Food Deserts Essay

Food Deserts Essay
Food deserts exist in Native American communities for primarily one reason, American
colonization. Colonization has a profound effect on the diet of Native American communities. By
eliminating indigenous diets and replacing them with unbalanced diets intended to starve Native
Americans, the Native American population suffers from high rates of diabetes, obesity, heart
disease, and other diet–related health issues. "Historically, federal policy has made indigenous, self–
sustaining agriculture difficult." (Ahtone). From forced removals to reservations, to boarding
schools, federal policy has slowly but surely transformed Native American diets. Traditional diets
were eradicated partly so that Native Americans could finally have balanced diets, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1868 the Treaty of Bosque Redondo established the Navajo Reservation near the Navajos'
ancestral homelands. When many Navajos returned home they found their homes and farms burnt to
the ground and their livestock gone as result of the Scorched Earth Campaign in 1863. This marked
what should have been a community revitalization but instead became the start of a series of
oppressive actions to assimilate the Navajo people. In 1921 the Navajo Tribal Council was created
so that the United States government and oil and mining companies could begin making contracts
with the Navajo people to drill and mine on the Navajo Nation for various resources. In 1933
President Roosevelt appointed a Commissioner of Indian Affairs who advocated for livestock
reduction. The Livestock Reduction Act crippled the tribal economy and created more emotional
carnage for the Navajo people. After each of these events, the United States government attempted
to help the Navajo people by providing commodity foods or food rations. "That's when the
government first provided commodities for Native Americans. Lard, sugar, flour, and things that
were not traditionally part of their diet." (Diep). These efforts have done little to help Navajo people
and they only continue to oppress the people. The drastic changes to Native American diets have
catalyzed numerous health issues and diet–related problems for Native
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Sherman Alexie's Use Of Figurative Language
The magic of music lies in its ability to allow us to escape while reminding us of what defines our
reality, and it is no different in Alexie's novel. The constant presence of music, a form of flight for
the characters, serves as a repeated reminder to the audience of the harsh, complicated world of the
American Indian. Thus, in framing oppression as something so full of weight and intensity that it
can bring our characters down from the freedom that music brings, we can see the full emotional
restraint and frustration our characters feel, particularly as Native Americans whose entire culture is
based upon sound and expression. In not being able to tap into the cultural well of the land that was
once theirs, modern Native Americans, like Thomas ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alexie also blends Native American symbols with modern symbols in order to achieve a more
profound sense of emotional impact, and in including the real–life figure of Robert Johnson and the
story of him selling his soul to the Devil in order to be able to play the guitar well, Alexie manages
to portray the way spirituality seeps into Indian life, "Then Thomas saw the guitar, Robert Johnson's
guitar, lying on the floor of the van. Thomas picked it up, strummed the strings, felt a small pain the
palms of his hands, and heard the first sad note of the reservation blues," (Alexie 9). Such a mixture
of spirituality and daily life is also enhanced by figurative language, "With each successive
generation, the horses arrived in different forms and with different songs, called themselves Janis
Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, Marvin Gaye, and so many other names," (Alexie 10). In mixing the ancient
and the modern, legend and reality, the audience feels the same weight of history that those on the
reservation feel, and feel the same shared sense of community with the threads of their past tied
inextricably together. In acknowledging this history, Alexie seeks to surpass it, to place his audience
in the mindset of his characters and feel the immediate intensity of such emotions without such
thoughts and feelings being muddled, as highlighted by Checker's discussion of her identity,
"'Anyway, all those little white girls would be so perfect, so pretty, so white. White skin and white
dress. I'd be all brown–skinned in my muddy brown dress. I used to get so dark that white people
thought I was a black girl,'" (Alexie 140). By layering figurative language, symbolism, and
Checker's memories, we get the heightened

The Wounded Knee Massacre
Wounded Knee was a terrible event in US history. It showed how the US government didn't
understand the Native Americans and treated them badly and unfairly.
Big Foot was the chief of a subtribe of the Lakota called Miniconjou. He was very old and had
pneumonia. He was taking his tribe to the Pine Ridge Reservation in south–western South Dakota.
Most of the women and children in Big Foot's tribe were family members of the warriors who had
died in the Plains wars. The Indians had agreed to live on small reservations after the US
government took away their land. At the Wounded Knee camp, there were 120 men and 230 women
and children. At the camp, they were guarded by the US Seventh Cavalry lead by Major Samuel
Whitside. During the year 1890 a new dance called the Ghost Dance started among the Sioux and
other tribes. The Sioux's Christ figure, Wovoka, was said to have flown over Sitting Bull and Short
Bull and taught them the dance and the songs. The Ghost Dance legend was that the next spring,
when the grass was high, the Earth would be covered with a new layer of soil, covering all white
men. Wild buffalo and horses would return and there would be swift running water, sweet grass, and
new trees. All Indians who danced the Ghost dance would be floating in the air when the new soil
was being laid down and would be saved. The Ghost Dance was made illegal after the Wounded
Knee massacre though. On December 28, 1890 the Seventh Cavalry saw Big Foot moving his tribe
and Big

Ghost Dance Research Paper
The Ghost Dance was a religion or movement that combined Christianity and traditional Indian
religion elements that served as a nonviolent form of resistance for Indians in the late nineteenth
century. At the time, conditions were bad on Indian reservations and Native Americans needed
something to give them hope or something to look forward too. So they created and turned to the
Ghost Dance.
The Ghost Dance movement all began with a dream in 1889 by a Paiute shaman named Wovoka. In
his dream, he was taken into a spirit world and saw all Native Americans rising into the sky and the
Earth opening up and swallowing all Whites and then returning back to its original state. The Native
Americans were then put back on Earth so that they

Native Americans In Leslie Silko's Ceremony
Honors Essay on Ceremony Imagine being a Native American and suffering the horrors of being a
prisoner of the Japanese, and later restricted to a lonely, alienated reservation in New Mexico. How
would you cope with the trauma of the war and the discrimination that would follow? Without
preserving their ceremonies, stories and traditional culture the Native Americans would not have
made it through the racism, depression, and alcoholism that resulted from being mistreated. The
book, Ceremony, by Leslie Silko described the racism that the Indians faced from the Whites on the
reservation, how the soldiers were treated during World War II, the importance of storytelling in
their culture, and how some Indians used alcohol as their refuge. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
From present time to thousands of years ago, these ceremonies were used to cure a person's situation
or guide them through a difficult time in life. "Their beliefs and practices form a integral and
seamless part of their very being. ...They also embraced ceremonies and rituals that provided power
to conquer the difficulties of life, as wells as events and milestones, such as puberty, marriage, and
death"(Alexander). When the Native Americans practiced their ceremonies, they felt powerful, in
control, and connected with their people. When they practiced their native culture, it tied their tribes
together. Without these stories and ceremonies that they practiced, they would feel as if a piece of
them were missing. Some Native Americans tried to find comfort in alcohol, but many times this
resulted in depression and anger. If a person were to experience a difficulty in ones life, then there
would be a ceremony that would fit the person's situation. For example, Betonie, the medicine
doctor, was able to invent a ceremony that fit Tayo's

Sitting Bull Research Paper
"Behold, my friends , the spring is come; the earth has gladly received the embraces of the sun, and
we shall soon see the result of their love!" December 15, 1890 Sitting Bull was shot and killed while
being arrested by U.S and Indian agent. The Sitting Bull was one of the best known Indian chiefs
because of his determination, leadership skills, and spiritual aspects.
Sitting Bull's determination was something amazing. He always made sure that everyone believed
they could do it and was determined not to live on a reservation. His determination and leadership of
the Lakotas extended beyond policy and into spiritual realm as well. He never gave up or signed the
treaty for the Indians to live on the reservation. When the tribes went to battle ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In mid June the ceremony that was held when he cut away 50 pieces of flesh off each arm and went
without water for two days and two nights, to only collapse at the end. He wakes to tell people that
he had a vision of sorts, he saw soldiers on horseback falling into their camp upside down. A voice
told Sitting Bull "I give these to you because they have no ears." the Lakotas translated this to mean
that they were soon to have a great victory against the bluecoats. Many have said that this was
similar to the battle that happens a few short weeks later at the Battle of the Bighorn. Sitting Bull
was supposedly killed over his involvement of the "Ghost Dance" movement. Beginning in 1889,
many reservation tribes were on the "Ghost Dance" movement. This would bury the white man's
world a layer of soil and allow the Indians to return to their old ways. Sitting Bull was at the
forefront of preservation the Lakotas culture. It wasn't long before authorities became convinced that
he might use the Ghost Dance movement to form a resistance. On the morning of December 15,
1890, reservation agent James McLaughlin dispatched a party of Lakotas policemen to arrest Sitting
Bull and bring him in for questioning. The men successfully dragged him from his cabin, the
commotion brought his followers to gather at the scene. One Ghost Dancer fired a shot at the police,
setting of a gun battle. Dozens were killed in the confusion.

The Absolutely True Diary Of A Part Time Indian Essay
Nicolás Juárez
"Each funeral was a funeral for all of us": Notions of Race, Identity and Mortality in Sherman
Alexie's The Absolutely True Diary of a Part–Time Indian The American Indian occupies a unique
place in the White American imaginary. Indians, one is told, are cordial, wise, poor in the "humble
poverty" sort of way, brown, there assist whites with either mystic knowledge or humorous
ignorance. Figures such as Squanto, Tonto and Disney's Pocahontas along with a large smattering of
Westerns and cartoonish depictions have created this image of the Native American – an image
which rarely translates into the present day. In contrast to this, Sherman Alexie's novel The
Absolutely True Diary of a Part–Time Indian is a Native American coming–of–age story centered
around the first–person point of view of the Native protagonist Arnold "Junior" Spirit, Jr. and his
dual life on the Spokane Indian Reservation and his time off the reservation at an all–white public
school in the town of Reardan, Washington. The novel revolves around themes like race, identity
formation and mortality and details life on Indian reservations as it attempts to give a realistic
account of contemporary Native American life, each which shape the novel in unique ways. As the
novel explores how race operates between whites and Indians, it displays the way that race shapes
Arnold's life as a mixed Indian (half–white, half–Indian). Early in the novel, Arnold, describes his
experience with the dentist

The Experience of Minorities in World War Two
During World War II many minority groups thought that if they were to participate in the war and
defend the country that they would gain more respect or get a higher class status in society, although
they thought wrong instead they were sort of obligated to defend the country in war without thinking
they were going to get any reward in return. African Americans were one of the few minority groups
that hoped to win a better position in postwar society. But in the end they were very disappointed.
Many blacks were migrated from rural areas into industrial cities which was great for the economy
but not really for the blacks because it created tensions among blacks and whites. In the military
blacks had the most menial assignments, and there were segregated training camps and units for the
blacks. Not only were blacks affected by the war but also Native Americans. There was very little
war work that was available for the tribes. Some young people left the reservations causing the
number of people in tribes decrease. This caused many Indians to come in close contact with white
people, which opened up their eyes to the benefits they would receive if they left the reservations
and lived in a non–Indian world and adjust to American society. But soon after the war there were
fewer jobs available for them so they returned back to their reservations. Then there were many
pressures to eliminate the reservations for good, which would require tribes to reassign themselves
and adjust to

Native American Research Paper
This essay will be examine the US government's effort to "deal" with the Indians from 1877 through
1900 to include warfare, treaties, and the Reservation System. Indian Territory was a promising land
with a lot of investing potential for railroad and mining, the perception of American's ethnocentrism
(white supremacy), and Americans think that Whites were more evolved than the Indians because
they were more intellectual and educated than the Indians, so the US's government put in their
efforts to forcefully "deal" with the Indians to settle both parties' interests.
The invention of the railroad gave Americans a huge advantage towards transportations. Americans
were able to travel away from crowded eastern cities and settle down to the ... Show more content
In the result of this conflict, the United States government sent reservation polices to arrest the
Sitting Bull. It was getting more intense when the reservation police shot and killed Sitting Bull
because he was not complying with the order. Shortly after Christmas in 1890, the remaining Sioux
sought refuge at Pine Ridge. Indians had only a few guns, the possibility of resisting the force of the
federal government was absolutely zero. The trooper ordered the Indians turn over their weapons
(guns, knife, etc..) but one of them fired his rifle, soldiers then let loose with their carbines, at the
same time, the big gun on the hill shelled the tepees. Over between 200 and 300 of the original 350
men, women, and children were dead. This massacre led to Indian tribes being attacked, subdued,
starved out, and live in poverty. Even though the Allotment Act tried to turn these Indian into
American small farmers, but land was taken by White speculators, the Indians were left with
nothing. John Collier had attempted to restore tribal life, but unfortunately no fundamental change
took place; Indians stayed on the impoverished reservations. This is important because the United
States government effort to "deal" with Indians, ironically, turned it into a bloody historical event.
Many Indians were dead, the population dramatically dropped to 300,000 from the original one
million. Many Indians said the Indian Reservations is the most "complete colonial

The Concept Of Manifest Destiny
Imagine one day you and your family are crossing the seas. You have been on a ship for months, and
are very hungry and mal nourished. You and many others are searching for this new established
place called the United states. This place has promises or great fortune and a booming industry. One
major issue is there are not only Americans on the content. According to your beliefs and of those
around you, you own this content. God his self says that you have to own the whole cotenant from
east to west whatever lies on this cotenant it is your, correct? This idea is the concept of Manifest
destiny . Many of the time that deals with the settling in the western frontier. This land was taken by
Indians or actually "Native Americans ". These tribes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this case this means a lot to people still today these are ancestor that changed the history of
America. Many of the lands today could be still owned by Indians and many live could have lived. I
think that in certain situation people want to forgive and forget but the reality of them are that we
may forgive but we shouldn't forget those wrong done to

What Is the Relationship of Indian Tribes to Their...
Claire Wendel #20– What is the relationship of Indian tribes to their environment, and how is it
changed? Native Americans have long had an immediate relationship with their physical
environment. They defined themselves by their land and by the sacred places that bounded and
shaped their world. Most lived in lived in relatively small units close to the earth, living off of its
rhythms and resources. They recognize a unity in their physical and spiritual universe. Land (its
loss, location, and resource wealth or poverty), exploitation of land, and changing Indian needs,
attitudes and religious demands define the issues the Indians and their environment faced. The
Native Americans land dramatically changed when the Euro Americans came ... Show more content
The Tohono O'odham insisted that keeping too many horses had not hurt their range, but that the
range was in bad shape due to too many horses being killed. "The horse is endowed with magic
powers ...and the white men are only asking for problems when they slaughter sick animals. I say
we never overgrazed! The thing that cut down our cattle was drought. If the drought hits, grass dies.
We leave it up to the drought; he'll cut down on cattle. We didn't get rid of cattle just because
someone told us to... we took our chances with the rain... if cattle are going to die, let them die. But
they will die right here on their reservation. Right here in their own country." Peter Blaine Sr., a
Tohono O'odham assistant in the 1930s. Since the 1940s, Western tribes and rural communities have
been dealing with problems of overgrazing and erosion, invasive noxious plants, high reclamation
costs, and decisions of proper land use. Due to past experiences, Indians began to weigh the
advantages of leasing lands to non–Indians rather than developing their own livestock operations,
which might be sensitive to sustainable agriculture alternatives. On another note, extensive forests
on some reservations made for an attractive target for exploitation in the early twentieth century.
One effort to manage timber in the West was to outlaw Indian–set fires. Indians argued that the fires
were used to

The Massacre At Wounded Knee Analysis
The Massacre at Wounded Knee First, and foremost, the battle between the white man and the
Indian Nation is a poignant historical portrayal of what took place at the Wounded Knee Massacre.
It was all set in motion in the "Moon When the Deer Shed Their Horns", a Sioux moon of
December. The Sioux were so distraught about the assassination of Sitting Bull; they could not
muster an uprising. The Ghost Dance was their only hope to eradicate the white man. "There was no
hope on earth, and God seemed to have forgotten us. Some said they saw the Son of God; others did
not see Him. If he had come, He would do some great things as He had done before. We doubted it
because we had seen neither Him nor His works. The people did not know; they did not care. They
snatched at hope. They screamed like crazy men to Him for mercy. They caught at the promise they
heard He had made. The white men were frightened and called for soldiers. We had begged for life,
and the white man thought we wanted theirs. We heard the soldiers were coming. We did not fear.
We hope that we could tell them our troubles and get help. A white man said the soldiers wanted to
kill us. We did not believe it, but some were frightened and ... Show more content on
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In April of 1868, the treaty of Fort Laramie conceded to the Sioux Black Hills, in the Dakota
Territory. Numerous miners moved into the area, one such miner discovering gold. In 1874, The US
government sent General Custer and one–thousand men on the Black Hills Expedition to investigate
the gold discovery, and natural resources, Custer's confirmation, and anticipation of the gold
discovery led many settlers into the Black Hills. Therefore, the fueling tension between the whites,
US government, and the Indians were an indication of the battle to

General Adjustment Act Essay
General Allotment Act or Dawes Act of 1887 was law, which allowed Americans to legally purchase
Indian lands. Indians whose grounds were allocated got to be U.S. citizens. In 1902, Congress
permitted Indian beneficiaries to offer lands without endorsement from the secretary of the interior.
In 1906 Burke Act, allowed Indians to sell land without waiting twenty–five years. "Competency
commissions" issued charge licenses to Indians judged capable to offer their properties. The legal
term "competency" was defined by blood quantum. White Earth Reservation was established in
1867 but the timber rich land in the eastern part and fertile farmlands in the western part takes
attention of American. In 1906, Minnesota senator Moses A. Clapp added to the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Amerindians has been set apart and delay their development which makes first people life hard.
Indian people had special status. It was a response to American Indian Movement. "The White
Paper" was a voice of first people to Canadian Government for individual human rights. The
American Indian Movement spread to Canada. The Canadian government announced, "to enable the
Indian people to be free–free to develop Indian cultures in an environment of legal, social and
economic equality with other Canadians" (Dickason 372). The first people had special status, which
brought to native people many difficult things. However, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's do see that
special status for first people was wrong in a democratic society. Ottawa makes possible to give fifty
million dollars available for economic development to Amerindians. In the same year, Indian Claims
Commission established for making the equal right as Canadian citizens. As a result of "the White
Paper", first people gets the individual rights instead of collective rights. The cancellation of Indian
Act brings changes such as losing the compensation for the ancestors land. In formulating "the white
paper" Ottawa did not involve Amerindians that brings many troubles. The National Indian
Brotherhood admits their view on this act, "We view this as a policy designed to divest

Indian Education Sherman Alexie Analysis
Education –an institution for success, opportunity, and progress – is itself steeped in racism. In
Sherman Alexie's short story "Indian Education" from his book The Longer Ranger and Tonto
Fistfight in Heaven is set in two places, the Spokane Indian Reservation and a farm town nearby the
reservation. The story is written in a list of formative events chronologize Victor's youth by
depicting the most potent moment from each year he is in school. Alexie addresses the issue of
racism in education by examining examples of injustice and discrimination over twelve years in a
boy's life. Victor faces his initial injustice in first grade when he is bullied by bigger kids, but his
understanding of injustice becomes much more complex in grades two through twelve as he
experiences discrimination against his American Indian identity. Familial experiences of a Native
woman, Alexie's style and humor, and Victor's awareness of discrimination from grade one to twelve
all reveal the grim reality of growing up and being schooled on an American Indian reservation.
One of Victor's first experiences of racial injustice occurs in second grade when his white
missionary teacher discriminates him against his outstanding academic skills and his Indian
heritage. Victor has pulled aside and is assigned a junior high–level spelling test; he recalls "When I
spelled all the words right, she crumpled up the paper and made me eat it. 'You'll learn respect,' she
said" (Alexie 173). Here Victor faces two types of discrimination: the injustice of being singled out
from his classmates in order to take a more difficult test, and the injustice of being penalized for
performing well on the test. Instead of being praised or awarded for his outstanding ability, Victor is
punished severely for his high–level skills by having to eat his test. Later on, the teachers send a
note to his parents telling them "to either cut [Victor's] braids or keep [him] home from class." This
injustice towards Victor's culture over a hairstyle has no impact on a child's education or
accomplishments. Alexie incorporated this injustice to show the readers that such discrimination
occurs and his stories are not fiction. In fact, native women, P. Jane Hafen responds to

Native American Boarding Schools During the Westward...
Native American Boarding Schools During the Westward Expansion
People know about the conflict between the Indian's cultures and the settler's cultures during the
westward expansion. Many people know the fierce battles and melees between the Indians and the
settlers that were born from this cultural conflict. In spite of this, many people may not know about
the systematic and deliberate means employed by the U.S. government to permanently rid their new
land of the Indians who had lived their own lives peacefully for many years. There are many strong
and chilling reasons and causes as to why the settlers started all of this perplexity in the first place.
There was also a very strong and threatening impact on the Native Americans ... Show more content
These native peoples, first mislabeled as Indians by an explorer named Christopher Columbus,
divided themselves into many different tribes, each with its own government, language, traditions
and religions. Europeans, who slowly poured into the Indian's land, did not respect the Indians
beliefs, interrupted their peaceful life and would do almost anything to get the land to them selves.
The settlers also believed the land that both the Indians and the settlers lived on was theirs to
themselves. They began to push the Native Americans off of their own land. Many of them fought
back to keep their homes, some succeeded, some didn't.
By the 1800's most of the Native Americans signed a treaty with the European American
government. The results left the Native Americans on small pieces of land called reservations in
exchange for their land and peace. The European Americans promised that they would give the
Indians living on the reservations food, water, money and education for the children. Most of these
promises were not kept.
White man's schooling of the Native Americans helped cause the disintegration of the beliefs,
customs and ways of life of the natives residents of "Turtle Island". One of the sources that helped
their culture vanish, not completely, were the Native American boarding schools. The boarding
schools put the Native Americans through so much pain,

The Apache Indians Long And Proud Culture Essay
The First Americans
As we know, the first people to inhabit the United States were not the Europeans, but instead the
Native Americans. Part of our great nation's history involves a history that is not always so great.
Our country has endured many wars, struggles, economic and agricultural hardship and a history
that many would call shameful. However, the United States has evolved over hundreds of years and
has transcended its very existence and influenced every corner of the globe, because of those past
hardships our country has grown into what has become the most diverse, opportunistic and free
country the world has ever known. In this essay, I will discuss the Apache Indians long and proud
culture in conjunction with their own personal struggles as a Native American tribe in North
America.
Apache Indians are dated back to 850 A.D. when they traveled south from Alaska and Canada, they
continued their southern descent until they eventually settled throughout regions in the southwestern
parts of the United States. Their first original settlements included areas in northern Mexico, Texas,
New Mexico, Arizona and southern Colorado. Today the Apache live on reservations on some four
and a half million acres of land that are spread across Arizona, New Mexico and Oklahoma. Within
the Apache tribe there are ten subgroups, one of which is closely related to the Apache and share the
same dialect, but has recently become its own tribe known as the Navajo. The other nine groups

Exploring the Importance of Traditions in Richard...
Any relationship goes two ways to keep our life in balance, and also affect our life whichever of
family or culture. As Bernice Weissbourd says: "Because it's not only a child is inseparable from the
family in which he lives, but that the lives of families are determined by the community in which
they live and the cultural tradition from which they come." In Keeper'n me, for instance, Garnet
Raven who was taken away from his family to a series of white foster homes when he was three.
Garnet's experiences as a result of the oppressive political and social policies. Moreover, Keeper as a
storyteller tries to pass the message of traditions and a way of life to guide Garnet, who arrived in
White Dog reservation with anything but Native, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This quote also foreshadows that he will find a place to belong as far as staying on the reservation to
keep in touch with his family and Native culture. During a positive lesson of Native culture, he
starts to fit in the society and gets acceptance of people. His mom gives him the shirt that he had on
the day he arrived at reserve to remind him of where he came from and how he wanted to be.
Although his mom revamps the shirt that " the sleeves were cut back regular, the long pointed collar
was gone and the ribbons ran across the chest and back and down the arms" (Wagamese 301). He
learns the traditional ways of Native and makes the connection with people, especially his family,
and now he changes the way that he used to dressing. Everyone needs family in order to find
themselves, no one could be his own person without knowing himself. The surroundings compel
Garnet to learn Whites instead of his own culture cause he lost connection and himself. Setting is
one aspect of the culture that affect Garnet's identity in social way. The setting of the book is very
important in Garnet's character development and personal growth. The relationship between Garnet
and his family is detached because he was raised by foster homes instead of his family, that makes
him a lot differences between him and Natives. When he returns to the reserve, he has lots of things
need to learn, especially the traditional Native spiritual ways. At the

Questions On The Doctrine Of Discovery Essay
Thomas Berumen
AIS 304
Professor Harjo
October 18, 2016
AIS 304 Midterm
1.
The "Doctrine of Discovery" was a concept used to further colonization and strip land from the
indigenous people. According to Class 7 Lecture, it allowed colonial powers to colonize the land
that they discovered even if indigenous people already lived there. The doctrine provides "title to the
nation making the discovery" of the land even if the soil is inhabited by natives. Provided the land
excluded "European sovereign". When European powers establish rule in what is now the United
States the government was given the ownership of the lands until they felt the need use of the land.
The Indians currently residing in the lands were just inhabitants. The doctrine set for by Chief
Justice Marshall was set forth to mimic colonial powers and prevent further European expansion on
U.S. soils. Following the Johnson v McIntosh case, it established a preventive measure of Indians
and Indian tribes from selling the land to anyone but the United States government. This was to
prevent European colonies to develop in the United States.
The doctrine was important for the development and expansion of colonial powers, but the
implementation was a negative effect by forcefully taking lands from the indigenous. It disowned
the culture and lifestyles of millions. Rationally it is a shame that the government chose to deny
aboriginal title owners as they should have been allowed to keep their land. I agree in the decision

Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee Essay
Besides seizing land from the Native Americans, the United States government also disrupted
Indians' cultures, through the process of assimilation. With legislation, especially the Dawes Act,
Native American children were sent to boarding schools with the goal to "kill the Indian and save
the child" (Bear). In the movie, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, the main character, Ohiyesa
travels to a school, with a mission to teach the Natives the ways of the white man. In one scene,
Ohiyesa's teacher refuses to call on him unless he selects a white name from a book. Only when
Ohiyesa takes the first step towards assimilation or chooses a Christian name will his teacher
acknowledge him. Eventually, Ohiyesa or Charles is nominated and encouraged by his father to
attend an American school in Illinois. At first, Charles resists, but he soon complies with his father's
belief that, "The earth belongs to the white man. There is no future outside his world" (Bury ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the boarding school, Charles' hair is cut, he dons the attire of the white man, is required speak in
English, and must abstain from practicing native traditions. Throughout the movie, Charles searches
for his identity. In one scene, when Charles locates a feather he obtained from the Battle of Little
Bighorn, he reminisces about his Native American heritage and almost hurls the feather into the
river. However, Charles decides not to discard the feather and instead retain both his Indian identity
and his experiences in the white society. Charles suffers from a cultural identity crisis as he realizes
he is "no longer entirely Indian, but also not white either" ("Native Americans"). Similarly, in the
book, The Diary of a Part Time Indian, the main character, Junior also experiences a cultural identity
conflict, when he attends school in the affluent town of Reardon. Junior informs the reader how he
has a split

Literary Themes In The Film Open Range
The film Open Range shares similarities with the literary pieces that have been read, as well as the
primary source given. In the film, as Boss, Charlie, and Buttons go back to the town after Mouse
doesn't join them again, they find him abused by the ranchers. When they go and confront the
marshall, they find him to be fraudulent. The primary source and the readings had the common
theme of white male corruption. The ranchers and the marshalls were abusive and felt as they were
entitled to power. That attitude and sense of entitlement lead to the destruction of the relationship
between natives and Americans. Another correspondence is the way those men govern their people.
In The Fight of Nez Perces, the "governor could not comprehend such an attitude. He urged Old
Joseph to sign the treaty and receive presents of blankets."(317)The governor had used manipulation
tactics to receive what he wanted. The men in the film governed similarly. They were physically
abusive and and instill fear in their people. Lastly, although the not same, is the will people to
defend their way of life. In The Flight of the Nez Perces, Old Joseph had refused to sign the
governor treaties multiple times. He had certain beliefs for example, "no man owned any part of the
earth, and a man could not sell what he did not own," when the governo wanted their land. Old
Joseph stuck to his beliefs and fought for what he considered to be right. Similarly, in the film, Boss
and Charlie, fight and defend the

Essay on Alcoholism
Alcoholism Alcohol consumption was initiated on reservations when traders in the nineteenth
century started to offer it to oppressed and depressed Native Americans. Natives represent, in fact,
the ethnic group with the highest degree of alcohol consumption in the United States. Confinement
on reservations after displacement brought for Native Americans identity conflicts and assimilation
problems. This situation promoted the abuse of liquor to mitigate the psychological pain inflicted by
the dispossession of the land and enclosure in a limited and controlled space. Both the stereotype of
the "Noble Savage" and the "drunken Indian" are recurrent figures in mainstream literature of the
US.
Native American Literature of the 70s ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance: Tayo, Abel (House Made of Dawn), Gordie Kashpaw (Love Medicine) and the
characters of Winter in the Blood (mostly all characters of Welsh's fiction) present similar
characteristics as assimilated and alienated Indians: they have lost their "Indianess" as a result of
their mixed–blood inheritance. Abel's alcoholism makes him react violently to tribal ways and, thus
it takes him to prison, charged with murder: "For him (Abel) alcohol is no tranquilizer, but a fire that
feeds his sullen, speechless rage until he explodes in a violence that results in his near–fatal beating
by the culebra policeman Martinez" (Allen, 139–140). He will die understanding tribal ways but
unable to deal with the role they play in his mixed blood life. Tayo suffers post–traumatic stress
disorder as a consequence of the death of his cousin and the horrors of war and finds consolation in
drinking. But Tayo's problems with alcohol started long before upon discovering his legacy and
feeling tribal rejection in a pattern started by his mother, a Laguna woman who, in mating with a
white man, lost her soul and life. Death found her alone, drunk and without shelter. Abel must get
reconciled with his past unless he wants to be found dead alone in an alley or frozen in a blizzard
like June Morrisey in Love Medicine or the father of the protagonist of Winter in the Blood. June
became

The Man to Send Rain Clouds
The Man to Send Rain Clouds is a short story based on the death of a very old man at the Pueblo
Indian reservation. This results to various issues from the conflicting spiritual aspects and
Christianity aspects. At the beginning of the story, the body of the old man is identified lying under a
cottonwood tree in the indicant reservation. The sheep owned by the old man are scattered in all
locations of the arroyo Lavine. The two men who identify the body are Leon and Ken and they
manage to bring back the camp where they found the old man's body. The story focuses on the life
of individuals in Laguna, New Mexico. It is written during the 1960s when there was an interest on
the indigenous cultures in America. During the period, diverse ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This is well explained where the body of the old man is laid to rest in a proper burial to his next
world so that rain would be provided in the area. A priest is presented in the setting, an issue that
portrays change. It is important to note that from the beginning the Franciscans and other religious
groups were determined to change the religious practices of the Native Americans religious
practices. The setting of the book is modern although it entails of rituals and traditions of the ancient
Laguna Pueblo individuals. The Laguna's believe that the dead individuals become the cloud people
who eventually give them a gift of rain. Rain is a vital element of the Native American life because
it is one of the factors that sustain life. According to the short story, The Man to Send Rain Clouds
by Leslie Marmon Silko, it is evident that the traditional Laguna Native American burial conflicts
with the Catholic Church after the death of the old man. According to the traditional rituals, the dead
man is supposed to have a feather tied on their head, their faces smeared with four colors, they
should be wrapped in a red blanket and buried with corn meal and water should be sprinkled around
their graves. These are the traditional rituals practiced by the Laguna individuals which are symbolic
to their culture. The feathers are symbolic in the Native American Cultures are they symbolize the
spirit

Kicking Bear's Speech : The Second Treaty Of Fort Laramie
The second Treaty of Fort Laramie, signed in 1868, guaranteed the Lakota people ownership of 25
million acres of land, now known as the Great Sioux Reservation, only to be occupied by Indian
people ("Treaty of Fort Laramie" Article 2). While this treaty kept the peace for a few years, the
United States government soon reneged on the agreement and allowed miners to enter reservation
lands to look for gold. Eventually, the government decided to use military force to retake the land
from the Sioux people and so began the Great Sioux War. In response to the US government's illegal
actions, Kicking Bear asked the Lakota people to practice the Ghost Dance, which was said to be a
prophecy of the Great Spirit renewing the earth by making it free of evil and more beautiful than
before (Kicking Bear, 1890). This included ending the white man's expansion into Indian lands. This
rhetorical analysis will argue that Kicking Bear's "Address at the Council Meeting of the Hunkpapa
Sioux, Great Sioux Reservation" in 1890 was a fitting response to the United States Government's
expansion into reservation land through the examination of purpose, audience, and persona.
The purpose of Kicking Bear's speech to the Sioux Indians was to convince them that the Ghost
Dance would provide the assistance necessary to rid their lands of the intrusive white man. After the
first Treaty of Fort Laramie was signed in 1851, its terms were quickly breached by the US army
refusing to prevent immigrants from

Community Essay
Community
The point that community has an important effect on the shaping of a person's character is key in
both Pythia Peay's essay, "Soul Searching" and Winona LaDuke's interview transcribed in essay
form entitled, "Reclaiming Culture and the Land: Motherhood and the Politics of Sustaining
Community". The two authors present ideas, similar and different, of what it means to live in and be
a part of community. Through examining these two essays, summarizing and synthesizing, we can
gain a better understanding of what community is and how it affects those within it.
Pythia Peay explains that for everywhere that she has resided, each place had a unique effect on her
character. Each of the five cities in which she has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She goes on to talk of other aspects of her community such as politics and women's roles but stays
on the point that her community has a very important part in shaping her character and the character
of those around her. Then she goes on to point out that "the separation of political and cultural and
spiritual is an artificial separation that's articulated by industrial society" (10). LaDuke was raised
with a different sense of values than most Americans and goes on to describe her upbringing. She
notes that she was raised with little appreciation for American culture and that consumerism, in part,
is responsible for cultural destruction. Her main idea lies in the difference between the average
American community and the way she lives in her Native community at White Earth. She points out
the down side to the American community, such as consumerism and deculturalizing of people, and
tells of some of the values that her Native community has installed upon her and her children, like
respect and community, which is really her main idea.
Both of these essays point out how community shapes character. In Peay's essay she concentrates on
community as ones surroundings. She would consider community as the city in which one lives.
LaDuke is more concerned with community as a person's ideals or way of life. Both authors imply
that a person's sense of place provokes a

What Is The Dawes Act Dbq
How would you feel if the government seized your land, sold it, expected you to change your
lifestyle and then tried to convince you it is for your own benefit? In 1887, the United States
Government did exactly that to the Native American tribes with the Dawes Act. The Dawes Act
effectively split up Native American land so that non–Native American people could take possession
of it. The Native American people had worked the land their entire lives, and now they were faced
with moving from their homeland and way of life for the government. The Dawes Act, also known
as the General Allotment Act, had devastating effects on the Native American population in 1887 by
stripping the people of their heritage, ideas, values, and land, and it continues ... Show more content
The goal of the Act was to make independent farmers out of the Indians by giving them land and the
means for citizenship. The intention was to free them from the reservations and make them civilized
American people. The Native American people had no input in this decision, and they were not even
consulted. The Dawes Act declared that each head of an Indian family be allotted 160 acres of
farmland and 80 acres to every unmarried adult. Rest of the the tribal land was considered surplus so
the government could sell it to the settlers. Unfortunately, the Dawes Act led to many negative
effects for the Native

History and Relocation of Native Americans Essay
1. Trace the history of relocation and Indian reservations. In what ways did reservations destroy
Native American cultures, and in what ways did reservations foster tribal identities? Be sure to
account for patterns of change and consistency over time. When one hears the word "relocation", I
assume, they think of taking one thing exactly as it was and placing it in a different location, but
placing it as it was and with the same resources. Relocation is a loaded term because before the
word relocation came about settlers of early America were forcefully pushing native peoples off
their homelands; they just didn't have the term "relocation". In 1838 Mireau B. Lamar, president of
the Republic of Texas, "initiated a policy of ethnic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The whole point of the meeting was to come to an agreement over disputes of land claims between
colonies and Indian nations including the Iroquois. Though, through trickery, the Iroquois had ceded
to the colonies land "from sea to sea".2(p. 187) This meant land from the Ohio Valley all the way to
the Pacific Ocean. Needless to say the Indians involved were disappointed and angered. The Royal
Proclamation was the next advancement in the idea of "relocation." The Royal Proclamation, made
by the British, was an intangible line drawn to separate Indian lands from colonial lands. This was
made to please the Indians, but also served as a way to contain and control its own peoples within
the colonies. I point this out as a step towards relocation because, one of the first steps is: knowing
where something can be moved from and then moved to. When a solid border is made of land that is
known, by all parties involved, of whose is whose, then half of the process is accomplished. I mean
by this: if the party, not yet aware of possibly being moved again, they will not try to occupy what
the other party has defined as their lands because there is the belief that the same will be
reciprocated from the latter party. Therefore, not as much attention is needed by the British to
defend the land that is understood to be in possession of the British, and more

Analysis Of Night Flying Woman By Ignatia Broker
Gina Plumer Night Flying Woman Assignment American Indian Social Welfare Perspective The
book that I decided to read was Night Flying Woman by Ignatia Broker. The tribal identity in the
book was Oibwe from the White Earth Band. Ms. Broker started out the book from the present day
in Minneapolis where she grew up. There wasn't much culture to be seen, and the younger
generations were getting too lost in the new world. Ms. Broker made sure to mention that she still
taught her children the Ojibwe ways, and told them the stories that her grandmother had once told
her. Throughout Ignatia Broker's introductory chapter, we got a sense of the amount of respect she
had for you great–great grandmother Oona, or Night Flying Woman. When ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When the European settlers came over and started taking over the land, it served as a turning point
of the Ojibwe culture and the way that they practiced their ways. When the Europeans came over,
Oona and her relatives were forced to pack up and move their things twice. The land that belonged
to them their whole lives were being taken over by settlers that thought they "found" the land. After
they had moved, they were forced to start living the way that the new settlers were. While the
children were learning the new ways, the adults were as well. Oona's father had gone to a lumber
camp to work. He went to try and earn enough money to build the kinds of houses that the new
settlers had already built for themselves. The Native woman began to learn the household needs, and
the English language as well. They made clothes similar to the new settlers, and even friended many
of them. The way of life that they were once used to was becoming just a speck in their memories.
As the generation passes, Oona always remembered to tell the children of how life used to be, and
the traditions that were practiced. She recognized that the children would bring the culture with
them in the generations to come, but it would never be as traditional as it once was. Oona's family
coped with the changes by having meetings with the elders, and getting their point of view on the

The Ghost Dance: Intention vs. Result
The Ghost Dance: Intention vs. Result
I. Introduction
The Ghost Dance was a tradition that originated in the late 1800's, this dance was a spiritual
movement performed by Native Americans on reservations who were in search of hope in a time of
need; however the results weren't what they expected.
II. Body
1.) What is the Ghost Dance?
A.) The ghost dance was originated by a Northern Paiute Indian named Wovoka (Jack Wilson in
English), who insisted they were sent to earth to prepare Indians for their salvation. This movement
began with a dream Wovoka had during a solar eclipse on the night of Jan 1, 1889. Wovoka's dream
included a vision in which all Native Americans were taken into the sky and the earth swallowed all
white folk to revert ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
B.) Throughout all of these issues the Indian Agents failed notice a rumor of an Indian Messiah
among the Lakota's in the fall of 1889. Wovoka (Jack Wilson) created a Messiah Letter to be
delivered to two tribes and was not to be seen by a white man; however this letter eventually found
its way to Washington. In this letter Wovoka says, "When you get home you must begin a dance and
continue for five days. Dance for four successive nights, and on the last night continue dancing until
the morning off the fifth day, when all must bathe in the river and then return to their homes. You
must all do this in the same way... I want you to dance every six weeks. Make a feast at the dance
and have food that everybody may eat" (Legends par 5).
C.) Indian agents didn't take notice of the Ghost Dance until late spring of 1890, this is when John
W. Noble the Secretary of the Interior received a letter from an "alarmed citizen" living in Pierre,
South Dakota. This citizen believed the Lakota's were planning an uprising, at that point Noble
ordered the commissioner of Indian affairs to investigate. Hugh D. Gallagher the agent at Pine Ridge
Reservation was the first to respond and assured Noble that no dangers existed, Charles E.
McChesney the agent at Cheyenne River Reservation also found no dangers, and both denied any
rumors of an uprising. Agent J. George Wright from Rosebud Reservation denied any trouble,
however he gave a more detailed

Examples Of Ethos Pathos Logos
The ability to challenge and question texts continuously is a skill that is essential to have as a
student. From an academic perspective, analyzing written works is often done by recognizing the
ethos, pathos, and logos that is commonly embedded by the author in an argumentative piece. This
method of writing is frequently used to persuade the audience to believe in a specific side of an
argument. Authors use ethos to gain trust from an audience by establishing credibility. Pathos is used
in text to sway the audience by using tugging at the emotions of the audience and lastly, logos is
integrated into writing with the purpose of using facts, research, and statistics in the argument. The
text that will be analyzed in this essay is written by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
LaDuke significantly integrates statistics and her personal testimonies in her written piece. An
example of one of her testimonies is written on the end of this text quoting an activist named Ted
Strong and it says, "This is a testament to the faith of the Indian people. No matter how badly the
salmon have been mistreated, no matter how serious the decline. It has only made the Native people
deeper in their resolve. It has doubled their commitment. It has rekindled the hope that today is
beginning to grow in many young people" (LaDuke 6.) This quote that Winona ended her essay with
is a combination of testimony and emotional

Indian Reservations
When the settlers invaded the Indian's homeland, they weren't happy about it. They were very angry.
Some were forced out of their homeland, and others decided to stay because they were afraid to
leave. The people who stayed were put into reservations. Reservations still exist today; it is land that
is reserved for Indians under a treaty or an agreement. The Indians didn't want to be put into
reservations, but they had no other option but to agree with the government. I looked into the
reservations and they still exist today. The Indian Country Today states that there is a housing crisis
in Indian country. Despite the Indian Housing Authority's (IHAs) recent efforts, the need for
adequate housing on reservations remains acute. I think that it is horrible what they're going through
after all of these years, you would think that they're living conditions would have gotten better, but
sadly it hasn't improved. Moreover, I did some more research and Mr. Vanderstel from Conner
Prairie stated that the migration was primarily a personal decision, dependent upon a variety of ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Pioneers West website, it states that the diseases proved to be the biggest killer of
emigrants in the West. Smallpox, cholera, tuberculosis, diphtheria, typhoid, "mountain fever," and a
host of other sicknesses frequently struck down settlers, who had little or no medical expertise.
Imagine having to travel with someone who has contracted the disease, and you can't help the
person out because there is no medicine that could treat him or her. The only option is to wait
patiently until they have passed away and find somewhere to bury them. The people who died on the
road were put into holes. When they dug up the graves they would mark the graves, some would
even try to camouflage the graves to keep animals and even people

Dbq On The Battle Of Little Bighorn
The Battle of Little Bighorn took place in 1876 along the Little Big Horn River in south central
Montana. Warriors of the Lakota Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes battled the seventh
Regiment of the U.S. Cavalry led by General George Armstrong Custer. The battle has come to
symbolize the clash of two vastly different civilizations including a hunting culture of the northern
plains and a highly sophisticated, industrial–based culture of the U.S. This battle was not an isolated
soldier–warrior confrontation but rather a highly strategic campaign. Essentially, Lakota leaders
such as Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse rejected the newly implemented reservation system which was
put into effect by the Fort Laramie Treaty. General Armstrong Custer ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Document E, called the "Massacre of Our Troops," is an article from the New York Times published
on July 6, 1876. It is written by Muggins Taylor, a scout for General Gibbons, and therefore, the
account of events is from a white man's perspective. As stated in the document, "Gen. Custer found
the Indian camp of 2,000 lodges on the Little Horn, and immediately attacked it" (Doc E). This
clearly depicts his harsh treatment of Native Americans as he attempted to kill them so Americans
could possess their land. The Indians were surrounded by Custer's regiment and merely reacted to
his initial attack. Additionally, Document K, which is from the perspective of Crazy Horse,
describes the situation that his tribe was in. Crazy Horse states, "They say we massacred him, but he
would have done the same to us. Our first impulse was to escape but we were hemmed in and we
had to fight" (Doc K). While most people believe that the Indians savagely attacked the white
settlers, they truly had no choice. Custer's troops had surrounded the Indian village leaving them
with no option but to fight back. Custer planned an attack on the Native Americans portraying his
deplorable treatment of the Native

Ghost Dance Research Paper
Indian tribes, hurt and facing a time of poverty, hunger and disease, sought a means of salvation to
bring hope to their traditional culture. The evolution of a new religion, the Ghost Dance, was a
reaction to the Indians being forced to submit to white men government and reservation life.The
Ghost Dance religion promised salvation in the coming years during which time the earth would be
destroyed, only to be recreated with the Indians as the inheritors of the new earth.
The ghost dance outcome
Throughout 1890's, the U.S. government worried about the growing influence at reservations of the
Ghost Dance spiritual movement. Many Sioux believed that if they practiced the Ghost Dance and
rejected the rules and ways of the white man, the gods would ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He was killed by a reservation police officer. He was killed because it was illegal to participate in
ghost dance.Sitting bull was mistaken for participating in the ghost dance. In which caused many
fights with white men for killing a great leader the tension and conflict only started to get worse.
The reason behind why it was called a battle was cause of all the fights that were happening
amongst the whites and natives. Things only seemed to get worse as time went on and moany of
hundreds of people died. The natives turned to ghost dance in the hope that it would bring their lost
culture

Stereotypes In Reservation Blues
There Tonto stands, a brave Indian warrior, cloaked in a leather vest and pants, with a face painted
white, a dead bird on his head, and two swords by his side. Tonto perfectly portrays the typical
Hollywood Indian. In Sherman Alexie's novel Reservation Blues, the Indians in no way portray the
stereotypical Indian. Alexie acknowledges and elucidates this major misconception. He shows the
hardships of an Indian band, Coyote Springs, struggling to make a living in the music industry,
along with all of their family, friends, and relationship dilemmas. Alexie portrays how stereotyping,
perpetuated at the hand of the dominant white culture, often strips the Indians of hope and engenders
fatalistic attitudes. The closed–mindedness of the average ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Betty and Veronica were the first example's of Indian romanticization, coming to the reservation
with the belief that everything is sacred and magical. After Michael White Hawk had beaten both
Betty and Veronica, along with Victor and Junior, they chose to leave. Chess asked, "Can't you
handle it?" stating they wanted, "the good stuff of being Indian without all the bad stuff" and this
was the truth. Both Betty and Veronica had an idea in their mind, a stereotype, that Indians were at
one with nature, living simplistic and peaceful lives. In reality, the Indians are no different than the
rest of the world and have more than their share of alcoholism, poverty, depression, and aggravation.
After Betty and Veronica left the reservation for their home in Seattle, they received an invitation to
New York for a chance to perform for a record company, Cavalry Records. The invitation was the
same as the one Coyote Springs also received. Coyote Springs' private performance ended on a bad
note (literally), so Betty and Veronica were Cavalry Records' next best hope. Betty and Veronica
were "a more reliable kind of Indian", according to Sheridan. Veronica specifically stated that they
were not very much Indian, but Sheridan said they were enough. The sad fact of this occurrence is
that when Betty and Veronica become famous, with an Indian image in the media, everybody will
believe it without attempting to find out

Plenty Of Wild West Analysis
The second main weakness that is found in Global Americans is that it does not elaborate on how
the Buffalo Bill Wild West Show wrongfully portrayed Native Americans as dangerous or the
impact it had on the viewers. Global Americans makes a brief mention that Cody portrayed Indians
as victorious, but does not explain in what sense; primary sources, on the other side, illustrate that in
the show Indians were portrayed as savages that needed to be civilized. Although the roles that
Natives played were dramatized, they were concurrent with the perception American society and the
government perpetuated. This is illustrated by the article "Plenty of 'Wild West' Enthusiasm," from
the Washington Post, that describes how Indians ambushed a carriage

Ceremony Essay
FEAR=DESTRUCTION
&quot;They fear
They fear the world.
They destroy what they fear.
They fear themselves.&quot;
&quot;They will kill the things they fear
all the animals
the people will starve.&quot;
&quot;They will fear what they find
They will fear the people
They kill what they fear&quot; (Silko 136).
&#9;Leslie Marmon Silko uses these three short passages taken from an ancient Indian story
included in the novel Ceremony to express and convey the idea that the white man's fear was the
primary factor contributing to their negative actions toward the Indian people. The ancient Indian
story that the passages are pulled from also explains how Indian witchery led to the invention of the
white people ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So they try to destroy the stories
let the stories be confused or forgotten.
They would like that
They would be happy

Because we would be defenseless then&quot; (Silko 2).
For example, one day Josiah found a bunch of dead flies in the house and confronted Tayo about it.
Josiah asked why he did it and Tayo replied that the teacher at school said flies are bad because they
carry sickness and disease. The white teachers had taught him something against his culture because
Indians are supposed to respect all life forms on the earth. Josiah told him the story of how the
greenbottle flies are special messengers and how he should remember the story next time he thinks
about killing a fly or any animal for that matter.
Old Betonie, the medicine man, recalled a time when the white people were extremely fearful of
Indians. He said, &quot;I was at the World's fair in St. Louis, Missouri, the year they had
Geronimo there on display. The white people were scared to death of him. Some of them even
wanted him in leg irons&quot; (Silko 122). Instead of appreciating Geronimo for his unique
culture, he was disrespected and treated as a freak show exhibit. The white people did not try to
learn about his background or interact with him because they were too fearful to look past his
differences and accept him as a fellow human being.
The white man introduced alcohol (firewater) to the Indians in an attempt to control them,
manipulate them, and take advantage of them.

Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee And Manifest Destiny
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee and Manifest Destiny Amanda Grav Manifest Destiny could be
described as the European–White Man's belief that they were destined to settle the land that now
accounts for America. In Dee Brown's telling, he describes the relationships of the Native
Americans, the settlers of the states, and the United States government in a factual, yet emotional
description. In Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, his stance is explained, as well as the background
for his story. Accounts of life have been retold thousands of times from the perspective of traders,
ranchers, wagon trains and gold–seekers; the story that oftentimes fails to be told, is that of the
American Indian. Brown's outline of the position of diverse western tribes in 1860 does not include
a description of their fates thirty years later. However, by focusing not on the steady growth of white
civilization westward from the Atlantic Coast but on the equally steady decline of Indian
civilization, Brown signals his intent to make his history of the West tragic rather than celebratory.
This focus on the fate of the Indians of the West was very unusual; Brown's book was one of the
first histories of the West to give its readers the American Indians' perspective on how the West was
won or, as he would probably say, how the West was lost. Readers learn of General Carleton's
ferocity against the Indians and his great hunger for tribal land and the minerals found on it. This,
together with the settling of

History Research Paper on Battle at Wounded Knee
"To own the Earth, There is no word for this in the Sioux Language." The Battle of Wounded Knee
was the last battle of the American Indian Wars it was also one of the most gruesome battles that
either side had seen. An estimated three hundred Indians lay dead while the US army had lost twenty
five and thirty nine were wounded some of who would die later. This was one of the worst acts that
the Americans have ever done to the Native Americans. One Native American stated later "it was as
if the soldiers were crazed by the sight of blood and had appeared wild eyed as they shot again and
again into some of the bodies." Many Native Americans still hold grudges to this day over what
happened to their ancestors on that sacred piece of land this ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Sitting Bull was born sometime between 1831 and 1837 there is not an accurate record of his birth
he was killed on the fifteenth of December 1890. Sitting Bull became the Leader of the Sioux tribe
in his mid twenties. Sitting Bull had been living on the Standing Rock reservation in the Dakota
Territory since 1883. In the fall of 1890 General Nelson A. Miles caught wind of Sitting Bull taking
an interest in the Ghost Dance Religion. He wanted Sitting Bull arrested immediately so just before
daylight on the fifteenth of December 1890 the Indian Police surrounded Sitting Bulls cabin. One of
Sitting Bulls followers fired a shot at the Indian police when this happened the officer returned fire
at the man who fired the first shot then he fired a bullet that struck Sitting Bull in the head. The man
who said his bullet was the one that killed the chief was a sergeant of the Indian Police at Standing
Rock named Red Tomahawk. Before his death Sitting Bull stated "I wish it to be remembered that I
was the last man of my tribe to surrender my rifle."
Just two weeks after the death of the Lakota leader Sitting Bull, US troops would surround more
than three hundred Sioux Indians and there leader Big Foot there was no escape. Colonel James W.
Forsyth and his troops took up positions on the ridges around the Indians camp he then told the
Indians that the US was their friend but he wanted them to turn over their

Heritage as an Idea of Oneself in Bless Me Ultima and The...
Heritage as an Idea of Oneself in Bless Me Ultima and The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in
Heaven
Traveling through humanity is a never–ending story. Traveling through ethnicity is an ever changing
journey. Is race or culture a matter of color? Is it a way of life; or a decision an individual makes? Is
it an idea one has of themselves? In the novels, Bless Me Ultima (Anaya 1972) and The Lone
Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven (Alexie 1993), two different minority characters, Tony and
Victor, give voice to their journey of growing up and finding their place in the world in regards to
their heritage. The characters, in Anaya's and Alexie's novels, relate to a dominant culture, pursue
balance in their life by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Given these two choices, Tony feels he must choose between them. Anaya introduces Tony to a
different culture, as he enters school; there he meets the white dominant culture head on. Tony, now
blends a third culture into his life. Tony's heritage offers him two ways of being a Spanish–
Mexican–American; in Alexie's novel, Victor strives to be an Indian, period. Victor's culture, being
different from Tony's, breeds different cultural problems. Victor, a Native American Indian, in
Sherman Alexie's The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven, searches daily for ways to
survive being Indian. Victor lives in a white world that continually divests him of the privilege of his
heritage daily. The ordinary daily erosion damages Victor––and the Native American––the most.
Alexie writes, ". . . it's almost like Indians can easily survive the big stuff. Mass murder, loss of
language and land rights. It's the small things that hurt the most. The white waitress who wouldn't
take an order, Tonto, the Washington Redskins" (Alexie 49). Victor needs to learn to survive the
daily–ness, the ordinary and wants someone to show him how and says: ". . . I have] to find out
what it mean[s] to be Indian, and there ain't no self–help manuals for that . . . " (Alexie 211). As
Victor wanders through the Native American cultural maze, somewhat aimlessly and alone, Tony is

American Indian Liberation : American Indians And The...
I have always had a curiosity in the Native American culture, yet my previous studies led me away
from any cultural academics over the years. I am pleased that I am now delving into these resources
after attending a pow wow on the White Earth Reservation to increase my understanding of the
Native American culture. There are four books in particular that have sparked my curiosity:
American Indian Liberation: A Theology of Sovereignty by George E. Tinker; Education for
Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience, 1875–1928 by David Wallace
Adams; Boarding School Seasons: American Indian Families, 1900–1940 by Brenda J. Child; and
The White Earth Tragedy: Ethnicity and Dispossession at a Minnesota Anishinaabe Reservation,
1889–1920 by Melissa L. Meyer. At first glance, Tinker's book, American Indian Liberation: A
Theology of Sovereignty, appears to be a suitable parallel to my pow wow experience. His
collection of published and unpublished essays explains how the actions of the United States
government led to the start of a new liberation theology . His understanding between the indigenous
concerns and the marginalized in general in this book are seen as uniquely important. The
psychological damage of white supremacy and the image of an angry Christian God are also
unveiled to show the lasting effects on the Native American groups which directly resulted in their
particular liberation theology. However, Tinker is criticized for completely ignoring the

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