Democritus Research Paper

Democritus Research Paper
Democritus was an exciting and cheerful ancient Greek philosopher. He studied the natural world
around him with wonders, observations, and questions always coming to him. He believed that
every individual should have something to smile about and be happy; that's why he was always so
cheerful. One of his stimulating nicknames was the "laughing philosopher." He was the significant
symbol and founder of the development of the ancient atomic theory of the universe. Since he was a
bright person every since a young age, he was an admirable geometer, as he was always pondering
about everything. His teacher's name was Leucippus, who was also a philosopher. Democritus got
all of his motivation and knowledge from his teacher. Democritus and his teacher ... Show more
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He always put himself first, to make himself a better, wiser person, so he never had any time to date
or marry people. He had a bigger passion in life, other than raising a family of his own. He had a
passion for knowledge and exploitation and traveling. Before this passion, since he was a
Pythagorean, he studied Pythagoreanism for a transitory period of his life, but then he continued on
with his desire. He journeyed to Asia, India, Persia, Egypt, and Ethiopia. He was known as one of
the most educated and most experienced men of his time. While he was in Egypt, he settled for a
few short years to learn more about the scholars, and to focus on his studies on the mathematical,
scientific, and physical classifications of the ancient schools. He was always searching for more
information and questions and answers. He wanted to learn more about everything, everyone, and
everywhere. He also toured throughout Greece to learn more about himself, his cultures, his history,
his native, and find out more about his birthplace. Within his family and studies, he became a very
wealthy man. He didn't really care much about wealth or money or material items, he just wanted to
keep exploring and learning. He enjoyed studying natural philosophy and geometry whenever he
had the time. He spent his savings to acquire the writings and art of many philosophers who he
looked up
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Atom Swerving Vs Determinism
Epicurus believed atoms are particles that are composed of an infinite amount of something and
must have space to move. Likewise, the particles must be the smallest thing to be and have shape.
This theory is based on two aspects, atom and void. Void is the absence of anything. Atoms travel
through void at the same speed despite certain factors, such as size, shape, and weight. Atoms
swerve randomly and collide in the void, therefore determining how an object gets its different
shapes and sizes in the world. On the other hand, Epicurus resembles a libertarian. For instance,
Epicurus believes how we live our lives is guided by what we enjoy and/or don't enjoy. Pleasure, as
defined by Epicurus, is the absence of pain. Therefore, an ideal life is a life that has no pain. Also,
Epicurus states that a person should not be dependent on stuff because then that person will be at
less of a risk for pain in the future. The problem of combining these two views is the issue of free
will. Atomism believes that atoms swerve due to a person deciding their choices, therefore
explaining their choices. While ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, swerving denies determinism and allows for the future to be undetermined. An atom swerving
reflects on the power a person has to make their own choices in life. One flaw in this is that
Epicurus provides no explanation to how a swerving atom can preserve human freedom. Also, a
swerving atoms allows for a random change and may not affect a person's morality. Therefore, it is
unclear how a swerving atom will affect a person's choices. Cicero and Carneades explanation
avoids this problem by stating that freedom is needed in order to have a moral life. Basically, the
two go hand–in–hand, and a person cannot have one without the other. Also, the voluntary
movement of the mind is controlled by the movement of an atom. Thus, the movement of the atom
has the ability to affect the

Pierre Gassendi Research Paper
Pierre Gassendi was born on January 22, 1592, in Champtercier, Provence, France. He was the son
of two commoners. Unlike his parents, Gassendi was a child prodigy and was sent to college at the
early age of sixteen. He was a faithful and devoted Christian. Over his lifetime, Pierre Gassendi was
a writer, philosopher, professor, priest, Mathematician, astronomer and a scientist. While he had a
variety of occupations and accomplishments, he is best known for his attempts to connect Epicurean
atomism with Christianity and for observing and publishing the first official transit of Mercury
(Pierre Gassendi1). He is also widely known for disagreeing with the famous ideas of the
philosopher, Descartes. In his twenties, Gassendi became ordained to be a priest. By this time, he
had already studied theology at Aix–en–Provence and taught theology in Digne. Gassendi's religious
views made a crucial impact on his scientific ideas. For Gassendi, "the greatest pleasure attainable
by a human being was the beatific vision of God, attainable after death only if individuals followed
the rules of Christian morality" (Pierre Gassendi2). He devoted most of his life to finding a scientific
theory that agreed with his beliefs on Christianity. This devotion led him to Greek philosopher,
Epicurus. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Much like Epicurus, Gassendi taught the idea of atoms and of a void; however, he modified this
theory to reconcile with the standards of Christianity. He believed there were a limited number of
atoms in this void created by God. While Epicurus believed that atoms had different shapes and
moved at different speeds, Gassendi argued that atoms were extensions of the objects they belonged
to, sharing the same weight, shape, and size. Despite this differentiation, Gassendi can be credited
for presenting Epicurean atomism in Europe during his

Hippocrates Influence On Ancient Greek Civilization
One of the most popular healers in the ancient civilization is Hippocrates. His beliefs and practices
are still being used until today like his belief that diseases arise from things which enter and leave
the body. He also believed that cleanliness and rest are important for a sick or wounded patient.
Hippocrates also manifested the characteristics of a scientist when he resisted the temptation to
theorize without a basis from carefully observed facts and the temptation to give supernatural causes
into medicine. In the mathematical aspect, the ancient people were not left behind. They discovered
different things in Mathematics to solve some problems in their daily living. In the Egyptian
civilization, they developed the science of geometry ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of them are students of the famous philosophers. Take for example, Anaximander who is a
student of Thales. He was the one who imported the sundial from Egypt. There is also Anaximenes
who is a student of Anaximander who distinguished the planets and the stars. Pythagoras is also a
student of Anaximander who became a leader and reformer of the Orphic religion. He has made a lot
of contribution in the field of mathematics. He also inspired the idealistic philosophy of Plato and
his ideas about the spheres carrying the planets was developed by Hipparchus and Ptolemy.
Socrates, who proved that there is an absolute beauty and absolute justice inspired Plato who made
Socrates' memory alive by writing dialogues wherein he appeared as the

Epicurus: The Existence Of Bodies
Epicurus was born on (341–271 B.C.) on the island of Samos, his parents were Athenians. So he had
an Athenian citizenship, he joined the military as an obligation of the city. After the death of
Alexander The Great, Athens was really in a political turmoil of who was going to replace him.
Epicurus parents were evicted from Samos by the Macedonians, who had taken over the area, he and
his family moved to Colophon in Asia minor and lived there for ten years. It was in Colophon under
the tutelage of Nausiphanes, a philosophy that he learned a version of atomism. His version was
quite different from his predecessors. Epicurus version of Atomism states that the universe is
composed of only two kinds of things; Bodies and the Void. That Bodies exist is a matter of
Conservation, that the existence of the Void or empty space is necessary in order for bodies to move,
that Bodies of visible size are compounded out of the bodies of invisible size namely Atom. It is
impossible for anything to pass through nothingness, therefore what exists always has Existed and
always will exist and many visible bodies are not Everlasting. They can be cut up and disintegrated,
but since it is impossible for anything to come out of or pass at least the ultimate parts or atom of a
visible body are not subject to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He taught that the gods have utterly no concerns for the affairs for humans., it would simply spoil
their first divine tranquility. First of all, believe that god is a being immortal and blessed and do their
immortality or unsuited. The gods do not represent men as they believe exist and impious man is not
the who denies the gods of the many but he who attaches to the gods the beliefs of the many. Such
beliefs are false suppositions because the greatest misfortunes befall the wicked and the greatest
blessing the good by the gift of the gods. Men welcome those like themselves, but regard all that is
not of their nature as

Digital Essay
Digital
The digital world of today can be understood as a product of late–Victorian construction of the
machinery of information organization combined with Modernist visual forms.
The works of Lev Manovich and Dr. Simon Cook use a revisionist approach to examine the past
century and a half of visual forms. In his "Late Victorian Reasoning and a Modern History of
Vision," Dr. Cook attempts to prove a link between the late–Victorian visual forms and the "new
vision" (including Modernist art) that Manovich observed in the early half of the twentieth century.
In his work, Lev Manovich traces the relationship from "new vision" to the computer and new
media, claiming a direct connection between the two. Although it is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, the science of psychology had a very slow start and growth. In the nineteenth century,
psychology went through a fledging stage in which it attempted to ground itself in different
sciences, such as biology, physics, and philosophy (2). It was this initial experimentation with
psychology that led to the works produced in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century
observed by Cook and Manovich. However, it was the growth of psychology departments in
universities and colleges that led to the visual forms used in the new media. Upon further
examination of psychology and the three visual forms, the importance of psychology in these fields
will become evident.
The late–Victorian construction of the machinery of information organization included the works of
men like Lewis Carroll and John Venn, who attempted to create visual representations of arguments,
usually on the topic of logic. The link between these two men and psychology can be easily
observed upon examination of Mind, a quarterly publication that was established in 1876. In the first
issue of Mind, George Robertson, the editor of the periodical and a Professor of Philosophy of Mind
and Logic in University College, London, states the purpose of the journal "will be an organ for the
publication of original researches, and a critical record of the progress made, in

Robert Boyle : The Father Of Modern Chemistry
Brachvogel 1
Sarah Brachvogel
Bloemker
Chemistry H P.3
6 November 2017
Chemistry Extra Credit Project
Robert Boyle – The Father of Modern Chemistry Robert Boyle was an outstanding philosopher and
writer of the seventeenth century. Born, on January 25, 1627, he grew up in the Lismore Castle,
owned by his famous and wealthy father the Great Earl of Cork. Growing up in Ireland, he was
educated initially by those in the castle until he was old enough to attend Eton college in Windsor,
England. Upon completing his schooling in Windsor, Boyle traveled to France, Switzerland, and
Italy to enhance his knowledge of chemistry and literature. In 1644, Boyle returned to England and
settled down on the estate his father left him. Boyle, by now an accomplished an intelligent
graduate, embarked upon his first official research projects at Lismore Castle, in Ireland. In 1645,
Boyle started his first project on Aretalogy, a comprehensive analysis of ethical elements. He
attempted to explain the need for a virtuous life, considering that we are all mortal and will
eventually die. Experimenting with other writings, Boyle sculpted religious reflections, imaginary
lives, and fictional speeches and letters to advance the laws of moral conduct that others should
follow. An example of one of his famous writings that follows his studies would be Seraphic Love, a
book revealing spiritual power and a pathway to God. Following his early achievements and the
publication of his book, Boyle

Philosophy And Science Of The Same Breath
The philosophers Leucippus and Democritus are constantly mentioned in the same breath. Since the
bulk of their works did not survive the middle ages, we have only fragments and the writings of
their peers and successors to tell us about their accomplishments and ideas. It is difficult to separate
these two men because they are praised or critiqued as a unit by contemporaries and followers, but
their exact relationship is unclear. Sources such as Diogenes Laertius do not link them as teacher
and student, but rather as acquaintances. However, in Metaphysics, Aristotle refers to Democritus as
Leucippus' "disciple", equating the two philosophers' ideas of "full" and "void" (the idea of atoms
and the space in which they move). But whatever their relationship, their legacy of atomism is an
important one, and it has influenced philosophy and science down to the present day.
There is comprehensive access to primary sources on these philosophers and their ideas through
both the Perseus Digital Library and the Online Loeb Classical Library. The countless references to
Democritus in Aristotle's work are available both in original language and translation, as well as
passing references to Leucippus, Democritus, and their philosophy from authors such as Sextus,
Diogenes Laertius and others. Although these primary sources are mostly fragmented quotes or
philosophical rebuttals to Democritus' and Leucippus' works, they provide much needed information
on early atomist thought. The

Theory of Morality: Monism, Pluralism, Particularism
When considering the theory of morality. There are many different views about the guidelines
humans should follow in order to be a good human and live in a functional environment. Monism,
pluralism, and particularism are three different ideas about how one should make decisions.
Pluralism seems to be the most plausible in our society. Monism states that there is one principle of
rightness. An example of this is utilitarianism. The utilitarian view considers the optional, obligatory
and forbidden acts. Action X is forbidden if, and only if, x produces less than maximal utility.
Action X is obligatory, if and only if, X maximizes utility. Action X is optional if X is one of several
actions that maximizes utility. Utility measures amounts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Examples are giving pleasure such as taking a nephew to a baseball game. The nephew could enjoy
baseball or not enjoy it at all. It can go both ways. When analyzing consequentialism, one would
come to the conclusion that it is a monistic view. Particularism challenges consequentialism when it
states to always choose the action with the maximal amount of goodness to come of it. What if a
human was in a situation where one had to make a decision where both outcomes are equally
good/bad. The example of whether a perfectly healthy man should be sacrificed for 5 ill humans in
need of organs. The goodness of saving 5 lives as opposed to one is considered to produce more
goodness than keeping one life. Obviously, this is not how our world works. The rule of
consequentialism does not hold it's own with this example. Consequentialism bases their way of
making decisions by using a form of measurement. It seems that not all choices in life are that easy
to make, especially by solely measuring happiness. Particularism focuses more on particular
circumstances. What could create more goodness in one situation could do the opposite in another
situation. Who is to say what creates the most happiness? One human may believe action a will
create more happiness than action b, but another human may believe action b will create more
happiness. Consequentialism seems to be a good view for the overall wellness

Greek and Roman Influence in Psychology
Greek and Roman Influence in Psychology Virtually every branch of knowledge, as we know it
today, came from particularly two powerful empires of the ancient past, which are the Greek and
Roman Empire. Although there were other civilizations, such as the Arabs and the Mayans, that
made progress in knowledge, especially mathematics, the Greeks and Romans have been more
recognized for the development of other branches of knowledge. The Greeks and Romans have been
known to be the promoters of the natural sciences and philosophy. Psychology stemmed from
philosophy. Unlike philosophy, however, it encompassed the techniques of the natural sciences.
Psychology seemed to be the link between philosophy and the sciences back then. The main concern
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although Hippocrates is often referred to as the "Father of Medicine", he is also considered as the
"Father of Psychology" for his attempts to formulate theories that involved the close relationship
between physical and mental health. He gave the first theories on behavioral problems relating to the
physical distress of an individual. Galen succeeded Hippocrates 600 years later. He was a physician
and anatomist that served as the court physician o the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antonius.
He wrote a seventeen–book treatise called De usu partium (On the Usefulness of the Parts) where he
describes his theory on the structure of the human body. His sources were three and are as follows:
from observations of past physicians, his experience as a surgeon for the gladiators, and his personal
investigation by dissecting small apes, pigs, cattle, goats, and maybe even humans (if this was the
case, then he must have done it secretly for human dissections were illegal in the Roman Empire).
On his other work, On the Passions and Errors of the Soul, he stated that diseases come about from
passions, strong emotions (anger, sadness, envy, lust, fear, remorse). According to Galen, since
passions were from an irrational power that refused to obey reason, self–knowledge and
understanding were supposed to help in taming these passions. However, since self–love leads to
egoism, the patient would have seen no flaws in himself/herself. Therefore, the doctor's

The Contributions Of Democritus, The Ancient Philosopher
Democritus was an ancient philosopher, born around 430Bc – 370Bc in Abdera Greece, and is
widely known for his discoveries today. He made many contributions to the studies of math and
sciences such as biology and anthropology. Democritus was a high–spirited and bright person who
was very determined to find more and more about our universe and how it works. People called him
"The laughing Philosopher" because of his cheerful personality, and this nickname stuck with him
for centuries. Democritus made many famous theories in his lifetime. One of them was that "the
world, including human beings, is composed of very small particles". He later gave these particles a
name, which he called them "atomos" or as we know atoms for short. He argued that atoms are very
small and basically invisible to humans with our naked eye. This Greek philosopher was the first to
theorize that the shapes of the atoms have a close similarity with the physical properties of the
element they make up. He stated that atoms are eternal, and so small that their size can never be
decreased. Also, he tried his hardest to find ways to show people how the universe and atoms work.
According to Democritus "When we die our body–shape loses energy and our atoms disperse as
there is no longer a soul inside the corpse to generate the heat which holds the body–shape atoms
together". This theory means when we pass our body doesn't generate what we need anymore, and
our atoms scatter because there isn't a specific

The Debate Of Pre Socrates ' Philosophy On The Nature Of...
Pre–Socrates were a group of ancient Greek thinkers who live in sixth and fifth centuries BC. The
term Pre–Socrates refers to these philosophers because they lived prior to and during the life of
Socrates. Pre–Socrates thinkers were primarily interested in metaphysic and cosmogony.
"Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of existence, being and the
world" (Miller, P.8) Metaphysical questions being those concerned with ultimate constitution of
nature, while cosmological questions are focused on origins and structure of the universe. Before we
get into introducing Pre–Socrates and their theories, we must know some terms:
1– Materialism (everything is matter): The view that matter is the ultimate constituent of ... Show
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The third Pre–Socrates philosopher was Anaximenes (Materialism). He proposed that the origin of
all things was air. In calling the origin of things a definite substance, he seems to have failed to
grasp Anaximander's insight that if the arcades to exist must be an indefinite substance. However, he
represented an advance on Thales and Anaximander because unlike his predecessors he gave a
scientific explanation about how air transforms itself into all the different things we observed in the
world like fire and water.
The fourth Pre–Socrates philosopher was Pythagoras (Idealism) . He couldn't see how it could be
the case that someone can explain the existence of everything based on simply natural occurrences.
Therefore, he came up with what ends up being a revolutionary idea. He believed that everything is
composed of numbers.
The fifth Pre–Socrates philosopher was Parmenides (Idealism). Parmenides brought speculation
about the nature of the universe to a halt by claiming that our experience of the world is an
unequivocal illusion. our experience of the world tells us that things move from one place to
another, things are born, change, and die. He did not believe that change is possible. The truth
according to Parmenides is that there is no separate thing in the world. He

Periodic Table Research Task
Periodic Table Research Task By Kevin Shaji
Part A. You are to research the task below and submit as a written piece of work i) John Dalton
proposed his atomic theory in 1808. Outline his theory. (4 marks) ii) Explain which part of Dalton's
atomic theory was later found to be incorrect. (3 marks) iii) Dalton developed a way to measure the
relative atomic mass of the different elements. Using examples research and describe the meaning of
the term 'relative atomic mass'. (3 marks)
i) 1) Elements are made up of tiny particles called atoms.
2) Atoms cannot be destroyed or created but can be rearranged during chemical changes.
3) Atoms of a particular element are identical in mass, size, shape and other properties.
4) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though Aristotle's theory was wrong he contributed indirectly to the periodic table. The
periodic table consists of elements and he hypothesised that elements exist.
John Dalton
John Dalton was an English chemist, meteorologist and physicist. He was born on the 6th of
September 1766 and died on the 27th of July 1844. He began to study at a local village school and at
the age of 12 began to teach there. At the age of 15, he began to teach at a Quaker school in Kendal.
After teaching here for 10 years he moved to Manchester as a teacher. While there he joined the
Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, which provided him laboratory facilities. The first
paper he presented was about colour blindness which he suffered from. Dalton arrived to atomism
by his fascination of meteorology. Dalton stated that the forces of repulsion thought to cause
pressure acted only between atoms of the same type. From here on he proceeded to calculate the
atomic weight of atoms from percentage compositions of compounds. After this he developed his
own atomic theory, which completely revolutionised the way we see the world today. Dalton
contributed indirectly to the development of the periodic table. Dalton's information on atomic
weights was a huge factor in the creation the periodic table. He also proposed a chemical symbols
for some elements. Without Dalton's ground–breaking work the periodic table would not be
possible.
Johann

Atomism: Democritus And Epicurus
Atomism: Democritus and Epicurus
In the Atomists, we see pluralism taken as far as it could possibly go.
We see Democritus and Epicurus divide all the world, as well as the universe, into two categories;
atoms and empty space. Everything else is merely thought to exist. The atoms are eternal, infinite in
size and number and they are moving through the empty space. There is no motion without empty
space. Both
Democritus and Epicurus agreed that motion was impossible in a plenum, but it is here that their
theories diverge. In the cause of the motion, we begin to see a variety of opinions.
Both Democritus and Epicurus agreed that the "qualitative world of sense ... Show more content on
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Since an objects' natural state seemed to be rest, Epicurus decided that it was not motion, but lack
thereof, that is in a things' true nature. Therefore it is motion which requires an explanation (Jones
85).
Since it is agreed that the atoms must collide in order to form "objects" that possess different
qualities, the frequency of these collisions must be infinitely large. How else can one account for the
variety of objects recognized as "normal"? The space in which the atoms are traveling is large
beyond our every conception of size, and the atoms are small on the very same scale. The
probability of even two of these atoms colliding while they fall through the void is minute, if not
non–existent.
Epicurus attempts to explain these collisions with his "swerve" theory.
In this, he holds there is an arbitrary, imperceptible swerve in the straight " falling" path of the
atoms. Rather than contribute the collisions to the nature of the atoms themselves, he is attempting
to account for the frequency of collisions, and in effect increase the probability of two atoms
colliding in infinite space.
There are many problems with this postulation. In effect, it is no better an argument than
Democritus' nature theory. If we begin to assume that events simply "happen" arbitrarily, we do not
gain any deeper insight

Lucretius On Death
One of the most ancient mystery yet unsolved is the question pertaining to death and the afterlife.
This mystery is one of the fundamental studies in both field of philosophy and religion. Comparing
those who believe in a god–existing religion against those who don't, we often see many differences
in the answers relating to death. In the contrary, the similar answers to theist and atheist are evident
strongly in two great thinkers and their works. The focus will be on Socrates' speech in the Apology
by Plato setting in 399 BCE and De Rerum Natura by Titus Lucretius 300 years later. Titus
Lucretius, an atheist or agnostic Roman poet and philosopher inspired by the works of Epicurus.
Lucretius believed in the theory of atomism which lead to materialistic thinking and how atomism
affects how one should view the purpose of life especially at the end of one's life. Lucretius has
written his thoughts on death at Book III of De Rerum Natura – the translation used is by Rolfe
Humphries which translates the title as The Way Things Are. In The Way Things Are, Lucretius
makes three main arguments; there is no need for the fear of death, the fear itself is the source of
human evil, and the living life is far worse than death. These arguments are towards the general
public of Romans especially those who are religious (both Roman and Greek mythical and religious
influences). Socrates, on the other hand, is quite religious – evident in his holy mission to test the
wise–ness of others.

Lucretius' Writing on the Fear of Death Essay
At the most basic level of subconscious thought, every living animal possesses a desire to stay alive.
Usually, this instinct lays dormant, although in dire situations, we can be led to do unexpected
things. In addition to this subconscious drive, there is a socially constructed motivation for fearing
death. Thanks to the pervasive nature of religion throughout history, much of humanity has, at some
point or another, feared the prospect of eternal damnation and torture during one's life after death.
Although not every religion has a negative aspect of the afterlife, or even any semblance of an
afterlife at all, those religions which do contain some such construct receive much more attention in
this regard. Throughout history, many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In On the Nature of Things, Lucretius argues that not only is the whole of the human body (both
tangible parts, like organs, and intangible concepts, like the soul) created from distinct types of
atoms, but that this is the basis upon which an afterlife may be disproved. One of the principle tenets
of atomism is that the atoms people are comprised of provide the basis for physical sensations we
might experience, such as heat, touch, smell, et cetera. Lucretius provides the corollary to this view
by noting that without some mechanism for processing these input data, we would not smell things,
or might burn our hands in a fire. This cognition of external stimuli is one of the key functions of the
soul atoms which permeate our bodies. The soul, Lucretius says, is comprised of four distinct types
of atoms: breath, heat, air, and a fourth, unnamed variety, which is more mobile than the other three
(3.231). The presence of these soul atoms can be proved by observing a person's reactions to various
ailments; sickness afflicts both the body and the mind, for example, demonstrating that they are
intrinsically linked. In addition, because sensation may occur at any point in or on the body, the soul
must be distributed completely and evenly throughout oneself. Atomism says that no atoms are ever
created or destroyed,

‘a Fear of Democracy Runs Throughout Liberalism.’ Discuss.
'A fear of democracy runs throughout liberalism.' Discuss.
Democracy means rule by the people, implying both popular participation and government in the
public interest. Liberals have been ambivalent about the benefits of democracy. Very few liberals
reject democracy, on the other hand no liberals accept democracy uncritically.
Liberals do not believe that a balanced and tolerant society will develop naturally out of the free
actions of individuals and voluntary associations. They fear the free individual may exploit others.
Therefore; liberals believed that such protection can only be provided by a sovereign state, capable
of restraining all individuals and groups within society, freedom can therefore only exist 'under the
law'. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
James Bentham each individual is the best judge for his/her own interests, concept of freedom. The
role of government was not to make individuals decisions nor prevent individuals from following
their own self interest unless it prevents others from pursuing theirs. Liberals do not fear democracy
they fear the negative repercussions that may occur as a result. Liberals unlike socialists do not
believe in the notion or the perfectibility of human nature and therefore people will vote in their own
interest and this may pose a threat to individual

Doris Schroeder, human rights do not derive from human...
Doris Schroeder, human rights do not derive from human dignity. Schroeder states that human
rights must be separate from human dignity for three reasons: First, the justification paradox
which is the concept that dignity does not solve the justification problem for human rights;
instead it worsens it in secular societies. Second, Kant's cul–de–sac: the notion that if human
rights are based on Kant's concept of dignity rather than theist grounds, those rights would lose
their universal validity. Third, hazard by association: human dignity is more controversial than
the concept of human rights, especially between aspirational dignity and inviolable dignity
(Shroeder, 2012).
Schroeder elaborates on the justification paradox by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
334).
While this creates a perfect case for the separation of human dignity from human rights,
it is not a strong enough argument. From another perspective, rights, defined in "Western
tradition" are theorized as "protecting interests, or as the normative control of a sovereign", but
in terms of human rights, "human rights are grounded in human dignity" (Van Duffel, 2013, p.
647). Human dignity is the foundation which other human rights build upon. These are clear cut.
In other words, one either has them or doesn't, no middle ground. These rights are grounded in
the basic idea that one has them simply because one is human. And, because of this notion, this
would also suggest that only humans have human dignity – which is protected through human

rights (Van Duffel, 2013).
In response to Doris Schroeder, Peter Schaber argues all three points are not convincing.
For the justification paradox, "any religious understanding of dignity is just one among many
other understandings of dignity. Schroeder mentions five different concepts of human dignity of
which only one is based on religious convictions" (Schaber, 2014). For the second point of
Kant's cul–de–sac, Schaber mentions that the Kantian proposal suggests that humans have rights
in virtue of their capacity for moral–self legislation.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Vs Cbt
Just like RET, in Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy (CBT) there are numerous positive attributes that
the Christian can support but it is the few negative aspects that disallow a complete agreement with
its methods. CBT believes "thought is judged to be real and important" but their philosophical
assumptions of materialism, naturalism, determinism, reductionism, and atomism give birth to a
relativistic attitude when contending with people. That normal and abnormal are left up to the
individual to define. However, I can agree with Bandura's idea of reciprocal determinism where "we
are determined by our environments and also the determiners of what our environments are" (Jones
& Butman, 2011) and his theory of modeling seen in 1 Peter 2:21 (like

Thomas Equina'sSumma Teologica By Thomas Aquinas
In Thomas Aquinas' Summa Teologica, Aquinas develops an argument, constituted by five
independent pieces, in an effort to prove the existence of God. While working independently, each
of the arguments approaches different aspects of the Christian God and attempts to prove the
existence of something in the universe that must fit the definition associated with God. In this paper,
I will reconstruct his argument of existence through contingency–the third of his five arguments–
before presenting an objection based on the premise of existence due to observability, using
atomism to show that an object that is not observable may still exist. Furthermore, I will present a
defense on behalf of Aquinas, refuting the idea of vision as the only form of observability and
highlighting the fact that atoms can also fail to exist. Finally, I will continue with the emphasis on
modern science, as opposed to models of the 11th century, to use the current definition of energy to
challenge both the initial premise and the conclusion of Aquinas' argument.
The foundation of Aquinas' third argument centers around the concept of existence and necessity,
while relying on his second argument regarding causation to support the underlying logic. The initial
premise states we can observe that things are capable of existing or not existing, based on the
principle that objects are found to be generated and corruptible. This implies that every object with
the possibility of nonexistence must have, at some

Ancient Greek History
Some scholars trace the origins of natural science as far back as pre–literate human societies, where
understanding the natural world was necessary for survival.[5] People observed and built up
knowledge about the behavior of animals and the usefulness of plants as food and medicine, which
was passed down from generation to generation.[5] These primitive understandings gave way to
more formalized inquiry around 3500 to 3000 BC in Mesopotamian and Ancient Egyptian cultures,
which produced the first known written evidence of natural philosophy, the precursor of natural
science.[6] While the writings show an interest in astronomy, mathematics and other aspects of the
physical world, the ultimate aim of inquiry about nature's workings was in all ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Awareness of the sine qua non relation of formal science to observation and, mainly, quantitative
studies has proven to be difficult to emerge. Pythagoreans came close to it when they applied
numbers to the study of natural phenomena, however they do not appear to have been aware of the
importance of methodology as distinct from concrete manipulations. A recent interpretation of
Parmenides presents evidence that he was the philosopher who first proposed a method for doing
natural science. Although 'peri physeos' is a poem, it may be viewed as an epistemological essay, an
essay on method. Parmenides' ἐὸν may refer to a formal system, a calculus which, if 'superimposed'
on empirical observations, can describe nature more precisely than natural

Essay about The History of Chemistry and Technology
The History of Chemistry is ancient, starting at 1000 B.C to present time. Chemistry has evolved
drastically over the centuries. the first civilization to take over chemistry were the Egyptians and
Babylonians founded practical knowledge concerning the arts of metallurgy, pottery and dyes, but
didn't develop a systematic theory. In this period of time tons of civilizations tried to figure out the
life of chemistry and how it worked. A basic chemical hypothesis first emerged in Classical Greece
with the theory of four elements by Aristotle in 300 BC where fire, air, earth and water were the
fundamental elements from which everything is formed as a combination. Greek atomism dates
back to 440 BC, arising in works by philosophers such ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Where so evolved that we Don't really understand how different or not easily life was before
chemistry. There are tons of pro's and con's to technology. Chemistry made life easier and put
everything we need to live in things as small as buying in a store. Some of the pros of technology
include the fact that people are able to access information and each other much faster and easier than
ever before. A con of technology might include the fact that some forms of technology could cause a
person to become dependent on that technology and unable to function well without access to it.
Other cons might include the constant need to upgrade the technology for the everyday use.
How did natural resources limit or advance your technology?
Natural Resources are what make up chemistry without them we wouldn't be where we are now.Its
all infiliated with one another. Without the natural resources we had back then when chemistry was
founded they where still helpful and made up the ways of chemistry and how it of course now works
today. some resources are Natural gas, water, sunlight, and wind. Some that create other things and
energy are solar panels, windmills, and dams.
How is your technology hurting and helping society today?
The 20th century has seen the birth of three Ages, These

Epicurus Empiricism
According to Epicurus, all things are experienced through sensation and once we die we no longer
experience anything as there is no sensation after death. Epicurus was an empiricist meaning, he
believed that knowledge comes from sense–experience: Everything , good or bad, is experienced
through sensation of any outside factors with which we can physically encounter and any non
physical factors such as our thoughts and consciousness in our minds and souls (?)(p 1). When the
body dies, we therefore cannot experience any of the outside physical things through sensation. The
soul is also corporeal(material) as according to epicurus metaphysics of atomism and physicalism it
consists of tiny paticles and is spread all over the body . When the body

Does The Void Exist Essay
Does the void exist?
One of the main controversies in Pre–socratic philosophy is the dispute of the existence or non–
existence of the void. Two groups of philosophers argue this idea. The first group, namely
Parmenides, argues that the void does not exist. This is the opinion of the Monist philosophers. The
other group is the atomists who argue this thesis and believe there is a void. This group is primarily
represented by the philosophers, Democritus and Leucippus.
Parmenides argues against the existence of the void. The plenum fragment states his opinion quite
clearly:
"Nor is it divisible, since it is all alike; nor is there more here and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore "what is" does not move from one place to the other. Since "what
is" clings together, there is no empty space an object could move to. Therefore, movement is
impossible. "Moreover it is immovable, held so in mighty bonds. And it is without beginning
and end, because both creation and destruction have been driven away by true belief. Remaining
always the same and in the same place by itself, it stays fixed where it is" (Fragment 7 C, page
98). Here Parmenides includes his idea of a plenum, where "what is" remains the same
and is either created nor destroyed. This further proves the point that since there is no motion there
can be no void; or vice–versa.
The Atomist philosophers, however, disagree with these ideas. Leucippus agrees with fact that the
universe is one plenum. However, he believes that the universe is made up of an infinite amount of
plena. These plena are invisible and when they come in contact with each other they react upon each
other. This creates "Phenomena" or one might say movement. This theory is parallel do
modern quantum physics. The universe is made up of an infinite amount of atoms and compounds.
We have chemical reactions when they come in contact. Therefore, matter is constantly created and
destroyed through these "Phenomena". Additionally, these particles "move in the
void" (Testimonia 1, page 178). Thus, in Atomist

John Dalton's Early Life
Early Life
John Dalton was born on September 6th, 1776 in Cumberland, England. He had two siblings. He
and his brother were both colorblind. John Dalton was an English schoolteacher, chemist, scientist,
and meteorologist. He is well known for his theory of atomism.
School Teacher
At 12 Dalton was teaching at a school he attended in Cumberland. He later became a principle at a
school where he was an assistant teacher. After a couple of years he became a math and philosophy
tutor at the New College of Manchester. From Manchester he gained access to the laboratories. His
interest in meteorology increased rapidly.
Meteorology
Dalton was an ideal meteorological observer. He made daily meteorological observations. His main
achievements ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pieces of Dalton's theory have been altered or changed because of the discovery of subatomic
particles and isotopes.
Dalton and Atoms
John Dalton's study of gases led him to question what these substances were really made of. Dalton
wanted to solve the 2000 year–old mystery about atoms proposed by Democritus. He carried out
countless chemical reactions. In 1808 published Dalton's Law in his book A New System of
Chemical Philosophy.
Dalton found that 12 grams of carbon could react with 16 grams of oxygen to form carbon
monoxide, and with 32 grams of oxygen to form carbon dioxide. After analyzing his data, Dalton
believed that matter exists as atoms. He found that atoms of different elements have different
masses.
Atoms of the same element can have different masses, this is called isotopes. After 200 years John
Dalton discovery of the Dalton's Atomic theory it is still used today John Dalton's atomic theory is
the foundation of which Chemistry was built on.

Awards
In 1826 John Dalton was awarded the Society's Royal Medal for his Atomic Theory. The French
Academy of Sciences elected Dalton as one of its eight members in 1833. In 1834, he was elected as
a member of the American Academy of Arts and

Epicurus's Beliefs
Epicurus is recognized as a major fundamental figure in the history of science as well as philosophy.
Epicurus (342 or 341–270 B.C.E) had spent most of his early life in Athens and had grasped an early
philosophical outlook on life only after he begun teaching and travelling while confirming
exchanges with both the Platonists and Aristotelians. Thus, apart from his two years in Athens,
Epicurus spent the first thirty–five years of his life in Asia. His several journeys to the Asia Manor
highly impacted and shaped his philosophical perspectives. His teachings exemplified the
intellectual foundations for modern scientific inquiry and secular individualism. Many of these
aspects were first taught in his school in Athens, called "the Garden." ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Knowledge was an integral concept in our everyday lives whether you choose to view ideologies
theologically, philosophically, etc. for it preserves more wisdom for ourselves and expands our
intuitive thinking. Along with this concept, he advanced most of his scientific inquiry of atomism.
"Moreover, the Democritean theory of the soul supports his arguments against the fear of death. The
soul is no more than a collection of small atoms within the body, and death is only the dispersal of
the soul–atoms. In any case, we need not fear death. "Since as long as we exist, death is not with us;
but when death comes, then we do not exist" (Theodore, 38). Epicurus's metaphysics came from two
major points; we see that are bodies in motion and nothing comes into existence from what does not
exist. We shouldn't fear death or the supernatural because of this because as long as we exist death
cannot reach us. He also claimed that the universe had no beginning, but had always existed, and
will continue to always exist. Along with theory of the existence of atoms, they are the bases of
where everything is derived from. I agree with many of his scientific ideologies they indeed set forth
the idea that everything is made up of material atoms and not only applies to living and inanimate
bodies

Medicine, Metaphysics and Morals Essays
Medicine, Metaphysics and Morals
ABSTRACT: Moral decisions concerning what ought to be done always assume metaphysical
presuppositions concerning the way the world is. In the field of biomedical ethics, some of the
metaphysical presuppositions underlying many current discussions of issues of life and death seem
particularly implausible. These include our assumption of the reality of social atomism and our
beliefs relating to the possibility of autonomy. Given the implausibility of these two assumptions,
many discussions have focused our attention on the wrong issues by reducing questions of
alternative social practices to questions of individual preferences. Far from facilitating intelligent
solutions to our problems, this merely clouds ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the refusal to state metaphysical presuppositions cannot justify the conclusion that no
such presuppositions are involved in a discussion. Indeed the situation of the ethicist with regard to
metaphysical presuppositions seems roughly analogous to the situation of the biologist as regards
the concept of teleology. Von Brueck is alleged to have remarked, "Teleology is a lady without
whom no biologist can live, yet he is ashamed to show himself in public with her." (1) Analogously
one might maintain" Metaphysics is a person without whom no ethicist can reach conclusions, yet
he or she is ashamed to be seen in public with that person." Regretably the ethicist's reluctance to
admit her relationship to metaphysical presuppositions precludes the consideration of the
plausibility of the ethicists conclusions. Since these conclusions may have considerable social
impact this tendency to operate from hidden assumptions is unfortunate to say the least. In what
follows I propose to examine the metaphysical presuppositions to be found in some common
arguments in the field of biomedical ethics and to raise the question of just how plausible these
assertions may be. Should it appear that their plausibility is open to serious questioning this might
suggest that we may be a bit too hasty in our ready acceptance of some of the more popular
conclusions in the field. The presuppositions involved are two in number, the first involving the
relationship of the

Bertrand Russell Outline
How you ever thought about what it would be like with no wars, battles or overall misconception
between one another? Finding harmony within our world is almost impossible and is a never ending
uphill battle. As time goes on, more hardships begin, and more fights outbreak, Bertrand Russell
was someone that was willing to act upon this and work towards a more logical approach. As we
grow older it seems as if the world is getting more and more corrupt and out of hand. The difference
between a decade ago and now is dramatic and quite terrifying! Everybody just goes along with
what is happening in today's age and time, we tend to follow the mainstream trends and activities
despite the fact of what it even is. This has caused ignorance and disobedience ... Show more
He split his works into three main ideas by which he governed his life by, which were; the desire for
love, the search for knowledge, and sorrow for the suffering of mankind. Body I. Russell believe
that love should come first because of the joy it creates and it shadows out all the loneliness. A.) To
know love you must come to terms with all of love's dimensions. 1.) There are many emotions when
someone is reaching out for love, some good and some bad. All should be included in learning true
love. 2.) The usual bond of love is either purely contemplation or purely benevolence. B.) Love is
more fundamental then knowledge, since it will lead intelligent people to seek knowledge, to benefit
those that they love. 1.) Love and knowledge are extensible and is what can make life better when
working together. 2.) Exploring the bounds of love between one another can save the harm of
someone with genuine benevolence. II. Bertrand believed that knowledge is defined as the most
important and difficult of the three ideas he governs his life to. A.) Knowledge is usually defined as
belief backed up with the agreement of

Essay on Berkeley's Idealism
Berkeley's Idealism
In this essay I shall give the historical background to Berkeley's Idealism and then offer an argument
for Idealism and suggest how an idealist could defend his theory against common objections and
criticisms.
Bishop George Berkeley's Idealism or Immaterialism is the theory that the physical world exists
only in the experiences minds have of it. Berkeley's Idealism restricts minds to God, human beings,
animals and whatever other spirits there may commonly thought to be, and says that everything else
– the intrinsically non–mental – exists only as features of the experience of these minds.
Although this would initially seem to be a bizarre view, if we look at the science and philosophy of
the seventeenth ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Further, not only are these worlds different qualitatively, but they are located in different realms. If
we accept that the things of which we are immediately aware possess secondary qualities and that
these secondary qualities exist only 'in the mind', then what we are aware of are, 'ideas in the mind',
not objects in the external world. Therefore, although these ideas of which we are aware can be held
to represent, and in terms of primary qualities, resemble, objects in the world, they also constitute a
'veil of perception' which stands between the perceiver and the external world. From this we can
conclude that the external world, as investigated by science, is different from the experiential or
phenomenal realm.
One of the important things we must be clear about when taking about Idealism is the term 'idea'
itself. As used by Berkeley and Locke the term 'idea' does not have its normal sense. We tend to
think of ideas as things that are thought, and indeed ideas are considered to be close to concepts.
John Locke, however, defined an idea as 'whatever is the object of the understanding when a man
thinks' and he included sensations and sensory images amongst ideas. By adopting the term 'idea' for
all mental objects Locke declared his intent to assimilate

Comparative Analysis of Bertrand Russell and Ludwig...
Bertrand Russel and Ludwig Wittgenstein's personal and professional relationship is well known,
with Russel having famously sponsored Wittgenstein's submission of Tractatus Logic–Philosophicus
for PhD credit at Cambridge University. Both philosophers were important early contributors to the
theory of logical atomism, and although they would both go on to reject many of the ideas central to
logical atomism, their work nevertheless represented an important break from philosophical
Idealism and set the stage for the developments of the twentieth century (Hylton 105, 116).
However, despite the general agreement between Russel's The Philosophy of Logical Atomism and
Wittgenstein's Tractatus, the philosophers disagree on the question of skepticism. For Russel,
skepticism is an irrefutable position, whereas Wittgenstein characteristically describes skepticism as
being "palpably senseless" (Wittgenstein 187). Fully understanding Wittgenstein's meaning requires
an analysis of the role of skepticism in both Russel and Wittgenstein's work, but ultimately one can
say with relative confidence that Wittgenstein is largely successful in dissolving the problem of
skepticism, in that he is able to demonstrate how the notion of skepticism falls within a category of
thought exercise that Wittgenstein sees as outside the useful parameters of philosophy because it
does not actually contain any kind of sense or meaning.
Examining Wittgenstein's description of skepticism as a kind of

The Principles Of Aristotle, Bertrand Russell, And...
Logic can be defined as the study of the methods and principles of correct reasoning or arguments.
Logic teaches the techniques and methods for the correctness of different kinds of reasoning. It
helps to detect errors in reasoning by examining and analyzing the various reasons. Logic
investigates and classifies the structure of statements and arguments, both through the study of
formal systems of inferences and through the study of arguments in natural language. It deals only
with propositions that are capable of being true and false. Modern logic descends mainly from the
ancient Greek tradition. All three philosophers; Aristotle, Bertrand Russell, and Immanuel Kant
theorized the question of what is logic. The greatest and most ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
But at the same time, scholars trained in modern formal techniques have come to view Aristotle with
new respect, not because of the correctness of his theory but for the remarkable similarity in spirit
between much of his work and modern logic. As Jonathan Lear put it, "Aristotle shares with modern
logicians a fundamental interest in metatheory." Aristotle saw logic as a tool that underlay
knowledge of all kinds and undertook its study because he believed it to be a necessary final step for
learning. Logic enables one to recognize when a judgment requires proof and to verify the validity
of such proof. Aristotle's thought had clear limitations, and his contribution to logic is generally
considered to be his greatest achievement.
Bertrand Arthur William Russell was a British philosopher, logician, essayist and social critic best
known for his work in mathematical logic and analytic philosophy. Russell is generally recognized
as one of the main founders of modern analytic philosophy. His most influential contributions
include logicism which is the view that mathematics is in some important sense reducible to logic.
Russell's main contributions to logic include his discovery of Russell's paradox also known as the
Russell–Zermelo paradox, his development of the theory of types, his championing of logicism the
view that mathematics is reducible to formal logic, and his general theory of logical

Epicurus, Stoics, And John Locke On Free Will
Over time, numerous philosophers have dabbled at the concepts surrounding free will, forming their
own beliefs that either relate or reject other philosophical views. Free will is defined as the ability to
choose between different possible courses of action. Epicurus, Stoics, and John Locke portray
arguments about their beliefs on free will. Many times, each philosophical view of the three were
influenced by aspects of another philosopher, especially Aristotle. Although their beliefs are unique,
each philosophical view can be connected together. All three philosophical views either promote or
reject the ideology of determinism referring to the issue of free will. I accept the Stoics beliefs on
free will due to freedom resembling a person's choices to do what he or she wants to do in life.
Epicurean views developed after the time period of Aristotle. Epicurus attended Plato's academy, but
was not impressed. Thus, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A person is supposed to train their inner disposition to live righteously. Essentially, a person's
reactions in life become reflexes. Stoics emphasize being in control of only one's mind and thoughts.
A lot of our choices are thought through using reasoning. Once thought through, a person either
agrees and accepts their choice or does not decide to follow through with their choice. Stoics believe
we do what we accept and believe, therefore that's where freedom is derived from. Who you are
determines what you do. Stoics define freedom as agreement with what a person does and wants to
do. For instance, a person walks a dog on a leash everyday and the dog is familiar with the route.
The dog is considered free as long as the dog is doing what he or she wants to do. The dog chooses
to stay along the route and to not run away, therefore the dog is doing what it wants. As one can see,
the Stoics believe a person's actions can be explained through their controlled desires which
emphasizes free

The History of Chemistry Up to the XIX Century Essay
History of chemistry encompasses a span of time reaching from ancient history to the present. By
1000 BC, ancient civilizations used technologies that would eventually form the basis of the various
branches of chemistry. Examples include extracting metals from ores, making pottery and glazes,
fermenting beer and wine, extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume, rendering fat
into soap, making glass, and making alloys like bronze. The protoscience of chemistry, alchemy,
was unsuccessful in explaining the nature of matter and its transformations. However, by performing
experiments and recording the results, alchemists set the stage for modern chemistry. The distinction
began to emerge when a clear differentiation was made ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alchemy was discovered and practised widely throughout the Arab worlds after the Muslim
Conquest, and from there, diffused into medieval and Rennaissance Europe through Latin
translations. Under the influence of the new empirical methods propounded by Sir Francis Bacon
and others, a group of chemists at Oxford, Robert Boyle, Robert Hooke and John Mayow began to
reshape the old achemical traditions into a scientific discipline. Boyle in particular is regarded as the
founding father of chemistry due to his most important work, the classic chemistry text The
Sceptical Chymist where the differentiation is made between the claims of alchemy and the
empirical scientific discoveries of the new chemistry. He formulated Boyle's law, rejected the
classical "four elements" and proposed a mechanistic alternative of atoms and chemical reactions
that could be subject to rigorous experiment. The theory of phlogiston (a substance at the root of all
combustion) was propounded by the German Georg Ernst Stahl in the early 18th century and was
only overturned by the end of the century by the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, the chemical
analogue of Newton in physics; who did more than any other to

Epic Of Gilgamesh Essay
1. What is the connection of Mesopotamia and its relevance to the development of civilization?
When farming and agriculture was discovered in land between the two rivers (Tigris and Euphrates)
around 10 000BC, which was around the time that the earth had become warm as it is now, a
civilization named Mesopotamia (Between the two rivers) started to develop. They also were the
first civilization to learn reading and writing (cuneiform). Also the first piece of literature, The Epic
of Gilgamesh, is written by Mesopotamians.
2. In detail describe the argument/debate regarding Pythagoras and his theorem.
Pythagoras and even his students did not leave any writing and all its known about him is from a
writing that has been written about two hindered years after his death. Therefore there were always
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Considering medieval theologians, what is the clear and original meaning of the account of creation
in Genesis?
The original meaning of the creation in the Genesis is that the world is created out from the pre–
existing chaos. But in Medieval world their theologians imposed that this original meaning of the
account of creation of Genesis is not true and that the world is created out of nothing.
4. According to atomism, what is the essential quality of matter?
According to atomism, the essential quality of matter is the small, indivisible and externally existing
particles called atoms. Atoms have different shapes and textures and that is the reason that for
example different foods tastes differently and have different affect to our tongue.
5. How do geometrical shapes relative to the Pythagorean philosophy apply to our world according
to Plato?
For Pythagorean shapes and numbers was so important. He believed that the most perfect shape of
the nature is circle. Therefore he put the earth in the center of a spherical world. According to Plato
the movement of planets is in perfect circles. However now its known that the planetary orbits are
ellipses and not

Totalitarianism And The Tyranny Of Totalitarianism
The motto "everything is possible" needs to account for "everything is permitted" and the tyranny of
totalitarianism. Tyranny can is connected to "common–sense" and can be found in rational decision
making of everyday life because it uses what is already there to then set out to get it (Arendt OT,
p.440). Totalitarianism however differs from this as it goes one step further by creating objects that
did not exist in the first place to then transforms what was thought as unchangeable. How is this
possible? As discussed, the aim of totalitarianism is to gain "total domination", tyranny however can
never reach total domination because as it is unable and limited to reach as stage where human
sphere itself is changed. Totalitarianism recognises that total domination cannot happen if the
present individual is the final and last form, thus it must reconstruct the very core of the human
nature. Destroy individuality (Arendt, OT, p458/591). Concentration camps are a sphere in which
this total domination and total transformation can be tried on and forced upon individuals. It is an
environment where there are no external laws to interfere so here, everything can be tested,
"everything is possible". Only here can complete totalitarianism act and be recognised. It is a trial to
test the success and possible expansion of the movement, thus it is a place where both ideologies are
born yet tested in practise. The goal lies not within the number of murders but the goal is to give rise
and

Psy 310 History Of Psychology
History of Psychology
History of Psychology Paper
Shirley L Nieves
October 21, 2013
PSY/310
Prof. Kelle Daniels
The roots of psychology date back to Egypt and the Egyptian mystery system. Psychology has
evolved from philosophy, medicine, theology, and science. Psychology evolved out of coalescence
of natural science, and also the branch of philosophy which is known as epistemology, which is also
known in the theory of knowledge. Psychology in its early times was devote and mainly focused to
understanding the mind, as well as measuring it. After this later on in time, psychology focused on
understanding behavior.
In the beginning the ancient Greek philosophers had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Democritus said "similarity creates friendship"
Alcmaeon was another; he investigated the basis for knowledge. Alcmaeon developed the two
aspect theory of the soul. Plato, to me is one of the philosophers who contributed the most to
psychology. Defining his aspects of the psych – reason, feeling and appetite. Plato believed that the
action of human affect the mental state of individuals. Another philosopher I wanted to mention was
Aristotle, who was known as the greatest systematic philosopher of antiquity. Aristotle hypothesized
that the mind and the body prevail facts of the same being. The mind being simply a function of the
body. Aristotle believed that intellect consisted of a) passive intellect and b) active intellect. Aristotle
said that "intellect is separable, impassable, unmixed, since it is in its essential nature
activity....when intellect is set free from its present conditions, it appears as just what it is and
nothing more: it alone is immortal and eternal...and without it nothing thinks(Britannica online,
"physiological psychology")."
Two primary contributors to psychology were john Locke, who was known to reject the possibility
of innate ideas. Locke's entire system was dependent on association of sensations and ideas of
reflection. Locke also suggested that complex emotions which were derived from pain and pleasure
were indeed associated with other ideas. Alexander Bain is also another

The Theory Of The World
It has always been difficult to overcome the established schools of thought; whenever a particular
school of thought and philosophy is challenged it is the challenger who faces discrimination and
hardships. The person who is challenging established philosophy will always have to bring with
them conviction, foolproof evidence. It is through rigorous thought and experimentation that many
controversial ideas are proven, but what do those who do not have the ability to perform
experimentations do when faced with the adversity of systematic dogma. Many of the early
philosophers and mathematician faced such dilemmas, one such philosopher was Democritus.
Democritus was the Greek philosopher who came up with the concept of the Atom. It was this
theory that won him his fame, but because of the stigma against it, the Atom would not be accepted
in the scientific community until the 16th century. It wouldn't be until John Dolton in the 18th
century that the theory would receive the attention it deserved.
Democritus was born in 460 B.C.E, in Abdera, a Greek city on the northern coast of the Aegean Sea,
though he would travel all over Greece throughout his life. He was born to wealthy family, and was
very close to his father. Being born to a rich family, he was able to receive a top education, where he
was able to study a number of things, such as Pythagoreanism, a philosophy made by Pythagoras
and based around highly structured living and metempsychosis. He studied much of the

Atom Ray4 Research Paper
Throughout the years the human race has come a very long way. We have made many advancements
and have mastered and discovered incredible things. Part of the reason we have become so advanced
is because of the many great people who have questioned things and tried to figure things out. One
thing that people have tried to figure out for many years now is what everything is made of and how
it works. At first, people thought that everything on earth was made of four main elements; fire,
earth, air, and water, but around 400 BCE a Greek philosopher, named Democritus1, said that he
believed that all matter is composed of tiny individual elements which came to be known as atoms2.
The word atom comes from the Greek word atomos2, which means "indivisible." ... Show more
Thomson4 discovered the electron3 using a cathode ray4. In a cathode ray an electric current is
passed through a discharge tube5 which causes a glowing light that, Thomson concluded, was made
up of smaller particles. He then discovered that these particles had a negative charge and were
actually electrons. Thomson knew that electrons had a negative charge and believed that matter must
have a positive charge as well. From the knowledge he accumulated, he formed a model of what he
believed the structure of the atom looked like. This model has come to be known as the Plum
Pudding Model4. In 19004 a professor of theoretical physics, Max Planck4, discovered that when
you vibrate atoms strong enough you can measure the energy. Planck called these packets of energy
quanta. At the time, physicists believed that light consisted of waves. Albert Einstein4 concluded
that the quanta behaved like discrete particles. For many years there was a controversy on whether
light consisted of waves or particles. In 1911 Ernest Rutherford4 bombarded atoms with alpha rays.
Rutherford used Radium as the alpha particles4 and shined them onto gold foil. This was called the
Gold Foil Experiment4. The conclusion from this experiment was that positively charged matter
scattered the alpha particles and that most of the space4 around these positively charged centers has
nothing in it. Furthermore, Rutherford thought that electrons must exist somewhere within that
empty space and that they orbited a positive center, like the planets orbit around the sun. Rutherford
also speculated that atoms consisted of a compact positively charged nucleus4 as well as that most
of the atom's mass is contained in the nucleus. In 1919 Rutherford finally identified the particles of
the nucleus as discrete positive charges of matter and named them protons4. He developed a model
of the atom but, due to the theory of electricity and magnetism, it was predicted, according to this
model,

Democritus Research Paper

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Democritus Research Paper