The document describes Rogers' models of sustainable and unsustainable city systems. It then provides examples of sustainable city management strategies in various cities. Some key points: - Rogers outlines linear "unsustainable" and circular "sustainable" city models in terms of inputs, throughputs, and outputs. - Examples are given of sustainable strategies around housing, energy, transportation, and environment in cities like Curitiba, Copenhagen, Paris, Singapore, and Mexico City. - Curitiba's strategies are summarized, including its bus rapid transit system, parks/lakes for flooding control, and slum upgrading paired with recycling programs.

1. THE CITY AS A SYSTEM - Rogers Models (R.Rogers, Cities for a Small Planet, 1997)
Food UNSUSTAINABLE/LINEAR SYSTEM Waste (organic, inorganic)
Goods (landfill, dumped in rivers/sea)
OUTPUTS
Non
INPUTS
MEGA Air pollution, noise
renewable CITY (Carbon, nitrogen and
energy sulfur dioxides, ozone)
People Goods, Services
Wealth, Sprawl
SUSTAINABLE/CIRCULAR SYSTEM
Food Recycling of organic waste (water, compost)
Goods
Reduced outputs
Conservation Examples of “green cities”:
OUTPUTS
INPUTS
Loja (Ecuador)
+ use of ECO Curitiba (Brazil)
renewable CITY Freiburg (Germany)
Melbourne (Australia)
energy
People Recycling of inorganic waste
(paper, Antoine Delaitre
© 2011 plastic, etc) 1

2. SUSTAINABLE CITY MANAGEMENT
holistic management strategies that seeks to improve the quality of life for current
without compromising quality of life of future residents
concept of “ecocities” (Richard Register)
Management
Strategies
areas
provide adequate housing, social services, security,
social equity, access to leisure/culture, reduce traffic/commute time
Social
management Kibera (Nairobi,Kenya): www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZWe33fToPo&feature=fvsr
Singapore: www.youtube.com/watch?v=6HofttbuWhA&feature=related
balance development, optimize energy performance,
Economic create jobs, control urban growth/sprawl
management
Denmark: www.youtube.com/watch?v=E22eKYCZ2dQ
reduce waste and pollution, heal biosphere (air, water, soil), restore/re-use
Environmental degraded land
management
Mexico City: www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiJSibk1ok0
© 2011 Antoine Delaitre 2

3. Slum upgrading project Offshore windmills Free bicycle sharing Electronic Road Pricing (ERP)
In Kibera, Nairobi (Kenya) (Denmark) (Paris) (Singapore)
EXAMPLES OF SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES
Alternate circulation Program City Hall rooftop garden Urban organic farm Stone/cactus garden
(Mexico City) (Chicago) (San Francisco) (Palm Springs)
© 2011 Antoine Delaitre 3

4. EXAMPLES OF SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES
SUSTAINABLE
CITY EXAMPLE
STRATEGIES
ADEQUATE SAO PAULO Upgrading of slums: government gives legal land tenure and provide
HOUSING BRAZIL subsidies to support quality self-built housing
CLEAN RENEWABLE COPENHAGEN
Windmills built offshore
ENERGY DENMARK
•Timer on lights in hallways/stairs in apartment buildings
ENERGY PARIS
•Eiffel tower only lit for a few hours at night
CONSERVATION FRANCE
•Free bike sharing system (Vélib)
•Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) to charge car usage rather than can
TRAFFIC ownership
SINGAPORE
MANAGEMENT •Fast and rational public transportation system
•Learn more: www.youtube.com/watch?v=6HofttbuWhA&feature=related
•Alternate circulation for cars (“Hoy no circula” program)
MEXICO CITY •Strict regulations on car emissions
SMOG REDUCTION
MEXICO •Single-fare extensive metro system with long/frequent trains
•Learn more: www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiJSibk1ok0
•Development of parks
URBAN HEAT CHICAGO
•Rooftop gardens on some buildings
ISLAND REDUCTION ILLINOIS
•Carpool + bike lanes
SOIL PROTECTION +
FUEL EMISSION SAN FRANCISCO •Urban farms (Hayes Valley)
REDUCTION
WATER PALM SPRINGS
Tax reduction for people who replace grass by gravel/cactus
CONSERVATION CALIFORNIA © 2011 Antoine Delaitre 4

5. SUSTAINABLE CITY MANAGEMENT: CURITIBA (BRAZIL)
Pop x 6 in 60 years 2M in 2010 but has avoided problems typically associated with rapid growth due to innovative planning by Mayor Jaime Lerner
starting in 1971: public transportation preferred to private cars, environment used rather than changed, cheap low-tech solutions preferred to hi-
tech ones, bottom-up development involving local communities rather than top-down centralized planning. Look for the video “Curitiba, City of
Dreams” on Youtube www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRD3l3rlMpo
Describe the sustainable strategies used to achieve in Curitiba the following goals:
Reduce air and noise pollution:
(Learn more about Curitiba’s public transportation system at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eeAZsmpt7a8)
Increase land value and control natural hazards (flooding):
Recycling :
(Learn more about the “Green Exchange” Program at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1bRUZ--9Ws)
Clean and rehabilitate slums:
© 2011 Antoine Delaitre 5

6. SUSTAINABLE CITY MANAGEMENT: CURITIBA (BRAZIL)
Look for the video “Curitiba, City of Dreams” on Youtube (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRD3l3rlMpo)
Describe the sustainable strategies used to achieve in Curitiba the following goals:
Reduce air and noise pollution :
(Learn more about Curitiba’s public transportation system at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eeAZsmpt7a8)
•Pedestrian center
•Dedicated express bus lanes
•Rapid deboarding/boarding of buses (platforms, wide doors, stretch buses)
•Single fare
•Trinary road system to improve traffic flow
•Projected subway
•Bus companies paid by km and not by # of passengers, to ensure all areas are served
Increase land value and control natural hazards (flooding):
•Network of parks and artificial lakes
•Herds of sheep to maintain parks
Recycle:
(Learn more about the “Green Exchange” Program at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1bRUZ--9Ws)
•Pick up of recyclables at designated stations in slums
•Exchange of recyclables for food, school supplies and bus token
Clean and rehabilitate slums:
•Low-income housing program launched in 1960s (rent counts towards eventual purchase of unit) but projects built on outskirts of
city far from jobs/services
•1980: new housing program launched to provide more diverse design in housing, complete services set up (clinics, day care), shops
on first floor to limit commuting, large warehouses where people can rent space to establish small business (50,000 jobs created)
•Make slum dwellers responsible of their neighborhood (involve grass-root organizations)
© 2011 Antoine Delaitre 6

7. SUSTAINABLE CITY MANAGEMENT: CURITIBA (BRAZIL)
Take a closer look at Curitiba on Google Earth
Fast car traffic
Local car/bus traffic
Express buses (stops every 500m)
Local car/bus traffic
Fast car traffic Dedicated express bus lanes Pedestrian center
Trinary road system
Recyclable exchange program in slums Recycling sorting bins Parks + artificial lakes to control flooding
© 2011 Antoine Delaitre 7

8. Ecological Footprint
World Ecological Footprints in 2007
© 2011 Antoine Delaitre 8

9. Ecological footprint by countries (2007)
© 2011 Antoine Delaitre 9

10. Ecological footprint and Biocapacity
Ecological Footprint < Biocapacity Sustainability
Ecological Footprint > Biocapacity Unsustainability
© 2011 Antoine Delaitre 10

11. URBAN ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT IN CALGARY (CANADA)
Go to www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/case_stories/#calgary
•What was the ecological footprint of Calgary in 2005 (in global hectares per person, gha pp)?
•What is Calgary’s footprint target?
•Click on the link to read Calgary's Report "Reducing the Ecological Footprint: A Calgary Approach“ and give a few
examples of strategies designed to reach that goal (see p.16-21 of report):
URBAN ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT IN HONG KONG
© 2011 Antoine Delaitre 11

12. URBAN ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT IN CALGARY (CANADA)
Go to www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/case_stories/#calgary
•What was the ecological footprint of Calgary in 2005 (in global hectares per person, gha pp)?
•9.86 gha pp (>30% to Canadian average)
•What is Calgary’s footprint target?
•7.25 gha pp by 2036
•Click on the link to read Calgary's Report "Reducing the Ecological Footprint: A Calgary Approach“ and give a few
examples of strategies designed to reach that goal (see p.16-21 of report):
•Recycling
•Water convervation
•Purchase green power
•Wind-powered electric transit system
•LEED buildings (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)
URBAN ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT IN HONG KONG
© 2011 Antoine Delaitre 12

13. Estimate your ecological footprint with this calculator:
www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/personal_footprint/
© 2011 Antoine Delaitre 13

14. 10 tips to reduce your Effect
ecological footprint See some tips at www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JhhkU_A3r8
Use zero-emission public transport,
Reduce carbon emissions
walking or bicycle
Buy locally-produced organic food Reduce use of fertilizers and energy needed for processing, transport and storage
Local holidays by train instead of Reduce carbon emissions
long-distance trips in airplanes (a Eurostar passenger creates ten times less CO2 than on when taking a flight Paris-London)
Use hybrid cars, for short distances only Reduce carbon emissions
Buy second-hand or borrow 10% of footprint comes from things we buy (which we only wear them a few times a year)
Improve home insulation, built rooftop
Reduce gas and electricity consumption and carbon emissions
garden, turn thermostat down
Use clean (wind, solar) energy,
Reduce gas and electricity consumption and carbon emissions
Install solar panels
1 kg of beef = farming to feed animal + fertilizers + processing (=15 liters of water)
Eat less meat (particularly beef)
1 kg of rice = 3 liters of water
Avoid overpackaged items
Reduce processing and packaging (plastic, paper)
recycle, donate unwanted items
Read newspapers/magazines online Reduce consumption of paper
© 2011 Antoine Delaitre 14

15. SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES: HOUSING, WASTE CONTROL, URBAN GROWTH CONTROL
Check out Newington, Sydney (Australia)
On Google Earth Urban growth control:
6 “villes nouvelles” (new cities) created
around the greater Paris area (France)
Cergy
Marne-la-Vallée
St Quentin
Noisy
Evry Melun
Waste/pollution control in Graz (Austria)
Check out St Quentin-en-Yvelines on Google Earth
© 2011 Antoine Delaitre 15
New cathedral of Evry

16. SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES: HOUSING, WASTE CONTROL, URBAN GROWTH CONTROL
SUSTAINABLE
CASE-STUDY SOLUTIONS
STRATEGIES
Problem: high urban ecological footprint and lack of environmental sensitivity
Solutions:
•2,000 houses for 5,000 people built on 90 ha of Brownfield sites in Newington (Sydney)
•Solar panels on all buildings (equivalent to removing 261 cars)
Newington •Planting of native drought-resistant species (fewer allergens, less water consumption)
Sustainable
(Sydney, •Artificial ponds to collect rain water and attract wildlife
housing •Dual water system (drinkable vs flushable)
Australia)
•No house more than 5 minute walking distance from a park
•Pedestrian and bike pathways
•Window glazing to keep heat inside in winter and provide shade in summer
•Improvement of house insulation (houses consume 50% less energy/water than rest of Sydney)
Problem: waste, pollution
Solutions:
Waste and •Ökoprofit Program (Ecoprofit) launched in 1991
Graz
Pollution •Educate local businesses to reduce resource consumption, maximize recycling, reduce waste
(Austria) •Ecoprofit logo awarded to companies that have reduced solid waste by 30% and air emissions by
reduction
50% and make annual improvements
•Voluntary basis but marketing tool of Ecoprofit logo
Problem: congestion and hyperconcentration in central Paris area in 1960s
Solutions:
•6 “villes nouvelles” established in 1970s around Paris
“Villes •Modern train stations + extension of rapid transit to Paris and surrounding suburbs
Control of
Nouvelles” •Construction of artistic infrastructures (theaters, cinemas, museums)
urban growth •Parks, lakes, leisure areas, sports installation, soft “attractive” architecture
(Paris, France)
•Establishment of universities and public research centers (Cergy, St Quentin) attracts jobs
•Tax credit for private corporations (ex: Disneyland in Marne-la-Vallée)
•Emphasis on hi-tech industries (St Quentin)
© 2011 Antoine Delaitre 16

17. ECOCITY PROJECTS
ww.good.is/post/the-death-and-life-of-model-%E2%80%9Ceco-cities%E2%80%9D
Masdar City (United Arab Emirates) : 80% likelihood Babcock Ranch (Florida): 70% likelihood
Tianjin Ecocity (China): 50% likelihood © 2011 Antoine Delaitre Greensburg (Kansas): 90% likelihood 17