by apprentices who learn critical
skills just by working alongside their mentors. Evidently, therefore, experience is a key cornerstone
when it comes to an individual acquiring tacit knowledge. Nonaka's theory of energy conversion
suggests that it is enormously difficult for individuals to share their thinking processes without
keenly sharing their experiences (Bashar Sarayreh 2012). A common feature of this form of
conversion is emotional attachment to shared experiences. As a result of this, the spiral model calls
the process of creating tacit knowledge by sharing experiences, socialization. Conversion of explicit
knowledge to explicit knowledge on the other hand requires the incorporation of social processes in
order to combine various forms of explicit knowledge possessed by different individuals. Under this
arrangement, individuals share knowledge through meetings or telephone conversations.
Reconfiguration of existing information through acts such as adding or sorting information can
consequently lead to creation of newer

Anti Corruption Watchdog Transparency International Ranks...
Corruption is a treacherous plague that has a wide range of volatile effects on societies; it
undermines democracy and the rule of law, which leads to violations of human rights, distortion of
markets, and it erodes the quality of life allowing for organized crime, terrorism, and other threats to
human security. Corruption is universal, as it is found in all countries, yet it does the most damage to
the developing world. Corruption hurts the poor disproportionately by diverting funds intended for
development, undermining a government's ability to provide basic services, feeding inequality and
injustice and discouraging foreign aid and investment. Corruption is rampant in India, as it has taken
a prevalent role of Indian politics and bureaucracy. Corruption in India has been one of the most
interesting and discussed problems in modern political history. Anti–corruption watchdog
Transparency International ranks the national perception of corruption in India to be 85th in the
world out of 175 positions, indicating that India's governance is corrupt and isn't accountable to its
citizens. There is a plethora of factors encouraging corruption and not every factor can be discussed,
or else the narrative would run into volumes. Only a few factors can be identified to highlight the
impact of corruption (Shekhawat, 2005). It may seem that the presence of widespread corruption
throughout the India conjures notions that the country is inherently dysfunctional, but for politicians,

Nasa Essay
NASA contributed to a number of successes in American history. During the past, the organization
has rapidly acquired a number changes that has created an opportunity to expand and improve
Knowledge Management (KM). Similar to many other important organizations, NASA has
frequently pursued ways to capture knowledge into their information systems assuming that it could
be managed best when it 's captured in a system for later retrieval. In the past 10 years, the budgets
on their missions have been reduced, missions have multiplied ten–fold, and scientists and engineers
have been overwhelmed by the extreme challenges. The most important factors that are addressed
includes the importance of learning, (FBC) faster, better, cheaper implications, and knowledge
management that supports innovation in the future.
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) faces a loss of knowledge due to the amount of key personnel
that is retiring. In addition, the U. S congress has made an attempt to develop a well–organized
knowledge management (KM) tool to potentially reduce the risk of future mission failures and
covers issues that are forthcoming with retirements (Kiron & Leonard, 2002). Technology itself does
not have the ability to resolve the issues needed to perform better as an organization. Some of these
difficult decisions are costly, undermanaged, and established by inexperienced project managers.
These particular areas have raised concern for Jean Holm, chief knowledge architect, because

Collusive Behavior in the Industrial Thread Industry
Collusive Behavior in the Industrial Thread Industry
Table of contents
1. Introduction................................................................................. 2
2. The Thread Industry 2.1 Market Structure......................................................................... 2 2.1 The
Agreements .......................................................................... 3
3. Economic Impact on Competition 3.1 The Nature of a
Carte........................................................................... 4 3.2 Welfare analysis
................................................................................. 5
4. The European Commission`s decision 4.1. The
decision................................................................................ 7
5. Conclusion.................................................................................... 8
References........................................................................................... 9
1. Introduction
The European Commission (EC) convicted ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are for example different techniques to twist the yarns or types of finishing. Thread can also
differ in size, tenacity, loop or breaking strength and color fastness (YIL Corporation, n.d./2010).
This means thread can be differentiated easily, to satisfy customers' needs and wishes. It is also
important to emphasize that without differentiation the consumers are in the position to make a trade
off in quality by switching to a company from an emerging country, like China, to get much lower
prices due to local and undervalued labor costs (Athukorala, 2007). To sum it up, the industrial
thread industry within the EEA is very competitive. The only striking factor is the production of a
differentiated product which can be explained by the increasing competition from the East. The
damage by the cartels can therefore be estimated to be very extensive, so it is now interesting to
investigate what agreements were made by the cartel members.
2.2 The Agreements

A competitive market is what an economy should strive for. It maximizes total welfare and benefits
all parties. The textile industry itself is very competitive, so that it is impossible for individual firms
to generate additional economic profits in the long run. Some companies would therefore find it
very beneficial to coordinate their actions. For example they could reduce the quantity supplied, so
that the market price would rise artificially. In the thread market there were two kinds of agreements

Imperfect Competition Essay
1.0 Introduction
In a perfectly competitive market it is assumed that owing to presence of manybuyers and many
sellers selling homogeneous products,the actions of any singlebuyer or seller has a negligible impact
on the market price of product. However in reality this situation is seldom realized. Most of the time
individual sellershave some degree of control over the price of their outputs. This condition is
referredas imperfect competition.
Barriers to entry are the factors that make it difficult for new firms to enter an industry, which lead
to imperfect competition. Mostly commonly known barriers of entry areeconomies of scale, legal
restrictions, high cost of entry and advertising and productdifferentiation.
Imperfect ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For any one firm, within the cartel, expanding output and selling at a price thatslightly undercuts the
cartel price can achieve extra profits. Unfortunately if one firmindulges in this, the other firms will
probably same path same. If all firms break theterms of their cartel agreement, the result will be an
excess supply in the market and asharp fall in the price. Under these circumstances, a cartel
agreement might breakdown.
Fig.1 Price fixation by cartel and effect on partner of the firm
3.0 Conditions conducive for formation of cartels
1. Only a small number of firms exist in the industry and barriers prevail to entryprotect the
monopoly power of existing firms in the long run.
2. Market demand is not too variable i.e. it is reasonably predictable and not subject toerratic
fluctuations which may result to excess demand or excess supply.
3. Demand is fairly inelastic with respect to price so that a higher cartel price fetchesincreased total
revenue to suppliers in the market.
4. It is easier to monitor each firm's output. This enables the cartel more easily toregulate total
supply and identify firms, cheating on output quotas.
4.0 Reasons for possible breakdowns of cartels

Most cartel arrangements experience difficulties and tensions and some producercartels collapse
completely. Several factors can create problems within a collusiveagreement

Related The Optimal Choice Rule Of The Leniency Program By...
Related the optimal choice rule of the leniency program by competition authority, Sauvagnat (2014)
use a model of collusion to study the relationship between number of reporting information by firms
and leniency rates. The former one depend the latter one. He found that "a single informant rule",
which means leniency only to one firm, play more important role on cartel deterrence than the "a
first informant rule" if they want to minimize the fines reduction in whole cartels level. One the
other hand, he also mention that the risk of a single informant rule, which is the firm might be fair
other firm will report by competitor first, in practice, can be minimize if this rule can be "during a
period over which the privacy of leniency applications could be guaranteed" (Sauvagnat 2014, p
325).
Different ways have been taken to analysis the effect of leniency policy. Similar to Brenner (2009),
which provide the effects in short term and long term with the help of the leniency programs (see the
empirical discussion in section 4), Harrington and Chang (2009) providing a method by observing
the "population of discovered cartels" to measure the short run impact of program on cartel fighting
and present whether it can help decrease the rate of cartels. He concludes:
"if these policies have, in fact, been effective in reducing the rate of cartel formation then we ought
to observe a short run increase in the duration of discovered cartels. The duration of discovered
cartels can then

Oligopoly Essays
Oligopoly is a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products. It is an
intermediate form of imperfect competition. OPEC is an epitome of Oligopoly.
Features of Oligopoly:
Non Price Competition
Interdependent decision making
Entry Barriers
If organizations behave in cooperative mode to mitigate the competitions amongst themselves it is
called Collusion. When two or more organizations agree to set their outputs or prices to maintain
monopoly it is called as collusive oligopoly.
OPEC acts as a cartel. If OPEC and other oil exporters did not compete, they could ensure much
higher prices for prices for everyone. Output quotas of its members produced staggering price
increases (from $1.10 to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On one hand domestic consumption was encouraged and production was discouraged resulted in
additional demand for oil from
OPEC and the United states inevitably became more dependent on imported oil during the 1970s.
Perfect Collusion Model:
OPEC recognized their interdependence & decided to collaborate in the matter of pricing their
product (Oil). There will be one market demand function (AR & MR) and many cost functions (AC
and MC) as the number of competing countries in the OPEC. So various MC curves can then be
summed up horizontally to get the combined MC (CMC). The point where CMC and MR curve
intersect gives the point of maximum profit output. AR curve will give the equilibrium price. The
distribution of industry output among countries would be obtained by equating MR=MC through a
horizontal straight line passing through the point of intersection between CMC and MR curves.
Below is the diagram of Homogeneous oligopoly pricing under perfect collusion:
OPEC output and prices are shown in last part (d) where CMC was obtained by horizontal sum up
of MC1 ,MC2 & MC3 i.e. the marginal costs. AR and MR represent demand and corresponding
marginal revenue curves of the OPEC as a whole. OPEC output OQ is divided among the partner
countries as in diagram shown say three as Oq1, Oq2 & Oq3. The sum of these outputs equal OPEC
output OQ by construction. Each of the country sells oil at an uniform price equal to OP which is
determined in diagram part (d).
Though

Ge Case Analysis
, Case #1: the turbine generator industry
The default prediction that we'd make using economic theory (or common sense) in the absence of
game theory is that, in the turbine generator case, General Electric should have undercut
Westinghouse because the former has lower costs.
But we start to see why it didn 't when we introduce capacity constraints into the Bertrand model.
Capacity constraints can stem from two things: decreasing returns to scale, or demand–uncertainties
that create expected inventory–cost risks and induce firms to produce to order and carry backlogs.
The second condition certainly prevails in the turbine generator case.
Anti–trust regulators observed that both GE and Westinghouse were pricing higher than ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Empirical data suggests successful signaling between the firms in the Cournot aspect of their game
also.
Attempts by government to discourage tacit collusion in industries like this one are worse than silly.
They harm businesses and consumers, bring in no extra public revenue, and may actually create
monopolies instead of discouraging them! Such perverse competition policies are nevertheless in
place in both the European Union and South Africa.
In the United States, firms can be investigated for collusion by the anti–trust authority only if there
is physical evidence of communication about pricing strategies between competing firms. In the EU
and SA, by contrast, competition authorities can investigate merely because they observe that
industry prices aren't at competitive equilibrium.
So what is supposed to happen, under the latter regime, when competitive equilibrium and Nash
equilibrium don't coincide? This implies that at least one firm must sacrifice some profits to deter
the authority from investigating. It would be inefficient if all firms in the industry so sacrificed at all
times. For maximum industry profits, one firm at a time should price away from equilibrium and be
compensated by the others. Thus we have it that as a result of (badly theorized) competition policy –
policy explicitly designed to deter collusion – we get incentives to

What Is Cartel Case Study
Cartel Case Study
The following is a case study of an economic analysis of Cartel agreement from European
Comission's paper[1] of six firms in the European Economic Area (EEA) for automative bearings,
the measures authorities took when they discovered the Cartel and of analyses and remedies the
authorities can impose when they discover Cartel. Dominated by an oligopolistic market structure
with few sellers, Cartel is a collusive agreement where the members seek to retain market share and
control price structure. For the welfare of the economy Cartel can be destructive.
On January 2011 six participating firms were diagnosed in EEA area with collusive behavior of
Cartel on automative bearing and in 2014, firms were fined by the EU Commision ... Show more
(6) Good regulation could improve the quality of free market.
(7) Protection of the customer interest is the most important goal for the competition policy. The
amount of the fines is paid into the Community Budget. The fines therefore help in this example to
finance the European Union and reduce the tax burden on individuals.
(8) To protect the small company from the big company.
7th point. Asif.
The question of penalty payments is difficult, on one hand a lesson of consequence must be made on
the other hand it can not be so great that it force companies out of business. For small pool of
sellers, possible to create also potentially issues with the people buying the services because there is
no guarantee in such a small market other competitors can increase their productions to supply
product. There is no guarantee as of tomorrow the other would be able to increase their... to provide
the product.
This then generates
Reduced competition
Unemployement
Barrier to new players.
Government needs to fine them enough that teaches them a lesson but not enough that it puts them
out of business. Balance should be

What´s Knowledge Management?
It has become explicit that knowledge management is not just another fad which has been hyped up
by the management consultants and technology vendors. (Remenyi, 2004).It is not facile to
implement knowledge management successfully; in as much as it offers. Knowledge management
panaceas depending on technology have not produced convincing results considering that more
money has been spent. Remenyi went on to say that knowledge management is far more than a
technological issue and thus, what is really entailed is a rethink with a prominence on the people
side of knowledge management and such approach is the use of a knowledge café.
David Gurteen and Dan Remenyi (2004) defined a knowledge café as a mode of bringing a group of
people together to have an open, ingenious conversation on a topic of mutual interest to share ideas
and to gain a deeper collective understanding of the subject and the issues related to and surrounding
that subject. This technique is all about the comfortable or cushy ambience, setting drawing out the
tacit knowledge related to the question(s) that are going to be asked on a certain subject.
Knowledge Café has its genesis in the works of David Bohm, Juanita Brown and William Isaacs in
the mid 1990s. Brown and Isaacs are the co–founders of World Café, which is described as a
conversational process based on a set of integrated design principles that reveal a deeper living
network pattern through which we co–evolve our collective future. As a

The Uk Supermarket Industry, And Analysing The Condition...
1.Introduction
This report is about the UK supermarket industry, and analysing the condition of the current market.
It will focus on its market structure, barriers to entry and contestable market to analyse if the
supermarket industry is an oligopoly market and if it is a contestable market or not.
2.Findings
2,1 Definition of oligopoly
To examine if a market is oligopoly market, it has to meet the following conditions:
Few firms in an industry
Firms under oligopoly market are price setters.
Long–run abnormal profit can be made
Products can be homogeneous(e.g., sugar) or differentiated(e.g., mobile phone)
Barriers to entry – Sunk cost, technology, economies of scale, limiting pricing and brand loyalty of
incumbents can all be barriers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, interdependence makes oligopoly market uncertain.
Due to uncertainty, firms may want to ensure a stable amount of profit, collusion may be an option
for them.
Cartel – firms ,especially dominant players, gather together to set up a price according to the profit
maximisation in the whole market. In this case, firms act like a monopoly. The price of products of
each firms is fixed, thus reduction of price competition will be achieved. Instead of pricing strategy,
firms will compete each other over non–price competition, for example, advertising. Like monopoly,
customers' interest might be sacrificed because price is constructed according to the market's profit
maximisation point, whole industry can gain abnormal profit, which means customers pay more
than they actually need to. According to the figure 1, price of products under cartel is set up at P
because of profit maximisation E (MC=MR), and abnormal profit is PP2FG. However, cartel is
illegal in many countries, including UK.
Tacit collusion – Firms will follow the price set up by established leader. Established leader can be
dominant company in this industry. This is called dominant firm price leadership. Price can also be
set up by company which may not be the dominant one, but other firms might follow its action
because it is reliable on price setting. This is called barometric price leadership.

The Influence of Information Literacy upon Scholarship,...
The Influence of Information Literacy upon Scholarship, Leadership, & Practice Abstract: What
does it mean to be literate in the 21st century? What skills are necessary to acquire literacy and how
do they differ from the skills needed to acquire literacy in prior centuries? How has technology
demanded the necessity for information literacy? In an age swarming with digital technology in
every facet of life, literacy is in demand. Literacy goes far beyond the comprehension of letters,
numbers, and symbols. In the age of the Internet and unlimited access to infinite quantities of
information, literacy of information is absolutely necessary. Without information literacy, Internet
users and 21st century citizens can drown or be adrift in a vast abyss of useless, unreliable
information. The paper will explore the necessity of information literacy, in what arenas it serves
people in their lives, and what influence it has in a discipline such as education. Keywords:
information literacy, scholarship, leadership, practice, education The Influence of Information
Literacy upon Scholarship, Leadership, & Practice Information literacy occurs most often during the
research process. Information literacy is a process that includes several steps or pieces. Information
literacy compares to literacy in other forms such as media literacy or literacy of literature.
Information literacy requires that the researcher or the person making the inquiry knows what kind
of information is

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Screen Inc
To begin with, One of the strengths of ScreenInc is that they want to sell their products to clients
who are international or local. Even if they are aware of the fact that emancipating new products
according to customer desires. They are getting affianced with the latest technology. There is one
effort by ScreenInc to grow by the duplication of its technology augments the potential for
simulated. "Polanyi(1966) is that latest technology is dependant on the existing knowledge." What
he emphasized is that even any company carries out the latest alterations varying upon the
technology, obtaining the knowledge and customer needs are the most decisive ones.
As of the text, one of the strength is to change the environment. It directly leads to lack of dynamic
capability. According to "Teece, D.J, Pisana, G, and Shuan.A (1997) the dynamic capabilities is ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ultimate reason why I cited is that Screen Inc. has already known the strategy how to sell
monitor screens. However, due to excessive demand of customers, they do not throw up the orders
which customers have already ordered before. Additionally, the company tries to alter the portfolio
to sell more and customers alike companies. Well, all of these lead to a big problem for the company
retrieved as Screen Inc's. Even if there is also another problem with the company called no existing
knowledge. From my sentiment is that once all of the problems bear in mind, I recommend that
there are a knowledge problem and Screens Inc's need to set up new knowledge systems in order not
to face this problem again. Imaginably they ought to set up knowledge systems, in addition, they
need to focus on how to bring it about. Should they do this step which is rather decisive, they are
able to reconfigure its resources and competencies to cater to their and customer

Questions On Asian Grocery Stores
Johnny Zhuang
Glenlyon Norfolk School
International Baccalaureate Extended Essay
Ms. Andrea Robertson
09/26/2014
To what extend does Asian grocery stores operate in an oligopolistic market in the region of
Chinatown of Victoria?
Abstract:
The Chinatown in Victoria is the oldest one in Canada and second in age to San Francisco's in North
America. As one of the national historical sites of Canada, Victoria's Chinatown remains an active
region for Victoria residents, tourists and Chinese Canadians. The modern Chinatown continues to
be a key component of downtown Victoria with a variety of tourist attractions including bars,
restaurants, food stores medicine shop and shopping areas nearby. The city of Victoria embraces a
multicultural society like the most of Canadian cities do. As the biggest minority ethnic group, Asian
population accounted for 23.5% of Victoria's total population and the number has rapidly increased
in recent years because of the trend of increasing immigration in the province of British Columbia.
Food has been an important part of Asian residents' lives and I became interested in investigating the
grocery store market in Chinatown because of my enthuasim of cooking as well as that the chapter
of market structure interests me the most in microeconomics in the course of IB Economics.
Based on my observations of the grocery stores and knowledge of the market structure, the question
is raised, "to what extent does Asian

Antitrust Practices and Market Power
Antitrust Practices and Market Power
Apple was investigated and subsequently ruled against in United States District Court giving the US
Justice Department an antitrust victory. The case alleged Apple had colluded with five major
publishers to fix the prices of electronic books (e–books). In 2010 Apple introduced an in which the
publishers set retail prices in return for a commission paid to Apple. The publishers were under a
contract which said in the price of an e–book available through Apple's iBookstore changes the
publishers were required to match the change. The e–book prices subsequently went up. Apple was
charged with conspiring to fix e–book prices.
Apple was investigated under the Clayton Act because the publishers were required ... Show more
Gathering of increasing wealth at the expense of the common man is immoral. Many of the antitrust
cases I reviewed indicated the desire by a company's brain trust to merely accumulate more wealth.
It did not appear the interest of the average consumer was of any concern to the corporation.
Evidence of price fixing, collusion and the creation of barriers into a market is common place. It is
apparent the corporate sector has forgotten one important fact. The major source of income for any
corporation who sells goods and services comes from the everyday consumer.
Oligopolies can be a value to society. There are many automotive manufactures in the worlds market
but General Motors, Ford, Chrysler, Honda, and Toyota dominate the world market. They provide
the opportunity for all citizens to have their own personal transportation at a wide variety of prices.
General Mills, Post, and Kellogg produce almost all breakfast cereal manufactured in the United
States. A valuable and useful product available to everyone.
Amazon held 90% of the e–book market when Apple began selling e–books. At that time e–books
were selling for $9.99, once Apple's entrance the consumer price dropped. As of May 28, 2013 the
average price of a bestselling e–book is $6.94. Currently Amazon control an estimated 65% of the
market, Apple is estimated to control 10% , with several other retailers sharing the remaining 25%
of the market. Perhaps the Department of Justice may

The Impact Of Leniency Programs On Anti Competitive...
Abstract
We review the recent evolution of leniency programs for cartels in the US and
EU, survey their theoretical analyses, and summarize/evaluate the scarce empirical and experimental
evidence available. We then look at the related experience of protecting and rewarding
whistleblowers in other Þelds
This paper provide a survey of the relationship between the leniency programs and cartel by
providing theoretical and empirical evidences. The positive role of the leniency programs, which can
help defecting the cartel, is over the negative role. Leniency programs important instrument policy.
This paper survey the theoretical and empirical evidence to show the impact of the leniency
programs on the anti–competitive behavior and increase the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Cartel behavior, which refer to the firm cooperatively together, fixing price and increase the price of
products, causing the social loss and market inefficient.
Therefore, it is important to regulate the firms which may collude with other firm in the industry and
get the higher profit, causing the consumer welfare decrease or creating the dead weight loss for the
social
As we know, the economic market is inefficiency if there are exist the cartels. One of the important
competition laws forbid cartels is introduced in 1978 by the United States and has been revised in
1993, while leniency program is used in 2002 in European. Leniency programs provide an
opportunity for the firms to reveal the information of the collusion behavior to antitrust authority
before or after the investigation began and if they can bring enough evidence, the fines will be
reduced.(Aubert, Rey, and Kovacic, 2003) The purpose of this survey is to provide the important
effect of the Leniency Program by the Antitrust agencies on detecting the cartel activities in the
European, the U.S. and Canada, by providing both the theoretic and empirical evidences.
A large of articles talk about the impact of the leniency program in many aspects.
For example, using a game–theory to analyze the cartel stability and the incentive to collude with
other firm also decrease. In the way about the role of

Market Structure of Oligopoly
Analyse The Structure Of The Market Structure Of Oligopoly And The Difficulty In Predicting
Output And Profits
Market structure of oligopoly
Oligopoly is a market structure where there are a few firms producing all or most of the market
supply of a particular good or service and whose decisions about the industry's output can affect
competitors. Examples of oligopolistic structures are supermarket, banking industry and
pharmaceutical industry.
The characteristics of the oligopoly are:
• Small number of large firms dominate the industry
• High degree of interdependence: the behaviour of firms are affected by what they believe other
rivalry firms might do
• High barriers to entry that restrict new firms to enter the industry e.g. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Like monopoly, if the oligopoly is maintained in the long run, it charges a high price, produces less
output and fails to maximise social welfare relative to perfect competition.
Cartel is seen by the government as a means of driving up prices and profits which is against the
public interest. As a result it is illegal to operate the cartel in many countries.
Tacit collusion
Tacit Collusion is collusion that is not organized through a formal, open contract between colluding
parties. Tacit collusion is when firms abide to the price that has been set by a recognized leader. The
leader is usually the largest firm i.e. the firm that controls the industry known as dominant firm price
leadership. On the other hand, the leader may be the firm that is most reliable to follow, known as
barometric firm price leader.
Dominant firm price leadership
This is when smaller firm chooses the same price as the price set by the large firms in the industry.

Source: www.bized.ac.uk/educators/he/pearson/lectures
The leader tends to maximise profits where marginal revenue is equal to marginal the marginal cost,
then produces at QL and sell goods at PL on its demand curve where marginal cost equal marginal
revenue. At this stage other firms in the industry will follow the price. Therefore, the market
produces at Qt, with other firms producing the output not supplied by the leader i.e. Qt–Ql.
Barometric firm price leadership.
Where

High Spot Is A Substance Administration Stage
HIGH SPOT
High spot is a substance administration stage that lets business clients make entryways, construct
learning bases, execute playbooks, convey preparing, and even track industry news. It handles all
the ways a current association needs to share data. High spot is intended for business clients so no IT
advancement is needed. Furthermore, it uses machine figuring out how to convey incredible list
items, propose related things, find new substance, and for the most part associate individuals to the
most significant data.
Highspot is the business ' most developed deals enablement stage, helping associations close the
circle crosswise over promoting, deals, and the client.
Utilizing Highspot, deals groups are associated with the most ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Content Genomics™ tracks the DNA of substance as it advances over an association and it is the
first utilization of machine figuring out how to advertising and deals content.
Highspot was established with the objective of tackling the Sales Enablement issue to make it less
demanding for deals reps to locate the substance they need and make them more powerful in
bringing deals to a close. We realized that a comprehensive arrangement would lay on 3 columns, all
incomprehensibly better than the substance frameworks of yester–year; (1) insightful and adaptable
substance administration stage that makes it simple for deals groups to locate the substance they
require, (2) effective and rich pitching and email frameworks that make it simple for salesmen to
connect with clients, and (3) powerful examination that empower deals and showcasing to gauge
what is working and to streamline execution. While every one of these columns speak to
incomprehensible changes over past arrangements, examination is the foundation that brings the
circle between deals to a close and showcasing and gives the information to deliberately enhance
deals viability. Just through precise execution investigation can an association learn, enhance and
upgrade.
We immediately acknowledged, be that as it may, that there was a gap in the embankment. The
greater part of substance that a business groups utilizes deals presentations, in particular–are
customized for a given prospect or tweaked for a

Managing Business Knowledge
Summarization Chapter 12 generally discusses the various processes that assist in managing
business knowledge. The author of this chapter demonstrates clearly to the readers how knowledge
management is closely related to information systems in three unique ways. The author also gives a
clear explanation on why data, knowledge, and information should not in any way be viewed as
interchangeable in any way. According to this chapter, knowledge is considered to be more valuable
as compared to information that is more valuable as compared data due to the level of human
contribution that is involved. The chapter on "managing business knowledge" elaborates on the two
forms of knowledge that include explicit and tacit categories. Chapter 12 highlights the different
reasons for managing knowledge that include the need to respond accurately to globalization as well
as rapid change, the need to manage communication and information overload, organizational
downsizing, leveraging knowledge in order to gain competitive advantage as well as controlling
knowledge embedded within different products in an organization. The author also elaborates how
knowledge management can be viewed as a dynamic process, which involves the transfer, capturing,
generation, and codification of knowledge. The chapter also asserts that business intelligence
utilizes technologies and data to understand business performance. The chapter is quite important to
the readers as it provides a comprehensive review

Market Structure Of The Uk Supermarket Sector
INTRODUCTION:
Second part of this report will evaluate arguments and present conclusions about the UK
supermarket sector being described as oligopolistic and how oligopolistic markets often suffer from
collusion. This report will present findings if UK supermarket sector is oligopolistic or otherwise.
2.0 FINDINGS:
Market structures:
Market structures are classified with regards to the competition – either their presence or absence.
There are different types of market structures: perfect competition, monopolistic competition,
oligopoly and monopoly. The characteristics of the product or service and the number of suppliers
determine the market structure. This report will mainly focus on oligopoly market structure.
What is perfect competition?
In perfect competition market structure there are no barriers to entry into or exit out of the industry
and companies produce identical units of output that are not branded. By looking at these two key
features, it can be determined that UK supermarkets are not operating in that market structure.
What is monopolistic competition?
Many small companies operate in monopolistic competition market structure, including
independently owned and operated high–street stores and restaurants. In the case of
These are the firms that differentiate their product or services, making them unique but in the end
are all competing for the same customers, for example hairdressers or restaurants.
What is monopoly?
A monopoly is a type of market

Ausubel's Integrative Learning Theory
Concept mapping is grounded in a sound cognitive learning theory. According to Ausubel's
Assimilation Theory (Ausubel, 1968; Ausubel, Novak, & Hanesian, 1978) as sited in Adiyiah
(2011), new knowledge can be learned most effectively by relating it to previously existing
knowledge. Concept maps may be viewed as a methodological tool of Assimilation theory that
displays fundamental elements of the theory such as subsumption, integrative reconciliation and
progressive differentiation. The idea of a concept is defined as a perceived regularity in events or
objects, or a record of events or objects, designated by a label, symbols and so on (Cañas, Valerio,
Lalinde–Pulido, Arguedas, & Carvalho, 2003). The fundamental idea in Ausubel's cognitive
psychology

Different Perspectives And Approaches To Managing Knowledge

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Alison Reed

More from Alison Reed (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Different Perspectives And Approaches To Managing Knowledge