13. A. M. Albeltagy 22/2/2009 13
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
Prof. Dr. Abdallah M. Al-Beltagy
“ Head Researchers “
Bollworms Control Programs
Plant Protection Research Institute
Agrictural Research Center
Gizza, Egypt.
Plant Protection Research Station
Baccous- 21616
Alexandria, Egypt.
(57)
Title
Science
2001
14. Supervisor oF (4) Ph.D.
A. M. Albeltagy 22/2/2009 14
Shekiban Ph.D.
2000
El-Bassoiuny Ph.D. 2001
39. A. M. Albeltagy 22/2/2009 39
Stagy Heat Units( DD) days after
plantingPlanting 0 Heat units (DD60s)
Germination/radicle appearance
Soil temperatures greater
than 65 degrees
Fahrenheit are optimum. 3 days from planting
Cotyledon emergence 55 heat units (DD60s) 7 days from planting
First true leaf >100 heat units (DD60s) 15 days from planting
Photosynthetic activity peaks
approximately 20 days after the
leaves unfurl.
Add nodes to main stem
45 to 65/node heat units
(DD60s) 3/node days from planting
First square 500 heat units (DD60s) 46 days from planting
High (greater than 80 percent)
first position fruit set is desirable.
First bloom 850 heat units (DD60s) 67 days from planting
Cutout
1,300 to 1,450 heat units
(DD60s) 102 days from planting
Aug. 10 is the latest date a
flower has a 50 percent chance
to reach maturity.
First open boll 1,700 heat units (DD60s) 112 days from planting
Harvest
2,150 to 2,300 heat units
(DD60s) +153 days from planting
Stages of cotton plant development.
60. Chemoreceptors
Insects have the ability to sense various chemical substances in their environment. When
these chemicals are present in gaseous form (at relatively low concentrations), they may be
detected as odors (smells) by olfactory receptors. When they are in solid or liquid form
(usually at higher concentrations) they are perceived as tastes by gustatory receptors. In
general, the sense of taste involves direct contact with a substrate (contact chemoreception)
whereas olfaction usually implies detection of compounds in gaseous or airborne form
(remote chemoreception).
Taste
Gustatory receptors are commonly described as thick-walled hairs, pegs, or pits where the
dendrites of several (usually up to five) sensory neurons are exposed to the environment
through a single opening (pore) in the cuticle. Each neuron appears to respond to a
different range of compounds (e.g. sugar, salt, water, protein, acid, etc.). Taste receptors are
most abundant on the mouthparts, but may also be found on the antennae, tarsi, and
genitalia (especially near the tip of the female's ovipositor).
Smell
Olfactory receptors are usually thin-walled pegs, cones, or plates with numerous pores
through which airborne molecules diffuse. Dendrites of sensory neurons branch profusely
within these pores and may respond to very low concentrations of detectable compounds
(e.g. sex pheromones). Some receptors respond to a wide range of substances while others
are highly specific. Olfactory receptors are most abundant on the antennae, but may also be
associated with the mouthparts or external genitalia.
Common chemical sense
High concentrations of irritant compounds (e.g. ammonia, chlorine, acids, essential oils, etc.)
simulate avoidance reactions and cleaning behavior. Insects can detect these compounds
even when all known chemoreceptors have been covered or destroyed. The irritants
evidently trigger a generalized response from other types of sensory neurons.
A. M. Albeltagy 22/2/2009 60
61. Olfactory receptors
A. M. Albeltagy 22/2/2009
61
Smell
Olfactory receptors are usually thin-walled
pegs, cones, or plates with numerous
pores through which airborne molecules
diffuse. Dendrites of sensory neurons
branch profusely within these pores and
may respond to very low concentrations of
detectable compounds (e.g. sex
pheromones). Some receptors respond to
a wide range of substances while others
are highly specific. Olfactory receptors
are most abundant on the antennae, but
may also be associated with the
mouthparts or external genitalia.
62. Gustatory receptors
A. M. Albeltagy 22/2/2009 62
Taste
Gustatory receptors are commonly
described as thick-walled hairs, pegs, or
pits where the dendrites of several
(usually up to five) sensory neurons are
exposed to the environment through a
single opening (pore) in the cuticle. Each
neuron appears to respond to a different
range of compounds (e.g. sugar, salt,
water, protein, acid, etc.). Taste
receptors are most abundant on the
mouthparts, but may also be found on the
antennae, tarsi, and genitalia (especially
near the tip of the female's ovipositor).
63. Mass Trapping Technique
Sex pheromones are among the most powerful of chemical
attractants. Ever since they were first discovered by A. A.
Budenandt in 1959 (from silkworm moths, Bombyx
mori), these chemicals have aroused great interest because of
their potential as pest control agents. During the past 30
years, chemists have identified the sex pheromones for over
300 insect species. Many of these compounds are now sold
commercially. In some cases, pheromones are packaged (or
encapsulated) in slow-release dispensers (rubber septa,
hollow fibers, or rope wicks) that are used as lures in traps of
various designs. At low densities, these pheromone traps are
a valuable monitoring tool, providing information on the
density and distribution of pest populations. At high
densities, they can be used for mass trapping sexually active
adults (usually males) in efforts to reduce population density
and lower a pest's reproductive potential. A. M. Albeltagy 22/2/2009 63
64. Mating Disruption
Slow-release formulations of sex pheromones can also be
used for mating disruption. By increasing the
concentration of pheromone in an insect's environment, it
may be possible to make everything smell like a
prospective mate. Males wear themselves out courting
inanimate objects or become habituated to the odor and
stop responding to it. This approach, variously known as
air permeation or the innundation technique, has shown
promise for controlling a number of fruit and vegetable
pests, including the codling moth (Cydia pomonella), the
cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni), the oriental fruit moth
(Grapholita molesta), and the peachtree borer
(Synanthedon exitiosa(.
A. M. Albeltagy 22/2/2009 64
72. Sterile Male Mathematics
Let's imagine a hypothetical insect pest with an initial population of
2,000,000 individuals. The sex ratio is 1:1, so there are one million
males and one million females. If each female produces an average of
five daughters that live to reproduce, then the value of "r" (the
population's intrinsic rate of increase) equals 5. This is a rapidly
growing population! In six generations, it will grow from one million
females to 3.125 billion:
Generation
Number of Females
1
1,000,000
2
5,000,000
3
25,000,000
4
125,000,000
5
625,000,000
6
3,125,000,000
A. M. Albeltagy 22/2/2009 72
73. Now let's try to control this population by releasing sterile
males each generation. If we can release 9 million sterile
males during the first generation, then there will be a total of
10 million males competing for one million females. Females
will have only a 10% chance (1 in 10) of mating with a fertile
male. (Assume females mate only once and sterile males
are equally competative with fertile males for unmated
females). Continue to release 9 million males each
generation and the population heads quickly toward
extinction:
A. M. Albeltagy 22/2/2009 73
Number of Females in Population Ratio of Sterile
Generation
If No
Sterile Males
If Sterile
Males
Present
Males to
Females
1 1,000,000 1,000,000 9:1
2 5,000,000 500,000 18:1
3 25,000,000 131,000 68:1
4 125,000,000 9,535 944:1
5 625,000,000 50 180,000:1
6 3,125,000,000 0
75. How Bt Cotton Was Developed
About ten years ago, Monsanto scientists inserted a toxin gene from the
bacterium called Bt (which is the nickname for Bacillus thuringiensis) into
cotton plants to create a caterpillar-resistant variety. The gene is DNA that
carries the instructions for producing a toxic protein. The toxin kills
caterpillars by paralyzing their guts when they eat it. Plants with the Bt toxin
gene produce their own toxin and thus can kill caterpillars throughout the
season without being sprayed with insecticide. Because the toxin is lethal to
caterpillars, but harmless to other organisms, it is safe for the public and the
environment.
Monsanto registered their Bt gene technology under the trademark Bollgard®,
and authorized selected seed companies to develop cotton varieties carrying
the patented gene. In 1995 the EPA granted final clearance for the first Bt-
carrying cotton variety, called NuCOTN, released by the Delta and Pine Land
Company. Other seed companies such as Stoneville and Hartz are
incorporating the patented technology into their cotton lines as well.
After the seed technology was developed, and enough seed was available, tests
began in Arizona at The University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural Center
and other locations to determine the field performance of the new varieties.
By 1996, these first Bt cotton varieties became commercially available.
A. M. Albeltagy 22/2/2009 75
81. Eradication specifics
Eradication in Arizona is based on a four-year program per region with no extension
allowed.
According to the ACRPC, the pink bollworm has been the most serious cotton pest in
Arizona, Southern California and northwestern Mexico for 40 years. It is considered the
most destructive cotton pest in the world. In Arizona and Southern California alone,
more than 72 million acre equivalents of pesticides have been applied to control the
pest with an estimated cost of $1.3 billion.
The ACRPC eradication program is based on several integral areas of control.
Advocated cultural practices include timely stalk destruction and the burial of crop
residue. Arizona state law establishes mandatory plow down dates for each growing
area.
As mentioned earlier, Bt transgenic cotton is highly encouraged and the ACRPC closely
monitors for possible resistance. In conventional cotton (Upland and Pima) PB rope
containing a pheromone dispenser applied at high rates on plants provides a mating
disruption. Sprayable formulations are sparingly applied.
Another control mechanism is the 49 million sterile male and female moths released by
air weekly over Arizona cotton fields. The moths are reared at the USDA-ARS pink
bollworm sterile moth lab in Phoenix, owned by the state of California. The moth’s diet
contains a red dye to distinguish them in traps from native moths. Sterile moths from
the same lab are used in eradication efforts in New Mexico and West Texas.
California cotton growers have used sterile moths and pheromone trap monitoring for
more than 40 years to keep pinkies out of the San Joaquin Valley. California cotton
growers financed the pink bollworm rearing facility in Phoenix. Sterile pink bollworms
are flown in weekly and dropped over San Joaquin Valley cotton fields.
Sterile moth technology is based on sterile moths breeding with any natives, resulting
in the deposition of non-viable eggs
A. M. Albeltagy 22/2/2009 81A. M. Albeltagy 2009
91. APHIS Lab
“ Animal and Plant Health Inspection
‘Service, U.S. Dept. of Agric., 4125 East
Broadway, Phoenix, AZ. 85040.
A. M. Albeltagy 22/2/2009 91
A. M. Albeltagy 2009
92. Ingredients & quantities of 1 L. of
artificial PBW diet.
A. M. Albeltagy 22/2/2009 92
A. M. Albeltagy 2009
122. Here is one of the Arizona cotton growers
PBW SIT planes in Coolidge, AZ.
123. Here is a look at the inside of the plane, which houses the machine
used to drop the sterile insects.
124. This shows the auger [what the insects
fall into and are “churned” out on top of
cotton fields[.
125. Here you can see
Michelle Walters, USDA,
taking one of the boxes
of PBW out of the
container. They are
transported in orange
boxes inside of the metal
drop boxes. Triangular
“cooler packs” are
removed prior to placing
them into the plane.
126. Off they go…. Over the cotton
fields!
Off they go…. Over the cotton
fields!